Suchergebnisse

Este artigo explora a literatura da avaliação económica de bens ambientais em Portugal com o objetivo de identificar oportunidades para reforçar os contributos para a definição de políticas. A análise considera quatro questões: o que tem sido feito neste domínio; quais as características comuns aos diferentes estudos; o que sabemos sobre a validade das estimações; e quais as tendências mais recentes. Conclui-se que a avaliação ambiental em Portugal tem uma aplicação regional relevante com destaque para parques naturais e paisagens. A avaliação contingente é o método mais utilizado. O preço, o rendimento e o uso do recurso para recreio estão entre as variáveis explicativas mais influentes. Os resultados confirmam a validade dos métodos e o seu potencial para fins de política local/regional.

Diffusion du document : INRA Station d'Economie et Sociologie rurales 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc 35042 Rennes Cedex (FRA) ; Cette communication porte sur l'analyse du système contractuel mis en place dans le cadre de la réforme de la PAC pour promouvoir la production d'externalités positives. La difficulté de mise en place de cette politique publique tient à l'information limitée sur la valeur sociale de ces externalités, ce qui conduit à se tourner vers des politiques de second rang pour atteindre des objectifs environnementaux fixés. Le point crucial porte sur l'attitude des agriculteurs confrontés à des contrats : comportement réel et comportement hypothétique. Un même modèle fondé sur l'approche duale est dérivé pour analyser ces deux cas. Il est appliqué à des résultats d'une enquête portant sur la protection des zones humides.

Cette communication porte sur l'analyse du système contractuel mis en place dans le cadre de la réforme de la PAC pour promouvoir la production d'externalités positives. La difficulté de mise en place de cette politique publique tient à l'information limitée sur la valeur sociale de ces externalités, ce qui conduit à se tourner vers des politiques de second rang pour atteindre des objectifs environnementaux fixés. Le point crucial porte sur l'attitude des agriculteurs confrontés à des contrats : comportement réel et comportement hypothétique. Un même modèle fondé sur l'approche duale est dérivé pour analyser ces deux cas. Il est appliqué à des résultats d'une enquête portant sur la protection des zones humides.

This article tries to explain national incentives for protecting environmental goods either autonomously or collectively; it explores how globalisation has affected those incentives; and it suggests how national environmental policy might respond so as to ensure its effectiveness. The central argument is that national incentives for environmental protection may to a considerable extent be explained by a combination of the type of environmental good to be protected (in terms of public goods theory) and the effects of environmental protection measures on international competitiveness. Arrangements for protecting environmental goods can be ranked according to their centripetal effects on non-participating countries. Centripetal effects are strongest in the case of club goods (1), followed by private goods (2), public goods (3), and common pool resources (4). The centripetal effects resulting from the type of environmental good can be further reinforced by competitive advantages resulting from environmental protection measures; they can be weakened by competitive disadvantages; or they can remain unchanged due to competitive neutrality. The combination of four types of environmental goods and three types of competitive effects (positive, negative, neutral) results in twelve possible cases, with differing national incentives for autonomous and collective environmental protection. Given specific assumptions, these twelve cases can be ranked with regard to the severity of collective action problems they involve. The article includes a short empirical illustration for each case. It also analyses how globalisation (in the form of increasing trade) and some of its driving forces (in the form of free trade agreements) influence national incentives and legal possibilities for environmental protection. This article concludes with a brief discussion of four options for (re-)expanding the action space for national environmental policies under the condition of economic globalisation.

This paper examines the links between community homogeneity and the demand for environmental quality. Using data from California, this paper shows that communities that are more homogeneous in terms of race and educational attainment are more likely to support the public provision of environmental goods, after controlling for political ideology, voter turnout, and the distribution of benefits and costs across communities. The models also reveal nonmonotonic relationships between racial and social groups and support for the public provision of environmental amenities. Support for environmental initiatives in a community typically increases at an increasing rate the greater the concentration of Whites. On the other hand, support generally increases at a decreasing rate the greater the share of African Americans and Asians in the population. Results for a proposal that would have imposed a tax on oil extraction to fund alternative energy projects suggest a different pattern of nonlinear associations. (JEL D72, H42, Q51, Q58)

AbstractUsing data from the period 1996–2010, this paper identifies the nature of constraints that make India, which is one of the emerging environmental goods and services (EGS) exporters, unable to realize its export potential of environmental goods (EG). The empirical results show that the growth of India's exports of EG was negatively affected by 'behind the border' constraints such as weak infrastructure and institutions, while the effect of 'explicit beyond the border' constraints such as partner countries' tariffs and exchange rates on the exports of EG was relatively small. The reduction of India's trading partners' 'implicit beyond the border' constraints such as weak infrastructure and institutions significantly contributed toward India's exports of EG, especially during the period 2005–2010.

As part of the current round of global trade negotiations underthe World Trade Organization (WTO), nations will be negotiating the liberalization of environmental goods and services (EGS). The EGS negotiations constitute a new and proactive approach to reconciling trade and environment concerns, providing an arena in which concrete progress can be made in environment and development. Although the negotiations show strong promise for sustainable development, this promise will only be realized if the liberalization takes into account existing market asymmetries and the needs of developing countries. This article examines the potential benefits and adverse impacts of EGS liberalization, the challenge of defining and classifying EGS in the WTO, and some policy suggestions for ensuring that EGS negotiations work toward sustainable development in the world economy.