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Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chikka Alur-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 591 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 383 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 141 ha by rock outcrops, about 36 ha by quarry and about 30 ha cover by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 11 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area of about 65 per cent is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed.  About 17 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100- >150 cm), about 38 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm), whereas 10 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm) and 200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 42 per cent soils are medium (101-150 mm/m) and 12 per cent soils are low (51-100 mm/m) and very low (0.75%) and 32 percent is medium (0.50-0.75%) in organic carbon content.  An area of about 52 percent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 13 percent soils are high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  Available potassium content is high (>337 kg/ha) in an area of 57 per cent, medium (145-337 kg/ha) in about 8 per cent and low (4.5 ppm) in an area of 5 per cent and about deficient (<4.5 ppm) in about 60 per cent in the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc content is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 12(2) 371(63) Guava 37(6) 14(2) Maize 49(8) 334(57) Sapota 37(6) 14(2) Bajra 51(9) 332(56) Pomegranate 37(6) 225(38) Groundnut 39(7) 69(12) Musambi 37(6) 225(38) Sunflower - 262(44) Lime 37(6) 225(38) Redgram - 326(55) Amla 51(9) 268(45) Bengal gram 211(36) 47(8) Cashew - 51(9) Cotton - 223(38) Jackfruit 37(6) 14(2) Chilli 49(8) 270(46) Jamun - 37(6) Tomato 49(8) 59(10) Custard apple 51(9) 268(45) Brinjal 49(8) 59(10) Tamarind - 37(6) Onion 49(8) 59(10) Mulberry 37(6) 14(2) Bhendi 49(8) 59(10) Marigold 49(8) 270(46) Drumstick 37(6) 225(38) Chrysanthemum 49(8) 270(46) Mango - 37(6)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Chikka Alur-1 is located at North latitude 160 59' 58.922" and 160 57' 59.983" and East longitude 770 10' 16.077'' and 770 8' 28.685" covering an area of about 575.94 ha coming under Allura. K and Allura .B villages of Chithapura taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Chikka Alur-1 micro watersheds of Chikka Alur subwatershed, Chithapura taluk & Kalaburagi District indicated that, out of the total sample of 37 farmers were sampled in Chikka Alur-1 micro-watershed among households surveyed 6 (16.22%) were marginal, 15 (40.54%) were small, 10 (27.03 %) were semi medium and 1 (2.70 %) were medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 81 (57.45%) men and 60 (42.55 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3.2, marginal farmers were 3.8, small farmers were 3.8, semi medium farmers 4 and medium farmers were 5.  Majority of the respondents (43.97%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 47.52 per cent illiterates, 52.49 per cent pre university education and 2.13 per cent attained graduation.  About, 78.38 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 66.67 per cent of the household members.  In the study area and 97.30 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 83.78 per cent possess TV, 72.97 per cent possess mixer grinder, 97.30 per cent possess mobile phones and 35.14 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 13.51 per cent of the households possess Bullock Cart and Chaff cutter, 27.03 per cent possess plough and 8.11 per cent possess Sprayer and 89.19 per cent possess Weeder.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 2.70 per cent possess local cow and 2.70 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.46, women available in the micro watershed was 1.30, hired labour (men) available was 14.97 and hired labour (women) available was 13.24.  Further, 13.51 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  In the study area, about 2.13 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 110.00 kms for about 6.00 months. 2  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 100.00 per cent (57.55 ha) of the area is under dry condition.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Jowar, Bajra and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 86.49 percent possessed bank account and 81.08 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 89.19 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 12.12 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 54.55 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Jowar and Bajra was Rs.29233.98, 19193.81 and 13750.85 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.50, 1:1.90 and 1:1.70 respectively.  Further, 10.81 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 93136.49 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 58704.05 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 4 horticulture trees and 166 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs.351.35 For land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 5.13 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 81.08 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 29.73 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (5.41%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 86.49 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Firewood was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 70.27 per cent of the households and 32.43 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 56.76 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. 3  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (97.30%) and oilseeds (5.41%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by (91.89 %) per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (86.49%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (89.19%), inadequacy of irrigation water (89.19%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (86.49%), high rate of interest on credit (89.19%), low price for the agricultural commodities (86.49 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (86.49%), inadequate extension services (86.49 %) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (86.49%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

ABSTRAK Penelitian yang dilakukan ini bertujuan untuk menguji dan menganalisis pengaruh tenaga kerja dan investasi terhadap PDRB Industri Pengolahan di Pulau Jawa Tahun 2011-2017. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data sekunder dengan periode observasi 2011-2017 yang diperoleh dari Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) maupun publikasi lainnya yang terkait. Teknik metode analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah regresi berganda data panel dengan model regresi Fixed Effetc Cross-Section Weight. Data diolah menggunakan Eviews 9.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tenaga kerja berpengaruh positif tetapi tidak signifikan terhadap PDRB industri pengolaan dengan koefisien 0,048110 dan nilai probabilitas sebesar 0,7183. Investasi PMA berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap PDRB Industri Pengolahan dengan koefisien sebesar 0,104161 dan nilai probabilitas uji t statistik sebesar 0,0000 atau lebih kecil dari taraf signifikan 5% atau sebesar 0,05. Investasi PMDN berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap PDRB Industri Pengolahan dengan koefisien sebesar 0,052172 dan nilai probabilitas sebesar 0,0018. Tenaga kerja dan investasi secara bersama-sama berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap kemiskinan dengan nilai F statistik 4508.827 dan Prob (F-statistic) 0,000000. Kata Kunci : PDRB Industri Pengolahan, Tenaga Kerja sektor industri, Investasi PMA sektor industri dan Investasi PMDN sektor industri. PENGARUH TENAGA KERJA DAN INVESTASI TERHADAP PDRB INDUSTRI PENGOLAHAN DI PULAU JAWA1. Latar BelakangPDRB Industri Pengolahan merupakan sektor yang berkontribusi besar terhadap perekonomian. Sektor industri dianggap sebagai mesin pertumbuhan ekonomi. Menurut Kusumantoro (2009), kebijakan pembangunan strategis sektoral adalah kebijakan pembangunan di sektor industri. Sektor tersebut dipandang sebagai sektor yang memiliki tingkat produktivitas tinggi, sehingga keunggulannya akan diperoleh nilai tambah yang tinggi. Oleh karena itu, tujuan menciptakan kesejahteraan ekonomi masyarakat dapat lebih cepat direalisasikan dengan mengembangkan sektor ini. Pulau Jawa memiliki nilai kontribusi yang besar dalam perekonomian nasional yang sebagian besar kontribusinya pada PDRB Industri Pengolahan. Disamping itu, karena perannya yang sangat penting dalam perekonomian, PDRB Industri pengolahan dipengaruhi oleh tenaga kerja sektor industri dan investasi PMA dan PMDN di sektor industri. Semakin bertambah besar lapangan kerja yang tersedia maka akan menyebabkan semakin meningkatnya pertumbuhan ekonomi di suatu daerah. Sedangkan dengan adanya investasi maka kapasitas dalam produksi akan meningkat yang kemudian akan mempengaruhi output yang dihasilkan. Meningkatnya output akan menyebabkan peningkatan pada PDRB. Akan tetapi, tenaga kerja dan investasi selalu mengalami fluktasi yang naik turun. Maka dari itu, penelitian ini untuk melihat apakah tenaga kerja sektor industri dan investasi PMA/PMDN sektor industri berpengaruh terhadap terbentuknya PDRB industri pengolahan.2. PermasalahanAdapun Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini sebagai berikut :Apakah terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan tenaga kerja sektor industri terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan di Pulau Jawa tahun 2011-2017?Apakah terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan investasi PMA di sektor industri terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan di Pulau Jawa tahun 2011-2017?Apakah terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan investasi PMDN terhadap PDRB Industri Pengolahan di Pulau Jawa tahun 2011-2017? 3. Tujuan PenelitianUntuk mengetahui dan menganalisa pengaruh tenaga kerja sektor industri terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan di Pulau Jawa.Untuk mengetahui dan menganalisa pengaruh investasi PMA di sektor industri terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan di Pulau Jawa.Untuk mengetahui dan menganalisa pengaruh investasi PMDN di sektor industri terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan di Pulau Jawa.4. Metode PenelitianPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan bukti empiris atau menguji penjelasan sebab dan akibat yang berbentuk berbentuk regresi berganda. Dan penelitian ini menunjukkan arah hubungan antara variabel bebas dengan variabel terikat disamping mengukur kekuatan hubungannya. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder dengan periode observasi 2011-2017. Data yang digunakan bersumber dari Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) di Pulau Jawa maupun publikasi lainnya yang terkait. Analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis regresi berganda data panel dengan model regresi Fixed Effect Cross-Section Weights. Data diolah dengan menggunakan Eviews 9. 5. Hasil dan PembahasanHasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tenaga kerja sektor industri berpengaruh positif tapi tidak signifikan terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan dengan koefisien 0,048110 dan nilai probabilitas sebesar 0,7183. Tenaga kerja sektor industri berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan dengan koefisien sebesar 0,104161 dan nilai probabilitas uji t statistik sebesar 0,0000 atau lebih kecil dari taraf signifikan 5% atau sebesar 0,05. Investasi PMDN berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan dengan koefisien sebesar 0,052172 dan nilai probabilitas sebesar 0,0018. 6. Kesimpulan dan rekomendasiKesimpulanTenaga kerja sektor industri menunjukkan pengaruh positif tapi signifikan terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan. Investasi PMA berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan. Investasi PMDN berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi. Selain itu uji determinasi (R2) menunjukkan bahwa 99,90% variabel bebas (tenaga kerja sektor industri, investasi PMA dan PMDN di sektor industri) mempengaruhi variabel terikat (PDRB industri pengolahan), sisanya dipengaruhi oleh variabel diluar variabel bebas.RekomendasiMengingat peran PDRB industri pengolahan yang memiliki kontribusi yang besar terhadap perekonomian yang dipengaruhi oleh tenaga kerja sektor industri dan investasi PMA dan PMDN di sektor industri. Pemerintah dan pengusaha diharapkan dapat mendorong terus adanya perbaikan kondisi pekerja dan lingkungannya, sehingga tingkat upah dan produktivitas diharapkan tumbuh selaras dan dapat memperbaiki kondisi kesejahteraan pekerja di Pulau Jawa. Serta menetapkan regulasi-regulasi tentang cara dan persyaratan investasi yang mudah diterima oleh para investor, adanya jaminan stabiltas politik, keamanan dan penegakan hukum yang konsisten, menyediakan informasi yang akurat untuk para investor, mewujudkan mekanisme pelayanan atu pintu yang efektif untutk calon investor.DAFTAR PUSTAKAAbbas, Q. (2011). "Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Gross Domestic Product." Global Journal of Management and Business Research Volume 11(8), 35-39. Global Journals Inc. (USA).Arifin, Z. (2012). "Analisis Spasial Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja Industri Manufaktur Besar dan Sedang di Pulau Jawa."Jurnal HumanityVol.7 No2, 111-116. Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.Ariska, N., Hanim,A. (2016)."Dampak Investasi Sektor Industri Pengolahan Terhadap Perekonomian Jawa Timur (Pendekatan Analisis Input-Output). Artikel Ilmiah Mahasiswa. Universitas Jember.Arsyad, L. (2015). Ekonomi Industri. Universitas Terbuka: Banten.Basir, M. (2012). 