Entrepreneurship has during the last decades gained an immense interest in academia, politics and practice. It is argued from politics that more entrepreneurs are necessary for the economic development. In addition, nowadays entrepreneurship is also perceived as a solution to social and societal challenges. This drives a need for entrepreneurial people everywhere in society who can cope with the inconstant and uncertain world of today. As a consequence, there are around the world numerous educational initiatives trying to inspire and fuel an entrepreneurial mind-set. Here, educations of all kind become relevant contexts since they provide an opportunity to affect children, youth's and adult's interest and attitudes towards entrepreneurship, and as such give a possibility to reach a vast number of people. Sweden is no exception, and in 2009 the Swedish Government launched a 'Strategy for entrepreneurship in the field of education' in which entrepreneurship is said to run like a common thread throughout education. The main focus is that self-employment is to become as natural as being an employee. As such the Government took an active stand for implementing entrepreneurship in the school setting on a broad front, from preschool to adult education. This development can be seen as part of New Public Management; a development where concepts from the private sector are lent and transferred to the public sector. Thus, when introducing entrepreneurship in the Swedish educational system, this at the same time means introducing a traditional business concept in a public setting. Therefore, the overall aim of this thesis is to increase knowledge of and insights on how a business concept – entrepreneurship – is operationalised and constructed in a public setting. When placing entrepreneurship in new societal contexts other questions arise and complexity intensifies. In this qualitative research, the empirical context in focus are schools. It investigates how entrepreneurship is constructed among teachers in their work. But also how this business concept is included in a non-business setting by studying how the entrepreneurship strategy is operationalised in educational practice. As such the thesis and its findings contribute to the scientific discussions on societal entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship education, as well as on strategy and strategising in a public context. The research also aspire to serve inspiration, insights and food for thoughts on discussions and reflections on entrepreneurship within the school practice. This compilation thesis include five papers. To be able to fulfil the aim this research use a broad theoretical base and multiple qualitative research methods. The combination of methods include semi-structured interviews, in-depth interview using the stimulated recall method, focus group interviews, participative meetings, observations, document studies, digital questionnaires, written inquiries, analysing texts and critical incidents questionnaires.
How to Cite This Article: Ahmadi Doulabi M, Sajedi F, Vameghi R, Mazaheri MA, Akbarzadeh Baghban AR. Socioeconomic Status Index to Interpret Inequalities in Child Development. Iran J Child Neurol. Spring 2017; 11(2):13-25.AbstractObjectiveThere have been contradictory findings on the relationship between Socioeconomic Status (SES) and child development although SES is associated with child development outcomes. The present study intended to define the relationship between SES and child development in Tehran kindergartens, Iran.Materials & Methods This cross-sectional survey studied 1036 children aged 36-60 month, in different kindergartens in Tehran City, Iran, in 2014-2015.The principal factor analysis (PFA) model was employed to construct SES indices. The constructed SES variable was employed as an independent variable in logistic regression model to evaluate its role in developmental delay as a dependent variable.Results The relationship between SES and developmental delay was significant at P=0.003. SES proved to have a significant (P<0.05) impact on developmental delay, both as an independent variable and after controlling risk factors.Conclusion There should be more emphasis on developmental monitoring and appropriate intervention programs for children to give them higher chance of having a more productive life. 1. Haghdoost AA. Complexity of the Socioeconomic Status and its Disparity as a Determinant of Health. Int J Prev 2012; 3(2):75. 2. Behavioral and social sciences research. Measuring Socioeconomic Status. e-Source 2013; Available from:http://www.esourceresearch.org 3. Bradley RH, Corwyn RF. Socioeconomic status and child development. 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Without appropriate policies to address the expected rise in the care burden, population aging can reduce womens access to economic opportunities and decelerate future growth, thereby threatening the agenda of poverty reduction and shared prosperity in Europe and Central Asia. Based on the analysis of existing and newly collected quantitative and qualitative data, several key policy recommendations can be formulated for policymakers consideration: (a) improvement of the accessibility, affordability, and quality of formal childcare and eldercare options offers a way to address challenges related to excessive reliance on informal care and to capitalize on current opportunities; (b) the design of future demographic, health, and education policy reforms should take into account any potential effects on informal care providers; (c) care leave (both paid and unpaid) can shape families choices about care and market work; (d) flexible work arrangements can function as effective alternatives to unpaid leave; and (e) care-related allowances (both in-kind and cash) aim to promote quality care for children and elders and recognize the work of caregivers but may have negative repercussions on caregivers labor force outcomes. Increased recognition of the critical role of care in aging societies and careful review of the policy environment related to formal and informal care provision can help governments to harness the full potential of demographics, thereby promoting poverty reduction and shared prosperity.
