In: Salter , B & Salter , C 2010 , ' Governing innovation in the biomedicine knowledge economy : stem cell science in the USA ' Science And Public Policy , vol 37 , no. 2 , n/a , pp. 87 - 100 . DOI:10.3152/030234210X489617
The burgeoning opportunities of the knowledge economy of biomedicine are matched by the governance challenges it poses to states in the pursuit of national advantage. The future markets are uncertain, the process of knowledge production from basic science to therapeutic product complex, and the possibility of failure ever present. Drawing on theories of the state, innovation and governance, this article explores the governance demands of knowledge production in biomedicine and the roles of state, regional levels of governance and private governance in the policy response. Applying the analytical framework derived from this discussion to the US case, the multi-dimensional governance of stem cell science in the arenas of science, society and the market is examined in an exploration of the USA's innovation capacity in this field.
In: van Karnenbeek , L , Salet , W & Majoor , S 2020 , ' Wastewater management by citizens : mismatch between legal rules and self-organisation in Oosterwold ' , Journal of Environmental Planning and Management . https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2020.1829572
Self-organisation in environmental service delivery is increasingly being promoted as an alternative to centralised service delivery. This article argues that self-organised environmental service delivery must be understood in the context of legal rules, especially environmental legislation. The article's aim is twofold: first, to understand the changing relationship between the government and citizens in self-organised service delivery, and second, to explore how self-organised environmental service delivery complies with environmental quality requirements stipulated in legislation. The empirical study focuses on wastewater management in Oosterwold, the largest Dutch urban development that experimented with self-organisation. The results show that while individual wastewater management was prioritised and implemented at scale, the applicable legal rules were not adequately considered and integrated. Consequently, the experiment led to a deterioration of water quality. The article concludes that the success or failure of self-organisation in delivering environmental services such as wastewater management critically hinges on ensuring compliance with environmental legislation.
In: Coughlan , N E , Lyne , L , Cuthbert , R N , Cunningham , E M , Lucy , F E , Davis , E , Caffrey , J M & Dick , J T A 2020 , ' In the black: Information harmonisation and educational potential amongst international databases for invasive alien species designated as of Union Concern ' , Global Ecology and Conservation , vol. 24 , e01332 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01332
Since 2016, the European Union (EU) has required Member States to prevent, control and eradicate selected invasive alien species (IAS) designated as Species of Union Concern. To improve these conservation efforts, online information systems are used to convey IAS information to the wider public, often as a means to bolster community-based environmental monitoring. Despite this, both the conformity and quality of information presented amongst online databases remain poorly understood. Here, we assess the harmonisation and educational potential of four major IAS databases (i.e., conformity of information and information quality, respectively): CABI, EASIN, GISD and NOBANIS. All databases were interrogated for information concerning 49 IAS of Union Concern. For each species, information presented within the evaluated databases was scored in relation to several key topics: morphological identification; EU distribution; detrimental impacts; control options; and the use of source material citations. Overall, scores differed significantly among databases and thus lacked harmonisation, whereby CABI ranked significantly highest based on the combined scores for all topics. In addition, CABI ranked highest for the individual topics of species identification, impacts, control options, and for the use of citations. EASIN ranked highest for species distribution data. NOBANIS consistently ranked as the lowest scoring database across all topics. For each topic, the highest scoring databases achieved scores indicative of detailed or highly detailed information, which suggests a high educational potential for the information portrayed. Nevertheless, the extent of harmonisation and quality of information presented amongst online databases should be improved. This is especially pertinent if online databases are to contribute to public participatory monitoring initiatives for IAS detection.
In: Carter , J G & White , I 2012 , ' Environmental planning and management in an age of uncertainty: The case of the Water Framework Directive ' Journal of Environmental Management , vol 113 , pp. 228-236 . DOI:10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.05.034
In: Reed , M S , Stringer , L C , Fazey , I , Evely , A C & Kruijsen , J H J 2014 , ' Five principles for the practice of knowledge exchange in environmental management ' Journal of Environmental Management , vol 146 , pp. 337-345 . DOI:10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.07.021
This paper outlines five principles for effective practice of knowledge exchange, which when applied, have the potential to significantly enhance the impact of environmental management research, policy and practice. The paper is based on an empirical analysis of interviews with 32 researchers and stakeholders across 13 environmental management research projects, each of which included elements of knowledge co-creation and sharing in their design. The projects focused on a range of upland and catchment management issues across the UK, and included Research Council, Government and NGO funded projects. Preliminary findings were discussed with knowledge exchange professionals and academic experts to ensure the emerging principles were as broadly applicable as possible across multiple disciplines. The principles suggest that: knowledge exchange needs to be designed into research; the needs of likely research users and other stakeholders should be systematically represented in the research where possible; and long-term relationships must be built on trust and two-way dialogue between researchers and stakeholders in order to ensure effective co-generation of new knowledge. We found that the delivery of tangible benefits early on in the research process helps to ensure continued motivation and engagement of likely research users. Knowledge exchange is a flexible process that must be monitored, reflected on and continuously refined, and where possible, steps should be taken to ensure a legacy of ongoing knowledge exchange beyond initial research funding. The principles have been used to inform the design of knowledge exchange and stakeholder engagement guidelines for two international research programmes. They are able to assist researchers, decision-makers and other stakeholders working in contrasting environmental management settings to work together to co-produce new knowledge, and more effectively share and apply existing knowledge to manage environmental change.
