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What happens when leaders do not respond to the ethical components of business situations? We study this question by examining amoral management, which entails a lack of response from leaders during ethical situations. Our work helps establish amoral management, a leadership style that is thought to be quite common in practice, in the behavioral ethics literature by first validating an empirical measure. Then, we examine an initial nomological network of amoral management and by demonstrating that it negatively affects employees. Drawing on moral conation theory (Hannah et al., 2011a), we argue that amoral management leads to lower levels of moral courage among employees. Unfortunately, with lower levels of moral courage, employees become more susceptible to engaging in unethical behavior. Interestingly, we find that the negative relationship between amoral management and moral courage is exacerbated under the condition of an ethical environment, which therefore also exacerbates employees' unethical conduct (i.e., a first-stage moderated-mediation model). We provide theoretical contributions and practical implications regarding amoral management as an important yet understudied ethics-based leadership style, as well as make suggestions for future research.

This article explains a conceptual tool that was used in the Gender Research in Africa and the Middle East into ICT for Empowerment (GRACE) Network, to map journeys of personal and social change toward a self-determined purpose of transformation. Named the Personal Trajectory Map, it was initially intended as a self-management tool for the GRACE members to help clarify thinking, manage emotions and stay focused on project purposes, but its use got extended over time. This article is a moment in the ongoing theorization of this conceptual tool and the approach it was an intricate part of. Its usefulness can be theoretically explained through the interlinkages between the concepts of agency, intent, conation, and the capacity to aspire. Illustrating how it was used in some of the participatory action research processes, this article argues that it is worthwhile to open the black box of the female-self-in-transformation since it will clarify for female participants as well as for their researchers, what they are up against when they want to empower themselves in a male dominated world. Furthermore, offering women a deeper understanding and more guidance in their processes of personal and social change, will not only support female participants, it will enhance research quality and the chances for project success.

Abstract This research aims to identify the correlation between parenting styles and the learners' learning behaviors on Social Science lessons at SMPN 2 Pontianak. This study is ex post facto research with a descriptive quantitative approach. The sample was collected using the simple random sampling technique with the Slovin formula with an error rate of 10%, involving 100 of 801 students in the population. During the research, some students whose names registered on the list were absent, and thus the substitutes were taken incidentally. The variables observed were parenting style (x) and the learners' learning behavior (y). The data were collected using questionnaires and documentation. The instrument validity was assessed by the expert, while the reliability with internal consistency was tested using the Alpha Cronbach. The Technique of data analysis used was a product-moment correlation. The findings showed that the two variables were in the medium category with the obtained data by 60% and 84%, respectively. The parenting style includes three aspects: democratic, authoritarian, and permissive. The learning behaviors include cognition, affection, and conation aspects. The correlation between the two variables was low, with the level of significance of 5% with r count value larger than r table (0.313 > 0.195). Keywords: Parenting Styles, Learning Behavior.

PurposeBased on the cognition–affect–conation pattern, this study explores the factors that affect the intention to use facial recognition services (FRS). The study adopts the driving factor perspective to examine how network externalities influence FRS use intention through the mediating role of satisfaction and the barrier factor perspective to analyze how perceived privacy risk affects FRS use intention through the mediating role of privacy cynicism.Design/methodology/approachThe data collected from 478 Chinese FRS users are analyzed via partial least squares-based structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM).FindingsThe study produces the following results. (1) FRS use intention is motivated directly by the positive affective factor of satisfaction and the negative affective factor of privacy cynicism. (2) Satisfaction is affected by cognitive factors related to network externalities. Perceived complementarity and perceived compatibility, two indirect network externalities, positively affect satisfaction, whereas perceived critical mass, a direct network externality, does not significantly affect satisfaction. In addition, perceived privacy risk generates privacy cynicism. (3) Resistance to change positively moderates the relationship between privacy cynicism and intention to use FRS.Originality/valueThis study extends knowledge on people's use of FRS by exploring affect- and cognitive-based factors and finding that the affect-based factors (satisfaction and privacy cynicism) play fully mediating roles in the relationship between the cognitive-based factors and use intention. This study also expands the cognitive boundaries of FRS use by exploring the functional condition between affect-based factors and use intention, that is, the moderating role of resistance to use.