Context: Paediatric obesity is a major public health problem in France and worldwide. It notably affects vulnerable populations in which its prevalence increases. The preschool age is a period of lifestyle and eating habits acquisition during which the first signs of overweight can appear. This is also the age when measures for the early prevention of overweight are initiated. Aim: The main objective of this study was to explore, in a sample of a vulnerable population in Isère and Savoie, the perceptions of parents of children aged between 3 and 6 years, concerning their child's weight and the risk of being overweight. Method: This study was carried out using a qualitative methodology, based on semi-directed interviews with parents of children of all weights who are followed up in a medical centre in a priority neighborhood of the city. The interviews have been recorded and transcribed, and then subjected to thematic analysis using an inductive method with data triangulation. Results: All in all, 20 interviews have been conducted. The parents used two categories of markers to evaluate their child's weight: subjective criteria (clothing, comparison with other children, physical appearance, medical references) and objective criteria (weight, health record curves). The parents cited the socio-familial environment as an influencing factor in their assessment. This gave rise to a kind of family norm that could affect their assessment. Overweight was considered to be secondary to dietary errors, excessive sedentary behavior, or emotional factors. The role of sedentary lifestyle linked to screens was less recognized. The consequences of being overweight were recognized as potentially serious, due to its impact on health and self-esteem. Parents felt responsible for their child's weight and perceived the need to work towards a normal weight for their child. However, they expressed some difficulties in combining the various recommendations for preventing overweight with the need to please their child and fulfil a nurturing role considered as essential. Conclusion: Parents living in areas, which are considered to be socially disadvantaged, had some knowledge of their child's overweight, its risk factors, and its consequences. They had more trouble in judging the child's correct weight. They were influenced by their socio-familial environment, were afraid of thinness, and were concerned about not feeding their child enough. Parental representations of the child's weight appeared to be an important set of data to be investigated and taken into account during medical consultations focused on the risk of overweight and obesity in children. ; Contexte : L'obésité pédiatrique est un important problème de santé publique en France et dans le monde. Il affecte plus particulièrement les populations précaires au sein desquelles sa prévalence est en augmentation. L'âge préscolaire est la période d'acquisition d'habitudes de vie et d'alimentation pendant laquelle les premiers signes de surpoids peuvent apparaître. C'est aussi à cet âge que sont mises en place les mesures de prévention précoce du surpoids. Objectif : L'objectif principal de cette étude était d'explorer, dans un échantillon d'une population issue de milieux défavorisés en Isère et en Savoie, les perceptions des parents d'enfants âgés de 3 à 6 ans, au sujet du poids de l'enfant et du risque de surpoids. Méthode : Cette étude a été menée selon une méthodologie qualitative, basée sur la réalisation d'entretiens semi-dirigés, auprès de parents d'enfants de tous poids suivis en centre médical d'un quartier prioritaire de la politique de la ville. Les entretiens étaient enregistrés, retranscrits, puis ont fait l'objet d'une analyse thématique par méthode inductive avec triangulation des données. Résultats : Au total, 20 entretiens ont été réalisés. Les parents se basaient sur 2 catégories de repères pour évaluer le poids de leur enfant : des critères subjectifs (les vêtements, la comparaison aux autres enfants, l'aspect physique, les références médicales) et objectifs (le poids, les courbes du carnet de santé). Les parents citaient l'entourage socio-familial comme étant un élément qui influençait leur évaluation. Il en découlait une sorte de norme familiale qui pouvait faire pression sur leur jugement. Le surpoids était considéré comme secondaire à des erreurs d'alimentation, à une sédentarité excessive, ou à des facteurs émotionnels. Le rôle de la sédentarité liée aux écrans était moins perçu. Les conséquences du surpoids étaient reconnues comme potentiellement graves, du fait d'un impact sur la santé et l'estime de soi. Les parents se sentaient responsables du poids de leur enfant et percevaient la nécessité d'agir pour que l'enfant ait un poids normal. Ils exprimaient toutefois une certaine difficulté à concilier au quotidien, les différentes recommandations de prévention du surpoids et le besoin de faire plaisir à leur enfant et de remplir un rôle nourricier considéré comme essentiel. Conclusion : Les parents vivant dans des territoires considérés comme socialement défavorisés disposaient de connaissances concernant le surpoids de l'enfant, ses facteurs de risque et ses conséquences. Ils avaient plus de mal à juger du poids correct de l'enfant. Ils subissaient en effet l'influence de l'entourage socio-familial, avaient peur de la maigreur et craignaient de ne pas nourrir suffisamment leur enfant. Les représentations parentales liées au poids de l'enfant sont apparues comme un ensemble de données importantes à rechercher et à prendre en compte lors des consultations médicales centrées sur le risque de surpoids et d'obésité de l'enfant.
Context: Paediatric obesity is a major public health problem in France and worldwide. It notably affects vulnerable populations in which its prevalence increases. The preschool age is a period of lifestyle and eating habits acquisition during which the first signs of overweight can appear. This is also the age when measures for the early prevention of overweight are initiated. Aim: The main objective of this study was to explore, in a sample of a vulnerable population in Isère and Savoie, the perceptions of parents of children aged between 3 and 6 years, concerning their child's weight and the risk of being overweight. Method: This study was carried out using a qualitative methodology, based on semi-directed interviews with parents of children of all weights who are followed up in a medical centre in a priority neighborhood of the city. The interviews have been recorded and transcribed, and then subjected to thematic analysis using an inductive method with data triangulation. Results: All in all, 20 interviews have been conducted. The parents used two categories of markers to evaluate their child's weight: subjective criteria (clothing, comparison with other children, physical appearance, medical references) and objective criteria (weight, health record curves). The parents cited the socio-familial environment as an influencing factor in their assessment. This gave rise to a kind of family norm that could affect their assessment. Overweight was considered to be secondary to dietary errors, excessive sedentary behavior, or emotional factors. The role of sedentary lifestyle linked to screens was less recognized. The consequences of being overweight were recognized as potentially serious, due to its impact on health and self-esteem. Parents felt responsible for their child's weight and perceived the need to work towards a normal weight for their child. However, they expressed some difficulties in combining the various recommendations for preventing overweight with the need to please their child and fulfil a nurturing role considered as essential. Conclusion: Parents living in areas, which are considered to be socially disadvantaged, had some knowledge of their child's overweight, its risk factors, and its consequences. They had more trouble in judging the child's correct weight. They were influenced by their socio-familial environment, were afraid of thinness, and were concerned about not feeding their child enough. Parental representations of the child's weight appeared to be an important set of data to be investigated and taken into account during medical consultations focused on the risk of overweight and obesity in children. ; Contexte : L'obésité pédiatrique est un important problème de santé publique en France et dans le monde. Il affecte plus particulièrement les populations précaires au sein desquelles sa prévalence est en augmentation. L'âge préscolaire est la période d'acquisition d'habitudes de vie et d'alimentation pendant laquelle les premiers signes de surpoids peuvent apparaître. C'est aussi à cet âge que sont mises en place les