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Dietary diversity is crucial particularly in developing world where diets consist of mainly starchy staples and lack nutrient rich foods for improved dietary diversity and quality, the importance of crop diversity in nutrition and health needs to be clearly understood. The study examined the effect of crop diversity on rural farm household dietary diversity in Agricultural Development Project ZONE B of Kogi State, Nigeria. Primary data was used for the study. A total sample size of 120 farmers was used for the study. Data was collected with the use of structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, Simpson's index, household dietary diversity scores (HDDS) and Poisson regression model were used in the analysis. Based on the result from the analysis,majority of the farmers in the study area were male (75.83%), the mean age was 47years, majority of the farmers were married with an average household size of 8 members. The mean crop diversity index of the farmers was estimated at 0.69. The dietary diversity scores among respondent households were found averagely to be 9. The crop diversity practiced among the respondents was found in this study to have positive and significant effect on the dietary intake of the rural farm households. The study concluded that crop diversity have positive effect on rural farm household dietary diversity in Zone B Kogi State ADP at 1% significance level. The study recommended that policies geared towards improving smallholder farmers` crop diversity should be encouraged in the study area to improve farmers' dietary diversity.

The COVID-19 pandemic has spurred interest in the use of remote data collection techniques, including phone surveys, in developing country contexts. This interest has sparked new methodological work focusing on the advantages and disadvantages of different forms of remote data collection, the use of incentives to increase response rates and how to address sample representativeness. By contrast, attention given to associated response fatigue and its implications remains limited. To assess this, we designed and implemented an experiment that randomized the placement of a survey module on women's dietary diversity in the survey instrument. We also examine potential differential vulnerabilities to fatigue across food groups and respondents. We find that delaying the timing of mothers' food consumption module by 15 minutes leads to 8-17 percent decrease in the dietary diversity score and a 28 percent decrease in the number of mothers who consumed a minimum of four dietary groups. This is driven by underreporting of infrequently consumed foods; the experimentally induced delay in the timing of mothers' food consumption module led to a 40 and 11 percent decrease in the reporting of consumption of animal source foods, and fruits and vegetables, respectively. Our results are robust to changes in model specification and pass falsification tests. Responses by older and less educated mothers and those from larger households are more vulnerable to measurement error due to fatigue. ; Non-PR ; IFPRI1; CRP2; 4 Transforming Agricultural and Rural Economies; Capacity Strengthening ; DSGD; PIM ; CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM)

The present study has tried to address the impact of subsidised rice distribution through the public distribution system on dietary diversity and nutrition intake in the state of Tamil Nadu in India as the state is considered a pioneer in introducing a number of food security programmes in India. We used National Sample Survey Organisation's data for the years 2004-05 and 2011-12, and the propensity score matching technique to estimate the actual impact of the subsidy programme on food consumption patterns and nutrient intake, as the data-set used for analysis was subjected to non-randomisation and selection bias. The estimated results reveal that the subsidy on rice has significantly and positively impacted food consumption and nutritional intake across households, irrespective of income groups. The increased purchasing power of the poor due to the subsidy is limited to the staple food commodities—rice, millets, pulses and vegetables—whereas middle- and high-income households are more likely to consume high-value commodities such as fruits, processed food and livestock products, with a resultant higher gain in fat and calcium. Our study indicates that extending the price subsidy to nutritious foods, besides rice can help the poor diversify their diets towards healthy and nutrient-rich foods. JEL Codes: C5, C54, D01, D11, D12, Q11, Q18

Inadequate dietary intake is one of the causes of childhood undernutrition and associated morbidity and mortality in many low and middle-income countries, including Bangladesh. The study aims to identify the prevalence, associated factors, and socio-economic inequalities in minimum dietary diversity, minimum meal frequency, and minimum acceptable diet among 6-23 month-children in Bangladesh. This study uses data from the latest round of the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2017-18. Descriptive analyses have been conducted to report frequencies and percentages of the socio-demographic and economic characteristics of 6-23 months aged children. Bivariate and multiple logistic models are used to identify the predictors of each dietary indicator. In addition, we estimate concentration indices and use Wagstaff-based decomposition analysis to identify socio-economic inequalities in dietary diversity and their contributing factors. The study finds the prevalence of minimum dietary diversity, minimum meal frequency, and minimum acceptable diet as 38%, 81%, and 36%, respectively. Education of mothers is a significant predictor of all three dietary indicators. In addition, household wealth status and administrative division are significant predictors of minimum dietary diversity and minimum acceptable diet. Children of working mothers are found to have higher odds of having minimum meal frequency and minimum acceptable diet compared to their counterparts. We find concentration indices for minimum dietary diversity as 0.21 (p<0.001), for minimum meal frequency as 0.08 (p<0.05), and for minimum acceptable diet as 0.19 (p<0.001). Wealth status of household, mother's and father's education levels, and exposure to mass media are the major contributing factors to these inequalities. Therefore, policymakers and other stakeholders need to give prior attention to enhancing household wealth status, empowering women, and awareness-raising initiatives to improve the feeding practices of children in Bangladesh.