There is a popular narrative that women are the weaker vessels and depend on men for confirmation of their thoughts and actions. This narrative is expressed linguistically through the pejorative and diminutive portrayal of women in Igbo proverbs. Proverbs are powerful and potent vehicle for culture dissemination from one generation to the other. The functionality and cultural essence therefore transcends generational sayings and performances. Proverbs are metaphorical statements and reflection of the people's cultures, indigenous knowledge, cosmology, value, spirituality and essence. They provide channels for intergenerational transfers from old to young members of the society. Among the Igbo of the south eastern Nigeria, it is said to be the oil with which words are eaten. Applying Lakoff's concept of Women language and Critical discourse Analytical theory, this paper examines the representation of women in Igbo proverb. The objective is to examine the nexus between language, gender and culture. It specifically analyses the traditions, views, perceptions and roles of women in traditional and contemporary Igbo society. Forty five Igbo proverbs about women were selected from both written and oral sources. These include Igbo proverbs that literarily mentioned women (old women – agadi nwaanyị, young woman/lady - nwaagbọghọ, wife - nwunye and the woman's body) and explored its portrayal without much attention to the contextualised meaning which may vary according to usage at different context, though being one of the fluidities of proverbs. Findings reveal that in spite of the changing role of women in Igbo society, the cultural interpretations/conations attached to these proverbs are still untainted. Women are still stereotyped as subservient, weak, vulnerable and evil using proverbs. This cultural representation extols hegemonic masculinity and feminity.Keywords: Igbo Language, Culture, Proverb, Igbo Women

This document is the Accepted Manuscript version of a published work that appeared in final form in International Journal of Business and Globalisation. To access the final edited and published work see https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBG.2018.095479 ; For past three decades, the academic community has sought to advance the analysis relating to the image of several countries around the world. In relation, several studies have since been published on contemporary relevance of the image of a given country, and its subsequent effects on product evaluations and purchase intentions, among other behavioural outcomes. Nonetheless, despite the importance of the theory of attitude in evaluating the image of a country, the majority of papers in the field has focused on the cognitive component of attitude only, having the other components, affective and conative, not thoroughly being examined. As a result, with an aim to extend our current understanding into the role of attitudes on country brand image, this paper considers the conations more broadly such as, the predisposition for traveling, doing businesses, investing, working in the country, as well as, the willingness for either buying products made in the Brazil or shopping in the Brazil. Additionally, the purpose of this paper is to investigate Brazil's country brand image, based on the three-attitudinal categories "cognitive", "affective", and "conative". The methodological approach taken in this study is a quantitative method via an online survey. The study population consisted of the 427 undergraduate students at foreign institutions partaking agreements with a Brazilian public university. Attitudes were analysed using exploratory factor analysis to correlate potential impact on Brazils' country brand image. The country's image refers to a construct derived from the concept of attitudes, being comprised of cognitive, affective, and conative components. Results of this study indicate that the conative dimension received the highest scores of the respondents implying strong behavioural intentions in relation to Brazil's country brand image. It is also noteworthy that the technical dimension presented a more negative assessment in comparison to all other dimensions of Brazil's image, indicating that such a cognitive element to be adequately developed to highlight better brand assurance.