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"Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi PDRB Kabupaten/Kota Jawa Tengah Tahun 2018-2012".Journal of Economics and Policy 8 (1), 88-99. Universitas Negeri Semarang.Mahyudi, A. (2014). Ekonomi Pembangunan & Analisis Data Empiris. Bogor: Ghalia Indonesia.Melyani, M., Maria, A. (2015). "Pengaruh Investasi dan Tenaga Kerja Terhadap PDRB Sektor Industri di Provinsi Jawa Barat".Jurnal Media Ekonomi Vol. 23 No. 3. Universitas Trisakti,Menajang, H. (2014). "Pengaruh Investasi dan Tenaga Kerja Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Kota Manado". Jurnal Ekonomi dan Studi Pembangunan Vol 13 (1), 1-16. Universitas Sam RatulangiPriyarsono, D., Siregar, H. (2017). "Kinerja Sektor Industri Manufaktur Provinsi Jawa Barat Berdasarkan Lokasi di Dalam dan di Luar Kawasan Industri."Jurnal Manajemen Teknologi16(3), 241-257. Insitut Pertanian Bogor.Purwasih,H. (2017). 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Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Bandehalli-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 374 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 255 ha (68%) ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 13 ha (3%) by rock outcrops and about 106 ha (28%) by others (Habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area of about 68 per cent is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed.  About 50 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100- >150 cm), 5 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm), 13 per cent are moderately shallow (50-75 cm) soils in the microwatershed.  About 13 percent soils are loamy and 55 per cent is clayey soils at the surface.  An area of about 57 per cent is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity. About 5 per cent area of the microwatershed is medium (101-150 mm/m) and about 13 per cent soils are low (51-100 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 52 percent is very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and about 17 per cent soils are nearly level (0-1% slope) lands in the microwatershed.  An area of about 52 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and about 17 per cent are slightly (e1) eroded lands in the microwatershed.  An area of 17 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 29 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) and 23 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is 0.75%) and about 13 percent is medium (0.50- 0.75%) in organic carbon content.  An area of about 6 percent is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 17 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 51 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium in the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is high (>20 ppm) in an area of about 5 per cent, about 16 per cent is medium (10-20 ppm) and about 47 per cent is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  An area of about 34 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 87(23) 167(45) Guava - 19(5) Maize 19(5) 235(63) Sapota - 19(5) Bajra 19(5) 235(63) Pomegranate - 156(42) Groundnut <1(<1) 68(18) Musambi 68(18) 88(24) Sunflower 68(18) 88(24) Lime 68(18) 88(24) Redgram - 205(54) Amla 19(5 ) 117(32) Bengal gram 68(18) 69(18) Cashew - <1(<1) Cotton 68(18) 88(23) Jackfruit - 19(5) Chilli 19(5) 186(50) Jamun - 68(18) Tomato 19(5) 49(13) Custard apple 69(18) 137(37) Brinjal 19(5) 49(13) Tamarind - 68(18) Onion 19(5) 49(13) Mulberry - 19(5 ) Bhendi 19(5) 186(50) Marigold 19(5) 186(50) Drumstick - 87(23) Chrysanthemum 19(5) 186(50) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Bandehalli-1 is located at North latitude 160 48' 8.724" and 160 45' 57.693" and East longitude 770 9' 9.823'' and 770 7' 44.873" covering an area of about 373.51 ha coming under Yadhagiri. K, Dastharabadha and Yadhagiri. B Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Bandehalli-1 micro watersheds of Yadgir subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 total respondents, 15 (44.12 %) were marginal, 9 (26.47%)were small, 4 (11.76 %) were Semi medium and 3 (8.82 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 81 (52.94%) men and 72 (47.06 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (42.48%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 32.03 per cent illiterates, 65.37 per cent pre university education and 8.50 per cent attained graduation.  About, 73.53 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 26.47 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 41.83 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 100.00 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 88.24 per cent possess TV, 17.65 per cent possess mixer grinder, 97.06 per cent possess mobile phones and 14.71 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 11.76 per cent of the households possess plough and 2.94 per cent possess tractor.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 8.82 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.45, women available in the micro watershed was 1.26, hired labour (men) available was 7.9 and hired labour (women) available was 6.58.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 65.15 per cent (38.41 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 34.85 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 9.00 live bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 26.47 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Groundnut, Cotton, Paddy and Green gram and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent. 2  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Groundnut, Cotton, Paddy and Green gram was Rs.39239.68, 74637.92, 36133.08, 123998.55 and 36729.33 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.40, 1: 1.10, 1: 1.80, 1: 1.01 and 1:0.94 respectively.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 136726.47 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 69755.88 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 37 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Regarding marketing channels, 88.24 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 91.18 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (58.82%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 64.71 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 97.06 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 100.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (79.41%) and oilseeds (5.88%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (97.06%) wild animal menace on farm field (11.76%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (88.24%), inadequacy of irrigation water (2.94%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (44.12%), high rate of interest on credit (17.65%), low price for the agricultural commodities (47.06%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (35.29%), inadequate extension services (20.59%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (52.94%) and Less rainfall (2.94%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Yadgir-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 725 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 84 per cent in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 1 per cent by quarry, about 15 per cent rock outcrop and others (Habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 16 soil series and 19 soil phases (management units) and 10 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed.  About 9 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are very shallow (150 cm) soils in the microwatershed.  About 27 per cent are sandy soils, 18 per cent soils are loamy and 40 per cent are clayey soils at the surface.  About 72 per cent is non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) soils.  An area of about 80 per cent area is moderately eroded (e2) and 5 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) soils in the microwatershed.  About an area of 0.75%) in organic carbon content.  An area of 71 per cent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 13 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 79 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 6 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Entire area is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 1 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 12 (2) 258 (38) Guava - 138 (20) Maize 12 (2) 258 (38) Sapota - 138 (20) Bajra 12 (2) 258 (38) Pomegranate - 152 (22) Groundnut - 179 (26) Musambi - 152 (22) Sunflower - 152 (22) Lime - 152 (22) Redgram - 165 (24) Amla 12 (2) 231 (34) Bengal gram - 14 (2) Cashew - 12 (2) Cotton - 220 (32) Jackfruit - 138 (20) Chilli 12 (2) 245 (36) Jamun - - Tomato 12 (2) 231 (34) Custard apple 12 (2) 245 (36) Brinjal 12 (2) 231 (34) Tamarind - - Onion 12 (2) 231 (34) Mulberry - 138 (20) Bhendi 12 (2) 245 (36) Marigold 12 (2) 245 (36) Drumstick - 138 (20) Chrysanthemum 12 (2) 245 (36) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified 10 LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Yadgir-2 is located at North latitude 160 55' 12.82" and 160 57' 2.63" and East longitude 770 10' 16.89'' and 770 12' 22.38" covering an area of about 681.09 ha coming under Ramathirtha, Alur. B and Bheemanahalli villages of Chithapura taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Yadgir-2 micro watersheds of Chikka Alur subwatershed, Chithapura taluk & Kalaburagi District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Yadgir-2 micro-watershed among households surveyed 10 (28.57%) were marginal, 13 (37.14%) were small, 5 (14.29 %) were semi medium and 2 (5.71 %) were medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 94 (58.39%) men and 66 (40.99 %) were women. The average population of landless was 5.2, marginal farmers were 3.4, small farmers were 5, semi medium farmers were 4.8 and medium farmers were 6.  Majority of the respondents (43.48%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 47.83 per cent illiterates, 0.62 percent were functional literates, 48.45 per cent pre university education and 4.35 per cent attained graduation.  About, 65.71 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 28.57 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 42.24 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 77.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.86 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 65.71 per cent possess TV, 62.86 per cent possess mixer grinder, 97.14 per cent possess mobile phones and 17.14 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 37.14 per cent of the households possess plough, 25.71 per cent possess bullock cart and 11.43 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 5.71 per cent possess local cow and 2.86 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.54, women available in the micro watershed was 1.26, hired labour (men) available was 8.03 and hired labour (women) available was 7.43  Further, 14.29 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. 2  In the study area, about 1.86 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 2040.00 kms for about 7.00 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 100.00 per cent (48.30 ha) of the area is under dry condition.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Jowar and cropping intensity was recorded as 98.13 per cent.  Out of the sample households 82.86 percent possessed bank account and 40.00 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 45.71 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 6.25 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 43.75 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 87.50 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations, while, only 12.50 per cent respondents opined that loan amount was adequate to fulfil their requirement.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram and Jowar was Rs.19867.45 and 17752.28 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.30 and 1: 2.00 respectively.  Further, 22.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 57361.43 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 36361.43 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 12 horticulture trees and 66 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1800.00 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 45.71 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 85.71 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 28.57 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (45.71%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 85.71 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Firewood was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 45.71 per cent of the households and 54.29 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households. 3  In the study area, 45.71 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (100.00%) and oilseeds (48.57%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by (88.57 %) per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (85.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (85.71%), inadequacy of irrigation water (85.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (85.71%), high rate of interest on credit (85.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (85.71 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (88.57%), inadequate extension services (88.57 %) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (80.00%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Warakanahalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 601 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 519 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 57 ha by rock outcrops and 34 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 6 per cent area are very shallow to shallow (150 cm).  About 11 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy, 53 per cent area in loamy and 22 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Maximum of 84 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 62 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 9 per cent area very low (0.75%) in 39 per cent area.  Entire area in the microwatershed is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 45 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium and 40 per cent is low (20 ppm) in 74 per cent.  