mesures de prévention précoce du surpoids. Objectif : L'objectif principal de cette étude était d'explorer, dans un échantillon d'une population issue de milieux défavorisés en Isère et en Savoie, les perceptions des parents d'enfants âgés de 3 à 6 ans, au sujet du poids de l'enfant et du risque de surpoids. Méthode : Cette étude a été menée selon une méthodologie qualitative, basée sur la réalisation d'entretiens semi-dirigés, auprès de parents d'enfants de tous poids suivis en centre médical d'un quartier prioritaire de la politique de la ville. Les entretiens étaient enregistrés, retranscrits, puis ont fait l'objet d'une analyse thématique par méthode inductive avec triangulation des données. Résultats : Au total, 20 entretiens ont été réalisés. Les parents se basaient sur 2 catégories de repères pour évaluer le poids de leur enfant : des critères subjectifs (les vêtements, la comparaison aux autres enfants, l'aspect physique, les références médicales) et objectifs (le poids, les courbes du carnet de santé). Les parents citaient l'entourage socio-familial comme étant un élément qui influençait leur évaluation. Il en découlait une sorte de norme familiale qui pouvait faire pression sur leur jugement. Le surpoids était considéré comme secondaire à des erreurs d'alimentation, à une sédentarité excessive, ou à des facteurs émotionnels. Le rôle de la sédentarité liée aux écrans était moins perçu. Les conséquences du surpoids étaient reconnues comme potentiellement graves, du fait d'un impact sur la santé et l'estime de soi. Les parents se sentaient responsables du poids de leur enfant et percevaient la nécessité d'agir pour que l'enfant ait un poids normal. Ils exprimaient toutefois une certaine difficulté à concilier au quotidien, les différentes recommandations de prévention du surpoids et le besoin de faire plaisir à leur enfant et de remplir un rôle nourricier considéré comme essentiel. Conclusion : Les parents vivant dans des territoires considérés comme socialement défavorisés disposaient de connaissances concernant le surpoids de l'enfant, ses facteurs de risque et ses conséquences. Ils avaient plus de mal à juger du poids correct de l'enfant. Ils subissaient en effet l'influence de l'entourage socio-familial, avaient peur de la maigreur et craignaient de ne pas nourrir suffisamment leur enfant. Les représentations parentales liées au poids de l'enfant sont apparues comme un ensemble de données importantes à rechercher et à prendre en compte lors des consultations médicales centrées sur le risque de surpoids et d'obésité de l'enfant.
This report is a part of larger welfare and social policy work agenda which the Turkish State Planning Organization and the World Bank are carrying out collaboratively. The work agenda includes the preparation of a number of conceptualized, and in part of co-authored, analytical studies on topics ranging from examines the equity determinants to investigating the links between poverty, employment creation, and growth. Further, the work agenda comprises a number of human development dialogues for which we are inviting international experts and practioners to share their experiences about social policy reforms with the Turkish government and the wider academic and non-governmental public. This report examines life chances. Life chances for today Turkish people, most importantly future generation, today's children. The results presented in this report show that life chances differ in important dimensions today, and that Turkey could immensely improve its human and economic development potential by maximizing such opportunities.
In 2016–2018 are carried out actions of the second stage of a demographic policy of the Russian Federation for the period till 2025. During the look-ahead period it is supposed to develop and pass the federal law provided by articles 133 and 421 Labor codes of the Russian Federation by which the order of finishing of the minimum wage rate till the size of a living wage of able-bodied population of subjects will be established. In the Law of the Russian Federation from April, 19th, 1991 N 1032-1 "changes will be passed About population employment in the Russian Federation", providing entering of specifications into an order and terms of payment of the unemployment benefits directed on an exception of abusing's at reception of the unemployment benefit, and also essentially increasing the size of the given grant for separate categories of citizens. In the Law of the Russian Federation "changes will be passed About population employment in the Russian Federation" regarding an establishment of powers of enforcement authorities of subjects of the Russian Federation, employers on placing of the information on conditions of attraction of citizens for realization of labor activity with a view of perfection of an information portal "Work in Russia" and to filling by its trustworthy information. In state and the level subjectsof programs join problems and actions which urged to improve a demographic situation. Federal and regional programs of social and economic development join the questions connected with revealing of problem directions. On the basis of the received information perspective lines of activity and actions for management of a situation are developed. In subject's programs of social and economic development are developed and take root. The accepted programs allow to reveal in due time demographic tendencies during the current period and to react by means of acceptance of administrative decisions. On the levelsubject'sit is important to consider regional features of demographic development and to develop the differentiated approach to working out and realization of regional demographic programs.At the state and regional level it is provided to develop special measures on preventive maintenance and timely revealing of occupational diseases, improvement of working conditions, assistance of employment of the women having juvenile children, and increase of their competitiveness on a labor market. The great attention is given to social programs on development of an infrastructure of preschool education that provides maintenance with places in the preschool educational organizations in a priority order for children of working women. Longterm programs are directed on popularization of a healthy way of life. Spent on state migratory the politician it is directed on increase of migratory appeal important in the geopolitical relation of regions of the Russian Federation. Migration brings the contribution to increase in number of region and able-bodied population.The Lipetsk region – the region having in the central part of the Russian Federation, possessing a comfortable climate for life and population activity. For it are characteristic, as the general demographic tendencies observed in regions of the Central Federal District, and the features. In article results of researches of the basic demographic indicators, received on the basis of the statistical data are resulted. In article programs of the demographic and social and economic policy spent by local authorities, directed on improvement and stabilization of a demographic situation are analyzed. ; В 2016–2018 гг. реализуются мероприятия второго этапа демографической политики Российской Федерации на период до 2025 г. В прогнозный период предполагается разработать и принять федеральный закон, предусмотренный статьями 133 и 421 Трудового кодекса Российской Федерации, которым будет установлен порядок доведения минимального размера оплаты труда до размера прожиточного минимума трудоспособного населения субъектов. Будут приняты изменения в Закон Российской Федерации от 19 апреля 1991 г. N 1032-1 "О занятости населения в Российской Федерации", предусматривающие внесение уточнений в порядок и сроки выплаты пособий по безработице, направленных на исключение злоупотреблений при получении пособия по безработице, а также существенно увеличивающих размер данного пособия для отдельных категорий граждан. Будут приняты изменения в Закон Российской Федерации "О занятости населения в Российской Федерации" в части установления полномочий органов исполнительной власти субъектов Российской Федерации, работодателей по размещению информации об условиях привлечения граждан для осуществления трудовой деятельности в целях совершенствования информационного портала "Работа в России" и наполнению его достоверной информацией. В государственные и субъектовые программы включаются задачи и мероприятия, которые призваны улучшить демографическую ситуацию. В федеральные и региональные программы социально-экономического развития включаются вопросы, связанные с выявлением проблемных направлений. На основе полученной информации разрабатываются перспективные направления деятельности и мероприятия по управлению ситуацией. В субъектах Российской Федерации разрабатываются и внедряются программы социально-экономического развития,которые позволяют своевременно выявлять демографические тенденции в текущий период и реагировать посредством принятия управленческих решений. На субъектовом уровне важно учитывать региональные особенности демографического развития и осуществлять дифференцированный подход к разработке и реализации региональных демографических программ.