agriculture is now at a crossroads. It must now meet the expectations of society in terms of environmental protection and move towards a multifunctional model. One of the key instruments of European rural development policy, the second pillar of the CAP, is the granting of agri-environmental aid, i.e. payments to farmers who voluntarily undertake, for a limited period of time, to implement environmentally-friendly farming practices which exceed the level of mandatory requirements. The purpose of this report is to present the agri-environmental scheme applicable in the Walloon Region and to assess, as far as possible, the advantages and disadvantages of preserving and managing the environment in agriculture. After recalling the legal framework, I shall discuss the principles governing agri-environmental aid. I shall then develop the main building blocks and mechanisms designed to ensure their effectiveness. Finally, we will assess their effectiveness and relevance in the light of their environmental objectives. ; L'agriculture est aujourd'hui à la croisée des chemins. Elle doit désormais répondre aux attentes de la société en termes de protection de l'environnement et s'orienter vers un modèle multifonctionnel. L'un des instruments phares de la politique européenne de développement rural, deuxième pilier de la PAC, consiste dans l'octroi d'aides agro-environnementales, c'est-à-dire le versement de paiements aux agriculteurs qui s'engagent volontairement, pour une durée limitée, à mettre en oeuvre des pratiques agricoles favorables à l'environnement qui dépassent le niveau d'exigences obligatoires. Le présent rapport a pour objet de présenter le régime agro-environnemental applicable en Région wallonne et d'en évaluer, tant que faire se peut, les avantages et inconvénients pour préserver et gérer l'environnement en milieu agricole. Après avoir rappelé le cadre juridique, nous évoquerons les principes qui régissent les aides agro-environnementales. Nous en développerons ensuite les principaux éléments constitutifs ...

For past three decades, the academic community has sought to advance the analysis relating to the image of several countries around the world. In relation, several studies have since been published on contemporary relevance of the image of a given country, and its subsequent effects on product evaluations and purchase intentions, among other behavioural outcomes (Bloemer et at., 2009; Elliot, Papadopoulos & Kim, 2011; Khan et al., 2012; Koschate-Fischer, Diamantopoulos & Oldenkotte, 2012; Diamantopoulos, Schlegelmilch, Sinkovics, & Bohlen (2003); Magnusson, Westjohn & Zdravkovic, 2011; Maher & Carter, 2001; Pappu & Quester, 2010; Zeugner-Roth, Diamantopoulos & Montesinos, 2008; Tseng & Balabanis, 2011). Nonetheless, despite the importance of the theory of attitude in evaluating the image of a country, the majority of papers in the field has focused on the cognitive component of attitude only, having the other components, affective and conative, not thoroughly being examined (Brijs, 2006; Roth & Diamantopoulos, 2009). As a result, with an aim to extend our current understanding into the role of attitudes on country brand image, this paper considers the conations more broadly such as, the predisposition for traveling, doing businesses, investing, working in the country, as well as, the willingness for either buying products made in the Brazil or shopping in the Brazil. Additionally, the purpose of this paper is to investigate Brazil's country brand image, based on the three attitudinal categories "cognitive", "affective", and "conative". The methodological approach taken in this study is a quantitative method via an online survey. The study 3 / 7 population consisted of the 427 undergraduate students at foreign institutions partaking agreements with a Brazilian public university. Attitudes were analysed using exploratory factor analysis to correlate potential impact on Brazils' country brand image. The country's image refers to a construct derived from the concept of attitudes, being comprised of cognitive, affective, and conative components. Results of this study indicate that the conative dimension received the highest scores of the respondents implying strong behavioural intentions in relation to Brazil's country brand image. It is also noteworthy that the technical dimension presented a more negative assessment in comparison to all other dimensions of Brazil's image, indicating that such a cognitive element to be adequately developed to highlight better brand assurance.