About 60 per cent area is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 15 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 139(23) 326(54) Guava - 56(9) Maize 48(8) 417(69) Sapota - 57(9) Bajra 48(8) 417(69) Pomegranate - 148(25) Groundnut - 133(22) Musambi 91(15) 57(9) Sunflower 91(15) 57(9) Lime 91(15) 57(9) Redgram - 148(25) Amla 64(11) 400(67) Bengal gram 91(15) 374(62) Cashew - 56(9) Cotton 91(15) 373(62) Jackfruit - 57(9) Chilli - 465(77) Jamun - 91(15) Tomato 48(8) 409(68) Custard apple 148(25) 317(53) Brinjal 56(9) 408(68) Tamarind - 91(15) Onion 111(18) 346(57) Mulberry - 57(9) Bhendi 27(5) 437(73) Marigold - 465(77) Drumstick - 148(25) Chrysanthemum - 465(77) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Warakanahalli is located at North latitude 160 45' 53.967" and 160 44' 0.81" and East longitude 770 12' 14.918'' and 770 10' 13.801" covering an area of about 610.05 ha coming unde Varkanahalli, Kuyyalura, Yadhagiri. B and Mundragi villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Warakanahalli micro watersheds of Haligeri subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 36 farmers were sampled in Warakanahalli micro-watershed among households surveyed 16 (44.44%) were marginal, 9 (25.00%) were small, 6 (16.67 %) were semi medium and 4 (11.11 %) were medium farmers. 1 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 103 (62.42%) men and 62 (37.58 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3, marginal farmers were 4.3, small farmers were 4.6, semi medium farmers were 5 and medium farmers were 5.  Majority of the respondents (46.67%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 46.67 per cent illiterates, 51.51 per cent pre university education and 6.06 per cent attained graduation.  About, 86.11 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 5.56 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 62.42 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 63.89 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 11.11 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 55.56 per cent possess TV, 22.22 per cent possess mixer grinder, 97.22 per cent possess mobile phones and 25.00 per cent possess motor cycles. Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 27.78 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.78 per cent possess tractor, 13.89 per cent possess bullock cart and 11.11 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 25.00 per cent possess local cow and 11.11 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2, women available in the micro watershed was 1.23, hired labour (men) available was 7.71 and hired labour (women) available was 12.4.  Further, 25.00 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 77.98 per cent (51.47 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 22.02 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 7.00 live bore wells and 4.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 19.44 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Paddy, Green gram, Groundnut and Cotton and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent. 2  Out of the sample households 86.11 percent possessed bank account and 25.00 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 83.33 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources. Among the credit borrowed by households, 33.33 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 100.00 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank. Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Paddy, Green gram, Groundnut and Cotton was Rs.53740.93, 87333.51, 25946.85, 56592.53 and 42850.08 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.90, 1: 0.80, 1: 1.40, 1: 1.30 and 1:2.20 respectively.  Further, 27.78 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 19.44 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 162731.94 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 97322.22 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 4 horticulture trees and 25 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards. About 5.56 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 2402.78 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 16.67 per cent depends on own funds and 5.56 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 77.78 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 27.78 per cent have sold in regulated markets. Further, 52.78 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (80.56%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 94.44 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 77.78 per cent of the households and 16.67 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 88.89 per cent of the households. Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households. 72.22 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.22 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (97.22%), pulses (91.67%) and oilseeds (61.11%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (88.89%) wild animal menace on farm field (66.67%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (80.56%), inadequacy of irrigation water (80.56%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (91.67%), high rate of interest on credit (86.11%), low price for the agricultural commodities (88.89%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (80.56%), inadequate extension services (33.33%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (77.78%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Belagunda-3 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 485 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 415 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 71 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 5 soil phases (management units) and 2 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 19 per cent area are deep (100 - 150 cm) and 67 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are very deep (>150 cm).  About 5 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy and 80 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Entire area of the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity and 5 per cent area medium (101-150 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Maximum of 50 per cent area in the microwatershed is nearly level (0-1%) and 35 per cent area is very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 69 per cent in the microwatershed is slightly (e1) eroded and 17 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded lands.  An area of about 23 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4), 58 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4- 9.0) and 4 per cent is very strongly alkaline (pH > 9.0) in reaction  The electrical conductivity is non saline (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus, 28 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 31per area is low (337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  About 1.0 ppm).  About 28 per cent area is deficient (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in all the soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 269(55) Guava 25(5) - Maize 25(5) 244(50) Sapota 25(5) - Bajra 25(5) 244(50) Pomegranate 25(5) - Groundnut 25(5) 244(50) Musambi 25(5) - Sunflower - 25(5) Lime 25(5) - Redgram - 269(55) Amla 25(5) - Bengal gram - - Cashew - 25(5) Cotton - - Jackfruit 25(5) - Chilli 25(5) - Jamun 25(5) - Tomato 25(5) - Custard apple 25(5) - Brinjal 25(5) - Tamarind 25(5) - Onion 25(5) - Mulberry 25(5) - Bhendi 25(5) - Marigold 25(5) - Drumstick 25(5) - Chrysanthemum 25(5) - Mango 25(5) -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Belagunda-3 is located at North latitude 160 34' 11.759" and 160 32'43.028" and East longitude 770 12' 8.355'' and 770 10' 11.177" covering an area of about 474.74 ha coming under under Anura. B and Belagundi villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Belagunda-3 micro watersheds of Belagunda subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Belagunda-3 micro-watershed among households surveyed 8 (22.86%) were marginal, 19(54.29%) were small, 3 (8.57 %) were semi medium and 2 (5.71 %) were medium farmers. 3 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 91 (54.49%) men and 76 (45.51 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4.3, marginal farmers were 5.4, small farmers were 4.5, semi medium farmers were 6 and medium farmers were 3.5.  Majority of the respondents (44.31%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 53.29 per cent illiterates, 42.52 per cent pre university education and 4.79 per cent attained graduation.  About, 88.57 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 5.71 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 64.67 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 82.86 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 5.71 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 77.14 per cent possess TV, 40.00 per cent possess mixer grinder, 94.29 per cent possess mobile phones and 31.43 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 25.71 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent possess tractor, 2.86 per cent possess bullock cart and 5.71 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 14.29 per cent possess local cow and 2.86 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.85, women available in the micro watershed was 1.18, hired labour (men) available was 13.09 and hired labour (women) available was 9.71. 2  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 71.75 per cent (43.07 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 22.97 per cent area is irrigated land.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Groundnut, Jowar, Paddy and Maize and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 85.71 percent possessed bank account and 54.29 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 100.00 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 55.00 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 15.00 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Groundnut, Jowar, Paddy and Maize was Rs.29784.68, 37139.36, 37139.36, 36528.36 and 22730.15 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.70, 1: 1.00, 1: 1.00, 1: 0.70 and 1:1.40 respectively.  Further, 25.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 97142.86 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 50114.29 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 1 horticulture trees and 51 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 2628.57 for land development and Rs. 16428.57 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 2.86 per cent depends on own funds for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 91.43 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 91.43 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (28.57%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 94.29 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 65.71 per cent of the households and 37.14 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.14 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 51.43 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. 3  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (97.14%) and oilseeds (40.00%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (97.14%) wild animal menace on farm field (91.43%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (91.43%), inadequacy of irrigation water (80.00%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (91.43%), high rate of interest on credit (91.43%), low price for the agricultural commodities (60.00%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (60.00%), inadequate extension services (54.29%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (60.00%) and Less rainfall (2.86%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Tumkur-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 794 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 712 ha (90%) ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 82 ha (10%) by others (Habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 10 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area of about 90 per cent is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed.  About 78 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100- >150 cm), whereas 3 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) and about 8 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm) and 1 per cent soils are shallow (25-50 cm) in the microwatershed.  About 4 percent soils are sandy, 20 percent soils are loamy and 65 per cent is clayey soils at the surface.  An area of about 77 per cent is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity. About 3 per cent area of the microwatershed is medium (101-150 mm/m) and about 9 per cent soils are low (51-100 mm/m) and very low (0.75%), about 19 percent is medium (0.50-0.75%) and 5 per cent is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 24 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 66 per cent is high in available potassium (>337 kg/ha) in the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is high (>20 ppm) in an area of about 79 per cent, about 4 per cent is medium (10-20 ppm) and about 7 per cent is low (1.0 ppm) in about 20 per cent soils.  Available iron content is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in an area of about 83 per cent and 7 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 22(3) 681(86) Guava - 27(3) Maize 27(3) 677(85) Sapota - 27(3) Bajra 27(3) 677(85) Pomegranate - 107(13) Groundnut 5(<1) 82(11) Musambi - 107(13) Sunflower - 107(13) Lime - 107(13) Redgram - 643(81) Amla 27(3) 60(8) Bengal gram <1(<1) 514(65) Cashew - - Cotton - 102(13) Jackfruit - 27(3) Chilli 27(3) 140(18) Jamun - - Tomato 27(3) 60(8) Custard apple 5(<1) 162(20) Brinjal 27(3) 60(8) Tamarind - - Onion 27(3) 60(8) Mulberry - 27(3) Bhendi 27(3) 140(18) Marigold 27(3) 140(18) Drumstick - 27(3) Chrysanthemum 27(3) 140(18) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Tumkur-2 is located at North latitude 160 46' 49.019" and 160 44' 40.265" and East longitude 770 5' 41.723" and 770 3' 33.478" covering an area of about 792.08 ha coming under Thumakura and Yadhagiri B villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Tumkur-2 micro watersheds of Yadgir sub-watershed, Yadgir taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Tumkur-2 micro-watershed among households surveyed 14 (40.00%) were marginal, 7 (20.00%) were small, 6 (17.14 %) were semi medium, 2 (5.71 %) were medium and 1(3%) were large farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 86 (55.13%) men and 70 (44.87 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4.20, marginal farmers were 4.57, small farmers were 4.29, semi medium farmers were 4.50 and medium farmers were 5.0.  