This article considers the Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland in the UK–EU Withdrawal Agreement as a 'flexible and imaginative' response to the problems that Brexit has created for the island of Ireland. It looks at the purpose of the Protocol and its origins, noting the reasons why flexibility was required from both sides. It then considers the ways in which precariousness from its conception has been demonstrated in its first year of operation. This focuses upon four main areas: implementation, dynamic alignment, the democratic consent vote, and the UK–EU relationship. Its core argument is the 'flexibility' that the Protocol requires also means a certain degree of ambiguity. In the absence of a stable UK–EU relationship, this precariousness could exacerbate the difficulties of meeting the policy challenges that surround the Protocol for Northern Ireland, the UK, Ireland and the EU.
In: Garbett , A , Phillips , N D , Houghton , J D R , Prodöhl , P , Thorburn , J , Loca , S L , Eagling , L E , Hannon , G , Wise , D , Pothanikat , L , Gordon , C , Clarke , M , Williams , P , Hunter , R , McShane , R , Brader , A , Dodd , J , McGonigle , C , McIlvenny , H , Daly , O , Surgenor , R , Varian , S , Verhoog , P , Van Zonneveld , G , Burke , L R , Davies , I , Souster , T A , Mayo , P A , Schwanck , T N , Jones , C S & Collins , P C 2021 , ' The critically endangered flapper skate (Dipturus intermedius): Recommendations from the first flapper skate working group meeting ' , Marine Policy , vol. 124 , 104367 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104367
The flapper skate, Dipturus intermedius (Parnell, 1837), is the largest of all European skate and rays (Superorder: Batoidea). It is found in coastal waters of the European continental shelf and slopes in the North-East (NE) Atlantic. With the 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species classification of 'common skate' as Critically Endangered, and the recognition in 2010 that this name masked two species (flapper skate and blue skate D. batis (Linnaeus, 1758)), and to better support conservation on this regional scale, the Flapper Skate Working Group (SWG) was formed. The SWG is a consortium of government, NGOs, sport-fishing associates and academics, including participants from the UK, Ireland and the Netherlands. The purpose of the SWG is to consolidate relevant research, advocacy and policy expertize for the purpose of flapper skate conservation. The first SWG workshop took place in Belfast, November 2019, with discussions focussed on conservation in the NE Atlantic. Following two days of talks, workshops and discussions, we present the SWG's key recommendations for future collaborative conservation.
In: Heeks , R & Kanashiro , L L 2009 , ' Telecentres in mountain regions: - A Peruvian case study of the impact of information and communication technologies on remoteness and exclusion ' Journal of Mountain Science , vol 6 , no. 4 , pp. 320-330 . DOI:10.1007/s11629-009-1070-y
In: Maconachie , R 2019 , ' Green grabs and rural development: How sustainable is biofuel production in post-war Sierra Leone? ' , Land Use Policy , vol. 81 , pp. 871-877 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.01.013
In Sub-Saharan Africa, now dubbed the 'Green OPEC' of the global bioenergy economy, biofuels have been hailed as a 'new profitability frontier' that will provide 'win-win' outcomes and deliver development to poor communities. Yet, in an era of economic recession and soaring food prices, their 'sustainability' has been at the centre of controversy. This paper focuses on the case of Sierra Leone, where in 2008, a Swiss bioenergy company ushered in the largest foreign direct investment since the end of the country's civil war. Although recently set back by the catastrophic impacts of the Ebola crisis, there continues to be much support for the government's strategy to secure foreign direct investment in biofuels production in agriculturally rich regions of the country. Bioenergy proponents believe that such investments will transform rural areas, in light of the fact that Sierra Leone has over the last decade been consistently ranked as one of the poorest in the world, facing food insecurity, high unemployment and entrenched poverty. But land access and control remain central to debates around biofuels and development, particularly for poor rural people living in project areas. This paper explores the perceptions of a wide range of project stakeholders, many of whom have differing interpretations of what biofuel sustainability entails. The paper concludes by reflecting on the implications this may have for the present post-Ebola environment, where evolving policy discussions on land investment and 'green' development continue to assume a key part of the government's recovery trajectory.
