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This study analyses an important policy issue pertaining to the public debt and external debt of BRICS nations from 1993 to 2020 using the Bohn framework and a penalised-spline estimation method. It also checks the robustness of the results using the ADF and co-integration tests. The results indicate that as the primary surplus reacts positively and significantly to public debt in China and South Africa, the debt is sustainable in these nations. In Brazil, India and Russia, the debt is not sustainable. The external debt policy is sustainable only in China and not in other BRICS nations. These results suggest the need for immediate policy interventions in Brazil, India and Russia to achieve sustainable levels of public debt and external debt. We hope that these results will be useful to policymakers and other stakeholders to take appropriate strategies to improve the public debt and external debt position of BRICS nations and to make them sustainable. JEL Codes: H63, C23, D72, E62, H72

This invaluable resource furnishes a comprehensive analysis of securities offered for sale by municipalities, states, and the Federal Government - examining in detail various methods of debt management used in the United States and assessing the historic development of U.S. government debt management as well as the relationship of debt to the economy.

This volume offers two important contributions to the literature on sovereign debt. First, it provides a unique genealogy of debt collection practices in terms of their availability, acceptability and efficacy. We argue that creditors' tactics and methods to enforce debt repayment emerged and solidified to a large extent in relation to the threads of colonial history, from the building of empires to the decolonisation era. Second, this volume reflects critically on the relevance of neo-colonial interpretations in recent cases of sovereign debt disputes

Chapter 1. Debt valuation: An alternative method to avoid future default (Thomas Poufinas and Evangelos Drimpetas) -- Chapter 2. The impact of Quantitative Easing Policy on the government debt and the NPLs of the Eurozone periphery countries (Dionysios Chionis, Fotios Mitropoulos and Antonios Sarantidis) -- Chapter 3. Tariffs and Debt ( George Galanos, Thomas Poufinas and Charalampos Agiropoulos) -- Chapter 4. The impact of demographics on the level of tariffs (James Chen, Thomas Poufinas, Charalampos Agiropoulos and George Galanos) -- Chapter 5. Demographics as determinants of social security (James Chen, Thomas Poufinas, Charalampos Agiropoulos and George Galanos) -- Chapter 6 Sovereign Debt and Social Security (Thomas Poufinas, George Galanos and Charalampos Agiropoulos) -- Chapter 7. Debt versus Non-Performing Loans: An investigation on the causality direction within the countries of Eurozone (Charalampos Agiropoulos, George Galanos and Thomas Poufinas) -- Chapter 8. What drives sovereign bond yields in the Eurozone? (Nicholas Apergis, Giuseppina Chesini and Thomas Poufinas).

Purpose: This study examined the relative effect of debt composition and debt reduction policy rule on economic growth in selected SADC countries which are Mauritius, Tanzania and Zimbabwe. Design/Methodology/Approach The Markov-switching method was used to estimate the debt growth model for the period 1990Q1-2016Q4 Findings:. The effects of debt proved to be regime dependent which supports the time effects of debt in all countries. High external debt relative to domestic debt had positive effect on growth in Tanzania which is a good reforming country and had negative effects in the case of Zimbabwe which is a debt distressed country. In comparison to Mauritius, a domestic debt dependent country, high domestic debt relative to external debt had negative impact on growth. The effects tend to rise with market pressure and government consumption behaviour. A negative real effect of debt reduction policy rule was confirmed for Zimbabwe and irrelevance in countries with less threat of debt distress. Implications/Originality/Value Therefore the study found support to the quantity-effect rather than type-effect of debt on growth. We recommended that countries should consider both time and quantity effects of debt in debt management; adopt explicit debt reduction rules which constrain fiscal behaviour and force policy commitment towards debt stabilization.

This volume offers two important contributions to the literature on sovereign debt. First, it provides a unique genealogy of debt collection practices in terms of their availability, acceptability and efficacy. We argue that creditors' tactics and methods to enforce debt repayment emerged and solidified to a large extent in relation to the threads of colonial history, from the building of empires to the decolonisation era. Second, this volume reflects critically on the relevance of neo-colonial interpretations in recent cases of sovereign debt disputes

Part of a CIHM set. For individual microfiches in this set see CIHM microfiche nos. 05417-05432. ; Original issued in series: Dominion election : campaign of 1886. Hon. Edward Blake's speeches ; series 1, no. 7 ; Electronic reproduction. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; 44

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The guide, prepared by eight international finance organizations participating in the Inter-Agency Task Force on Finance Statistics, updates the previous international guidelines on external debt statistics, "External Debt: Definition, Statistical Coverage and Methodology," published in 1988. During the 1990s new statistical guidelines for national accounts and balance of payments statistics were established, and a substantial growth in financial flows between private sector institutions occurred. The concepts set out in the Guide are harmonized with those of the "System of National Accounts 1993" and the fifth edition of the IMF's "Balance of Payments Manual

This paper examines the sustainability of subnational governments in Mexico, focusing on its top 110 most indebted municipalities. We employ dynamic panel data techniques to assess whether municipal debt remained sustainable during 2007–2017. Our study finds that the subnational fiscal position of Mexican municipalities remains sustainable despite the rapid growth of public debt following the 2008 global financial crisis. However, using Monte Carlo simulations, we show that random disturbances can significantly impact municipal governments' debt, deteriorating governments' finances after the shocks materialize.