Majority of the respondents (51.28%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 46.79 per cent illiterates, 58.98 per cent pre university education and 3.21 per cent attained graduation.  About, 80.00 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 5.71 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 58.33 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 68.57 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 31.43 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 97.14 per cent possess TV, 37.14 per cent possess mixer grinder, 100.00 per cent possess mobile phones and 48.57 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 14.29 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent possess tractor, 8.57 per cent possess bullock cart and 2.86 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 2.86 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.77, women available in the micro watershed was 1.17, hired labour (men) available was 11.27 and hired labour (women) available was 10.83. 2  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 63.02 per cent (45.63 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 35.21 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 7.00 live bore wells and 1 canal among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 20.00 per cent of the households and Canal for 2.86 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Paddy, Redgram, Cotton, Greengram and cropping intensity was recorded as 112.42 per cent.  Out of the sample households 57.14 percent possessed bank account.  About 57.14 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Paddy, Redgram, Cotton, Greengram and Sorghum was Rs.47573.96, 42384.62, 37025.76, 15523.69 and 36524.17 with benefit cost ratio of 1:2.20, 1: 1.50, 1: 0.00, 1: 3.89 and 1:2.80 respectively.  Further, 31.43 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 157714.29 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 100600.00 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 6 horticulture trees and 61 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 5371.43 for land development and Rs. 142.86 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 5.71 per cent depends on own funds and 37.14 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 85.71 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 2.86 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 77.14 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (82.86%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 85.71 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 68.57 per cent of the households and 42.86 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 102.86 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 102.86 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 57.14 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. 3  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (102.86%), pulses (97.14%) and oilseeds (28.57%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (88.57%) wild animal menace on farm field (88.57%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (88.57%), inadequacy of irrigation water (42.86%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (85.71%), high rate of interest on credit (77.14%), low price for the agricultural commodities (82.86%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (82.86%), inadequate extension services (11.43%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (25.71%) and Less rainfall (2.86%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hosahalli-2Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 632 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 539 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 4 ha area is covered by railway line, 50 ha area is under rock outcrops and 39 ha area is covered by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 7 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 539 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 150 cm).  About 20 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 66 per cent 11clayey soils at the surface.  Entire area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 2 per cent area is medium (101-150 mm/m) and 0.75%), 14 per cent area is medium (0.5-0.75%) and 50 per cent area is low (57 kg/ha) and 23 per cent of area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in an area of 19 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1 ppm) in an area of 2 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in an area of 16 per cent and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in an area of 69 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in an area of 57 per cent and sufficient in an area of 28 per cent of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 11 (2) 501 (79) Guava - 11 (2) Maize 11 (2) 501 (79) Sapota - 11 (2) Bajra 11 (2) 501 (79) Pomegranate - 11 (2) Groundnut 11 (2) - Musambi - 11 (2) Sunflower - 11 (2) Lime - 11 (2) Redgram - 512 (81) Amla 11 (2) - Bengal gram - 386 (61) Cashew - - Cotton - 11 (2) Jackfruit - 11 (2) Chilli 11 (2) - Jamun - - Tomato 11 (2) - Custard apple - 11 (2) Brinjal 11 (2) - Tamarind - - Onion 11 (2) - Mulberry - 11 (2) Bhendi 11 (2) - Marigold 11 (2) - Drumstick - 11 (2) Chrysanthemum 11 (2) - Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Hosahalli-2 is located at North latitude 160 44' 48.193" and 160 42' 48.205" and East longitude 770 10' 30.469'' and 770 7' 58.761" covering an area of about 628.64 ha coming under Kuyyalura, Majara hosalli and Yadhagiri. B Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 36 respondents, - 19 (52.78%) were marginal, 9(25.00%) were small and 3 (8.33%) were semi medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 96 (57.83%) men and 69 (41.57%) were women.  Majority of the respondents (39.76%) were in the age group of 35-60 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 62.05 per cent illiterates, 0.60 per cent were functional literates and only 0.60 per cent attained graduation.  About, 91.67 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 5.56 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 56.02 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 61.11 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 22.22 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 88.89 per cent possess TV, 22.22 per cent possess mixer grinder and 88.89 per cent possess mobile phones.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 16.67 per cent of the households possess plough and only 2.78 per cent sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 30.56 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.53, women available in the micro watershed was 1.36, hired labour (men) available was 7.25 and hired labour (women) available was 6.56.  Further, 5.56 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents (30.71 ha), 97.36 per cent of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 2.64 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 4.00 bore wells among the sampled households. Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 11.11 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Green gram, Jowar and Paddy and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent. 2  The sample households possessed 77.78 per cent bank account and 55.56 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 55.56 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 20.00 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks.  Majority of the respondents (100.00 %) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Green gram, Jowar and Paddy was Rs.144754.84 , 54527.26, 32898.82, 24745.49, and 144669.80 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.70, 1: 2.00, 1: 1.60, 1: 1.10, and 1:0.60 , respectively.  Further, 27.78 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 13.89 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 92732.78 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 45288.33 comes from agriculture.  The total number of horticultural trees grown (both field and backyard) by the sampled households were coconut (6), Mango (4) trees in the fields and forest species have planted 48 neem trees, 2 tamarind trees together in both field and backyard.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 17527.78 for land development and Rs. 4500.00 for creation of irrigation facility.  Source of funds raised from bank as a loan for land development was 11.11 per cent.  Regarding marketing channels, 58.33 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 30.56 per cent have sold by Agents/Traders. Further, 83.33 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (47.22 %) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 83.33 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Firewood connection was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 69.44 per cent of the households and 30.56 per cent households has LPG.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 88.89 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 50.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.22 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. Cereals (75.00%), pulses (75.00%), oilseeds (66.67%) were adequate for consumption. 3  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (77.78%) wild animal menace on farm field (61.11%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (72.22%), inadequacy of irrigation water (63.89%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (77.78%), high rate of interest on credit (77.78%), low price for the agricultural commodities (77.78%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (61.11%), inadequate extension services (41.67%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (75.00%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Yadgir Rs-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 484 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 444 ha (92%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 40 ha (8%) by others (Water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 2 soil series and 3 soil phases (management units) and 2 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area of about 92 per cent is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed.  Entire cultivated area of about 92 per cent in the microwatershed has deep to very deep (100- >150 cm), soils.  About 6 percent soils are loamy and 86 per cent is clayey soils at the surface.  An area of about 86 per cent is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire cultivated area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  Entire cultivated area is moderately (e2) eroded in the microwatershed.  An area of about 86 per cent soil are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 5 per cent soils are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4), soils.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is 0.75%) and about 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  Entire cultivated area is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is high (>20 ppm) in an area of about 92 per cent and about 1.0 ppm) in about 47 per cent soils.  Available iron content is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Entire cultivated area is sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in available zinc content in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 444(92) Guava - - Maize - 444(92) Sapota - - Bajra - 444(92) Pomegranate - - Groundnut - - Musambi - - Sunflower - - Lime - - Redgram - 444(92) Amla - - Bengal gram - 416(86) Cashew - - Cotton - - Jackfruit - - Chilli - - Jamun - - Tomato - - Custard apple - - Brinjal - - Tamarind - - Onion - - Mulberry - - Bhendi - - Marigold - - Drumstick - - Chrysanthemum - - Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Yadgir Rs-2 is located at North latitude 160 45' 52.281" and 160 44' 32.112" and East longitude 770 6' 51.306'' and 770 5' 11.616" covering an area of about 483.79 ha coming unde Yadhagiri. B Village of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Yadgir Rs-2 micro watersheds of Yadgiri subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Yadgir Rs-2 micro-watershed among households surveyed 11 (31.43%) were marginal, 12 (34.29%) were small, 5 (14.29 %) were semi medium, 2 (5.71 %) were medium and 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 79 (57.66%) men and 58 (42.34%) were women. The average population of landless was 2.4 marginal farmers were 4.5, small farmers were 3.9, semi medium farmers were 4.0 and medium farmers were 4.0.  Majority of the respondents (30.66%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 59.12 per cent illiterates, 43.07 per cent pre university education and 2.92 per cent attained graduation.  About, 97.14 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 5.71 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 24.82 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 17.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 74.29 per cent possess TV, 8.57 per cent possess mixer grinder, 65.71 per cent possess mobile phones and 5.71 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 8.57 per cent of the households possess plough, 11.43 per cent possess bullock cart and 2.86 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 5.71 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.6, women available in the micro watershed was 1.34, hired labour (men) available was 6.51 and hired labour (women) available was 7.2.  Further, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 71.31 per cent (36.58 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 28.69 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  There were 5.00 live bore wells and 4.