PurposeThe research framework of this study is based on tri-component attitude model (cognition-affect-conation) which explores consumers' positive or negative emotions, as well as various types of thoughts and actions, triggered by their perceived justice in the context of service failure. This study aims to probe the possible mediating and moderating effects caused by the process where consumers form their thoughts and actions.Design/methodology/approachThis study conducts a survey to consumers after restaurant dining. This study collects data from 262 respondents and analyzes the data with the structural equation modeling.FindingsThe results indicate that perceived justice has significant effect on empathy, anger, positive word-of-mouth, repurchase intention and revenge. Empathy has a significant and positive effect on positive word-of-mouth. Anger has significant and positive effects on revenge and avoidance. Empathy is a mediator between perceived justice and positive word-of-mouth. Blame attribution and service failure severity are the moderators in the relationship between perceived justice and empathy/anger.Research limitations/implicationsConsumers might have experienced the scenarios described in the questionnaire and their responses might be based on recall of their previous dining experiences in other restaurants, thereby resulting in a time lapse problem and affecting the conclusions of this study.Practical implicationsIt is not adequate to gain consumers' choices just demonstrate favorable customer perceived justice and empathy in today's industrial highly competitiveness because blame attribution and perception of service failure severity result in different positive and negative emotions and behavioral intentions. Therefore, food and beverage industry must have a various recovery approaches to recover service failure and create a more appealing relationship with consumers.Originality/valueThis study investigates the relationships among perceived justice, emotions and behavioral intentions which are seldom discussed in the past studies. In addition, this study investigates the mediating effect of empathy in the relationship between perceived justice and positive word-of-mouth. The results of this study indicate that blame attribution and service failure severity are the moderators between perceived justice and emotions (empathy/anger). The mediator of empathy and the moderators of blame attribution and service failure severity can enhance the research gap in the context of service recovery for the tri-component attitude model.

Numerous academics and marketers are sceptical about the relevance of research on country-of-origin (coo) effects. This criticism is based on a series of studies suggesting that coo-cues are of no more than marginal importance as determinants of people's attitudes towards foreign-sourced products. More specifically, this criticism is directed towards studies focussing on the relevance of a coo's more general environmental conditions (like for instance its cultural identity, political climate, geography, religion, language, national history, etc.). Additionally, the theoretical status of the coo-field as a whole has frequently been questioned for its lack of solidity and transparency. Our study intends to put this situation into its proper context. Its main objective is to contribute to a better 'understanding' of coo-effects with special attention going to the role of a coo's more general environmental conditions as determinants of attitude formation towards products made abroad. A large-scale field survey was designed, questioning a Belgian student sample about their images of Spain and Denmark's environmental conditions. Also, participants were questioned about their images of Spanish/Danish beer (hedonic product) and DVD-players (utilitarian product). Hypotheses concerning the structure of country images and their role as potential determinants of attitude formation were developed based on semiotics (and more in particular based on Discourse Theory). Data were analyzed by means of Structural Equation Modeling (AMOS 5.0). Results indicate first of all that images about Spanish/Danish country-related environmental conditions significantly contribute to the formation of attitudes towards Spanish/Danish beer and DVD-players. Secondly, these country images were found to be based on a hierarchically ordered tri-component structure. Thirdly, in line with Discourse Theory, it could be established how coo-effects are supported by composite mechanisms with country-related cognitions, feelings and conations operating simultaneously during product attitude formation. More in detail, effects generated by the country image's conative component were found to be strongest. Interestingly, country-related cognitions were more important for attitude formation towards DVD-players while country-specific feelings were more influential in case of beer. Finally, the level of cultural similarity with a product's coo did not moderate the size of coo-effects

Strong public finances are the prerequisite for rebuilding confidence in the state's capacity to act and are key to long-term growth and the creation of favourable employment conditions. The lack of confidence in the sustainability of public finances in some Member States was one of the main triggers of the crisis in the euro area. Many neighbouring countries decided, some even before the so-called 'debt crisis', to introduce debt cap mechanisms in their legislation. Others took firm political commitments which have been maintained over time, the results of which we see today. Among these countries, we will carefully analyse five of them: Sweden, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Chile and Germany. ; Unas finanzas públicas sólidas son el requisito previo para la reconstrucción de la confianza en la capacidad del Estado para actuar y son fundamentales en el crecimiento a largo plazo así como para la creación de condiciones de empleo favorables. La falta de confianza en la sostenibilidad de las finanzas públicas en algunos Estados miembro fue uno de los principales desencadenantes de la crisis en la zona euro. Numerosos países de nuestro entorno decidieron, algunos antes incluso de la llamada 'crisis de la deuda', introducir mecanismos de límite de deuda en sus legislaciones. Otros adoptaron compromisos políticos firmes que se han mantenido en el tiempo, y cuyos resultados vemos a día de hoy. Entre estos países, analizaremos detenidamente cinco de ellos: Suecia, Reino Unido, Suiza, Chile y Alemania.