На государственном и региональном уровне предусматривается разработать специальные меры по профилактике и своевременному выявлению профессиональных заболеваний, улучшению условий труда, содействию занятости женщин, имеющих малолетних детей, и повышению их конкурентоспособности на рынке труда. Большое внимание уделяется социальным программам по развитию инфраструктуры дошкольного образования, что предусматривает обеспечение местами в дошкольных образовательных организациях в приоритетном порядке для детей работающих женщин. Долгосрочные программы направлены на популяризацию здорового образа жизни. Проводимая на государственном уровне миграционная политика направлена на повышение миграционной привлекательности важных в геополитическом отношении регионов Российской Федерации. Миграция вносит свой вклад в увеличение численности региона и трудоспособного населения.Липецкая область – регион, располагающий в центральной части Российской Федерации, обладающий комфортным климатом для жизни и трудовой деятельности населения. Для него характерны, как общие демографические тенденции, наблюдаемые в регионах Центрального Федерального Округа, так и свои особенности. В статье приведены результаты исследований основных демографических показателей, полученные на основе статистических данных. А также проанализированы программы демографической и социально-экономической политики, проводимой региональными органами государственной власти, направленные на улучшение и стабилизацию демографической ситуации.
Высшее образовательное учреждение, являясь важным институтом развития общества, обеспечивает полноценную реализацию целенаправленного психолого-педагогического воздействия на студентов в вопросах становления системы ценностей, знаний, умений и навыков, целенаправленного развития отдельных качеств личности. Современные подходы исследователей отмечают важность проведения комплекса мероприятий, формирующих готовность к материнству у молодого поколения, обогащения знаний о материнских функциях и воспитании детей. Большая роль в процессе формирования у студентов высших учебных заведений осознанного отношения к материнству и детству принадлежит психологическим дисциплинам. Раскрывается имеющийся в науке и авторский опыт эффективности использования разных форм работы со студентами по формированию готовности к материнству на примере дисциплины «Пренатальная и постнатальная психология», входящей в обязательную часть Блока 1 (дисциплины, модули) учебного плана подготовки бакалавров по направлению подготовки «Педагогическое образование». Дисциплина представлена различными темами, заданиями и формами проведения работы по формированию готовности к материнству у студентов. В ходе работы по данной проблеме были использованы теоретические методы исследования, а также проектирование программы и содержания учебного курса. Исследовательская работа проводилась на базе факультета дошкольной и коррекционной педагогики и психологии Чувашского государственного педагогического университета. Результаты исследования нашли отражение в различных публикациях, а также в методической разработке авторской программы курса «Пренатальная и постнатальная психология», который может быть внедрен в учебный процесс учреждений высшего образования. A higher educational institution, being an important institution for the development of society, ensures the full implementation of targeted psychological and pedagogical influence on students in matters of the formation of a system of values, knowledge, skills, and targeted development of individual personality traits. Modern approaches of researchers note the importance of carrying out a set of activities that form the readiness for motherhood among the younger generation, enriching knowledge about maternal functions and raising children. A large role in the process of formation of awareness of motherhood and childhood among students of higher educational institutions belongs to psychological disciplines. The article reveals the existing in science and the authors' experience of the effectiveness of using various forms of work with students on the formation of readiness for motherhood on the example of the discipline "Prenatal and postnatal psychology", which is part of the mandatory part of Block 1 (disciplines, modules) of the curriculum for the preparation of bachelors in the direction of training "Pedagogical education". The discipline is represented by various topics, tasks and forms of work on the formation of readiness for motherhood among students. In the course of work on this problem, theoretical research methods were used, as well as the design of the program and the content of the training course. The research work was carried out on the basis of the Faculty of Preschool and Correctional Pedagogy and Psychology of the Chuvash State Pedagogical University. The results of the study were reflected in varied publications, as well as in the methodical development of the author's program of the course "Prenatal and Postnatal Psychology", which can be introduced into the educational process of higher education institutions.
In: International review of sport sociology: irss ; a quarterly edited on behalf of the International Sociology of Sport Association (ISSA), Band 18, Heft 1, S. 47-59
With the obvious increase of sports activities, especially in industrialized countries, a differentiation of contents takes place. This is expressed by various denominations for sports realities: top-class sport, competitive sport, performance sport, mass sport, leisure time sport, sport in schools, preschool sport, sport at universities, qualification in sports, club sport, military sport, sport at factories, sport for children, sport for youth, sport for adults, sport for older people etc. The basis for these various denominations are different aspects of order and, therefore, they often do not exactly separate these various spheres and they are not precise according to the contents. In this connection we must also see the relatively new denomination "sport for adults". This term means that sport more and more looses its primarily "juvenalatic" character and — as a consequence of increasing importance for the physical-psychological reproduction of working. power also after school time. Moreover, the term "sports for adults" seems to facilitate a direct access to sports practice, because in sports organizations ge nerally a clear cut is made between youth age and adult age. Under sociological aspect the term "sports for adults" as a separate sphere still remains unsatisfactory for the explanation of sports reality. In the so far attempts for ranking, age is used as a calendaric or biological difference, but not as a sociolcgical category. Under this aspect, the paper deals with two main problems: 1. Theoretical-methodological aspects. In this section the thesis is described and explained that the position of adult people in the social process of production and reproduction is an essential feature for the status "adult". Therefore, sports motivations and activities, but also sports passivity, so widely spread among adults (learning inhibition), may be interpreted by general socio-economic laws. On the other hand, the term 'adult" is so general that concrete processes in sports practice of adults hardly can be explained satisfactorily (i.e. arising of sports activity or overcoming of passivity). Therefore, we hold the opinion to further classify sports for adults according to professional activity and position in order — following the dialectics of the general and specific — to better use the laws of sports for adults. 2. Exemplary description of a special sphere of sports for adults: sports for students. The relevance of sports for students for the topic "sports for adults" consists in the fact that sports for students lies i nthe intersection of youth age and adult status. After a sociological determination of the status "student" sports habits and their changes with students are compared to those of adults, sports organization processes are described, and the contents of their sports activity are interpreted. The thesis is underlined that sports for students may be a "station for early recognition" of future developments in sports for adults.