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 14.29 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Sorghum, Green gram, Groundnut and Cotton and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 85.71 percent possessed bank account and 85.71 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 85.71 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 16.67 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 3.33 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Sorghum, Green gram, Groundnut and Cotton was Rs.23235.06, 31324.97, 17064.98, 54836.77 and 75392.69 with benefit cost ratio of 1:2.02, 1: 1.08, 1: 3.50, 1: 2.20 and 1:2.10 respectively.  Further, 85.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 85828.57 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 64257.14 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 7 horticulture trees and 19 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Regarding marketing channels, 42.86 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 42.86 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 77.14 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (85.71%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 74.29 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100.00 per cent of the households and 2.86 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.14 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 97.14 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (94.29%), pulses (80.00%) and oilseeds (14.29%) are adequate for consumption. 3  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (88.57%) wild animal menace on farm field (68.57%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (28.57%), inadequacy of irrigation water (17.14%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (17.14%), high rate of interest on credit (14.29%), low price for the agricultural commodities (11.43%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (14.29%), inadequate extension services (25.71%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (54.29%) and Less rainfall (65.71%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (42.86%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Il disturbo post traumatico da stress (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD) è una condizione caratterizzata da un peculiare quadro psicopatologico, dovuto all'esposizione diretta o indiretta ad un evento traumatico di gravità oggettiva estrema, che supera le normali capacità di adattamento come ad esempio, attacchi terroristici, guerre, catastrofi naturali, gravi malattie, episodi di violenza sessuale o fisica, morte violenta e inaspettata di una persona cara. Contraddistinta da un decorso tendenzialmente cronico con scarsa risposta ai trattamenti farmacologici e un considerevole peggioramento della qualità della vita. (APA, 2013) Nel corso del tempo sono state effettuate numerose indagini sul PTSD per individuarne le eventuali basi neurobiologiche, le caratteristiche cliniche, le comorbidità e i potenziali fattori di rischio. Tra questi ultimi, i principali sono stati identificati nella gravità e tipologia dell'evento traumatico, nel sesso, età, condizioni di povertà e indigenza, professione lavorativa svolta e infine nell'anamnesi positiva per disturbi psichiatrici. Nonostante la storia del trauma psichico sia molto antica, al punto che la descrizione di quadri clinici, assimilabili alla moderna denominazione di Disturbo Post-Traumatico da Stress (PTSD), possa essere già individuata nella letteratura del passato, soltanto nella terza edizione del DSM del 1980 (APA,1908), in seguito agli effetti catastrofici provocati dalla guerra del Vietnam, compare nella nosografia psichiatrica moderna. La novità sostanziale introdotta dai curatori del DSM-III, fu quella di voler consolidare l'idea di una patologia psichica in cui l'agente eziologico si trova al di fuori dell'individuo e corrisponde all'evento traumatico, piuttosto che una debolezza individuale intrinseca (cioè una nevrosi traumatica). Inizialmente, gli studi sul PTSD si incentrarono sui conflitti militari, tuttavia, nel corso del tempo, rientrarono in questa definizione anche le catastrofi naturali e un'ampia serie di esperienze quotidiane sperimentate dalla popolazione civile, come incidenti automobilistici, esplosioni di fabbriche, vittime di stupro, rapine, violenze e ritenute traumi psichici. In seguito, alcuni autori, sono riusciti ad evidenziare come un gran numero di persone, nonostante fossero state esposte ad un evento traumatico qualificante, non riuscivano a soddisfare i criteri sintomatologici proposti dal DSM e quindi non sviluppavano un quadro di PTSD completo. Per questo motivo è nata una collaborazione internazionale di ricerca che ha coinvolto la clinica Psichiatrica dell'Università degli Studi di Pisa e altri ricercatori di Università Americane, permettendo lo sviluppo di un nuovo modello di approccio clinico al PTSD: lo Spettro Post Traumatico da Stress o Trauma and Loss Spectrum (TALS). Il Trauma and Loss Spectrum (TALS) è stato sviluppato nell'ambito dello spectrum project e si basa su un approccio dimensionale alla psicopatologia che considera clinicamente rilevanti non solo le manifestazioni conclamate di PTSD ma anche i sintomi atipici e sotto soglia, talora espressione di tratti stabili comportamentali associati a costrutti diagnostici. Il TALS prevede sia l'intervista clinica strutturata, la Structured Clinical Interview for Trauma and Loss Spectrum (SCI-TALS), sia il relativo questionario, il Trauma and Loss Spectrum – Self Report (TALS-SR). Entrambi gli strumenti sono costituiti da 116 voci con risposta dicotomica (sì/no), raccolti in 9 domini che indagano, nell'arco della vita, la presenza di sintomi di spettro riconducibili ad una serie di eventi potenzialmente traumatici e/o di perdita e inoltre analizzano le caratteristiche individuali e/o i fattori di rischio per lo sviluppo del disturbo e di comportamenti maladattativi che potrebbero essere messi in atto dai soggetti. Nel 2013 è avvenuta la pubblicazione della quinta edizione del Manuale Diagnostico e Statistico dei Disturbi Mentali (DSM-5), che ha apportato una serie di revisioni ai criteri sintomatologici del Disturbo Post Traumatico da Stress, con importanti implicazioni sia concettuali sia cliniche. Il PTSD (APA, 2013) non è più classificato come Disturbo d'Ansia ma è stato incluso in una nuova categoria, ovvero i Disturbi correlati al Trauma e ad Eventi Stressanti - Trauma and Stress Related Disorders – dove il requisito fondamentale per fare diagnosi è rappresentato dall'esposizione all'evento stressante. In questa categoria diagnostica sono stati inclusi altri disturbi come il disturbo dell'adattamento, il disturbo reattivo dell'attaccamento, il disturbo disinibito dell'attaccamento, il disturbo acuto da stress e infine i disturbi correlati a trauma ed eventi stressanti non altrimenti specificati. Per fare diagnosi di PTSD è necessaria la presenza del Criterio A, riguardante l'esposizione al trauma, di quattro criteri sintomatologici (Criterio B, C, D, E), oltre alla durata (Criterio F) e alla compromissione significativa del funzionamento in ambito sociale, lavorativo o in altre aree importanti (Criterio G e H). Sebbene oggigiorno la definizione di trauma nel PTSD comprenda numerosi eventi come le catastrofi naturali e un'ampia serie di esperienze quotidiane traumatiche, nel passato è stato determinante il contesto militare, che ha permesso di studiare, classificare e analizzare a fondo i quadri psicopatologici evidenziati sui soldati. Infatti, in ambito psichiatrico, la Prima Guerra mondiale (1915-1918), ha rappresentato un'importante opportunità nel rilevare l'esistenza di una strana malattia, la nevrosi traumatica o da guerra, di fronte alla quale la psichiatria italiana iniziò a vacillare tra il vecchio e il nuovo. Il vecchio, era rappresentato dall'idea che la malattia mentale fosse determinata da una predisposizione ereditaria; il nuovo, indirizzava ad ammettere, seppur con fatica, che la possibilità del disturbo mentale potesse avere un'origine psichica, di natura emozionale. Sia per la durata sia per la violenza del conflitto, la psichiatria fu obbligata a far fronte ad un'enorme massa di malati mentali provenienti proprio dalle trincee del fronte, massa che necessitava di diagnosi e possibili cure, ancora sconosciute alla medicina di allora. La maggior parte del personale sanitario si trasferì in trincea, e nei manicomi rimasero pochi psichiatri e infermieri che dovettero far fronte al notevole aumento dei ricoveri di soldati, in particolar modo avvenuti successivamente alle vicende del 24 ottobre 1917 – battaglia di Caporetto. Lo scopo di questo studio è quello di investigare la correlazione tra le diagnosi e le caratteristiche sociodemografiche di una popolazione trattata fuori dal manicomio, ovvero in un reparto dell'ospedale universitario pisano del secolo scorso e di provare a fornire materiali utili per ricostruire una storiografia complessa e multifattoriale. L'obiettivo secondario è quello di provare a delineare la logica medica di gestione e dimissione dei ricoverati civili e militari, durante la Prima Guerra Mondiale. I dati analizzati nei registri clinici dal 1907 al 1918 hanno fornito un'immagine della pratica clinica psichiatrica di Pisa estremamente intrecciata con il contesto istituzionale di questa specifica area geografica. La Clinica pisana ha cercato, nel tempo, di neutralizzare i problemi sociali e legali legati alle malattie mentali, salvaguardando sia i pazienti, sia la società durante le fasi più acute della malattia. Il ricovero dei soggetti, che principalmente giungevano dalle aree rurali della provincia di Pisa, risultava essere piuttosto breve e molto spesso mirava ad identificare un membro della famiglia che si assumesse la responsabilità legale del paziente, allo scopo di evitare il confinamento in un manicomio; infatti attraverso questa modalità di gestione del malato, nettamente a sfavore della istituzionalizzazione, è possibile rilevare come la Clinica anticipi l'attuale condotta direzionale della psichiatria territoriale. Tuttavia, nel periodo di sovraffollamento manicomiale, va considerata la sua importante funzione di "filtro" che permetteva il trasferimento di pazienti più cronici presso il Frenocomio di Volterra. Sebbene la cura psichiatrica nella Clinica Pisana, era spesso orientata al trattamento dei disturbi acuti, analizzando i dati dal 1907 al 1918, è stato possibile individuare il razionale decisionale che spingeva a scegliere il trasferimento manicomiale piuttosto che la dimissione in prova. Al riguardo, solamente in alcuni casi, riferiti a pazienti privi di supporto famigliare o con disabilità cognitive (sia senili, congenite o acquisite) invasive e croniche, si optava per il trasferimento in manicomio. Ciò tracciava la realtà di come, nei primi anni del XX secolo, l'affollamento manicomiale fosse rappresentato da pazienti affetti da patologie, che oggi (e in parte anche allora), si potrebbero definire più neurologiche che non psichiatriche. Infatti, come sopra accennato, la tendenza della Clinica di Pisa, nei primi del Novecento, era quella di dimettere il paziente, valutando non solo la diagnosi clinica ma anche le contingenze individuali (demografiche e epidemiologiche) che al tempo stesso, consentivano un buon margine per le eccezioni. In conclusione, la Clinica sceglieva il trasferimento manicomiale, attraverso una attenta valutazione dei fattori clinici e dei fattori sociali, ovvero dando importanza sia alla cronicità del quadro clinico del paziente sia all'isolamento sociale/famigliare (rilevato dalla mancanza di coniuge) piuttosto che alla pericolosità e dall'acuzie. Tuttavia, sempre dall'analisi dei registri clinici, durante la Prima Guerra Mondiale, si evidenzia una logica gestionale dei pazienti differente rispetto al periodo non bellico. Nelle fasi più intense del conflitto, la cura psichiatrica nella Clinica, nei confronti dei malati ricoverati aumentò, così come aumentarono i trasferimenti in manicomio. Tra i pazienti ricoverati, i civili venivano maggiormente trasferiti in manicomio rispetto ai soldati; tuttavia, anche se il campione di soldati ricoverati risulta essere poco significativo, è possibile ipotizzare che l'assenza di un riconoscimento nosografico della patologia causata dall' evento bellico potesse esser la causa di un'assenza di istituzionalizzazione e conseguentemente costringeva i militari a riprendere subito servizio dopo il congedo. Questo dato fa riflettere sulle motivazioni che hanno portato la psichiatria italiana e non, a dubitare dell'eziologia traumatica del disturbo. Sempre nello stesso periodo, i pazienti ricoverati risultarono essere più giovani, in prevalenza uomini e soprattutto la durata dei ricoveri risultò essere più breve. Così, all'aumento dei ricoveri, la Clinica pisana rispondeva riducendo la durata dell'ospedalizzazione, probabilmente da una parte cercava di evitare un conseguente sovraffollamento, dall'altra, nel corso della guerra la Clinica attraversò un periodo di crisi finanziaria che si rifletteva sulla capienza effettiva e sulla capacità di trattenere i pazienti; confermando così la linea l'aumento dei trasferimenti manicomiali e/o del licenziamento dei pazienti. In conclusione, la Grande guerra, sia per la durata, sia per la violenza del conflitto, ha sicuramente fornito l'opportunità, ai medici del tempo, di mostrare l'esistenza di una malattia, fino ad allora priva di etichetta diagnostica specifica. Le analisi dei registri clinici della Clinica Pisana hanno mostrato in maniera coerente con la realtà del tempo, uno spaccato delle difficoltà rilevate dalla psichiatria italiana nella gestione del trauma ad eziologia bellica, dovute principalmente al mancato sviluppo della psichiatria dinamica nel territorio nazionale e alla visione organicistica lombrosiana del disturbo. È oltremodo importante riflettere su come fosse comprensibile, leggere questo disturbo come sabotaggio o scambiarlo per fenomeno che si manifestava in militari che non riuscivano a controllare i propri contenuti psichici. Prima di poter essere considerato in ambito psichiatrico, il concetto di trauma bellico subirà un processo di psicologizzazione lungo e complesso; sarà infatti necessario aspettare gli effetti devastanti della guerra del Vietnam, per permettere lo sviluppo di una nuova diagnosi e per riconoscere la patologia manifestata come Disturbo Post-Traumatico da Stress – PTSD.