In: Lucy , F E , Davis , E , Anderson , R , Booy , O , Bradley , K , Britton , J R , Byrne , C , Caffrey , J M , Coughlan , N E , Crane , K , Cuthbert , R N , Dick , J T A , Dickey , J W E , Fisher , J , Gallagher , C , Harrison , S , Jebb , M , Johnson , M , Lawton , C , Lyons , D , Mackie , T , Maggs , C , Marnell , F , McLoughlin , T , Minchin , D , Monaghan , O , Montgomery , I , Moore , N , Morrison , L , Muir , R , Nelson , B , Niven , A , O'Flynn , C , Osborne , B , O'Riordan , R M , Reid , N , Roy , H , Sheehan , R , Stewart , D , Sullivan , M , Tierney , P , Treacy , P , Tricarico , E & Trodd , W 2020 , ' Horizon scan of invasive alien species for the island of Ireland ' , Management of Biological Invasions , vol. 11 , no. 2 , pp. 155-177 . https://doi.org/10.3391/mbi.2020.11.2.01
Ireland, being an island situated on Europe's western seaboard, has a fewer number of native species than mainland European Union Member States (MS). Increased numbers of vectors and pathways have reduced the island's biotic isolation, increasing the risk of new introductions and their associated impacts on native biodiversity. It is likely that these risks are greater here than they are in continental MSs, where the native biodiversity is richer. A horizon scanning approach was used to identify the most likely invasive alien species (IAS) (with the potential to impact biodiversity) to arrive on the island of Ireland within the next ten years. To achieve this, we used a consensus-based approach, whereby expert opinion and discussion groups were utilised to establish and rank a list of 40 species of the most likely terrestrial, freshwater and marine IAS to arrive on the island of Ireland within the decade 2017–2027. The list of 40 included 18 freshwater, 15 terrestrial and seven marine IAS. Crustacean species (freshwater and marine) were taxonomically dominant (11 out of 40); this reflects their multiple pathways of introduction, their ability to act as ecosystem engineers and their resulting high impacts on biodiversity. Freshwater species dominated the top ten IAS (seven species out of ten), with the signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) highlighted as the most likely species to arrive and establish in freshwaters, while roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) (second) and the warm-water barnacle (Hesperibalanus fallax) (fifth), were the most likely terrestrial and marine invaders. This evidence-based list provides important information to the relevant statutory agencies in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland to prioritise the prevention of the most likely invaders and aid in compliance with legislation, in particular the EU Regulation on Invasive Alien Species (EU 1143/2014). Targeted biosecurity in both jurisdictions is urgently required in order to manage the pathways and vectors of arrival, and is vital to maintaining native biodiversity on the island of Ireland.
In: Frederiksen , T , Bridge , G & Fredriksen , T 2012 , ' 'Order out of chaos': Resources, hazards and the production of a tin-mining economy in northern Nigeria in the early twentieth century ' Environment and History , vol 18 , no. 3 , pp. 367-394 . DOI:10.3197/096734012X13400389809337
In: Bojesen , E 2019 , ' Positive Ignorance : Unknowing as a tool for education and educational research ' , Journal of Philosophy of Education , vol. 53 , no. 2 , pp. 394-406 . https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9752.12342
Positive ignorance is the putting in to question of, and sometimes moving on from, the knowledge we think we have, and asking where it might be just or helpful to do so. Drawing primarily on the work of Barbara Johnson, this article shows how the notion of positive ignorance might be offered as a tool in the context of education and educational research. Partly a critical development of Richard Smith's argument in 'The Virtues of Unknowing', I attempt to understand 'unknowing' as an active rather than passive form of 'not knowing', in a manner that challenges some aspects of 'the virtues of unknowing' and its concomitant epistemological and ethical positions, not least those tied to Smith's advocacy for what he calls the 'well-stocked mind'. Unknowing, in my reading, is not a dispositional acceptance of the desirability of nonknowledge, instead, unknowing is a means of epistemological resistance, especially against that which, often with very real social and political consequences, is presented as self-evident.
In: Ozaki , R , Aoygagi , M & Steward , F 2021 , ' Community sharing: sustainable mobility in a post-carbon, depopulating society ' , Environmental Sociology . https://doi.org/10.1080/23251042.2021.2002000
This paper examines new initiatives in shared mobility of Kashiwa City, a satellite town outside Tokyo, from the users' perspective. In Japan, the transport sector accounts for almost 20 per cent of carbon emissions. At the same time, a population decrease has led to a decline in use of public transport, reducing the level of the quality of life of residents who live in rural and remote areas. This makes residents depend on private cars, ending up contributing to carbon emissions. Three key issues for sustainable mobility to tackle carbon emissions and residents' wellbeing issues are discussed. Kashiwa City has experimented with new shared transport services with fixed-route microbuses and more flexible community taxis. The paper explores user perception and experience of such community mobility services and considers the three issues from the viewpoint of the practice of mobility. Background interviews were conducted with the city's officials and transport service operators, and an ethnographic study was carried out and in-situ conversations were made to explore the utility and meaning of mobility. To increase use of public transport to further reduce CO2 emissions from transport, it is important to pay more attention to the practice of mobility from the user's perspective.
In: Hincks , S & Baker , M 2012 , ' A Critical Reflection on Housing Market Area Definition in England ' Housing Studies , vol 27 , no. 7 , pp. 873-897 . DOI:10.1080/02673037.2012.725826