Suchergebnisse

International audience ; The sulphate (SO 4 ) released by mineralisation and desorption from soil can play an important role in determining concentrations of SO 4 in streams. The MAGIC model was calibrated for two catchments in the Black Forest, Germany (Schluchsee and Villingen) and SO 4 concentrations in the streams for the years 2016 and 2030 were predicted. Special emphasis was placed on the dynamics of soil sulphur (S) pools. At Schluchsee, 90% of soil S is stored in the organic S (S org ) pool, whereas at Villingen, 54% is in the inorganic (S inorg ) pool. The Villingen stream chemistry was modelled successfully by measured Langmuir isotherm parameters (LIPs) for S inorg . Schluchsee data could not be modelled satisfactorily using measured or freely adapted LIPs only, as the S inorg pool would have to be more than five times larger than what was measured. With 60.5 mmol c SO 4 m -2 yr -1 as internal soil source by mineralisation and the measured LIPs, stream data was modelled successfully. The modelling shows that in these two catchments pre-industrial concentrations of SO 4 in runoff can be reached in the next two decades if S deposition decreases as intended under currently agreed national and international legislation. S org is the most likely dominant source of SO 4 released at Schluchsee. Mineralization from the S org pool must be included when modelling SO 4 concentrations in the stream. As the dynamics and the controlling factors of S release by mineralisation are not yet clear, this process remains a source of uncertainty for predictions of SO 4 concentrations in streams. Future research should concentrate on dynamics of S mineralisation in the field, such that mathematical descriptions of long-term S-mineralisation can be incorporated into biogeochemical models. Keywords: sulphate release, organic S, mineralisation, acidification, recovery, modelling, MAGIC, catchments, predictions, Germany, forest

State Corporatism and Proto-Industry focuses on an industrial countryside in south-west Germany, where a dense worsted industry dominated the rural economy from 1580 to 1800. This is an example of 'proto-industry', the dense, export-oriented rural manufacturing which arose throughout Europe before factory industrialization. But although the Württemberg worsted industry possessed all the features of a classic proto-industry, closer scrutiny throws doubt on basic assumptions about European proto-industrialization. In this book, Sheilagh Ogilvie shows that proto-industries did not break down traditional society. Instead, corporate institutions such as guilds, merchant companies, village communities and manorial systems retained enormous power. This was a result of 'state corporatism': the expanding early modern state granted privileges to favoured groups in return for fiscal and regulatory co-operation. As Ogilvie shows, these corporate privileges profoundly constrained both individual decisions and economic development

Scholars working on the current Darfur crisis have often looked inside the region in search of its causes. Not surprisingly, this approach reduces discussion of the problem to localized indices like drought, environmental degradation, conflicts over local resources and tribalism (see below). This paper departs from this approach for two reasons. Firstly, Darfur is not an isolated region. It is part and parcel of a national structure in which the policies of Khartoum governments have played a great part. Secondly,Darfuris not in anyway unique in its problems. Its plight is shared by other re$ons in Sudan and with which it is intricately connected, Darfur should be seen as an indivisible part of a defective whole that is bedevilled by the hegemony of a favoured segment over the rest of Sudan.

This article throws some light on certain aspects of the Darfur crisis, which started in 2003. The Darfur rebellion is not a product of one day; rather, it is an outcome of several decades of oppression and exploitation by central governments.

Abstract
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) gives policy recommendations based on scientific research and agreed climate targets. We outline the concepts and requirements for implementing the sustainability goals. The Triple Helix Twin model is tested as method to analyze the governance of environmental policy formation and implementation. The model is applied to the controversial case of creating the large-scale natural area Northern Park Black Forest in Germany in the period of 2011 to 2014. The protected zone was set up employing criteria of the International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN (Category II National Parks). The findings indicate that the creation of protected areas need the participation of stakeholders to address so-called wicked problems that arise between diverse social needs and science based expert knowledge. Findings contribute to the operationalization of the Triple Helix Twins (THT) model for analysing policy impact and transformational governance. We recommend to employ the Triple Helix Twins for future comparative research of the transition from high level concept to local realization.

