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The extraordinary steps taken by governments during the 2007-2009 financial crisis to prevent the failure of large financial institutions and support credit availability have invited heated debate. This paper comprehensively reviews empirical assessments of the benefits of those programs-such as their effectiveness in reducing bank failures or supporting new lending-introduces a combined dataset of five key programs that provided term debt or equity to banks in the U.S., and assesses the effects of such support on lending by U.S. banks. The results, using an instrumental variable approach, suggest that bank loans did not increase at institutions receiving government support.

The government of Ethiopia have been trying to create a good environment for investors and exporters of non-traditional product by providing different export and investment incentives. Among these are the Export Trade Duty Incentives and Export Credit Guarantee Scheme. This study investigates the impact of these schemes on export. A Difference -in-Difference methodology was used to estimate effects of the two export incentives adopted in Ethiopia. With data for individual exporters of the year 2000and 2002 , the DID estimation shows significant impact of export incentives on export .But this should not be over emphasised ,one has to look at the costs for the government either in terms of foreign exchange or opportunity cost of the funds to the country. The government have been providing substantial amount of support to exporter up on their demand to hit the intended target with out no cross checking of whether the subsidy have been used properly or not as long as the firm export the targeted amount. Hence thinking of what this funds could do in other sector or areas of investment. As well thinking of how little variation of export is explained by subsidy as it shown in the DID methodology. The government should consider the cost of subsidy hand in hand with the gain from this subsidy.

Perspectives on "Should the Philippine Government Support Washington's War in Iraq?"

Dissertation (Ph.D. (Economics))--National Institute of Development Administration, 2013. ; This study investigates the behavior of Thai industries' R&D and innovation activities using the institutional framework in analyses. The theoretical models based on microeconomic foundations, with incorporated institutional attributes, are developed for the analyses of firms' strategic decisions on technological investment. The empirical study, using firm-level data from Thailand R&D and Innovation activities surveyed the industrial sector of 2009, examines four main hypotheses according to theoretical models; including the variables of socioeconomic, business environment and institutional factors to significantly explain firms' decisions on whether to carry out R&D or innovation activities, expenditures, allocation efforts and mode of carrying out such activities. The results show that most of the firms' characteristic and business environment variables; including industry group, ownership status, number of employees, experiences in business, total sales and categories of sales, are significantly related to the probabilities of carrying out R&D or innovation activities. Firms from service industries tend to carry out R&D and innovation less than those from manufacturing industries. Locally-owned firms tend to carry out R&D and innovation more than foreign majority owned firms. Firms having other technological activities are also highly tentative in carrying out such activities. The expenditures for R&D can be explained significantly by total sales, number of R&D staffs, external cooperation with business partners and with universities or public research institutes. For innovations, the expenditures are significantly related to total sales and export portion, experiences, and results of former activities in recent years. We notice that explanatory variables have more effect on innovation expenditure than on the R&D expenditure; the reason may be that innovation activities are ...