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Abstract Hippocampus is a part of the brain that has a major role in spatial learning and memory which can be affected by herbal extracts. Incense resin (Styrax benzoin) has been used by local communities to improve intelligence. However, there is no scientific evidence of the functions of Styrax benzoin for regulating hippocampal function. The aim of this study was intended to analyze and investigate the effect of incense resin on learning, memory, and dendrite complexity of mice. Three months old male Deutch Democratic Yokohama (DDY) mice were injected orally with graded doses of 100, 150, and 200 mg/kg of incense resin aqueous extract daily for 30 days. Spatial learning and memory performance levels were tested with Y-maze alternation, novel object recognition, and Morris water maze. The branches and maximum dendritic span in the dentate gyrus were observed by the Golgi-Cox staining. Overall, our results showed that incense resin extract increased learning and memory ability, and the number of dendrite branching in the dentate gyrus.

BACKGROUND- As herbal therapies are increasingly being used around the world because they are perceived to be free of side effects, it is important that prescriber should be made aware of their possible harm or herbal drug interaction. The need for the study is to impart knowledge to the dentist bout the usage of herbal products and their safety concern and potential drug interactionMETHOD: This is the cross sectional questionnaire study conducted among dental house surgeons of Belagavi City. To assess the knowledge and attitude of the dental house surgeons towards the use of herbal extracts in dentistry. One hundred and twenty participants were recruited in a convenient sampling cross-sectional survey. A pretested self reported questionnaire was used and results were analyzed. Reliability of the questionnaire was tested using Cronbach's alpha which was found to be 0.78. Data were analyzed using SPSS 21.RESULTS- From the present study, it was seen that the participants do not have adequate knowledge regarding usage of herbal products in dentistry.CONCLUSION-We concluded that dental house surgeons do not have sufficient knowledge about the usage of herbal products in dentistry. It seems that traditional educational models are not efficient and government with other non-governmental organizations should emphasize to advocate motivational education methods including health belief model and motivational interview at undergraduate levels. Younger students and dentists may have less motivation to change their attitude and behaviour so that we can focus our interventions on these groups.DOI:10.21276/AOHDR.1896

Background: The period of infancy, spanning through the neonatal stage to two years, is characterized by a series of health challenges for the affected child and concerned parents. This study conducted in Odeda Local Government Area of Ogun State, Nigeria was aimed at investigating the plants used in the traditional management of infantile dermatitis and other neonatal skin infections with emphasis on the role of SPICES. Methods: Structured questionnaires (and personal interview) were administered to 36 nursing mothers (age range, 15 – 50) and 30 herbsellers (age range, 21 – 60) in the LGA. The herbsellers prescribed recipes used in the management of general skin diseases including abscess, chicken pox, eczema, flaky skin spots, measles, rashes, ringworm, and small pox. Results: The survey yielded 69 plants belonging to 38 families and forming 25 polyherbal and mono-recipes. Fabaceae, Rutaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Annonaceae, Poaceae, Meliaceae, and Amaryllidaceae had high species representation. Trees (40.58%) were the most frequently used plant habit while leaves (40.58%) formed the most frequently used plant part. Decoction and infusion using pure water were the methods of preparation suggested. Administration ranged from drinking extracts (2-3 teaspoonfuls) three times daily, to bathing with warm extracts of the plants and the use of coconut oil as cream. Traditional black soap and Shea butter also featured in the herbal remedy for bath and as cream respectively. Local sponge was preferred for bathing. Conclusion: This study has documented the alternative medical approach in the management of infantile skin diseases. The cultural relevance of plants calls for sustainable use of plant resources. This research finds application in primary health care, microbiology, and in cosmetic industries for the development of new or improved baby skin care products. Further research should be conducted to confirm the claimed ethnomedicinal values as well as evaluate possible harm of crude plant extracts to skin structures of infants.