"Provides guidance on (1) the concepts, definitions, and classification of public sector debt statistics; (2) the sources and techniques for compiling these data; and (3) some analytical tools that may be used to analyze these statistics"--Pref

Growing public debt is one of the biggest challenges faced by both developing and developed economies. Available research indicates the negative impact of public debt growth on economic growth. Applying the ordinary least squares method to the panel data for the countries of the Western Balkans and the period from 1998 to 2019, we found that one percentage growth in public debt leads to a decrease in the GDP growth rate by 0.036 percentage points. In addition, an increase in public debt by one percentage point leads to a decrease in the productivity growth rate by 0.079 percentage points. The results of the research for Montenegro as a case (two scenarios of fiscal policy and the period 2021-2040), showed that, if expenditures remain intact, due to the small difference between the forecasted average GDP growth rate in the period 2021-2040 and interest rates (assumed constant), such a scenario will lead to a slower change in the public debt-to-GDP ratio (23% decrease in two decades). In addition, the cost of interest on public debt in this scenario over the entire period is higher than 2% of GDP. If the fiscal policy is changed toward a reduction in government spending, the short-term GDP growth rate would be slightly reduced, but both the expenditures for interest (less than 2% of GDP) and public debt (decrease of 63% in two-decades) would be reduced significantly. Although reduced government spending will have a negative impact on GDP growth in the short run, the country will benefit in the long run as reduced public debt will have a positive impact on GDP and productivity growth.