Introduction. Nowadays TNCs undoubtedly determine the dynamics and main trends of the world economy as a whole, control its main trends and technological level and to a large extent determine the rules of the game. On the other hand, TNCs can not fail to take into account the realities and trends that are formed in society, and are forced to adapt to them in their activities. One of the main such realities is the concept of sustainable development, analysis of the impact of which on the activities of TNCs will be devoted to this article.Obviously, neither the concept of exogenous nor the concept of endogenous economic growth does not fully take into account the environmental factors and challenges faced by modern society. In addition, none of the above-mentioned models of economic growth did not pay sufficient attention to social factors and stability issues. Therefore, the emergence of a new, ecological and economic model of growth, which would combine the achievements of natural and social sciences.Analysis of used sources. In the world economic science, TNC's were researched by such scholars as S. Agarval, P. Backley, D. Bennett, G. Vaenrich, R. Vernon, S. Gaimer, J. F. Gennart, C. Gill, C. Hofer, J. Danning, D. Datta, M. Casson, R. Kewz, C.D.D., J.L., T. Moran, T. Ozava, K. Omae, H. Pitilis, M. Porter, P. Rana, R. Reich, S. Rolf, J. Rotheb, F. Rout, M. and S. Tolchin, F. Trompenaars, A. Shapiro, K. Sharp; in Ukrainian science, certain aspects of TNC's activity were studied by O. Bilorus, O. Budkin, V. Butkevich, I. Gladiy, B. Gubsky, V. Dikan, V. Kisil, V. Melnyk, A. Moky, Y. Pakhomov, K. Panchenko, A. Pekhnyk, J. Poplavskaya, O. Rogach, A. Semenov, K. Semenov, S. Sokolenko, A. Filipenko, O. Shnirkov and others. At the same time, despite the large number of researches on TNCs, some aspects of TNCs' activity in the modern international business remain insufficiently elucidated and require further analysis.The purpose of the article. To conduct the theoretical aspects and practical recommendations of regulation of TNC activities according to the concept of sustainable development.Presentation of the main material. Obviously, neither the concept of exogenous nor the concept of endogenous economic growth does not fully take into account the environmental factors and challenges faced by modern society. In addition, none of the above-mentioned models of economic growth did not pay sufficient attention to social factors and stability issues. Therefore, the emergence of the emergence of a new, ecological and economic model of growth, which would combine the achievements of natural and social sciences.Such a concept was the model of sustainable development, formulated in the late 80's and approved in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, as well as approved in the Declaration on Environment and Development "Agenda for the 21st Century"The next stage in the development of this concept was the International Conference on Financing for Development (International Conference on Financing for Development), held March 18-22, 2002 in Monterey (Mexico), where the heads of the participating countries adopted a coordinated decision on the use of tax levers, investments in economic and social infrastructure, the development of capital markets through banking systems, balanced fiscal and monetary policies, the reduction of the impact of inflation, the promotion of high standards of economic growth, full employment, the eradication of poverty and price stability. These ideas were further developed in the framework of the World Summit on Sustainable Development from 26 August to 4 September 2002, which allowed setting goals and timelines for a wide range of issues, in particular, setting target targets with the provision of sanitation, the use and production of chemical products. As a result of the summit, more than 200 partnerships were announced in various areas of sustainable development in all regions, for which significant funding was allocated. The Johannesburg Implementation Plan and the Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development were adopted within the framework of the Summit.In addition, the extremely important element of the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg was that international commitments were complemented by a series of voluntary partnership initiatives on sustainable development.The decision of the above-mentioned international meetings allowed us to proceed to the practical implementation of the decisions taken, which, in our time, with the corresponding periodic adjustment, is conducted under the guidance of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development.According to the UN Commission on Sustainable Development, its goal is to meet the needs of modern society without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.Accordingly, 5 basic principles are based on the concept of sustainable development:1) Economic development can be sustained and sustainable in order to meet the needs of the present generation, while not undermining the ability of future generations to meet their needs.2) The restrictions that exist in the field of exploitation of natural resources are relative, they relate only to the constraints imposed by the current level of technology and social organization, as well as the ability of the biosphere to self-healing.3) It is necessary to satisfy the basic needs of all people and to provide everyone with an opportunity of high-quality life.4) It is necessary to reconcile the state of life of those who enjoy excessive benefits (monetary and material), with the ecological potential of the planet, in particular regarding the use of energy.5) The size and pace of population growth should be consistent with the productive potential of the changing global ecosystem. It should be noted that this does not mean a return to Malthusianism, but it certainly requires the bringing of technologies and economic development to the level of pressing problems of mankind.Subsequently, this concept was adopted as the basis for the coordination of environmental and economic policies by governments of many states and even regional integration associations. In particular, the leaders of the European Union at the EU summit held in Göteborg in June 2001 adopted a joint strategy for sustainable development. This was the definition of the very concept of sustainable development. According to the declaration of the heads of 15 European countries, "sustainable development is in such a way as to meet the needs of the present generation of people, which would not endanger future generations". Although the strategy itself was largely declarative (in particular, the EU Commissioner for the Environment, Margot Wallström, expressed regret that the leaders of the countries "did not concentrate enough on concrete actions"), yet the EU leaders outlined a series of measures who should help build a sustainable society.In Ukraine, the Concept of Sustainable Development was approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine in 1997. In addition, within the framework of the joint Ukrainian-American project "The Program for the Promotion of Sustainable Development in Ukraine", with the participation of many leading scientists of Ukraine, a "Concept of Sustainable Development of Ukraine" was developed. It defines sustainable development as "the process of building the state on the basis of harmonization and harmonization of social, economic and environmental components in order to meet the needs of present and future generations," in which "a balanced solution to socio-economic problems, the maintenance of a favorable state of the environment and natural resource potential in order to meet the vital needs of present and future generations ".At the same time, the authors of the concept especially emphasize that "the basis of sustainable development is the parity of relations in the triad" man - economy - nature. "Sustainable development combines the process of survival and reproduction of the nation's gene pool, the activation of the role of each individual in society, ensuring its rights and freedoms, preservation of the natural environment, formation of conditions for the restoration of the biosphere and its local ecosystems, orientation towards reducing the level of anthropogenic impact on the natural environment and harmonizing human development in nature. "It is also important to realize that "Ukraine can ensure the transition to sustainable development exclusively through the effective use of all kinds of resources, structural and technological modernization of production, using the creative potential of society for the building and prosperity of the state," and also that "the definition of ways to ensure sustainable the development of the state should be based on the formulation of strategic goals of state building taking into account the realities of the present, the trends of the world community, the place and role of Ukraine in Europe and in the world ".Obviously, the concept of sustainable development causes a significant, but in many respects, determinants of the impact on the whole system of modern international business. Accordingly, the development of a strategy for integration into a globalized economy is extremely important in taking into account the specifics and constraints imposed by the concept of sustainable development and the documents and criteria adopted on its basis. At the same time, the key weight takes into account the above mentioned peculiarities when regulating the activities of transnational corporations, which at the moment is definitely one of the most powerful factors in the integration of Ukraine into the system of world economic relations.There exists a fundamental possibility of harmonizing the impact of transnational corporations on the territory of Ukraine with the concept of sustainable development. The optimum for this is the use as an optimization criterion of the type of the most intensively used TNC resources and their expansion strategies applied to the relevant market.Conclusions. The analysis of the concept of sustainable development proposed by the UN and the "Concept of Sustainable Development of Ukraine" developed on its basis allows us to draw conclusions about the existence of a fundamental possibility of harmonizing the impact of transnational corporations on the territory of Ukraine with the concept of sustainable development.The optimum for this is the use as an optimization criterion of the type of the most intensively used TNC resources and their expansion strategies applied to the relevant market. ; Проведено аналіз, на основі якого обґрунтовано, що, з одного боку, ТНК безперечно визначають динаміку та основні тенденції розвитку світової економіки загалом, контролюють її основні тренди та технологічний рівень і значною мірою визначають правила гри. З іншого боку, у реаліях сучасного міжнародного бізнесу ТНК теж не можуть не враховувати реалії та тенденції, що складаються у суспільстві, і змушені підлаштовуватися під них у своїй діяльності. Однією з основних таких реалій є концепція сталого розвитку, аналізу впливу якої на діяльність ТНК і присвячено дану статтю.Показано, що, що ні концепція екзогенного, ні концепція ендогенного економічного зростання не враховують повною мірою екологічних чинників та викликів, що стоять перед сучасним суспільством. Крім того, жодна зі згаданих моделей економічного зростання не приділяла достатньої уваги соціальним чинникам та проблемам стабільності. Тому назріла потреба формування нової, еколого-економічної моделі зростання сучасних ТНК, що поєднала б у собі здобутки природничих та суспільних наук,і дозволила б задовольняти потреби сучасного суспільства, не ставлячи під загрозу здатність майбутніх поколінь задовольняти свої потреби.Визначено, що ключовим критерієм при виборі оптимальної моделі поведінки стосовно тієї чи іншої ТНК повинен бути тип ресурсів, який вона найбільше використовує у своїй діяльності. При цьому оптимізацію державної політики стосовно ТНК найдоцільніше визначати відповідно до стратегії експансії, яку вона використовує на українському ринку.

Проведено аналіз, на основі якого обґрунтовано, що, з одного боку, ТНК безперечно визначають динаміку та основні тенденції розвитку світової економіки загалом, контролюють її основні тренди та технологічний рівень і значною мірою визначають правила гри. З іншого боку, у реаліях сучасного міжнародного бізнесу ТНК теж не можуть не враховувати реалії та тенденції, що складаються у суспільстві, і змушені підлаштовуватися під них у своїй діяльності. Однією з основних таких реалій є концепція сталого розвитку, аналізу впливу якої на діяльність ТНК і присвячено дану статтю.Показано, що, що ні концепція екзогенного, ні концепція ендогенного економічного зростання не враховують повною мірою екологічних чинників та викликів, що стоять перед сучасним суспільством. Крім того, жодна зі згаданих моделей економічного зростання не приділяла достатньої уваги соціальним чинникам та проблемам стабільності. Тому назріла потреба формування нової, еколого-економічної моделі зростання сучасних ТНК, що поєднала б у собі здобутки природничих та суспільних наук,і дозволила б задовольняти потреби сучасного суспільства, не ставлячи під загрозу здатність майбутніх поколінь задовольняти свої потреби.