The goal of this research was to evaluate the chemical composition of some herbal products consumed in Brazil through the Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF). The methodology used encompassed the selection of 14 plants' dried extracts and six ground plants. The qualitative and quantitative analyses of samples indicating the presence of As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Zn, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Mn, Co, Rb, Zr, Cd, Sn, Ba, Hg, Pb, Bi, Mo, and Pt in different concentrations. It is feasible that part of the contamination found in the herbal products come from the adjuvants/excipients used in the production process. Also, it was found that the extract production process seems to have a low efficiency for the extraction of the main chemical elements present in the ground plants. In the other hand, it has the benefit of reducing the contamination by harmful elements to health, such as heavy metals. EDXRF can replace atomic absorption spectrometry as low-cost and high precision technique to quantify all elements of interest in the pharmaceutical and food industries, within the limits established by regulatory agencies

Substances with modulatory capabilities on certain aspects of human cognition have been revered as nootropics from the dawn of time. The plant kingdom provides most of the currently available nootropics of natural origin. Here, in this systematic review, we aim to provide state-of-the-art information regarding proven and unproven effects of plant-derived nootropics (PDNs) on human cognition in conditions of health and disease. Six independent searches, one for each neurocognitive domain (NCD), were performed in parallel using three independent scientific library databases: PubMed, Cochrane and Scopus. Only scientific studies and systematic reviews with humans published between January 2000 and November 2021 were reviewed, and 256 papers were included. Ginkgo biloba was the most relevant nootropic regarding perceptual and motor functions. Bacopa monnieri improves language, learning and memory. Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) modulates anxiety and social-related cognitions. Caffeine enhances attention and executive functions. Together, the results from the compiled studies highlight the nootropic effects and the inconsistencies regarding PDNs that require further research. ; Support for this work was provided by the Research and Education Council of the Comunidad de Madrid, Spain (2018-T1/BIO-10633) and Ministry of Science and Innovation, Spain (PID2020-114885RB-C21). Dr Aida Serra acknowledges a grant from the Talento Program 2018 of the Comunidad de Madrid. Dr. Xavier Gallart-Palau acknowledges grants from Sara Borrell postdoctoral program (CD19/00243) and Miguel Servet tenure track program (CP21/00096) of the ISCIII-Ministry of Science and Innovation (Spain), respectively awarded on the 2019 and 2021 calls under ISCIII-Health Strategy Actions [These grants are co-funded with European Union ERDF Funds (European Regional Development Fund)]. Cristina Lorca's PhD is funded by the Regional Ministry of Science, Universities and Innovation of the Community of Madrid and the European Social Fund for the recruitment of pre-doctoral researchers (PEJD-2019 PRE/BIO-16475)

Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) have unique advantages in the prevention and treatment of diseases, which are widely recognized in the world. More and more CHMs are becoming increasingly popular in the international markets. However, the quality control of CHMs is a significant issue for their acceptance and recognition in the international market. This review mainly focuses on the quality requirements for CHMs to enter the European Union (EU) market. Both Chinese and European regulations and quality controls are compared. Firstly, the EU medicinal regulatory system and relevant regulations were reviewed. Secondly, the key factors of the quality control of CHMs, including Chinese herbal drugs, extracts and products were compared with those of European herbal medicines in the EU market. Subsequently, three main registration routes for herbal medicinal products including Chinese herbal medicinal products entering the EU were introduced. Furthermore, the legal status of traditional Chinese medicine granules in the EU was also discussed. Through the comparison of the key quality factors for CHMs in China and the EU, the similarities and differences in terms of quality requirements and regulations are addressed, which provides a reference for the development of CHMs into the EU market. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13020-022-00583-x.