Public debt is a financing tool that is frequently applied for increasing public spending in the face of increasing public costs or for financing large countrywide public investments. There have been many different schools of though and theory put forth on public debt from ancient times to the present day. The impossibility of achieving an equilibrium between market conditions and the understanding the state's role of the social state in the economy is a reality accepted by virtually every country today. Taken in this context, for those countries that lack the internal dynamics for public debt financing to go the route of external borrowing to cover public debt is an unusual phenomenon. Budget deficits in developing countries have reached serious levels due to many global crisis's that have developed in International markets, and cyclical changes that occur as a result of inflationary pressures. These countries which do not have a robust economy and financial structure had to resort to foreign borrowing to finance public deficits. This process of borrowing that gained substantial acceleration especially during 1980s, effecting the debt rates and services of developing countries' economies and thus jeopardizing the status of countries that has been the lender. This situation revealed that developing countries needed to focus on public domestic and external debt management. From this period forward, the debt management issues such as debt stock limit, risk ratio, internal and external debt sustainability gained importance for developing countries. During the same period, the derivative products emerged as a result of the studies performed in order to reduce the risks brought by borrowing in international markets. These products began to be used effectively by many developed countries to avoid risks such as exchange rate, interest rate, inflation. These products that were used in these markets grew as time went on and with the promotion of certain economic and financial institutions began to attract the attention of developing countries.The situation in Turkey was not different than in other developing countries. Especially after 1980, the external public debt levels increased sharply by means of economic and financial reforms that had been performed during this period. The derivative instruments which ensure the risk management and which emerged in the '80s as an alternative in the public internal and external debt management only began to attract attention at the end of the 90s in Turkey and the trading volume could be increased with the opening of the Derivatives Market in 2002. But this interest remained confined only to the private sector. It is not possible to ignore the benefits that may be obtained by use of derivative instruments when the past experiences of Turkey are observed. In this study it is explained the importance of a sound external public debt management and the advantages of use of derivative instruments within this frame. It is signified that evaluation and development of the derivative market will be advantageous, both in order for the economic development plans to be executed in a more clear way and in terms of assistance to the monetary policies to become successful. ; Kamu borçlanması, çoğu ülkenin gerek artan kamu harcamaları gerekse büyük kamu yatırımları karşısında sıklıkla başvurduğu bir finansman aracıdır. Kamu borçlanması ile ilgili olarak en eski iktisadi düşünce akımlarından günümüze kadar pek çok farklı düşünce ve teori ortaya konulmuştur. Günümüzde, ekonominin her zaman piyasa şartları ile dengeye gelmesinin imkansızlığı ve sosyal devlet anlayışı içerisinde devletin ekonomide rol alması gerektiği hemen hemen her ülke tarafından kabul edilen bir gerçekliktir. Bu bağlamda, gerçekleştirilen kamu harcamalarının finansmanı için gerekli iç dinamiklere sahip olmayan ülkelerin de dış borçlanmaya gitmesi oldukça olağan bir durumdur. Uluslararası piyasalarda, gerçekleşen enflasyonist baskılar ve konjonktürel değişimler sonucunda pek çok global kriz ile karşılaşılmış, gelişmekte olan ülkelerde kamu açıkları ciddi seviyelere ulaşmıştır. Sağlam bir ekonomiye ve finansal yapıya sahip olmayan bu ülkeler, kamu açıklarını yüksek miktarlarda dış borçlanmaya başvurarak kapatabilmiştir. Bu borçlanma süreci, özellikle 1980'li yıllar itibari ile oldukça fazla ivmelenme kazanmış, borç hadleri ve servisleri gelişmekte olan ülke ekonomilerini ve dolayısıyla da borç veren ülkelerin durumlarını tehlikeye sokar olmuştur. Bu durum, gelişmekte olan ülkelerde kamu iç ve dış borç yönetimine odaklanılması gerekliliğini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu dönemden itibaren gelişmekte olan ülkeler, borç stoklarının sınırı, risk oranı ve sürdürülebilirliği gibi konulara eğilerek kamu iç ve dış borç yönetimi konusunda çalışmalar başlatmıştır. Aynı dönemlerde, uluslararası piyasalarda borçlanmanın getirdiği riskleri azaltmak amacıyla yapılan çalışmalar sonucunda ortaya türev piyasa ürünleri çıkmış ve döviz kuru, faiz oranı, enflasyon gibi bir takım risklerin azaltılmasını sağlayan bu ürünler, kamu iç ve dış borç yönetimi kapsamında pek çok gelişmiş ülke tarafından etkin şekilde kullanılmıştır. Bu ürünlerin işlem gördüğü piyasalar gün geçtikçe büyümüş ve bazı ekonomik ve finansal kurumların da teşviki ile gelişmekte olan ülkelerin de dikkatini çekmeyi başarmıştır. Türkiye'de de durum, gelişmekte olan ülkelerden farklı olmamıştır. Özellikle 1980'den sonra, gerçekleştirilen ekonomik ve finansal reformların etkisi ve de bu dönemde uygulanan politikalar nedeniyle kamu dış borç seviyeleri hızla artış göstermiştir. 1980'li yılların başında kamu dış borç yönetimi kavramı ile tanışan Türkiye, bir takım düzenlemeleri ve altyapı çalışmalarını gerçekleştirmiş olsa da etkin bir kamu dış borç yönetimi girişiminden ancak son on yıl için bahsetmek mümkündür. Bu son on yıl içerisinde, kamu dış borç yönetiminin gerektirdiği analizler yapılmaya başlanmış, döviz kuru, değişken faiz oranı ve vade gibi riskler göz önüne alınarak borçlanma stratejileri geliştirilmiştir. Kamu iç ve dış borç yönetiminde 80'li yıllarda bir alternatif olarak ortaya çıkan ve risk yönetimi sağlayan türev ürünler ise Türkiye'de 90'lı yılların sonunda ilgi çekmeye başlamış ve ancak 2002'de Vadeli İşlemler Piyasası'nın açılması ile işlem hacmi artmıştır. Ancak bu ilgi özel sektör ile sınırlı kalmış, kamu dış borç yönetiminde kullanıma gidilmemiştir. Türkiye'nin geçirmiş olduğu ekonomik ve finansal krizler, geçmişte maruz kaldığı döviz kuru ve faiz oranları riskleri göz önüne alındığında türev ürünlerin kullanımı ile sağlanacak faydaları göz ardı etmek mümkün değildir. Bu nedenle, bu çalışmada kamu dış borç yönetiminin artan önemi vurgulanarak, bu bağlamda kullanılacak türev ürünlerin sağlayacağı faydalar ortaya koyulmakta, bu piyasaların gerek ekonomik kalkınma planlarının daha net şekilde yapılabilmesi, gerekse para politikalarının başarılı olmasına yardımcı olması açısından değerlendirilmesinde ve geliştirilmesinde fayda olacağı vurgulanmaktadır.

Empirischer Beleg der Hypothese, daß die Schuldenlast ein signifikantes Hindernis für die Entwicklung der menschlichen Lebensbedingungen in Afrika darstellt. Ohne eine Lösung der Schuldenkrise sind alle Anstrengungen zur Sanierung der Volkswirtschaften und zur Verbesserung des Human Development zum Scheitern verurteilt. Der kontinuierliche Ressourcenabfluß in Form von Schuldendienst verhindert den Import von für die Aufrechterhaltung ihrer Produktion notwendigem Input. (DSE)