Concerns about heavy metal and metalloid contamination from mine dumps is one of the most intensively discussed issues in society, politics, and academia, because of the levels of pollution, and its toxic properties. During the Middle Ages the Black Forest was one of the most successful mining areas in Southwestern Germany. Historical records show that Sulzburg was a mining town in the Black Forest since the 10th century, but was abandoned in the 19th century. Nowadays this town is considered as an important recreation area in the country. Therefore, soil and water quality and any contamination are of great concern. The purpose of this research was to understand the weathering process and environmental impact of heavy metals and metalloids from the old antimony (Sb) mine sites in Sulzburg. In this study, we examined the mineralogy and whole-rock chemistry and performed soil sequential extraction and water chemical analysis around mine sites. The results show that the Sb deposits in Sulzburg contain mixtures of antimony-lead-bearing sulfides and sulfosalts in hydrothermal quartz veins. The primary ore stibnite (Sb2S3) and boulangerite (Pb5Sb4S11) occur associated with pyrite, arsenopyrite, and sphalerite. The whole-rock chemistry of Sb-Mine Sulzburg is characterized by considerable Sb2O3 (4-25 %) and PbO contents (2-7 %). This agrees with the chemical composition of Sb minerals. Based on soil sequential extraction, toxic elements (Sb, Pb, As) mostly remain in the residual fraction. Comparing the water analysis at and around Sb-mine Sulzburg, Sb concentrations are lower than those of As and Pb for all water samples. This is possible due to the strong affinity of Sb to Fe-oxides-hydroxides and amorphous material and a lower mobi-lity, from the source into water. Based on these findings, we argue that sources of toxic elements and weathering process in Sulzburg are important from the ecotoxicity perspective. Changes in oxidizing or reducing conditions can lead to release and mobilization of Sb, As, and Pb into the environment.

Most of the legal scholarship on reparations for Blacks in America focuses on its legal or political viability. This literature has considered both procedural obstacles, such as statutes of limitations and sovereign immunity, as well as the substantive conception of a defensible cause of action. Indeed, Congressman John Conyers introduced H.R. 40, a bill to study reparations, in 1989 and every Congressional session since, and there have been three law suits that have received national attention. This Essay takes a different approach, considering reparations as a social movement with a rich and under-explored history. As Robin Kelley explains, such an approach is "more interested in the historical vision and imagination that has animated the movement since the days of slavery." In keeping with such an emphasis, this Essay focuses on the diverse array of individual actors and institutions that for over a century have comprised the reparations movement. Contemplating reparations in this way, as a social movement, shifts attention away from the doctrinal and policy questions that have dominated the legal literature on the feasibility of reparations, and instead poses an intriguing set of other questions about the reparations movement's complex, and at times competing, set of actors, institutions, and ideologies that, like N'COBRA, have been underexplored in the legal literature. This Essay takes as its case study seven of the diverse group of Black activists and lawyers who in 1995 joined the N'COBRA Reparations Litigation Committee. Using interviews with these original Committee members, it situates their contemporary activism within the long history of Black activism that viewed reparations and redress as part of the struggle for liberation from slavery and its vestiges. In so doing it changes the barometer by which we measure its effectiveness; instead of focusing solely on whether a specific legal result has been obtained, a social movements approach also questions how ordinary people develop a common "oppositional consciousness" and mobilize to confront what they perceive as injustice. This Essay tells their history, leading up to the resurgence of reparations activism today. It concludes that conceiving reparations as a century-old social movement in addition to a political and legal claim casts the contemporary reparations movement in a different light, illuminating competing visions of Black political subjectivity and activism within the reparations movement.

Abstract. An airborne survey of the Black Forest as affected by the winter storm "Lothar" in 1999 is performed by means of a color line scanner (CLS) with a CCD sensor, whose data in a visible and a near-infrared channel provide the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) as a measure of the damage in previously intact forest areas. The camera data, height data from a digital evelation model (DEM), land use information, and soil data are georeferenced and processed in a geographic information system (GIS) to derive relationship of the damage pattern to the characteristics of the local orography and soil types. The data cover an area of 4900 km2, 2767 km2 of which were forested. The 363 detected storm damage areas with a minimum detection size of 1.5 ha amount to 0.8% of the total forest area. Visual inspections at certain sites prove that none of the larger damage areas are missed, but areas smaller than 1.5 ha cause the total damage area to be up to twice our result, i.e. ≈1.6% of the forest area. More than 50% of the detected damaged areas are smaller than 5 ha and most of them have a size ranging from 1.5 to 3.5 ha. Forests on slopes with an inclination angle between 10 and 15 degrees show the highest fraction of damaged forest, doubling those on plains and below 5 degrees inclination angle. Forests on northwestern slopes are more affected than those on southwestern and western slopes, which faced the wind during highest wind speed occurrence. In contrast to other studies, this paper shows, that in steep areas, lee slopes are more damaged than the luv slopes. As expected, wet to moist soils represent an unstable location for the trees. But also medium-dry to dry locations that were considered to be relatively stable exhibited a highly damaged forest fraction. This can be attributed to mostly saturated soil from previous rain.

Abstract
This research hypothesizes that changes in command and control along with increased levels of trust and training led to a stronger response in Colorado's 2013 Black Forest fire than that of the 2012 Waldo Canyon fire. Because the fires were categorized as the worst in the region's history, and because they occurred in very close succession, in roughly the same area, involving many of the same responders, the fires provide valuable insights into how the response system adapted, or failed to adapt, to overcome key events under both scenarios. The study found that the ability to tailor command and control and supporting response structures to a particular event instead of using traditional rigid frameworks were instrumental to a more effective response. The study goes on to suggest that even though the Black Forest fire was met with an improved response, a systems approach is needed to better accommodate increasingly complex future events.