Five Eyes on the Fence: Protecting the Five Core Capitals of Your Business debunks the myth that a business's health is judged by its bottom line alone-by its financial capital. Instead, the book proves that financial capital is a byproduct of four other capitals: (1) human capital, is defined by a company's and its employees' soft and ingrained attributes like personalities, intelligences, behavioral traits, values, attributes, and motivators; (2) intellectual capital, defined by the comp any's and its employees' knowledge and experience; (3) social capital, or the company's network of people

Since the first case of COVID-19 was found in Indonesia, the government has started to appeal to the public to always keep their distances (social/physical distancing). For the public, this appeal was new and its implementation requires adaptation. This is what encourages us to find out more about people attitudes in implementing this social/ physical distancing appeal. This research was conducted one month after the first case was found and before the Indonesia large-scale social restrictions/PSBB was implemented. This research used a descriptive quantitative approach with data collection techniques through online surveys distributed through social media. The results showedthat in general the attitude of the community in implementing social/physical distancing has a high enough value. There are three aspects of attitude that are assessed, namely cognition, affection, and conation. The majority of respondents realized that social/ physical distancing needed to be done to prevent the spread of COVID-19 and had also applied various appeals regarding this matter. Even though the affection component related to the application of appeals to worship at home has a low value compared to other appeals related to social/ physical distancing which have an average value of above 90 percent. The mass media has provided information to the general public, but there are several aspects that require a more persuasive and personal approach. Therefore, increasing public awareness of social/physical distancing calls through community leaders is important. Abstrak Sejak ditemukan kasus pertama COVID-19 di Indonesia, pemerintah mulai mengimbau agar masyarakat senantiasa menjaga jarak (social/physical distancing). Bagi masyarakat imbauan ini merupakan hal yang baru dan penerapannya memerlukan adaptasi. Hal inilah yang mendorong penulis untuk mengetahui lebih jauh terkait sikap masyarakat dalam penerapan imbauan social/physical distancing. Penelitian ini dilakukan satu bulan sejak kasus pertama ditemukan dan sebelum Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar (PSBB) diberlakukan, menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif deskriptif dengan teknik pengumpulan data melalui survey daring yang disebarkan melalui media sosial. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan secara umum sikap masyarakat dalam penerapan social/physical distancing memiliki nilai yang cukup tinggi, melalui penilaian aspek sikap yaitu kognisi, afeksi, dan konasi. Mayoritas responden menyadari bahwa social/physical distancing perlu dilakukan untuk mencegah penyebaran COVID-19 dan telah menerapkan berbagai imbauan terkait hal tersebut. Meskipun pada komponen afeksi terkait penerapan imbauan untuk beribadah di rumah memiliki nilai yang rendah dibandingkan dengan imbauan lain terkait social/physical distancing yang memiliki nilai rata-rata di atas 90 persen. Media massa telah memberikan informasi kepada masyarakat umum, namun ada beberapa aspek yang membutuhkan pendekatan lebih persuasif dan personal. Sehingga, peningkatan kesadaran masyarakat terhadap imbauan social/physical distancing melalui tokoh masyarakat menjadi penting .

On 1 July 2013, 10 years after applying for membership of the European Union, Croatia will become the 28th EU Member State and the second country in the former Yugoslavia to join the EU. In this note, after a rapid review of the state of play, we will return to what seems to us to be the two main weaknesses of the country: on the one hand, its lack of competitiveness and, on the other hand, its level of corruption still far too high to ensure sustained and sustainable growth (.). ; Le 1er juillet 2013, 10 ans après avoir déposé sa demande d'adhésion à l'Union européenne, la Croatie deviendra le 28e État membre de l'UE, et le deuxième pays de l'ex-Yougoslavie à intégrer l'Union. Dans cette note, après un rapide état des lieux, nous reviendrons sur ce qui nous semble être les deux principales faiblesses du pays : d'une part, son manque de compétitivité, et d'autre part, son niveau de corruption encore beaucoup trop élevé pour lui garantir une croissance soutenue et durable (.).