Indonesia is a developing country with a dense population, so the government carry on KB (Family Planning) program in which the targets are mostly women. Contraceptives are intended for women are birth control pills and IUD (Intra Uterine Device), whereas until now the contraceptive for men who are considered well-established are condom and vasectomy. Thus, the development of herbal medicine, which is cheap and affordable, makes it possible to be consumed in a long term with less meaningful side effects. Papaya seeds (Carica papaya) is one of the many plants used by communities to eradicate intestinal worms, menstrual laxative, and abortivum. Empirically papaya fruit, leaves, and seeds of papaya also contains carpaine, an alkaloid which is used as anthelmintic. Papaya seeds, which are edible and spicy in India are used for contraception. Alkaloid content in seeds of papaya can be antifertility herbal plants for males that can be measured from the quality of spermatozoa. Alkaloid compounds contained in papaya seeds can disrupt the hormone testosterone, which would interfere the sperm quality, making papaya seed potential to become a candidate for contraceptive.

Jing Zhao,1,* Qing Zhao,1,* Jing-Ze Lu,1 Dan Ye,1 Sheng Mu,1 Xiao-Di Yang,2 Wei-Dong Zhang,3,4 Bing-Liang Ma1 1Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China; 2Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China; 3Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China; 4School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Wei-Dong Zhang; Bing-Liang Ma Email wdzhangy@hotmail.com; bingliang.ma@hotmail.comPurpose: This study aimed to evaluate the pharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic effects of the natural nanoparticles (Nnps) isolated from Coptidis Rhizoma extract on berberine hydrochloride (BBR) and systematically explore the related mechanisms.Methods: Firstly, Nnps were isolated from Coptidis Rhizoma extract and then an Nnps-BBR complex was prepared. After qualitative and quantitative analysis in terms of size, Zeta potential, morphology, and composition of the Nnps and the Nnps-BBR complex, the effects of the Nnps on the crystallization of BBR were characterized. The effects of the Nnps on the solubility and dissolution of BBR were then evaluated. In addition, the effects of the Nnps on BBR in terms of cellular uptake, transmembrane transport, metabolic stability, and pharmacokinetics in mice were studied.Results: The Nnps had an average size of 166.6 ± 1.3 nm and Zeta potential of − 12.5 ± 0.2 mV. The Nnps were formed by denaturation of co-existing plant proteins with molecular weight < 30 kDa. The Nnps adsorbed or dispersed BBR, thereby promoting BBR transformation from crystal to amorphous form and improving its solubility and dissolution. The Nnps carried and promoted BBR uptake by human colonic adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cells via caveolae-mediated endocytosis, reducing P-gp-mediated efflux of BBR in mice gut sacs and Madin-Darby canine kidney cells stably expressing the transporter P-gp (MDCK-MDR1) cells. Moreover, the Nnps improved BBR metabolic stability in mouse intestinal S9, promoting BBR intestinal absorption in mice, as shown by increased peak BBR concentration (Cmax, 1182.3 vs 310.2 ng/mL) and exposure level (AUC0– 12 h, 2842.8 vs 1447.0 ng·h/mL) in mouse portal vein. In addition, the Nnps increased BBR exposure level in mouse livers (95,443.2 vs 43,586.2 ng·h/g liver).Conclusion: The proteinaceous nanoparticles isolated from Coptidis Rhizoma extract can form a natural nano-drug delivery system with BBR, thereby significantly improving the pharmacokinetics of oral BBR.Keywords: natural nanoparticles, drug delivery system, pharmacokinetic synergy, berberine hydrochloride, herbal extract

