Suchergebnisse

This article deals with the use of the euro in international trade, particularly as a unit of account. It seeks to analyze the evolution of the single currency in its essential facet of international currency, especially in the academic sphere, by examining the ideas and assumptions made by economists prior to the launch of the euro, right up to today's crisis. Although data regarding international trade invoicing are scarce, stylized facts reveal that the euro is a high and stable invoicing currency regionally, but not internationally. Indeed, the euro has failed to reach the status of vehicle currency: the euro is used only on specific markets where exporters are able to choose the currency of denomination. Moreover, since the euro was conceived in a neoclassical way, it is subject to institutional concerns, especially a lack of political support to foster a dynamics of internationalization. Adapted from the source document.

The article deals with topical issues in international relations of the Russian Federation on the basis of the increased use of the ruble as the currency contracts and payments. The work shows the coordinated support of economic actors, public institutions of countries-partners. Collaborate with international teams, according to the author of the article, the implementation of economic programs of mutual interest and reinforces the trend of creating a multipolar world. The analysis of problems of development cooperation partners countries in the monetary sphere and shows that the main causes hindering greater use of domestic currencies are: hard currency regulation; a rare use of letters of credit and guarantees, which increases the financial risk operations; significant transaction costs; asymmetrical measures, currency regulation, burdening the mutual interests of the parties. To expand the use of the ruble in international relations author offers take into account a number of factors, including the need for a priority international currency contracts to perform the basic functions of money abroad is a measure of the value, means of payment and means of hoarding. The author's position is presented about the prospects of State institutional policy. In particular, the conclusion: the experience of Bulgaria, Romania, Albania has shown that the main task of the departments responsible for implementing the monetary policy should be the containment of inflationary pressures associated, including overdue contributions to the budget. A key priority in such circumstances is to support solvent and transparent banking systems, which are the basis for international cooperation.

After several months of relative calm, a renewal of fighting has been reported in North East Yemen, a region in which is located the field hospital established by the International Committee of the Red Cross last November.

Based on part of her forthcoming book.

«Nous savons que tout le droit international humanitaire résulte de l'équilibre entre le principe d'humanité — soit l'impératif qui pousse l'homme à agir pour le bien de ses semblables — et le principe de nécessité — soit le devoir des pouvoirs publics de conserver l'Etat, défendre son intégrité territoriale et maintenir l'ordre. C'est l'éternel affrontement de Créon et d'Antigone.

THE ARTICLE EXAMINES INCREMENTAL BUDGETARY THEORY IN A NEW POLITICAL ARENA, THE INTERNATIONAL GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION. THE STUDY EXPANDS THE NUMBER OF STEPS IN THE BUDGETARY PROCESS WHICH ARE INCLUDED IN THE INCREMENTAL MODEL. THE EMPIRICAL RESULTS OF THE STUDY SUPPORT THE INCREMENTAL MODEL OF BUDGETING. THE UNITED NATIONS, WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, AND INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION ARE ANALYZED.

Der Aufsatz analysiert zunächst die Chancen für die wirtschaftliche und soziale Entwicklung, die mit einer Umstellung der Rüstungsindustrie auf Zivilproduktion verbunden sind, und geht dann auf die Probleme ein, die dabei bewältigt werden müssen. Abrüstung setzt internationale Entspannung voraus und würde erhebliche Ressourcen freisetzen, die in den friedlichen Fortschritt der Gesellschaft investiert werden könnten. Doch ist die Rüstungsindustrie technologisch und personell so spezialisiert, daß die Konversion bestimmte Maßnahmen voraussetzt (Umschulung der Arbeitskräfte, Bereitstellung von Absatzmärkten usw.). Diese Probleme lassen sich in einem planwirtschaftlichen System wie der UdSSR leicht lösen, wie die Erfahrung nach dem 2. Weltkrieg zeigt. In marktwirtschaftlichen Systemen können größere Friktionen auftreten, doch lassen sie sich durch entsprechende wirtschafts- und sozialpolitische Programme durchaus lösen. (MH)