Interesovanje za teoriju i praksu rane intervencije u Srbiji je intenzivirano poslednjih desetak godina. U praksi su odavno zastupljeni različiti oblici rada sa decom sa smetnjama u razvoju ranog uzrasta, dok su teorijsko uobličavanje znanja i sistemski pristup ranoj intervenciji, sagledani kroz donošenje državnih odluka, uključivanje sadržaja iz ove oblasti u studijske programe fakulteta koji školuju defektologa, novijeg datuma. Cilj ovog rada je da ukaže na ključne promene i aktivnosti usmerene na razvoj nacionalnih sistema rane intervencije, s posebnim osvrtom na Srbiju. Od šest priotiteta sadržanih u dokumentu Poziv na akciju: Podrška razvoju dece u ranom detinjstvu koji je Vlada Srbije sačinila u saradnji sa UNICEFOM, a koji je zasnovan na Konvenciji o pravima deteta, Ciljevima održivog razvoja i najboljim interesima za svako dete posebno je značajan prvi podrška roditeljstvu. Izdvajanje ovog prioriteta bazirano je na činjenici da je podrška dobrobiti deteta jedan od najvažnijih ciljeva predškolskog vaspitanja i obrazovanja i da je ostvariv samo onda kada porodica može na adekvatan način da oblikuje sopstvene životne okolnosti. Osim toga takozvani model F-reči, utemeljen na odrednicama Međunarodne klasifikacije funkcionisanja, invalidnosti i zdravlja, vidi porodicu kao centralni "kontekstualni" činilac razvoja, koji ima najbolji potencijal za pružanje fizičke i emocionalne bezbednosti deteta i čija dobrobit treba da bude primarni cilj uključivanja u programe rane intervencije i obezbeđivanja usluga. Iako je rad sa porodicom, ključni činilic pozitivnih ishoda rane intervencije, dosadašnja praksa u ovom segmentu rada može da se opiše kao dugo putovanje od pristupa usmerenog na stručnjake koji donose odluke i sprovodi tretman, do pristupa u čijem fokusu je porodica Veštine uspostavljanja saradničkog odnosa su za stručnjake, koji prihvataju model usmeren na porodicu još uvek velik izazov, jer je neophodno da se uloga donosioca odluka, "prepisivača saveta", zameni ulogom partnera, slušaoca, pomagača i konsultanta. ; Interest in the theory and practice of early intervention in Serbia, has intensified in the last ten years. In practice, various forms of work with children with disabilities at an early age have long been represented, whereas theoretical shaping of knowledge and systematic approach to early intervention seen through state-decision making, inclusion of contents from this area in university programmes for educating defectologist, are of the more recent date. The aim of this paper is to point out the key changes and activities directed to development of national early intervention systems, with special reference to Serbia. Considering the six priorities contained in the document Call to Action: Support to children development in early childhood, created by Government of Serbia in cooperation with UNICEF, based on Convention on the rights of the child, Sustainable development goals and best interest for each child individually, the first one is especially important, parenting support. The selection of this priority is based on the fact that supporting the welfare of the child is one of the most important goals of preschool education and that it is achievable only in case when the family can adquately shape their own life circumstances. Besides, the so-called F-word model based on the International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health, recognizes the family as the central "contextual" factor, with best potential for providing physical and emotional security to the child, whose welfare should be the primary goal of inclusion in early intervention and service providing programmes. Although, the work with family is the key factor in positive outcomes of early intervention, current practice in this segment of work can be described as a long journey from and approach focused on decision-making and treatment professionals, to the family-oriented approach. Collaborative skills are still the great challenge for professionals who accept family-oriented model, as it is necessary to replace the role of decision-maker, "advice transcriber" with the role of partner, listener, assistant and consultant.