"Water is an essential resource and its purity should not be negotiated when it comes to human consumption. This study investigated the antibacterial activity of Garcinia kola and Hunteria umbellata seed and epicarp on some bacterial isolates from sachet water. Duplicate samples of ten brands of sachet water were purchased from sales outlets around Ugbowo community, Benin City. Plate count techniques, minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations of the extracts were adopted in this investigation. Heterotrophic bacterial counts revealed highest range of 3.72±0.50x102 cfu/mL in EJ water and lowest in IB water (0.00±0.0x102 cfu/mL) while total coliform counts revealed its highest value in EJ water (3.62±0.30x102 cfu/mL) and lowest value (0.00±0.0 x102 cfu/mL), in OL, IB, NOS and UNI water. Aeromonas sp., Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Staphylococcus aereus and Enterobacter sp. were isolated. The antimicrobial susceptibility profile revealed varying zones of inhibition of 4 mm for Aeromonas sp., for Garcinia Kola and 20 mm recorded against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus sp. for Hunteria umbellata epicarp extract. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of susceptible bacteria to Hunteria umbellata and Garcinia kola extract were 6.25mg/mL and 12.5mg/mL, respectively, except Aeromonas sp. which had 50 mg/mL. Hunteria umbellata epicarp had a greater bactericidal effect of 6.25mg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus, while Garcinia kola had its greatest bactericidal effect on Enterobacter sp. with a minimum bactericidal concentration of 12.5mg/mL. This study has revealed the potentials of Hunteria umbellata epicarp and Garcinia kola as effective natural therapeutic agents against some harmful bacteria, preventing their pathogenic effect. Keywords: Herbal extracts, Hygiene education, Minimum Bactericidal Concentration, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, Sachet water."

Indonesia is a developing country with a dense population, so the government carry on KB (Family Planning) program in which the targets are mostly women. Contraceptives are intended for women are birth control pills and IUD (Intra Uterine Device), whereas until now the contraceptive for men who are considered well-established are condom and vasectomy. Thus, the development of herbal medicine, which is cheap and affordable, makes it possible to be consumed in a long term with less meaningful side effects. Papaya seeds (Carica papaya) is one of the many plants used by communities to eradicate intestinal worms, menstrual laxative, and abortivum. Empirically papaya fruit, leaves, and seeds of papaya also contains carpaine, an alkaloid which is used as anthelmintic. Papaya seeds, which are edible and spicy in India are used for contraception. Alkaloid content in seeds of papaya can be antifertility herbal plants for males that can be measured from the quality of spermatozoa. Alkaloid compounds contained in papaya seeds can disrupt the hormone testosterone, which would interfere the sperm quality, making papaya seed potential to become a candidate for contraceptive.

The use of herbal tea preparations is very common in Serbia as a part of everyday diet as well as a part of traditional herbal therapy. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the quality of 21 monocomponent herbal products that are commercially available at Valjevo and Belgrade markets. The commercial samples of investigated herbs, chamomile (Chamomillae flos), mint (Menthae piperitae folium) and thyme (Serpylli herba), were in bulks or packed in tea bags. According to the requirements of the Food Low Regulations, the analyzed parameters were: assessment of declared weight, water content, total ash content, acid insoluble ash and sulphated ash, water and alcohol extracts and ether oil content. Results obtained have showed that most of the analyzed herbal teas did not have declared weight, and significant differences in ether oil content and alcohol extract were noticed. In more than 80% of analyzed samples the quality did not fulfill the demands of national legislative and all analyzed thyme herb tea samples were inadequate. This investigation showed that a regular control of herbal tea products is necessary in order to protect the consumers from fraud and low quality. . ; U našoj zemlji je uobičajeno korišćenje biljnih čajeva kao osvežavajućih, okrepljujućih ili aromatičnih napitaka. Takođe, tradicionalno biljni čajevi se koriste kod blažih poremećaja zdravlja ili uz propisanu terapiju. Cilj rada je bio da se proveri kvalitet trgovačkih uzoraka nekoliko vrsta biljnih čajeva. Na teritoriji grada Beograda i Valjeva prikupljeni su uzorci 21 čaja od lista nane, cveta kamilice i herbe majkine dušice. Među analiziranim uzorcima 5 je bilo u obliku rinfuza, a 16 uzoraka je bilo u podeljenim pojedinačnim dozama (filter kesica). Kvalitet je proveravan na osnovu zahteva Pravilnika o kvalitetu i drugim zahtevima za čaj, biljni čaj i instant čaj iz 2005. godine. Pored provere deklarisane mase, u ispitivanim uzorcima biljnih čajeva analizirani su i sledeći parametri: sadržaj vlage, ukupnog pepela, sulfatnog pepela, ...