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many economists have tried to make the origin of the currency intelligible. The theory of value (classical, neoclassical or marxist approaches) and the chartalist approach have long been opposed. New approaches have emerged from both the standard neoclassical and heterodox approaches (e.g. Aglietta-Orléan theory or post-Keynesian theory). In this article we take two examples of recent theories, namely monetary prospecting models and ne-chartalist theory, to provide an answer to the question whether or not it is useful to seek to account for the origin of money within economic theory. ; International audience ; many economists have tried to make the origin of the currency intelligible. The theory of value (classical, neoclassical or marxist approaches) and the chartalist approach have long been opposed. New approaches have emerged from both the standard neoclassical and heterodox approaches (e.g. Aglietta-Orléan theory or post-Keynesian theory). In this article we take two examples of recent theories, namely monetary prospecting models and ne-chartalist theory, to provide an answer to the question whether or not it is useful to seek to account for the origin of money within economic theory. ; Nombreux sont les économistes à avoir tenté de rendre intelligible l'origine de la monnaie. La théorie de la valeur (approches classique, néoclassique ou marxiste) et l'approche chartaliste se sont longtemps opposées. De nouvelles approches ont émergé, aussi bien du côté de l'approche néoclassique standard que des approches hétérodoxes (avec, par exemple, la théorie d'Aglietta-Orléan ou la théorie post-keynésienne). Nous prenons dans cet article deux exemples de théories récentes, à savoir les modèles de prospection monétaire et la théorie né-chartaliste, pour donner un élément de réponse à la question de savoir s'il est utile ou non de chercher à rendre compte de l'origine de la monnaie au sein de la théorie économique.

15987 15990 46 ; S ; [EN] Catalytic cross-coupling reactions are fundamental transformations in modern organic synthesis. Traditionally based on single-atom transition metal complex catalysts, the use of sub-nanometre metal clusters with enhanced redox and coordinating properties may lead to more efficient catalysts. Recent developments and potential new directions of catalytic sub-nanometre metal clusters for cross-coupling reactions are briefly discussed here Financial support by the "Severo Ochoa" program, the RETOS program (CTQ2014-55178-R) and the Ramon y Cajal Program by MINECO (Spain), and also by "Convocatoria 2014 de Ayudas Fundacion BBVA a Investigadores y Creadores Culturales" is acknowledged. Leyva Perez, A. (2017). Sub-nanometre metal clusters for catalytic carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom cross-coupling reactions. Dalton Transactions. 46(46):15987-15990. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7dt03203j Phan, N. T. S., Van Der Sluys, M., & Jones, C. W. (2006). On the Nature of the Active Species in Palladium Catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck and Suzuki–Miyaura Couplings – Homogeneous or Heterogeneous Catalysis, A Critical Review. Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis, 348(6), 609-679. doi:10.1002/adsc.200505473 Martin, R., & Buchwald, S. L. (2008). Palladium-Catalyzed Suzuki−Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reactions Employing Dialkylbiaryl Phosphine Ligands. Accounts of Chemical Research, 41(11), 1461-1473. doi:10.1021/ar800036s Wu, X.-F., Anbarasan, P., Neumann, H., & Beller, M. (2010). From Noble Metal to Nobel Prize: Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling Reactions as Key Methods in Organic Synthesis. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 49(48), 9047-9050. doi:10.1002/anie.201006374 Li, G., & Jin, R. (2013). Catalysis by gold nanoparticles: carbon-carbon coupling reactions. Nanotechnology Reviews, 2(5), 529-545. doi:10.1515/ntrev-2013-0020 Corma, A., Juárez, R., Boronat, M., Sánchez, F., Iglesias, M., & García, H. (2011). Gold catalyzes the Sonogashira coupling reaction without the requirement of palladium ...

302 311 208 ; S ; [EN] The use of pumps working as turbines (PATs) connected to the electric system, in the replacement of pressure reduction valves to reduce the excessive pressure in water distribution networks, have been studied for the last years. The introduction of PATs is very important in the water-energy nexus to promote the increase of the energy savings. As consequence, the majority of the water systems does not have access to the electrical grid and, therefore, the need to study the PATS operation off-grid is necessary. In this line, the novelty of this research is the application and optimization of a PAT in water systems when the recovery solution is off-grid type. To operate correctly, the induction machine requires an external source of reactive power, which is typically provided by the electrical grid. To supply the required reactive power, a bank of capacitors is installed at the machine terminals, so-called self-excited induction generator (SEIG). The analytical model, simulation and experimental works were performed, to analyse the SEIG behaviour. The results were applied in a SEIG-PAT system obtaining the global efficiency of the system for different speeds and loads. The global efficiency decreases 47% when off-grid operation, showing the need to optimize the electrical parameters of the generator to operate as off- grid with acceptable efficiency levels. In this framework, a tuning methodology for the SEIG capacitor bank values was developed to be automatically adjusted according to the operating point of the PAT to maximize its efficiency. This research is supported by Academic program career of the faculty of the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia 2016/2017 in the project "Maximization of the global efficiency in PATs in laboratory facility" and by FCT, through IDMEC, under LAETA, project UID/EMS/50022/2013. Besides, the authors wish to thank to the project REDAWN (Reducing Energy Dependency in Atlantic Area Water Networks) EAPA_198/2016 from INTERREG ATLANTIC AREA PROGRAMME 2014-2020 ...

