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Abstract Background The effectiveness of print-based health promotion materials is dependent on their readability. This study aimed to assess the characteristics of print-based oral health information literature publically available in Tasmania, Australia. Methods Oral health education brochures were collected from 11 dental clinics across Tasmania and assessed for structure and format, content and readability. Reading level was calculated using three widely-used measures: Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL), Flesch Reading Ease, and Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG) reading grade level. Results The FKGL of the 67 brochures sampled ranged from grade 3 to 13. The grade level for government health department brochures ( n = 14) ranged from grade 4 to 11 (5.6 ± 1.8). Reading levels for materials produced by commercial sources ( n = 22) ranged from 3 to 13 (8.3 ± 2.1), those from professional associations ( n = 22) ranged from grade 7 to 11 (8.9 ± 0.9) and brochures produced by other sources ( n = 9) ranged from 5 to 10 (7.6 ± 1.5). The SMOG test was positively correlated with the FKGL (r s = 0.92, p < 0.001) though consistently rated materials 2-3 grades higher. The reading level required to comprehend brochures published by government sources were, on average, lower than those from commercial, professional and other sources. Government materials were also more likely to contain fewer words and professional jargon terms than brochures from the other sources. Conclusion A range of oral health information brochures were publically available for patients in both public and private dental clinics. However, their readability characteristics differed. Many brochures required a reading skill level higher than that suited to a large proportion of the Tasmanian population. Readability and other characteristics of oral health education materials should be assessed to ensure their suitability for use with patients, especially those suspected of having low literacy skills.

Pendahuluan: Sistem rujukan dibuat untuk mengintegrasikan pelayanan dan memudahkan pelayanan ke pasien. Di lain sisi pertimbangan biaya menjadi hal yang sangat penting dalam pelayanan kesehatan. Masih rendahnya pemahaman tentang sistem rujukan sedikit banyak menyulitkan pasien itu sendiri dalam mendapatkan pelayanan kesehatan.Tujuan dari penulisan Literature review ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi pelaksanaan sistem rujukan berbasis pemerintah dan hambatan yang dihadapi dalam layanan kesehatan. Metode penyusunan literatur review ini mengikuti panduan PRISMA. Pubmed, Science Direct, Wiley Online, Proquest, dan Google Scholar adalah database yang digunakan dalam mengumpulkan artikel dengan kata kunci yang relevan. Hasil diperoleh lima artikel penelitian yang sesuai dengan kriteria inklusi. Artikel penelitian mengemukakan proses pelaksanaan, hambatan dan tantangan dalam system rujukan berjanjang di layanan kesehatan. Kesimpulan Sistem rujukan berjenjang merupakan sistem pelayanan kesehatan bagi masyarakat yang bertujuan untuk mengendalikan mutu dan biaya pelayanan dalam sistem JKN. Sistem ini juga dirancang agar pelayanan kesehatan yang diterima oleh pasien bisa optimal dan pasien dapat puas dengan pelayanan tersebut. Meski demikian, hasil penelitian ini menemukan masih banyak persoalan dalam pelaksanaan sistem rujukan berjenjang di FKTP. Pelayanan yang diberikan oleh FKTP belum optimal karena tidak seimbangnya antara jumlah pasien yang dilayani dan petugas dan infrastruktur pelayanan kesehatan.

