The integration of Lithuania into the European Union requires serious preparation, determining possible changes in agrarian sector and rural development and their consequences, ensuring the necessary information supply to finding and substantiation of rational strategic solutions. The paper analyzes trends of systematic analysis of the agrarian sector of the region, tools for the search of solutions, reveals the possibilities of modelling methods and information technologies application in determining the sustainable development strategy. The suggested methodic of integrated modelling of agricultural production processes in regional and farm level is introduced. The scheme of agrarian production system and some functional dependencies are presented. The problems that are expected to be solved in future are formulated. First Published Online: 14 Oct 2010
The integration of Lithuania into the European Union requires serious preparation, determining possible changes in agrarian sector and rural development and their consequences, ensuring the necessary information supply to finding and substantiation of rational strategic solutions. The paper analyzes trends of systematic analysis of the agrarian sector of the region, tools for the search of solutions, reveals the possibilities of modelling methods and information technologies application in determining the sustainable development strategy. The suggested methodic of integrated modelling of agricultural production processes in regional and farm level is introduced. The scheme of agrarian production system and some functional dependencies are presented. The problems that are expected to be solved in future are formulated. First Published Online: 14 Oct 2010
This paper discusses the performance of agricultural sector policy in Timor Tengah Utara Regency focusing on the implementation of one of the village programs namely Desa Mandiri Cinta Petani (Sari Tani). This research uses qualitative descriptive method with case study approach to build alternative models of acceleration in agricultural sector policy. The Performance measured included inputs, processes, outputs, outcomes, and impacts. The research also applies Grindle concept because basically agricultural sector policy is inseparable from the influence of political interests of the actors involved in the implementation of the program. The result of the research shows that the superior program performance is not optimal due to the high tendency of intervention of political interests of the actors involved in the stages and quite systematic which ultimately impact on the low rate of return of revolving fund of farmer group which only reached 38%. To improve the acceleration of agricultural sector development, it is necessary to establish an independent special team.
This paper charts the performance of the agriculture sector in Malawi for the period 2000 – 2013 (with particular attention paid to the last three to four years of the said period). In the quest to attain this aim the paper empirically focuses on the significance of mapping the performance of the sector in the form of trends against the baseline sectoral performance targets enlisted in the ASWAP, CAADP Framework and SADC RISDP. The consistent and concerted efforts by the Government of Malawi and development partners to meet the ASWAP, CAADP framework and SADC RISDP targets have resulted in the country making commendable economic growth and poverty alleviation. The country has been able to attain the 6% agricultural growth target despite the questionable quality of public expenditure. It is also interesting to note that changes in the agriculture sector appear to have had influence on incomes, poverty and malnourishment. The trend analysis led to the following findings; the growth in agricultural GDP and the annual GDP growth of the country surpassed the CAADP target of 6% annual growth and this culminated to an increase in production (cereal and livestock production) and productivity (land productivity) despite the fact that the country has not met the irrigation and fertiliser used targets. This increase in production and productivity may be earnestly attributed substantially public invested in the agriculture sector to meet the CAADP 10% target of the total budget to agriculture. However, this increase in agricultural GDP annual growth has not had a significant bearing on the country's battle to offset poverty; the country's GHI is still serious and the proportion of the population below the minimum dietary energy consumption is still high (23% on average) whilst the MDG I target stands at 20%. The major deduction from these findings is that there is a need for more concerted efforts in Malawi to refine agricultural growth investments; this can be carried out efficiently by developing a National Agriculture Plan (NAP) which will be a single policy tool that will guide investment and implementation of priorities in the sector.
The Agricultural Demand Led Industrialization (ADLI) strategy can be considered effective because of the dominant amount of East Java land (74.11%) cultivated for the agricultural sector. This study aims to determine the relationship between the agricultural and manufacturing industry sectors; knowing the impact of the "Agricultural Demand Led Industrialization" (ADLI) strategy in the East Java economy; and knowing the elasticity of agricultural investment on output creation, gross value added, and income in East Java. This research uses the Input-Output (IO) analysis technique for all economic sectors in East Java, with an emphasis on the agricultural sector and processing industry in 1995-2010. The empirical results state that the ADLI Strategy has a positive impact on output creation and income in the East Java economy. The level of sensitivity /response from the output, gross value added, and income due to changes in investment value in the agricultural sector is relatively not much different.