BACKGROUND: Medulloblastoma is associated with rare hereditary cancer predisposition syndromes; however, consensus medulloblastoma predisposition genes have not been defined and screening guidelines for genetic counselling and testing for paediatric patients are not available. We aimed to assess and define these genes to provide evidence for future screening guidelines. METHODS: In this international, multicentre study, we analysed patients with medulloblastoma from retrospective cohorts (International Cancer Genome Consortium [ICGC] PedBrain, Medulloblastoma Advanced Genomics International Consortium [MAGIC], and the CEFALO series) and from prospective cohorts from four clinical studies (SJMB03, SJMB12, SJYC07, and I-HIT-MED). Whole-genome sequences and exome sequences from blood and tumour samples were analysed for rare damaging germline mutations in cancer predisposition genes. DNA methylation profiling was done to determine consensus molecular subgroups: WNT (MBWNT), SHH (MBSHH), group 3 (MBGroup3), and group 4 (MBGroup4). Medulloblastoma predisposition genes were predicted on the basis of rare variant burden tests against controls without a cancer diagnosis from the Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC). Previously defined somatic mutational signatures were used to further classify medulloblastoma genomes into two groups, a clock-like group (signatures 1 and 5) and a homologous recombination repair deficiency-like group (signatures 3 and 8), and chromothripsis was investigated using previously established criteria. Progression-free survival and overall survival were modelled for patients with a genetic predisposition to medulloblastoma. FINDINGS: We included a total of 1022 patients with medulloblastoma from the retrospective cohorts (n=673) and the four prospective studies (n=349), from whom blood samples (n=1022) and tumour samples (n=800) were analysed for germline mutations in 110 cancer predisposition genes. In our rare variant burden analysis, we compared these against 53 105 sequenced controls from ExAC and identified APC, BRCA2, PALB2, PTCH1, SUFU, and TP53 as consensus medulloblastoma predisposition genes according to our rare variant burden analysis and estimated that germline mutations accounted for 6% of medulloblastoma diagnoses in the retrospective cohort. The prevalence of genetic predispositions differed between molecular subgroups in the retrospective cohort and was highest for patients in the MBSHH subgroup (20% in the retrospective cohort). These estimates were replicated in the prospective clinical cohort (germline mutations accounted for 5% of medulloblastoma diagnoses, with the highest prevalence [14%] in the MBSHH subgroup). Patients with germline APC mutations developed MBWNT and accounted for most (five [71%] of seven) cases of MBWNT that had no somatic CTNNB1 exon 3 mutations. Patients with germline mutations in SUFU and PTCH1 mostly developed infant MBSHH. Germline TP53 mutations presented only in childhood patients in the MBSHH subgroup and explained more than half (eight [57%] of 14) of all chromothripsis events in this subgroup. Germline mutations in PALB2 and BRCA2 were observed across the MBSHH, MBGroup3, and MBGroup4 molecular subgroups and were associated with mutational signatures typical of homologous recombination repair deficiency. In patients with a genetic predisposition to medulloblastoma, 5-year progression-free survival was 52% (95% CI 40-69) and 5-year overall survival was 65% (95% CI 52-81); these survival estimates differed significantly across patients with germline mutations in different medulloblastoma predisposition genes. INTERPRETATION: Genetic counselling and testing should be used as a standard-of-care procedure in patients with MBWNT and MBSHH because these patients have the highest prevalence of damaging germline mutations in known cancer predisposition genes. We propose criteria for routine genetic screening for patients with medulloblastoma based on clinical and molecular tumour characteristics. FUNDING: German Cancer Aid; German Federal Ministry of Education and Research; German Childhood Cancer Foundation (Deutsche Kinderkrebsstiftung); European Research Council; National Institutes of Health; Canadian Institutes for Health Research; German Cancer Research Center; St Jude Comprehensive Cancer Center; American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities; Swiss National Science Foundation; European Molecular Biology Organization; Cancer Research UK; Hertie Foundation; Alexander and Margaret Stewart Trust; V Foundation for Cancer Research; Sontag Foundation; Musicians Against Childhood Cancer; BC Cancer Foundation; Swedish Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare; Swedish Research Council; Swedish Cancer Society; the Swedish Radiation Protection Authority; Danish Strategic Research Council; Swiss Federal Office of Public Health; Swiss Research Foundation on Mobile Communication; Masaryk University; Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic; Research Council of Norway; Genome Canada; Genome BC; Terry Fox Research Institute; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research; Pediatric Oncology Group of Ontario; The Family of Kathleen Lorette and the Clark H Smith Brain Tumour Centre; Montreal Children's Hospital Foundation; The Hospital for Sick Children: Sonia and Arthur Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Chief of Research Fund, Cancer Genetics Program, Garron Family Cancer Centre, MDT's Garron Family Endowment; BC Childhood Cancer Parents Association; Cure Search Foundation; Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation; Brainchild; and the Government of Ontario.
The subject of the study is theoretical aspects and practical proposals regarding the strategic directions of development of enterprises and institutions of social infrastructure in the countryside under conditions of decentralization. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the theoretical principles and practical recommendations regarding the directions of development and increasing the efficiency of the functioning of enterprises of the social infrastructure of rural territorial communities in conditions of decentralization. The methodological basis of the article is the methods and approaches of economic, institutional and theory of sustainable development. In particular, historical, monographic, economic comparisons, statistical-economic, systemic-structural analysis and synthesis were used. Results of the article. As a result of the research, it was found that the main problems of the enterprises of the socio-cultural sphere, respectively, and the strategic directions of development relate to the optimization of their placement and ensuring operation and proper maintenance; expansion of the range of services and their optimization and new forms of provision; development of new sources of financing, motivation of personnel and intensification of community cooperation in socio-cultural activities. The directions of the development of educational institutions relate to improving the quality of educational services, improving the content and organization of training, financing, including and on the principles of implementing the "New Ukrainian School" concept; ensuring budgeting and filling of preschool education institutions with children; increasing the prestige and preserving the network of professional (vocational and technical) education institutions on the basis of duality of education, improving educational programs in cooperation with employers. The directions of development of medical institutions in the village relate to the spread of family and insurance medicine; improvement of primary medical care forms; introduction of innovations in all types of services and financial income "according to the patient". Field of application of results. Conclusions and practical recommendations can be used in the activities of social infrastructure enterprises; business and public organizations; territorial communities and their leadership; the educational process of institutions of secondary special and higher education. Conclusions. A comprehensive analysis of the problems of the development of enterprises and organizations and institutions of the main sectors of social infrastructure in the village (socio-cultural, educational, medical) made it possible to come to the conclusion that they were and in many cases remain acute and require an urgent solution; have different manifestations in accordance with sectoral and territorial characteristics; depend on the effectiveness of the management decisions of the management, community specialists, and the active civic position of all their members. Meanwhile, it is decentralization that allows them to be solved most productively, systematically and in a short time. The financial resources and authorities available to communities already provide and can provide in the future the main strategic directions of the development of social infrastructure enterprises: optimization of the number, placement and capacity of institutions and forms of service provision; introduction of innovations directly into the main activity, management and organization, investment and their modernization.