Визначено, що ключовим критерієм при виборі оптимальної моделі поведінки стосовно тієї чи іншої ТНК повинен бути тип ресурсів, який вона найбільше використовує у своїй діяльності. При цьому оптимізацію державної політики стосовно ТНК найдоцільніше визначати відповідно до стратегії експансії, яку вона використовує на українському ринку. ; Introduction. Nowadays TNCs undoubtedly determine the dynamics and main trends of the world economy as a whole, control its main trends and technological level and to a large extent determine the rules of the game. On the other hand, TNCs can not fail to take into account the realities and trends that are formed in society, and are forced to adapt to them in their activities. One of the main such realities is the concept of sustainable development, analysis of the impact of which on the activities of TNCs will be devoted to this article.Obviously, neither the concept of exogenous nor the concept of endogenous economic growth does not fully take into account the environmental factors and challenges faced by modern society. In addition, none of the above-mentioned models of economic growth did not pay sufficient attention to social factors and stability issues. Therefore, the emergence of a new, ecological and economic model of growth, which would combine the achievements of natural and social sciences.Analysis of used sources. In the world economic science, TNC's were researched by such scholars as S. Agarval, P. Backley, D. Bennett, G. Vaenrich, R. Vernon, S. Gaimer, J. F. Gennart, C. Gill, C. Hofer, J. Danning, D. Datta, M. Casson, R. Kewz, C.D.D., J.L., T. Moran, T. Ozava, K. Omae, H. Pitilis, M. Porter, P. Rana, R. Reich, S. Rolf, J. Rotheb, F. Rout, M. and S. Tolchin, F. Trompenaars, A. Shapiro, K. Sharp; in Ukrainian science, certain aspects of TNC's activity were studied by O. Bilorus, O. Budkin, V. Butkevich, I. Gladiy, B. Gubsky, V. Dikan, V. Kisil, V. Melnyk, A. Moky, Y. Pakhomov, K. Panchenko, A. Pekhnyk, J. Poplavskaya, O. Rogach, A. Semenov, K. Semenov, S. Sokolenko, A. Filipenko, O. Shnirkov and others. At the same time, despite the large number of researches on TNCs, some aspects of TNCs' activity in the modern international business remain insufficiently elucidated and require further analysis.The purpose of the article. To conduct the theoretical aspects and practical recommendations of regulation of TNC activities according to the concept of sustainable development.Presentation of the main material. Obviously, neither the concept of exogenous nor the concept of endogenous economic growth does not fully take into account the environmental factors and challenges faced by modern society. In addition, none of the above-mentioned models of economic growth did not pay sufficient attention to social factors and stability issues. Therefore, the emergence of the emergence of a new, ecological and economic model of growth, which would combine the achievements of natural and social sciences.Such a concept was the model of sustainable development, formulated in the late 80's and approved in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, as well as approved in the Declaration on Environment and Development "Agenda for the 21st Century"The next stage in the development of this concept was the International Conference on Financing for Development (International Conference on Financing for Development), held March 18-22, 2002 in Monterey (Mexico), where the heads of the participating countries adopted a coordinated decision on the use of tax levers, investments in economic and social infrastructure, the development of capital markets through banking systems, balanced fiscal and monetary policies, the reduction of the impact of inflation, the promotion of high standards of economic growth, full employment, the eradication of poverty and price stability. These ideas were further developed in the framework of the World Summit on Sustainable Development from 26 August to 4 September 2002, which allowed setting goals and timelines for a wide range of issues, in particular, setting target targets with the provision of sanitation, the use and production of chemical products. As a result of the summit, more than 200 partnerships were announced in various areas of sustainable development in all regions, for which significant funding was allocated. The Johannesburg Implementation Plan and the Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development were adopted within the framework of the Summit.In addition, the extremely important element of the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg was that international commitments were complemented by a series of voluntary partnership initiatives on sustainable development.The decision of the above-mentioned international meetings allowed us to proceed to the practical implementation of the decisions taken, which, in our time, with the corresponding periodic adjustment, is conducted under the guidance of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development.According to the UN Commission on Sustainable Development, its goal is to meet the needs of modern society without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.Accordingly, 5 basic principles are based on the concept of sustainable development:1) Economic development can be sustained and sustainable in order to meet the needs of the present generation, while not undermining the ability of future generations to meet their needs.2) The restrictions that exist in the field of exploitation of natural resources are relative, they relate only to the constraints imposed by the current level of technology and social organization, as well as the ability of the biosphere to self-healing.3) It is necessary to satisfy the basic needs of all people and to provide everyone with an opportunity of high-quality life.4) It is necessary to reconcile the state of life of those who enjoy excessive benefits (monetary and material), with the ecological potential of the planet, in particular regarding the use of energy.5) The size and pace of population growth should be consistent with the productive potential of the changing global ecosystem. It should be noted that this does not mean a return to Malthusianism, but it certainly requires the bringing of technologies and economic development to the level of pressing problems of mankind.Subsequently, this concept was adopted as the basis for the coordination of environmental and economic policies by governments of many states and even regional integration associations. In particular, the leaders of the European Union at the EU summit held in Göteborg in June 2001 adopted a joint strategy for sustainable development. This was the definition of the very concept of sustainable development. According to the declaration of the heads of 15 European countries, "sustainable development is in such a way as to meet the needs of the present generation of people, which would not endanger future generations". Although the strategy itself was largely declarative (in particular, the EU Commissioner for the Environment, Margot Wallström, expressed regret that the leaders of the countries "did not concentrate enough on concrete actions"), yet the EU leaders outlined a series of measures who should help build a sustainable society.In Ukraine, the Concept of Sustainable Development was approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine in 1997. In addition, within the framework of the joint Ukrainian-American project "The Program for the Promotion of Sustainable Development in Ukraine", with the participation of many leading scientists of Ukraine, a "Concept of Sustainable Development of Ukraine" was developed. It defines sustainable development as "the process of building the state on the basis of harmonization and harmonization of social, economic and environmental components in order to meet the needs of present and future generations," in which "a balanced solution to socio-economic problems, the maintenance of a favorable state of the environment and natural resource potential in order to meet the vital needs of present and future generations ".At the same time, the authors of the concept especially emphasize that "the basis of sustainable development is the parity of relations in the triad" man - economy - nature. "Sustainable development combines the process of survival and reproduction of the nation's gene pool, the activation of the role of each individual in society, ensuring its rights and freedoms, preservation of the natural environment, formation of conditions for the restoration of the biosphere and its local ecosystems, orientation towards reducing the level of anthropogenic impact on the natural environment and harmonizing human development in nature. "It is also important to realize that "Ukraine can ensure the transition to sustainable development exclusively through the effective use of all kinds of resources, structural and technological modernization of production, using the creative potential of society for the building and prosperity of the state," and also that "the definition of ways to ensure sustainable the development of the state should be based on the formulation of strategic goals of state building taking into account the realities of the present, the trends of the world community, the place and role of Ukraine in Europe and in the world ".Obviously, the concept of sustainable development causes a significant, but in many respects, determinants of the impact on the whole system of modern international business. Accordingly, the development of a strategy for integration into a globalized economy is extremely important in taking into account the specifics and constraints imposed by the concept of sustainable development and the documents and criteria adopted on its basis. At the same time, the key weight takes into account the above mentioned peculiarities when regulating the activities of transnational corporations, which at the moment is definitely one of the most powerful factors in the integration of Ukraine into the system of world economic relations.There exists a fundamental possibility of harmonizing the impact of transnational corporations on the territory of Ukraine with the concept of sustainable development. The optimum for this is the use as an optimization criterion of the type of the most intensively used TNC resources and their expansion strategies applied to the relevant market.Conclusions. The analysis of the concept of sustainable development proposed by the UN and the "Concept of Sustainable Development of Ukraine" developed on its basis allows us to draw conclusions about the existence of a fundamental possibility of harmonizing the impact of transnational corporations on the territory of Ukraine with the concept of sustainable development.The optimum for this is the use as an optimization criterion of the type of the most intensively used TNC resources and their expansion strategies applied to the relevant market.

Este Trabajo de Tesis Doctoral titulado "LA TUTELA JURÍDICA DEL MENOR EN NUESTRO ENTORNO" versa sobre el tratamiento penal de los menores es un tema que ha suscitado el interés de numerosos colectivos profesionales. Médicos, juristas, biólogos, psicólogos, sociólogos, criminólogos o educadores han trabajado y analizado el comportamiento del menor infractor y han contribuido a la evolución de su tratamiento tanto en el plano penal como en el educativo. Esta obra, se divide en siete capítulos. Uno primero de tono introductorio en el que analizamos su metodología y el estado de la cuestión sobre el Derecho penal de menores. A partir de este, se suceden otros cinco capítulos referidos al Derecho penal de menores de otros países, así como un capítulo final de conclusiones en el que se contiene la comparación entre todos y cada uno de ellos. En cuanto a la estructura de los capítulos segundo a sexto, en cada uno de ellos examinamos, en primer lugar, el sistema político correspondiente para, a continuación, analizar los elementos informadores del Derecho penal propio de cada uno de ellos. Ha de tenerse presente que la mayor parte de los Estados actuales, y especialmente los cinco que se analizan en este trabajo, participan de una serie de principios de orden político comunes que son los propios del Estado constitucional. Es por ello que, su Derecho penal es un Derecho penal liberal-constitucional caracterizado porque en sus constituciones se encuentran proclamados principios tales como el de legalidad, el de tipicidad, el de prohibición de analogía, el de prohibición de irretroactividad de la ley penal desfavorable, el de reserva de ley para la regulación de los delitos y de las penas, así como otros tantos que, si bien no se formulan expresamente en las normas constitucionales, se contienen en los diferentes Códigos penales: el principio de ultima ratio del Derecho penal, el de fragmentariedad, el de proporcionalidad de las penas… Principios informadores del Derecho penal liberal que encontramos explicitados en los cinco sistemas penales que estudiamos a continuación, salvo en el de Inglaterra y Gales, dadas las particularidades de su constitución consuetudinaria y, fundamentalmente, las singularidades de su sistema de «common law» basado en la costumbre y en el precedente judicial («case law»), los cuales han dificultado la plena consagración formal de estos principios, si bien, no su vigencia material. OBJETIVOS CIENTÍFICOS. 1. Conceptualizar el término delincuencia juvenil. 2. Describir las características de la delincuencia juvenil, así como, los factores que influyen ella y la fenomenología de la misma. 3. Realizar un perfil de la delincuencia juvenil. 4. Analizar los antecedentes históricos. 5. Estudiar la Ley Orgánica 5/2000, de 12 de enero. 6. Especificar el proceso de conciliación entre el autor y la víctima. 7. Distinguir los diferentes tipos de medidas cautelares. 8. Interpretar la doctrina del Tribunal Constitucional y del Tribunal Supremo respecto a la responsabilidad penal de los menores. 9. Comparar la legislación española de los menores con la de otros países. 