After WWII, the agricultural sector emerged as an area of exception in western democracies and is often characterised by sector-specific policies, compartmentalised institutions, well-organised interests' groups and ideas explaining why this sector cannot be governed by free-market forces. Nevertheless, over the last three decades, the sector has been reformed to incorporate neoliberal and environmental demands to a certain extent. Hence, the current agricultural regime consists of two competing discourses - policy exceptionalism versus post-exceptionalism. Study analyses this ideational struggle in the context of Lithuania. The study conducts interpretative discourse analysis of a site of discursive contestation, namely parliamentary debates over policy changes, which sparked farmers' unrest in Autumn, 2019. It is argued that policy exceptionalism is a dominant discourse governing Lithuanian agricultural sector and that it serves as a discursive barrier to the incorporation of environmental concerns into the agricultural policy-making process.
ABSTRACTProductivity analysis has been an important avenue for economic research. Therefore, medleys of quantitative techniques have been proposed to operationalize productivity analysis. In this article, an extended by‐production model is discussed and applied to ensure a link between the production and the pollution‐generating subtechnologies. The corresponding dual formulations are provided to interpret the economic role of pollution‐generating inputs in the subtechnologies. Finally, we integrate the proposed model with the environmental Luenberger–Hicks–Moorsteen productivity indicator based upon input and output directional distance functions. The proposed model is applied to measure the green economic growth of agricultural sectors of the selected European countries.
Seit der Unabhängigkeit der zentralasiatischen Republik Kirgisistan haben Politik, Verwaltung und Ökonomie verschiedene Formen von Dezentralisierung erfahren. Diese Dissertation umfasst fünf Essays, die die Dezentralisierung im landwirtschafltichen Sektor aus institutionenökonomischer Sicht untersuchen. Die ersten zwei Essays geben detaillierte Einblicke in die institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen von Dezentralisierung und beurteilen ihrer Wirkung in Hinblick auf Serviceverfügbarkeit und -qualität in dörflichen Gemeinden. Die folgenden drei Essays untersuchen, anhand einzelner und multipler Fallstudien, ein spezifisches Beispiel der Dezentralisierung landwirtschaftlicher Services: die Einführung von gemeindebasiertem Weidemanagement. Es lassen sich drei Ergebnisse ableiten: Erstens, internationale Nichtregierungsorganisationen (NROs) steuern das ländliche Dienstleistungsangebot und fördern die Bildung gemeindebasierter Nutzergruppen für ausgewählte Services. Zweitens, Institutionen zur Implementierung der Servicebereitstellung werden von NROs entwickelt; drittens, die Servicebereitsstellung ist nicht befriedigend und das Potential zur Berücksichtigung lokaler Servicebedürfnisse und lokalen Wissens wird nur teilweise ausgeschöpft, da die Implementierung keine umfassende Servicenutzerbeteiligung sicherstellt. Die Wirkungen gemeindebasierter Dezentralisierungsprozesse sind als Ergebnis rationaler Handlungsentscheidungen von lokalen Mitarbeitern der NRO und Verantwortlichen in der dörflichen Verwaltung zu verstehen. Diese Entscheidungen sind vielfach durch extern entwickelte, und teilweise unpassende, Institutionen bestimmt. Verbesserte Implementierungsstrategien sind daher notwendig. Diese sind auf Basis detaillierter qualitativer Studien des lokalen Umsetzungskontexts zu entwickeln. ; Since the Central Asian Kyrgyz Republic gained independence from the Soviet Union, policy making, administration and economy have seen some form of decentralization. This dissertation contains five essays which study decentralization in the Kyrgyz agricultural sector from an institutional economics perspective. The first two essays provide in-depth information on the institutional setting of decentralization and its effects on service availability and quality at municipality level. The subsequent three essays explore, based on single and multiple case studies, one specific field of decentralized agricultural services: a community-based natural resource management reform in the pasture sector. The three key findings are: first, international NGOs govern rural service provision and support the creation of community-based service user groups for selected services; second, the NGOs design institutions for implementation and provide financial resources; third, service provision is unadequate and, because implementation does not provide for broader service user involvement in decision making, service user needs and local knowledge impact service decisions only to a very limited degree. The overall result of the dissertation is that the municipality-level processes of decentralization must be understood as outcomes of rational decision making of lowest-level NGO staff and municipality level policy administrators. These decisions are impacted by partly inappropriate, externally designed implementation institutions. Improved implementation rule design is therefore needed. The recommendation from this research is therefore to use detailed qualitative studies of implementation contexts as a basis for developing better tailored implementation strategies.