BackgroundMedulloblastoma is associated with rare hereditary cancer predisposition syndromes; however, consensus medulloblastoma predisposition genes have not been defined and screening guidelines for genetic counselling and testing for paediatric patients are not available. We aimed to assess and define these genes to provide evidence for future screening guidelines.MethodsIn this international, multicentre study, we analysed patients with medulloblastoma from retrospective cohorts (International Cancer Genome Consortium [ICGC] PedBrain, Medulloblastoma Advanced Genomics International Consortium [MAGIC], and the CEFALO series) and from prospective cohorts from four clinical studies (SJMB03, SJMB12, SJYC07, and I-HIT-MED). Whole-genome sequences and exome sequences from blood and tumour samples were analysed for rare damaging germline mutations in cancer predisposition genes. DNA methylation profiling was done to determine consensus molecular subgroups: WNT (MBWNT), SHH (MBSHH), group 3 (MBGroup3), and group 4 (MBGroup4). Medulloblastoma predisposition genes were predicted on the basis of rare variant burden tests against controls without a cancer diagnosis from the Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC). Previously defined somatic mutational signatures were used to further classify medulloblastoma genomes into two groups, a clock-like group (signatures 1 and 5) and a homologous recombination repair deficiency-like group (signatures 3 and 8), and chromothripsis was investigated using previously established criteria. Progression-free survival and overall survival were modelled for patients with a genetic predisposition to medulloblastoma.FindingsWe included a total of 1022 patients with medulloblastoma from the retrospective cohorts (n=673) and the four prospective studies (n=349), from whom blood samples (n=1022) and tumour samples (n=800) were analysed for germline mutations in 110 cancer predisposition genes. In our rare variant burden analysis, we compared these against 53 105 sequenced controls from ExAC and identified APC, BRCA2, PALB2, PTCH1, SUFU, and TP53 as consensus medulloblastoma predisposition genes according to our rare variant burden analysis and estimated that germline mutations accounted for 6% of medulloblastoma diagnoses in the retrospective cohort. The prevalence of genetic predispositions differed between molecular subgroups in the retrospective cohort and was highest for patients in the MBSHH subgroup (20% in the retrospective cohort). These estimates were replicated in the prospective clinical cohort (germline mutations accounted for 5% of medulloblastoma diagnoses, with the highest prevalence [14%] in the MBSHH subgroup). Patients with germline APC mutations developed MBWNT and accounted for most (five [71%] of seven) cases of MBWNT that had no somatic CTNNB1 exon 3 mutations. Patients with germline mutations in SUFU and PTCH1 mostly developed infant MBSHH. Germline TP53 mutations presented only in childhood patients in the MBSHH subgroup and explained more than half (eight [57%] of 14) of all chromothripsis events in this subgroup. Germline mutations in PALB2 and BRCA2 were observed across the MBSHH, MBGroup3, and MBGroup4 molecular subgroups and were associated with mutational signatures typical of homologous recombination repair deficiency. In patients with a genetic predisposition to medulloblastoma, 5-year progression-free survival was 52% (95% CI 40-69) and 5-year overall survival was 65% (95% CI 52-81); these survival estimates differed significantly across patients with germline mutations in different medulloblastoma predisposition genes.InterpretationGenetic counselling and testing should be used as a standard-of-care procedure in patients with MBWNT and MBSHH because these patients have the highest prevalence of damaging germline mutations in known cancer predisposition genes. We propose criteria for routine genetic screening for patients with medulloblastoma based on clinical and molecular tumour characteristics.FundingGerman Cancer Aid; German Federal Ministry of Education and Research; German Childhood Cancer Foundation (Deutsche Kinderkrebsstiftung); European Research Council; National Institutes of Health; Canadian Institutes for Health Research; German Cancer Research Center; St Jude Comprehensive Cancer Center; American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities; Swiss National Science Foundation; European Molecular Biology Organization; Cancer Research UK; Hertie Foundation; Alexander and Margaret Stewart Trust; V Foundation for Cancer Research; Sontag Foundation; Musicians Against Childhood Cancer; BC Cancer Foundation; Swedish Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare; Swedish Research Council; Swedish Cancer Society; the Swedish Radiation Protection Authority; Danish Strategic Research Council; Swiss Federal Office of Public Health; Swiss Research Foundation on Mobile Communication; Masaryk University; Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic; Research Council of Norway; Genome Canada; Genome BC; Terry Fox Research Institute; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research; Pediatric Oncology Group of Ontario; The Family of Kathleen Lorette and the Clark H Smith Brain Tumour Centre; Montreal Children's Hospital Foundation; The Hospital for Sick Children: Sonia and Arthur Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Chief of Research Fund, Cancer Genetics Program, Garron Family Cancer Centre, MDT's Garron Family Endowment; BC Childhood Cancer Parents Association; Cure Search Foundation; Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation; Brainchild; and the Government of Ontario.
Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Kaynakça var. ; Bu araştırma, 4-6 yaş grubu çocuğa sahip ebeveynlerin, aile iletişim kalıpları ile ebeveyn tutumları arasındaki ilişkiyi görebilmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırma nicel araştırma modellerinden, ilişkisel tarama şeklinde tasarlanmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu, 2018-2019 eğitim-öğretim yılında İstanbul ili Eyüpsultan ilçesi MEB?e bağlı resmi okulların anasınıflarında öğrenim gören, 4- 6 yaş grubu öğrencilerin anne ve babaları oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmaya 388 kişi katılmıştır. Araştırma verileri, Aile İletişim Kalıpları Ölçeği, Ebeveyn Tutumları Ölçeği ve araştırmacı tarafından hazırlanan kişisel bilgi formu kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler, bilgisayar ortamında SPPS 25.0 programı kullanılarak çözümlenmiştir. Verilerin analizinde frekans, yüzde, aritmetik ortalama, standart sapma değerleri hesaplanmış, yanı sıra ölçekler arasındaki ilişkiler ile ölçek-kişisel özellikler ilişkilerini sınamak için Non-Parametrik testlerden, Spearman korelasyon testinden yararlanılmıştır. Araştırma bulguları, çalışmaya katılan ebeveynlerin sahip oldukları aile iletişim kalıplarının, sergilemiş oldukları ebeveyn tutumları ile ilişkili olduğunu göstermektedir. Katılımcı ebeveynlerin demografik özellikleri ile ebeveyn tutumu ve aile iletişim kalıbı arasındaki ilişki incelendiğinde ise tüm kişisel özelliklerde ebeveyn tutum ölçeğinin ve aile iletişim kalıbı ölçeğinin farklı boyutlarında negatif ve pozitif yönde istatistiksel anlamda güçlü ilişkiler bulunmuştur. ; This research?s aim is to explore the relation between the family communication patterns and parent attitudes of the parents who has 4-6 aged children. The research is designed as a relational screening model which is a type of quantitative research models. Working group of the research consist of the parents of 4-6 aged children who are continuines their education in the public schools as a preschooler that are located in Eyüpsultan district of İstanbul in 2018-2019 academic year. 388 people participated to the research. Research data is obtained through family communication pattern scale, parent attitude scale and the personal information forms prepared by the researcher. Obtained data is resolved with the help of the computer program named SPSS 25.0 while analyzing data; frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation is calculated, besides, to test the relationship between the scales and between scales and the personal characteristics, Spearman Correlations test is used. Outcomes of the research reveals that the family communication patterns and the parent attitudes of the participants are related. When the relation of the demographic features of the participant parents with the attitudes of the parents and family communication patterns evaluated, in all personal characteristics, strong statistical relation, both in negative and positive direction is found between the different dimensions of parent attitude scale and family communication pattern scale. ; İÇİNDEKİLER TEŞEKKÜR . iv ÖZET . v ABSTRACT . vi İÇİNDEKİLER . vii TABLOLAR LİSTESİ . x ŞEKİLLER LİSTESİ . xii KISALTMALAR . xiv BÖLÜM 1 . 1 GİRİŞ . 1 1.1. Araştırmanın Amacı . 2 1.2. Araştırmanın Önemi . 2 1.3. Araştırmanın Sınırlılıkları . 4 1.4. Araştırma Problemleri . 4 BÖLÜM 2 . 6 2.1.İletişimin Tanımı . 6 2.1.1. İletişimin Unsurları . 7 2.1.1.1. Kaynak (Gönderici) . 7 2.1.1.2. Mesaj (İleti) . 8 2.1.1.3. Kodlama ve Kod Açma . 9 2.1.1.4. Kanal . 9 2.1.1.5. Hedef (Alıcı) . 10 2.1.1.6. Geri Bildirim (Dönüt) . 10 2.1.2. İletişimin Türleri . 11 2.1.2.1. Sözlü İletişim . 11 2.1.2.2. Sözsüz İletişim . 12 2.1.2.3. Yazılı İletişim . 13 2.1.3. Etkili İletişim Becerileri . 13 2.1.3.1. Kendini Tanıma . 14 2.1.3.2. Empati . 14 2.1.3.3. Ben Dili . 15 2.1.3.4. Etkin/Katılımlı Dinleme . 15 2.1.4. İletişim Engelleri . 16 2.1.5. Aile İçi İletişim . 17 2.1.5.1. Anne-Baba-Çocuk İletişimi . 20 2.1.5.2. Anne-Çocuk İletişimi . 22 2.1.5.3. Baba-Çocuk İletişimi . 23 2.1.6. Aile İletişim Kalıpları . 24 2.2. ANA-BABA TUTUMLARI . 26 2.2.1. Otoriter Tutum . 28 2.2.2. Aşırı Koruyucu Tutum . 29 2.2.3. Demokratik Tutum . 30 2.2.4. İzin Verici Tutum . 31 2.3. İlgili Araştırmalar . 33 BÖLÜM 3 . 38 YÖNTEM . 38 3.1. Araştırma Modeli . 38 3.2. Çalışma Evreni ve Örneklemi . 38 3.3. Veri Toplama Araçları . 39 3.3.1. Kişisel Bilgiler Formu . 39 3.3.2. Ebeveyn Tutumu Ölçeği (ETÖ) . 40 3.3.3. Aile İletişim Kalıbı Ölçeği (AİKÖ) . 41 3.4. Veri Toplanması ve Çözümlenmesi . 42 BÖLÜM 4 . 45 BULGULAR . 45 4.1. Demografik Bulgular . 45 4.2. Aile İletişim Kalıpları ve Ebeveyn Tutumları Konusundaki Bulgular . 52 4.3. Katılımcıların Aile İletişim Kalıpları ve Ebeveyn Tutumları Arasındaki İlişkiler . 54 4.4. Katılımcıların Kişisel Özelliklerine Göre Aile İletişim Kalıpları ve Ebeveyn Tutumları . 55 BÖLÜM 5 . 99 SONUÇ, TARTIŞMA VE ÖNERİLER . 99 KAYNAKÇA . 111 VERİ TOPLAMA ARACI . 118 EKLER . 123
The government is attempting to obtain the access of Early Childhood Education pro- grams providing educational assistance. Unfortunately, the government has spent funds to calculate the unit costs that should not occur in the real world of education. In consequence, the aims of this study are to (1) calculate the amount of operational unit costs for Early Childhood Education pro- grams, and (2) enumerate variations and projections of the amount of the operational unit costs in Early Childhood Education programs by region category. This study uses quantitative data with pop- ulation of all Early Childhood Education institutions in Indonesia. The unit of analysis of this re- search is Early Childhood Education institutions consisting of kindergarten, Playgroup, Daycare, and ECCD units. The findings are that the highest operating unit cost is in TPA because there is a full day of service. Next is a Kindergarten institution because at this institution already has a special curriculum to prepare the child proceed to the level of basic education. Then the unit cost is the highest area in the eastern region. Recommendation in determining the amount of financial assistance it is necessary to consider the amount of operational unit costs so that the purpose of providing fi- nancial assistance is to improve access and quality can be achieved. Keywords: Early Childhood Education, Operational Unit Cost, Fund Aid Reference Afmansyah, T. H. (2019). Efektifitas Dan Efisiensi Pembiayaan Pendidikan. INA-Rxiv Paper. https://doi.org/10.31227/osf.io/5ysw4 Akdon. (2015). Manajemen Pembiayaan Pendidikan. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya. Aos, S., & Pennucci, A. (2013). K–12 CLASS SIZE REDUCTIONS AND STUDENT OUTCOMES: A REVIEW OF THE EVIDENCE AND BENEFIT–COST ANALYSIS. Washington State Institute for Public Policy, (13), 1–12. Azhari, U. L., & Kurniady, D. A. (2016). 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