Objective To identify the most recent literature on electronic cigarettes (EC) available in the market, in order to characterize their composition, current use, health risks associated with their use, as well as their possible use as smoking cessation therapy. To generate a greater understanding of EC and their importance in the field of public health.Materials and Methods A literature review was performed in indexed databases using MeSH and DeCS terms, finding 55 articles that met the inclusion criteria and five additional reviews of companies or governmental bodies.Results The diversity of the types and components of electronic cigarettes has increased awareness of their use. So far, the increase in EC consumption worldwide has led many organizations to issue concepts and review different types of studies that show evidence of a discrepancy between what is offered and what is presented. Consequently, it is clear that a definitive concept of their use cannot be issued.Conclusions The increase in the use of electronic cigarettes worldwide has triggered alarms on the regulation of contents, presentations, effects on health, and possible recommendations for their use, making it necessary to better review the issue in order to give a clear concept to the public. ; Objetivo Identificar en la literatura reciente los dispositivos electrónicos disponibles en el mercado, reconocer su composición, uso actual, riesgos asociados a su uso sobre la salud, así como su posible uso como terapia de cesación de tabaquismo. Generar mayor compresión sobre CE y su importancia en el ámbito de la salud pública.Materiales y Métodos Se realizó una revisión de la literatura en bases de datos indexadas usando términos de búsqueda MeSH y DeCS encontrando 55 artículos con los criterios de inclusión y 5 revisiones adicionales de sociedades o estamentos gubernamentales.Resultados La diversidad en los tipos y componentes de los cigarrillos electrónicos ha aumentado la conciencia sobre su uso. Hasta el momento, el aumento de consumo de CE a nivel mundial ha logrado que muchas organizaciones emitan conceptos y revisen diferentes tipos de estudios en los que se evidencia la discrepancia entre lo ofrecido y lo presentado, y queda claro que no se puede emitir un concepto definitivo sobre estos dispositivos.Conclusiones El aumento en el uso de cigarrillo electrónico a nivel mundial ha disparado las alarmas sobre la regulación de los contenidos, las presentaciones, los efectos sobre la salud y las posibles recomendaciones de uso. Es necesario una mejor revisión de este dispositivo para dar un concepto claro al público.

Envisioning Embodiment in the Health Humanities: Literature, Culture, and Media examines discourses of embodiment across disability studies, gender studies, cultural studies, and visual studies to inform educational practice as well as cultural criticism related to the health and medical humanities. The book argues that imagery and other visual elements in literature, comics, lived experience and the arts demonstrate the hybridity of the embodied experience and identity and have something to offer to clinical practice. Connected to the UN Sustainable Development Goals 3 (Health), 4 (Gender equality), and 16 (Strong institutions), the topics addressed in the essays include mental health, grief, COVID-19, healthcare practices, cancer, and women's health. The volume is designed to be accessible to advanced undergraduate students as well as graduate students and to be useful for medical practitioners and others who are interested in the health humanities, disability studies, gender studies, or cultural studies

INTRODUCTION: Health Information Economy (HIE) is one of the broader, more complex, and challenging and yet important topics in the field of health science that requires the identification of its dimensions for planning and policy making. The aim of this study was to determine HIE concept dimensions. METHODS: This paper presents a systematic methodology for analyzing the trends of HIE. For this purpose, the main keywords of this area were identified and searched in the databases and from among 4775 retrieved sources, 12 sources were studied in the field of HIE. RESULTS: Information Economy (IE) in the world has passed behind four paradigms that involve the information evaluation perspective, the information technology perspective, the asymmetric information perspective and information value perspective. In this research, the fourth perspective in the HIE was analyzed. The main findings of this research were categorized in three major groups, including the flow of information process in the field of health (production. collection, processing and dissemination), and information applications in the same field (education, research, health industry, policy, legislation, and decision-making) and the underlying fields. CONCLUSION: According to the findings, HIE has already developed a theoretical and conceptual gap that due to its importance in the next decade would be one of the research approaches to health science.

Introduction: Preparing to Engage with Mental Health Themes in Adolescent Literature -- What's Mined is Ours: Mental Health and American Rurality in Kristin Russell's A Sky For Us Alone -- Literacy and Loss: Examining Loss and Grief through Characterization in The Boy in the Black Suit -- First Person Perspective: Understanding Adolescent Eating Disorders Through the Text Good Enough -- Secrecy, Silence, and Transgenerational Trauma: Conflict and Character Development in I Am Not Your Perfect Mexican Daughter -- Exploring Graphic Memoir Trajectories: Processing the Effects of Substance Use Disorder and Healing Through Art in Hey, Kiddo -- Teaching When Reason Breaks: Understanding Depression and Interrogating Bias through Character Analysis -- "I'm Not Like That": Reading Heroine to Engage Students in Conversations and Research About Opioid Use Disorder--Reading A Hero's Journey through OCDaniel -- Exploring Mental Health Literacy through Book Clubs.

Health prevention : cost-effective services in recent peer-reviewed health care literature / U.S. Government Accountability Office -- Preventive health activities : available information on federal spending, cost savings, and international comparisons has limitations / United States Government Accountability Office -- Medicare : use of preventive services could be better aligned with clinical recommendations / United States Government Accountability Office.