Suchergebnisse

Sulfide is frequently suggested as a tool to release and recover phosphate from iron phosphate rich waste streams, such as sewage sludge, although systematic studies on mechanisms and efficiencies are missing. Batch experiments were conducted with different synthetic iron phosphates (purchased Fe(III)P, Fe(III)P synthesized in the lab and vivianite, Fe(II)3(PO4)2*8H2O), various sewage sludges (with different molar Fe:P ratios) and sewage sludge ash. When sulfide was added to synthetic iron phosphates (molar Fe:S = 1), phosphate release was completed within 1 h with a maximum release of 92% (vivianite), 60% (purchased Fe(III)P) and 76% (synthesized Fe(III)P). In the latter experiment, rebinding of phosphate to Fe(II) decreased net phosphate release to 56%. Prior to the re-precipitation, phosphate release was very efficient (P released/S input) because it was driven by Fe(III) reduction and not by, more sulfide demanding, FeSx formation. This was confirmed in low dose sulfide experiments without significant FeSx formation. Phosphate release from vivianite was very efficient because sulfide reacts directly (1:1) with Fe(II) to form FeSx, without Fe(III) reduction. At the same time vivianite-Fe(II) is as efficient as Fe(III) in binding phosphate. From digested sewage sludge, sulfide dissolved maximally 30% of all phosphate, from the sludge with the highest iron content which was not as high as suggested in earlier studies. Sludge dewaterability (capillary suction test, 0.13 ± 0.015 g2(s2m4)-1) dropped significantly after sulfide addition (0.06 ± 0.004 g2(s2m4)-1). Insignificant net phosphate release (1.5%) was observed from sewage sludge ash. Overall, sulfide can be a useful tool to release and recover phosphate bound to iron from sewage sludge. Drawbacks -deterioration of the dewaterability and a net phosphate release that is lower than expected-need to be investigated. ; This work was performed in the TTIW-cooperation framework of Wetsus, European Centre Of Excellence For Sustainable Water Technology (www.wetsus.nl). Wetsus is funded by the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs, the European Union Regional Development Fund, the Province of Fryslân, the City of Leeuwarden and the EZ/Kompas program of the "Samenwerkingsverband Noord-Nederland". We thank the participants of the research theme "Phosphate Recovery" for their financial support and helpful discussions.

The University of Maryland Center of Excellence in Regulatory Science and Innovation (M-CERSI), in collaboration with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), conducted research and outreach to solicit input from the public, including medical specialists, to better understand the use of certain bulk drug substances nominated for use in compounding by outsourcing facilities under section 503B of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the Act). In particular, we were interested in how drugs compounded with these bulk drug substances were used historically, and how they are currently used in clinical practice. The research will assist the FDA in its development of a list of bulk drug substances that outsourcing facilities can use in compounding under section 503B of the Act. Research for each bulk drug substance included a systematic literature review, interviews with medical experts and a survey of healthcare practitioners. Our findings for the nominated substance, ipamorelin acetate, were summarized in this report. ; U.S. Food and Drug Administration Clinical use of bulk drug substances nominated for inclusion on the 503B Bulks List Grant number: 5U01FD005946

The University of Maryland Center of Excellence in Regulatory Science and Innovation (M-CERSI), in collaboration with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), conducted research and outreach to solicit input from the public, including medical specialists, to better understand the use of certain bulk drug substances nominated for use in compounding by outsourcing facilities under section 503B of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the Act). In particular, we were interested in how drugs compounded with these bulk drug substances were used historically, and how they are currently used in clinical practice. The research will assist the FDA in its development of a list of bulk drug substances that outsourcing facilities can use in compounding under section 503B of the Act. Research for each bulk drug substance included a systematic literature review, interviews with medical experts and a survey of healthcare practitioners. Our findings for the nominated substance, sermorelin acetate, were summarized in this report. ; U.S. Food and Drug Administration Clinical use of bulk drug substances nominated for inclusion on the 503B Bulks List Grant number: 5U01FD005946

1. Frontiers Between Theory and Industrial Practice in Vinyl Acetate Polymerizations -- 2. The Polymerization of Aqueous Solutions of Vinyl Acetate -- 3. Effects of Particle Number and Initiator Level on the Kinetics of Vinyl Acetate Emulsion Polymerizations -- 4. Synthesis Kinetics and Characterization of Poly(Vinyl Acetate)- Molecular Weight and Long Chain Branching Development -- 5. Some Surface Chemical Effects on the Capture of Free Radicals-A Kinetic Parameter Analysis of the LPS Model -- 6. The Reinvestigation of Vinyl Acetate Emulsion Polymerization (I)- The Rate of Polymerization -- 7. The Reinvestigation of Vinyl Acetate Emulsion Polymerization (II)-The Induced Decomposition of Initiator -- 8. The Reinvestigation of Vinyl Acetate Emulsion Polymerization (III)-Isotope Effect -- 9. The Radiation Induced Emulsion Polymerization of Vinyl Acetate -- 10. The Stabilization of Poly(Vinyl Acetate) Latexes by Polymethacrylic Acid -- 11. Particularities of Emulsion Polymerization of Vinyl Acetate in the Presence of Hydroxyethylcellulose -- 12. Preparation, Characterization and Properties of Vinyl Acetate- Butyl Acrylate Copolymer Latexes -- 13. Some Studies on Vinyl Acrylic Latex-Surfactant Interactions.

The University of Maryland Center of Excellence in Regulatory Science and Innovation (M-CERSI), in collaboration with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), conducted research and outreach to solicit input from the public, including medical specialists, to better understand the use of certain bulk drug substances nominated for use in compounding by outsourcing facilities under section 503B of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the Act). In particular, we were interested in how drugs compounded with these bulk drug substances were used historically, and how they are currently used in clinical practice. The research will assist the FDA in its development of a list of bulk drug substances that outsourcing facilities can use in compounding under section 503B of the Act. Research for each bulk drug substance included a systematic literature review, interviews with medical experts and a survey of healthcare practitioners. Our findings for the nominated substance, vitamin A acetate, were summarized in this report. ; U.S. Food and Drug Administration Clinical use of bulk drug substances nominated for inclusion on the 503B Bulks List Grant number: 2U01FD005946