Das Jetzt erscheint als Paradoxie - es ist ausdehnungslos und doch werden ihm kontingente Längen auferlegt. Wie ist seine Paradoxie zwischen Kürze und Länge denkbar, wenn sie mit dem langen Jetzt noch verstärkt wird? Vera Fischer wagt ein Denken der Paradoxie entlang des weitgehend unerschlossenen kalifornischen Phänomens »The Long Now Foundation«. Deren Protagonisten, die einst der Hippie-Bewegung angehörten, setzen sich mit einer aberwitzigen Geschäftsidee in Szene. Die Zeitreise zur »Long Now Foundation« legt deren medienkulturelle Bedeutung frei - sie ist ein Beitrag zum Umgang mit Gegenwart und zugleich ein spielerischer Trip durch die Komplexität der Paradoxie, die unsere Vorstellungen herausfordert.

By studying the cultural and aesthetic impact of increasingly pervasive digital technologies and mass amateurization, this paper examines the ramifications of the networked information economy on professional photographic practice and considers the concomitant implications for the photographic classroom. Using the framework of convergence culture as per the writings of Yochai Benkler, Henry Jenkins, Mark Deuze, and Axel Bruns, the impact of accessible and instantaneous image creation and dispersal are explored. Given the rise of consumer engagement in brand co-creation on social media platforms, we can observe massive changes to professional practice in areas such as aesthetics, and the erosion of previous sustainable business models. Indeed, as traditional notions of "expertise" shift from technological prowess to narrative and disseminative abilities, the effects on commercial practice and photographic education need to be addressed. This paper argues that there are three emerging priorities for commercial image use: narrative ability, authenticity, and subjectivity and suggests initial steps in their pedagogical application. By acknowledging these transformations, this paper explores the idea that students need to harness technique, social media influence, adaptability, subjectivity, and storytelling power in order to better serve emerging image-based needs in commercial spaces.

Esta tesis propone una interpretación del problema de la acción política en Karl Marx a partir de las lecturas de Hannah Arendt y Maurice Merleau-Ponty. Contra la crítica de Arendt, que considera que Marx niega la política al reemplazar el carácter de acontecimiento de la acción y la especificidad del vínculo político por la necesidad histórica, la administración de la vida y la humanidad socializada, en la tesis se lee a Marx a partir de su noción de "praxis" y, por tanto, desde la contingencia, la coexistencia, el conflicto y la democratización. Esta interpretación se apoya, hasta cierto punto, en los planteamientos de Merleau-Ponty, pero también en una relectura de Marx desde la fenomenología de la acción política de Arendt. Como se resalta a lo largo de la tesis, dicha propuesta implica hacer frente a las tensiones internas del pensamiento marxiano y, de esta forma, a la equivocidad que atraviesa sus escritos. ; Résumé. Cette thèse propose une interprétation du problème de l'action politique chez Karl Marx à partir des lectures de Hannah Arendt et Maurice Merleau-Ponty. Contre la critique d'Arendt, qui considère que Marx nie la politique dans la mesure où il remplace le caractère d'évènement de l'action et la spécificité du lien politique par la nécessité historique, l'administration de la vie et l'humanité socialisée, dans la thèse on lit Marx à partir de la notion de « praxis » et, par conséquent, à partir de la contingence, la coexistence, le conflit et la démocratisation. Cette interprétation s'appuie, jusqu'à un certain point, sur les analyses de Merleau-Ponty, mais aussi sur une relecture de Marx faite à partir de la phénoménologie de l'action politique d'Arendt. Comme on le souligne tout au long de la thèse, cette proposition de lecture demande à faire face aux tensions internes à la pensée marxienne et, de cette manière, à l'équivocité qui traverse ses écrits. ; Abstract. This thesis proposes an interpretation of the problem of political action in Karl Marx based on Hannah Arendt's and Maurice Merleau-Ponty's readings. Against Arendt's critique, which considers that Marx denies politics by substituting the event character of action and the specificity of the political link for historical necessity, the administration of life and socialized humanity, in this thesis Marx is read from the viewpoint of "praxis" and in this manner from the perspective of contingence, coexistence, conflict and democratization. This interpretation is based to some extent on Merleau-Ponty's analysis but also in an understanding of Marx that takes into account Arendt's phenomenology of political action. As it is highlighted throughout this thesis, this approach demands addressing the internal tensions of Marxian thought and thus the equivocal character of his writings. ; Doctorado

