I report on measures of life satisfaction and emotional well-being across groups of college-educated women, based on whether they have a career, a family, both, or neither. The biggest premium to life satisfaction is associated with having a family. While there is also a life satisfaction premium associated with having a career, women do not seem able to "double up" on these premiums. A qualitatively similar picture emerges from the emotional well-being data. Among college-educated women with family, those with a career spend a larger share of their day unhappy, sad, stressed and tired.
The primary objective of the present study was to assess the impact of out-of-home employment on anxiety levels of mothers. A study group of working mothers resident in Calcutta (India) was compared with a socioeconomically similar group of non-working mothers with respect to their anxiety level, measured by the Anxiety Scale Questionnaire, in terms of the total anxiety score and its various personality components. The possible relationships between anxiety score and age of these mothers as well as their children were studied. Non-working mothers showed higher anxiety levels than their working counterparts with respect to the total anxiety score as well as its components, although the differences were statistically non-significant. The anxiety scores of non-working mothers showed increasing values with increasing age of children. This trend was absent among the working mothers. The age of these mothers was not related to their anxiety level.
Globally, marriage is on a decline and this can be traced to as early as the 1940s in South Africa. This paper explores marriage declines in South Africa, specifically the reasons why young, educated women are delaying marriage. It draws on a qualitative study using in-depth interviews with thirty Zulu-speaking female university students in Durban, South Africa. Women with higher education attainment opt for a later age of marriage in order to establish themselves financially, gain independence, build their careers and accrue some assets as well as to improve their families' living standards. The women in this study are highly aspirant and want to marry partners with attributes that are equally matched to them. The study suggests that it is important to focus on the attitudes of young, educated women in order to better understand the delay in marriage.
From the publisher. In Mere Equals, Lucia McMahon narrates a story about how a generation of young women who enjoyed access to new educational opportunities made sense of their individual and social identities in an American nation marked by stark political inequality between the sexes. McMahon's archival research into the private documents of middling and well-to-do Americans in northern states illuminates educated women's experiences with particular life stages and relationship arcs: friendship, family, courtship, marriage, and motherhood. In their personal and social relationships, educated women attempted to live as the "mere equals" of men. Their often frustrated efforts reveal how early national Americans grappled with the competing issues of women's intellectual equality and sexual difference. In the new nation, a pioneering society, pushing westward and unmooring itself from established institutions, often enlisted women's labor outside the home and in areas that we would deem public. Yet, as a matter of law, women lacked most rights of citizenship and this subordination was authorized by an ideology of sexual difference. What women and men said about education, how they valued it, and how they used it to place themselves and others within social hierarchies is a highly useful way to understand the ongoing negotiation between equality and difference. In public documents, "difference" overwhelmed "equality," because the formal exclusion of women from political activity and from economic parity required justification. McMahon tracks the ways in which this public disparity took hold in private communications. By the 1830s, separate and gendered spheres were firmly in place. This was the social and political heritage with which women's rights activists would contend for the rest of the century
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The purpose of this article is to analyse how the increase of women's educational attainment has influenced marriage in Spain. It studies the transition from being single to marriage using data from the 1999 Fertility Survey and employing an event history analysis (EHA). The results indicate that highly educated women marry less. Moreover, the paper warns about the blind use of EHA in research that wishes to discriminate between the tempus and the quantum of the phenomenon under analysis. Adapted from the source document.
Abstract. Laos, a landlocked country in Southeast Asia, is generally considered an under researched context; the majority of data related to gender and education comes from INGOs or international organizations and focuses on gender parity. As the government of Laos works to better the opportunities of women and girls nationwide, gender parity has improved across all levels of education. It is unclear, however, in what ways women's experiences of education have changed, highlighting a need for qualitative data in this area. In this research, highly educated Lao women were interviewed in order to discover the different ways women conceptualize what it means to be "educated" in the Lao context, their perceptions of how education and gender influence each other, and their journeys to becoming educated. By looking at the stories of women who have achieved academic success, we can build an understanding of some of the catalysts and hindrances impacting educational attainment. Twelve interviews were conducted over summer 2019 with women in two provinces of Laos, all of whom have graduated from at least one tertiary education program. The data were analyzed using a phenomenographic approach, focusing on the women's conceptions, perceptions, and experiences. Initial findings highlight the changing nature of gender roles and gendered expectations in Laos, particularly in regards to women's abilities and opportunities in education, careers, and at home. In particular, a shift in women's motivations and attitudes towards education as well as government and international scholarship programs seem to have driven this change. Significantly, there was a clear differentiation between how women viewed gender equality in the cities compared to the rural or 'local' areas. Conflicting ideas emerged of whether equality had been achieved (as evidenced by the women in successful careers and with high educational qualifications) or whether more work needs to be done. Finally, the concept of an 'educated person' involves more than just a degree, diploma, or qualification; rather, an educated person is marked by their mindset and the values they hold. The findings of this research have potential implications for educational policy and practice throughout Laos at all educational levels, as well as how gender mainstreaming is applied in all spheres.
Abstract Recruitment and retention are two of the greatest challenges for police agencies, community members, and leaders. Recently, agencies have faced shallow applicant pools and significant declines in retention longevity. Concerns over excessive force, especially fatal incidents in minority communities, have fostered anti-police sentiment, reduced the prestige of police work, and elevated negative perceptions of risk in policing careers. These factors contribute to recruitment and retention woes, especially in women, who often harbour reservations about pursuing careers in a male-dominated work environment. Using data collected from a series of six single-sex focus groups, this study assesses the challenges faced in recruitment of college educated females and their attitudes toward policing as a profession. Findings reveal support for theories of person-vocation fit as primary motivations and barriers to careers in policing for women. Respondent concerns centre around personal interest, family and media pressures, and perceptions about the nature of police work.