Cuba has a low agricultural production and depends on costly food imports. The partial reforms advanced by the government during the 1990s seem to have failed in increasing productivity or output. Due to a lack of primary research in the agricultural sector, little is known about the incentives and constraints that producers face. This dissertation seeks to contribute in the reduction of this knowledge gap and proposes a new way of understanding the transition in the agricultural sector in Cuba. The role of the institutions governing this sector is studied in order to evaluate the main problems of different producer types and the possibilities and constraints of reform towards a more productive agriculture. The dissertation is organized around three papers. The analyses presented in these papers use quantitative and qualitative data collected during two field trips in 2007-2008 and 2009, as well as secondary data from publications, news and official statistics. The first paper describes the sector?s institutional framework and compares the performance of different producer types that include state farms, semi-independent collectives, and private producers. These producers differ in their access to illegal markets, and in their property rights for land and cattle. Private farmers have more incentives to produce due to their stronger user rights, resulting in a better productive performance when compared to state and state-dependent collective farms. The results cast doubt on the prevailing idea that production problems result from technical or resources deficiencies. The second paper deals with the largest producer type described in the first paper, by exploring poverty and food access of collective farm households with the use of principal component analysis and other methods. It is found that relative poverty and food security depend on the household?s access to individual and collective resources for subsistence production. The main productive activities and the economic performance of the state-dependent ...
This study aims to achieve a better understanding of the agricultural risk and risk management situation in Tanzania with a view to identifying key solutions to reduce current gross domestic product (GDP) growth volatility. For the purpose of this assessment, risk is defined as the probability that an uncertain event will occur that can potentially produce losses to participants along the supply chain. Persistence of unmanaged risks in agriculture is a cause of great economic losses for farmers and other actors along the supply chains (for example, traders, processors, and exporters), affecting export earnings and food security. The agricultural sector risk assessment is a straightforward methodology based on a three-phase sequential process. Phase analyzes the chronological occurrence of inter-seasonal agricultural risks with a view to identify and prioritize the risks that are the drivers of agricultural GDP volatility. This report contains the findings and recommendations of the first phase and includes the identification, analysis, and prioritization of major risks facing the agricultural sector in Tanzania, as well as recommendations regarding key solutions. Chapter one gives introduction and context. Chapter two contains an overview of the agricultural sector and its performance, as well as a discussion of key agro-climatic, weather, and policy restrictions and opportunities. Chapter three includes an assessment of major risks (that is, production, market, and enabling environment risks) facing key export and food crops. Chapter four presents an estimate of historical losses due to realized production risks and a correlation of such losses with production volatility. Chapter five provides insights into the exposure to risks by different stakeholders and their actual capacities, vulnerabilities, and potential to manage agricultural risks. Chapter six presents a risk prioritization by different supply chains and discusses the possible solutions, as well as specific recommendations for the agricultural sector development program (ASDP).
Untersucht werden Entwicklung und Stellung der Landwirtschaft Thailands sowie mögliche Entwicklungen dieses Sektors in der Zukunft. Für den behandelten Zeitraum von 1950-1982 gilt, daß die Landwirtschaft Thailands im Vergleich mit den meisten "Entwicklungsländern" recht erfolgreich war. Das verwendete Datenmaterial reicht bis 1982. (DÜI-Xyl)
Agriculture is the dominant sector of the economy, contributing a third of the country's gross domestic product (GDP) and about half of Rwanda's export earnings. The government of Rwanda has therefore made agricultural development a priority and allocated significant resources to improving productivity, expanding the livestock sector, promoting sustainable land management, and developing supply chains and value-added activities. At the same time, Rwanda's agriculture sector faces a series of challenges. Agriculture is dominated by small-scale, subsistence farming under traditional agricultural practices and rain-fed agriculture. As a result, average crop yields are low compared with potential yields, and exposed to risks such as weather related shocks and pest and disease outbreaks. The purpose of this report is to assess existing risks to the agriculture sector, prioritize them according to their frequency and impacts on the sector, and identify areas of risk management solutions that need deeper specialized attention. Three levels of risks are assessed: production risks, market risks, and enabling environment risks to selected supply chains. The report takes a quantitative and qualitative approach to risks. The report is structured as follows: chapter one gives introduction. Chapter two provides an overview of Rwanda's economy and the role and structure of the agriculture sector. Agriculture sector risks (production, market, and enabling environment risks) for the selected food crops, export crops, and livestock are analyzed in chapter three. Analysis of the adverse impacts of agricultural risks at aggregate and provincial levels, along with a stakeholder risk assessment and a discussion of particularly vulnerable groups, is presented in chapter four. Chapter five prioritizes identified risks, discusses potential solutions areas, summarizes feedback from consulted stakeholders, and recommends solutions areas for further assessment.