This article aims to reflect on child policies and legal perspectives by putting some tensions on intervention. This concerns in particular the violation of NNyA's rights and the universal senses of children and families. The proposal is designed to review the matrices and constructions that underlie practices involving children and adolescents in need of protection from state bodies and their actors. Faculty of Social Work ; This article intends to relect on childhood policies and perspectives of law establishing some tensions over the intervention. Particularly with regard to the violation of rights of NNyA as well as universal ways that support the child and family categories. The proposal is to revise arrays and structures that underlie practices with children and adolescents who require protection of state agencies and their agents. ; This article aims to reflect on child policies and legal perspectives by putting some tensions on intervention. This concerns in particular the violation of NNyA's rights and the universal senses of children and families. The proposal is designed to review the matrices and constructions that underlie practices involving children and adolescents in need of protection from state bodies and their actors. Faculty of Social Work ; El presente artículo se propone reflexionar acerca de las políticas de infancia y las perspectivas de derecho estableciendo algunas tensiones respecto de la intervención. Particularmente en lo concerniente a la vulneración de derechos de NNyA como también a los sentidos universales que soportan las categorías de infancia y familia. La propuesta se inscribe en revisar las matrices y construcciones que subyacen en las prácticas con niños y adolescentes que demandan protección de los organismos estatales y sus agentes. Facultad de Trabajo Social

140 146 5 10 ; OJS ; [EN] The Roman wall, of rectangular plan and rounded corners, following the canonical military model, is the major evidence of the fortress built by the Legion VII Gemina in León in 74 AD. The archaeological interventions developed throughout the decades have confirmed that the defensive system consists of two adjacent walls: the first one dates back to the Low Empire, while the other, attached to the previous one by its external face, is dated Late Third to Early Fourth century AD. We, too, must add an internal rampart (agger) corresponding to a previous defensive system. The 3D virtual restitution we have undertaken allows us to contemplate, with further detail, the features of this almost 20 meters wide constructive complex that has conditioned the urban development of the city of León. ; [ES] El principal testimonio del recinto erigido por la Legión VII Gémina en León durante el año 74 d. C. es la muralla romana, de planta rectangular con esquinas oblongas, que sigue el modelo campamental canónico. Las numerosas excavaciones desarrolladas han confirmado que en realidad se trata de dos murallas adosadas, una del periodo altoimperial y otra de finales del siglo III o comienzos del siglo IV, adosada a la anterior por su cara externa. A estas debemos añadirles un terraplén interior que corresponde a un sistema defensivo precedente. La restitución virtual en 3D permite contemplar con mayor detalle los rasgos de este complejo constructivo, que con casi 20 metros de anchura, ha condicionado el desarrollo urbanístico de la ciudad. Morillo Cerdán, Á.; Mendo, O.; Prieto, D.; Duprado, G.; Bonacasa, S. (2014). Restitución virtual de la muralla romana de León: una visión diacrónica. Virtual Archaeology Review. 5(10):140-146. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2014.4227

Im gleichen Maße, in dem sich die liberale Demokratie weltweit durchsetzt, wird sie durch wechselnde Gegenbewegungen herausgefordert. Auf Nationalismus folgten Faschismus und Kommunismus, auf das vermeintliche "Ende der Geschichte" der Islamismus. Was ist es, das dem Liberalismus immer neue Widersacher beschert? (IP)

Das Papsttum im 8. und 9. Jahrhundert sah sich unter wechselnden politischen Rahmenbedingungen mit einer Vielzahl von Anderen konfrontiert. In diesem Buch werden drei Beispiele unterscuht, die das Papsttum in unterschiedlicher Weise geprägt haben: die Repräsentation des "byzantinischen" oder "griechischen" Kaiserreichs, jene der Langobarden und Franken im 8. Jahrhundert und der Konflikt mit "Sarazenen" genannten muslimischen Gruppen im 9. Jahrhundert. ; In the eighth and ninth centuries, the papacy had to deal with with a multitude of 'others' aunder variing circumstances. This book reseraches three cases that have had a considerable impact on the papacy: the representation of the Byzantine or 'Greek' empire and the communication with and about the Lombards and the Franks, both in the eighth century, as well as the conflict with Muslim groups called Saracens in the ninth century.