Background: Poor dietary diversity leading to malnutrition among children and adolescents is a serious public health problem in Nepal. Though nutrition education intervention has been effective in changing the dietary intake habits of individuals in school settings, the contextual educational intervention has not been tested in our study area. This study is aimed at assessing the effect of dietary diversity education based on the Health Belief Model among secondary level students in selected schools of Siddhicharan Municipality, Okhaldhunga.Methods: Quasi-experimental study design was employed during the intervention study. Our study was conducted in 3 phases: Phase I, Baseline Study; Phase II, Education Package Development; and Phase III- Intervention Study (Implementation and evaluation of the package). The data was collected for getting baseline that was used to develop package, pre-intervention assessment and after intervention assessment, using a self-administered structured questionnaire based on constructs of Health Belief Model (HBM). Study participants were students from grade 7 and 8. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS version 21.Results: After the education intervention, dietary diversity knowledge and practice in the intervention group increased from 16.4% to 54.2% and 32.8% to 48.6% respectively. Significant association (P<0.001) was noted between knowledge of dietary diversity with intervention in post-test. Similarly, the mean score of the Health Belief Model construct was significantly improved and showed an association (P<0.001) with nutrition education after the intervention.Conclusions: Nutrition education based on the Health Belief Model showed a positive impact on knowledge and practice of dietary diversity among school students. Hence, such education intervention should be promoted by educational institutions, the Ministry of Education, Ministry of Health and Population, NGOs and INGOs.Keywords: Adolescent; dietary diversity; education intervention; health belief model school

Food security is one of the most severe challenges facing the majority of African countries. The objective of this study was to explore household food dietary diversity and food security in a rural area in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. A total of 296 household heads were randomly sampled to participate in the study. The Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) and Household Food Consumption Score (HFCS) were used to identify the consumption patterns of the households and their food security status. Meanwhile, a binary model was used to identify the variables that had an impact on household food security. Findings from the Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) revealed that 61 percent of the households had lower dietary diversity and were consuming at least three food groups, which mainly include pulses, milk, and cereals. The results from the Household Food Consumption Score (HFCS), however, showed that the majority of the households had adequate levels of food consumption. The binary model revealed that age, household income, access to credit, and gender are statistically significant in influencing household food security status in the study area. It can be concluded that household dietary diversity is not guaranteed by food security, as proven by the regression model. Therefore, the government should consider the impact of low income on food security and it should intensify efforts directed at helping rural households to reduce incidences of food insecurity.

International audience ; In the past decade, food group dietary diversity indicators (FGIs) have increasingly been used to assess the impact of agriculture on food security or nutrition. Following a structured search strategy and a two-phase screening process, 46 studies investigating associations between agriculture and food security or nutrition through the use of simple FGIs were assessed for how the indicators were constructed and interpreted. Most studies based on individual level FGIs were consistent with published guidance, while many of the studies measuring households' dietary diversity were not, particularly in terms of interpretation of the indicators or of food group classification. Efforts are needed to harmonize the way FGIs are used and interpreted in order to enhance comparability across studies and allow meta-analyses of the association between agriculture and food security or nutrition.

International audience ; In the past decade, food group dietary diversity indicators (FGIs) have increasingly been used to assess the impact of agriculture on food security or nutrition. Following a structured search strategy and a two-phase screening process, 46 studies investigating associations between agriculture and food security or nutrition through the use of simple FGIs were assessed for how the indicators were constructed and interpreted. Most studies based on individual level FGIs were consistent with published guidance, while many of the studies measuring households' dietary diversity were not, particularly in terms of interpretation of the indicators or of food group classification. Efforts are needed to harmonize the way FGIs are used and interpreted in order to enhance comparability across studies and allow meta-analyses of the association between agriculture and food security or nutrition.

Dietary diversity has been considered a potential 'proxy' indicator to reflect nutrient intake adequacy. The study assessed the Dietary Diversity and Nutrient Intake Adequacy among adult women in Iwo Local Government (LGA) area of Osun State. Apparently healthy 250 adult women (20-59) were the respondents in the study. The anthropometric measurements of the respondents were taken using standard equipment. A 24-hour dietary recall questionnaire was used to assess the food intake of the respondents, which was converted into nutrient intake using adapted Total Dietary Assessment (TDA) software. Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) was created using a 15-food group model. Nutrient intake was evaluated using Nutrient Adequacy Ratio (NAR). Mean adequacy ratio (MAR) was calculated as an indicator of nutrient intake adequacy. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software was used for analysis of the data collected. More than half (56.4%) of the respondents had normal body weight, 15.2% were underweight, 21.2% were overweight and 7.2% were obese. The diet of the respondents consisted of food items mainly from food groups such as cereals, white roots and tubers, vitamin A-rich vegetables, spices, condiments and beverages. Fruits and foods from milk and milk products were the least consumed. The mean DDS was 8.29±1.3, 4.4% of the respondents had high DDS, 94.4% had minimum DDS and 1.2% had low DDS. The MAR was 2.56±0.69, the intake of some nutrients such as carbohydrate, fat, iron, zinc and protein was above the recommended dietary intake and there was inadequate intake for some nutrients such as calcium, vitamin C and potassium among the respondents. Consumption of foods from groups such as meat and meat products, eggs and poultry and fish were found to be significantly related with nutrient intake adequacy as respondents with adequate intake of nutrients consumed more from these food groups. These results indicate that dietary diversity is an indicator of nutrient intake adequacy. Most of the respondents consumed foods from cereals, white roots and tubers, vegetables, legumes, oil and fats, spices and condiments than from other food groups.Keywords: Dietary-diversity, Nutrient, Women, Food-groups, Overweight, Micronutrient, Adequacy, Nigeria