10. Explicar los instrumentos universales de protección de los menores. ESTADO DE LA CUESTIÓN. El Derecho Penal se ha ido adaptando a lo largo de los siglos a la evolución del comportamiento de los jóvenes delincuentes y de la sociedad en general con el fin de mantener el orden público. Para determinadas categorías de delincuentes, como los menores, la respuesta social clásica, la pena, es insuficiente porque no permite la rehabilitación total del delincuente, puesto que es necesario acompañar esa respuesta de una serie de medidas educativas. Como bien apunta el Juez de Menores Emilio Calatayud: «No hay condena más dura para un menor delincuente que sacarse la ESO». En el ámbito de la justicia juvenil, los sistemas de derecho siguen dos modelos: el tradicional, según el cual, a partir de una cierta edad, se aplica una pena al menor de edad; y uno más reciente que da prioridad a las medidas de educación. El primero coincide con el postulado de la escuela clásica penalista que consideraba a los mayores de una determinada edad imputables a efectos penales, con la condición de que actuaran con discernimiento. Este criterio era excesivo y, aunque es el que imperaba en la mayoría de los códigos penales del Siglo XIX, fue muy criticado por parte de la doctrina penalista. Hemos considerado examinar en el presente trabajo el Derecho penal de menores de cinco ordenamientos jurídicos diferentes: el de España, el de Estados Unidos, el de Francia, el de Chile y, por último, el de Inglaterra y Gales, uno de los tres subsistemas jurídicos que componen el Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte. La elección de estos cinco sistemas penales estatales de menores responde a una serie de criterios que, por su parte, analizamos en el apartado de metodología, pues están relacionada su elección con el cumplimiento de los criterios necesarios para realizar una comparación válida de ordenamientos jurídicos. Examinados en cada ordenamiento jurídico tanto su sistema político como la influencia del mismo en su Derecho penal, vemos a continuación la legislación penal del respectivo país, es decir, el marco general de su Derecho penal. El análisis del sistema político, de los principios constitucionales en materia penal y del Derecho penal general de estos cinco Estados presenta, evidentemente, un carácter propedéutico e introductorio, que se justifica en la necesidad de conocer tales ordenamientos jurídicos a fin de mejor comprender y aprehender la esencia de los respectivos Derechos penales de menores. Por su parte, en el examen de cada uno de los sistemas de Derecho penal de menores ofrecemos una breve descripción de su evolución histórica en cada uno de los países seleccionados. A continuación, comprobaremos cómo las características específicas de los respectivos enfoques se pueden relacionar con la experiencia española. Asimismo, nos servimos de esta información para realizar una comparativa de los diferentes sistemas. Hemos de advertir que el Derecho penal de menores de estos Estados se encuentra notablemente influenciado por la vigencia del denominado Derecho penal internacional de menores, es decir, por las normas emanadas de organizaciones internacionales en esta materia, las cuales han terminado siendo incorporadas a los ordenamientos jurídicos internos de los distintos Estados. Se trata, tanto de normas elaboradas en el seno de organismos internaciones de ámbito universal (Organización de Naciones Unidas) como regional (Unión Europea, Organización de Estados Americanos) que, a través de su recepción en los correspondientes ordenamientos jurídicos, forman parte del Derecho interno de cada uno de esos Estados. Pues bien, estas normas, de significativa importancia para nuestro estudio, han sido examinadas no en capítulo separado, sino en su consideración de Derecho interno de los países estudiados. Por ello, estudiamos el Derecho penal de menores en el seno de las Naciones Unidas y en el seno de la Unión Europea al analizar el Derecho penal de menores de España; y, por su parte, examinamos el Derecho penal de menores de la Organización de Estados Americanos al hilo del Derecho penal de menores de Chile. Por último, esta tesis doctoral se cierra con un capítulo final de conclusiones en el que se recogen los resultados de la comparación en materia de Derecho penal de menores de los ordenamientos jurídicos analizados. La comparación que hemos realizado entre estos sistemas jurídicos se endereza, en todo caso, a extraer conclusiones no sólo de índole general, sin perjuicio de que puedan deducirse algunas especialmente aplicables al Derecho penal de menores español. La investigación que se presenta en este trabajo se integra en el ámbito de las Ciencias jurídicas, pertenecientes estas a las Ciencias sociales, en tanto nuestro objeto de estudio es un aspecto de la realidad social, la responsabilidad penal del menor infractor y las medidas que existen en el Derecho penal para dar respuesta a los actos delictivos cometidos por menores. Con este estudio pretendemos examinar las peculiaridades del Derecho penal de menores en España para compararlo con el Derecho penal de menores de una selección de países. Para la elaboración de esta tesis doctoral ha sido necesario diseñar una metodología y planificar el trabajo en una serie de etapas, las cuales son las siguientes: 1º) Una primera etapa de recogida de información. a) Para los trabajos históricos (evolución legislativa). b) Los estudios sobre aspectos sustantivos o procesales del Derecho penal de menores se han seleccionado a partir de la aprobación de la Ley Orgánica 5/2000, de 12 de enero, reguladora de la responsabilidad penal del menor. c) Este mismo esquema se ha seguido para la revisión bibliográfica de los Derechos extranjeros: búsqueda de los materiales normativas, así como fundamentalmente de las obras centradas en la legislación actualmente en vigor. Consecuentemente, los Derechos penales de menores que vamos a analizar y comparar en esta tesis son los de España, Francia, Reino Unido, Estados Unidos y Chile en atención a los siguientes criterios: ­ Son Estados plenamente democráticos con Derecho penal de corte liberal garantista. ­ Son Estados con tradiciones jurídicas diversas: Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido se inscriben dentro de la tradición anglosajona del «common law», mientras que Chile, España y Francia participan de la tradición jurídica romano-germánica Consecuentemente, la comparación entre las legislaciones penales de menores ha de tener presente que todos estos Estados participan de una concreta forma de Estado que, inevitablemente, repercute en la organización de su sistema político y en la estructuración de su correspondiente Derecho penal. Asimismo, dicha comparación no ha de desconocer en modo alguno que todos estos Estados han incorporado a sus ordenamientos jurídicos internos múltiples Tratados internacionales en materia de Derechos Humanos, entre los que destacan no sólo la Declaración Universal de Derechos del Hombre, sino la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño. Por último, la elaboración de esta tesis se cierra con una tercera fase explicativa en la que se analizan e interpretan los diferentes datos obtenidos, con el fin de establecer los elementos comunes y las diferencias entre los diferentes sistemas jurídicos que, básicamente, se recogen en el capítulo relacionado con las conclusiones. El Derecho penal de menores es una de las materias clásicas objeto de investigación doctrinal. Son muchas las disciplinas académicas que centran su estudio en la problemática de los menores infractores, desde la Criminología hasta la Victimología, pasando por la Sociología, la Psicología y la Ciencia Jurídica. El Derecho se ha de adaptar a la realidad social del tiempo en que se encuentre; de otro modo, el Derecho no tendría sentido alguno: no es un conjunto de normas ancladas en el tiempo, inmutables, obsoletas, sino que no cabe duda alguna de que las normas se reforman, se derogan, publicándose otras nuevas, y que la razón que subyace en este asunto es la adaptación del Derecho a la sociedad, sociedad que evoluciona en el tiempo y que necesita de un cuerpo legal que regule los distintos aspectos de su convivencia en los distintos momentos. La sociedad evoluciona en lo relativo a los modelos de convivencia y el legislador no puede ignorar estas necesidades. ; Derecho

Abstract ; The main intellectual and translation center in the Iberian Peninsula in the twelfth and thirteenth century, without a doubt, was the School of Toledo, or also called School of Translators of Toledo. Jourdain was one of the first to realize the importance of it, and he gave an account in the preliminary results of his research in 1819. Since then, references to the Toledo School, and, especially, disputes over its significance, existence and importance have not ceased, and so, there are no agreements on certain basic aspects, due above all to a mixture of intellectual, political, social and identity interests. Naturally, in this work I do not intend to solve these controversies, but only to offer some historical and semantic precisions regarding the meaning of the School of Toledo notion. So, first, I will contextualize the origin of the denomination School of Translators of Toledo; for this, I will analyze the germinal contributions of Jourdain and Rose; then, I will describe the reception of these notions in Renan and Menéndez Pelayo, and finally, I will offer some notes for the understanding of the notion of Toledo School, which will be focused on examining: (1) the importance of Toledo; (2) the existence of a formal school; and (3) the activity carried out in Toledo. ; Other ; {"references": ["Daniel de Morley (ca. 1175/1839). \u00abPrefatio ad librum de Naturis inferiorum et superiorum. Bib. Arundel. Mus. Brit. 377. Philosophia magistri Danielis de Merlai ad Iohannem Norwicensem episcopum\u00bb. En: Rara Mathematica; or, A Collection of Treatises on the Mathematics and Subjects Connected with Them, from ancient inedited manuscripts, editado por James Orchard Halliwell. Londres: J. 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Concept of semiotics by Theodor Adorno is comprehended in two main areas: the discovery of philosophical correlations and significance for the assessment of educational processes in modern Ukraine. The essential link of criticism of Adorno "half-education" with an understanding of goals and means of proper education is pointed out. Proper education is analyzed as effective education, which is countered by imitations of education, which appears as half-life. If secondary education is a substitute for education by its ersatzes in the form of numerous its reifications in a mass society, then half-life also appears as a substitute for effective action by accentuation on its means, which is imperceptibly, but invariably, substituting its goals. In the field of education, such half-dwellers are provided with educational services that are supposedly intended to ensure the unbreakable functioning of educational institutions, but in practice displaced from education its orientation towards the education of a person. Setting up education, constantly overcoming the existing and directing to positive as counter-faculty in the semester is replaced by the systematic implementation of the norms of consumption of educational services. In the field of legislative support of the educational sphere of Ukraine, there is a return to the definition of its tasks in terms of "educational services" and the reduction of educational tasks of the individual and the orientation of educational institutions to meet the educational needs of the learner. These negative changes became noticeable in comparison with the progressive Law of Ukraine "On Higher Education" in 2014 compared to the ambiguous Law of Ukraine "On Education" in 2017. The necessity of corresponding corrections of educational strategies, which should orient the person to effective education as the education of higher achievements rather than the fulfillment of norms, is grounded on the return of the elitist essence of education in opposition to its egalitarian character, which is taking place during the last decade. ; Концепт напівосвіти Теодора Адорно осмисле­но у двох основних площинах: виявлення філософ­ських кореляцій та значущості для оцінки освітніх процесів у сучасній Україні. Зазначено сутнісний зв'язок критики Адорно напівосвіти з осмисленням цілей і засобів здійснення належної освіти. Належна освіта проаналізована як освіта дієва, яка протистоїть імітаціям освіти, які постають як напівдії. Якщо на­півосвіта є заміною освіти її ерзацами у вигляді численних її реїфікацій у масо­вому суспільстві, то напівдія також постає як заміщення ефективної дії ак­центуацією на її засобах, які непомітно, але стійко заміщують її цілі. У сфері освіти такими напівдіями постають освітні послуги, які нібито покликані за­безпечувати незбитковість функціонування освітніх закладів, однак на прак­тиці витісняють з освіти її націленість на виховання (Bildung) особистості. Налаштування на здобуття освіти, на постійне подолання наявного і спряму­вання до позитивного як контрфактичного у напівосвіти заміщується систе­матичним виконанням нормативів споживання освітніх послуг. У сфері зако­нодавчого забезпечення освітньої сфери України спостерігається повернення до визначення її завдань у термінах «освітніх послуг» та редукції освітніх завдань особистості та орієнтації освітніх закладів на задоволення освітніх потреб того, хто навчається. Ці негативні зміни стали відчутними у порівнянні пере­важно прогресивного Закону України «Про вищу освіту» 2014 року з неодноз­начним Законом України «Про освіту» 2017 року. Обґрунтовано необхідність відповідних коректив освітніх стратегій, які мають орієнтувати особистість на дієву освіту як освіту вищих досягнень, а не виконання нормативів, на по­вернення елітарної сутності освіти на противагу її егалітаризації, яка трива­ла останнє десятиліття. 1. Адорно Т. (2017) Теорія напівосвіти /Т.Адорно; пер. з нім. М.Култаєвої // Філо¬софія освіти. Philosophy of Education – 2017. – № 1 (20). – С. 128-152. URL: www. philosopheducation.com Adorno, Theodor W. (2017 [1959]) Theorie der Halbbildung [In Ukrainian]. URL: www.philosopheducation.com 2. Бойченко М. (2012) На захист академічної філософії: або Чи потрібна нам філо¬софія «пост»? /М.Бойченко // Філософська думка. – 2012. – №6. – С. 104-116. URL: www.journal.philosophy.ua Boychenko M. (2012) In defense of academic philosophy: Do we need a philosophy of "post"? /M.Boychenko in: Philosophical thought. - 2012. - No. 6. - P. 104-116 [In Ukrainian]. 3. Бойченко М.І. (2011) Системний підхід у соціальному пізнанні: ціннісні і функ¬ціональні аспекти : [Монографія] / М.І. Бойченко. – К.: ПРОМІНЬ. – 320 с.Boychenko M.I. (2011) Systemic Aproach in Social Cognition: Values and Functional Aspects: [Monograph] / M.I. Boychenko - K .: PROMIN. - 320 s. [In Ukrainian]. 4. Бойченко М. (2013) Філософське осмислення умов здійснення післядипломної освіти /М.Бойченко // Гілея: науковий вісник. – К.: ВІР УАН, 2013. – Випуск 69 (№ 2). – С. 587-591. Boychenko M. (2013) Philosophical comprehension of the conditions for the implementation of postgraduate education / M.Boychenko in: Gileya: scientific bulletin. - K .: VIR UAN, 2013. - Issue 69 (No. 2). - P. 587-591 [In Ukrainian]. 5. Бойченко М. (2009) Цінності як категорія філософії освіти (соціально-філо¬софський та філософсько-антропологічний ракурси) /М.Бойченко // Філософія освіти. Philosophy of Education. – К., 2009. – № 1-2 (8). – С. 99-107. URL: www. philosopheducation.com Boychenko M. 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