Suchergebnisse

У статті оцінений сучасний стан біржового ринку України та розглянуті чинники, які зумовлюють його неефективне функціонування. Здійснено аналіз сучасного стану біржової торгівлі та виявлено проблеми формування та функціонування біржового аграрного ринку. Визначено вплив зовнішніх факторів та якості нормативно-правового забезпечення на діяльність бірж. Розглянуто роль товарної біржі як важливої складової інфраструктури аграрного ринку. Оскільки товарна біржа призначена для постачання сировини та стабілізації майбутньої цінової ситуації на ринку сировини, яка використовується підприємствами для подальшої переробки та реалізації на ринку споживчих товарів, то в Україні зростають роль та значення товарних бірж. Проаналізовано динаміку біржової активності. Проаналізовано дані та зіставлено їх з мікрота макроекономічними показниками діяльності нашої країни, що доводить відсутність в Україні сегменту біржового ринку, не зважаючи на рекордну кількість підприємницьких організацій з назвою «біржа», який виконував би притаманні йому важливі ринкові функції. Наведено перелік проблем розвитку біржової діяльності в Україні та необхідність чіткого механізму державного регулювання біржової діяльності. Звернено увагу на необхідність створення єдиної біржової системи в Україні згідно світового досвіду.В статье оценено современное состояние биржевого рынка Украины и рассмотрены факторы, которые обусловливают его неэффективное функционирование. Проведен анализ современного состояния биржевой торговли и выявлены проблемы формирования и функционирования биржевого аграрного рынка. Определено влияние внешних факторов и качества нормативно-правового обеспечения на деятельность бирж. Рассмотрены роль товарной биржи как важной составляющей инфраструктуры аграрного рынка. Поскольку товарная биржа предназначена для поставки сырья и стабилизации будущей ценовой ситуации на рынке сырья, которое используется предприятиями для дальнейшей переработки и реализации на рынке потребительских товаров, то в Украине возрастают роль и значение товарных бирж. Проанализирована динамика биржевой активности. Проанализированы данные и сопоставлены их с микрои макроэкономическими показателями деятельности нашей страны, доказано отсутствие в Украине сегмента биржевого рынка, несмотря на рекордное количество предпринимательских организаций под названием «биржа», который выполнял бы присущие ему важные рыночные функции. Приведен перечень проблем развития биржевой деятельности в Украине и необходимость четкого механизма государственного регулирования биржевой деятельности. Обращено внимание на необходимость создания единой биржевой системы в Украине согласно мировому опыту.Exchange operations in Ukraine are still in its infancy, despite the positive trend of many indicators that characterize it. Today in Ukraine registered 584 universal, stock, commodity and agricultural exchanges, significantly more than in the USA and other countries with developed economies. Further development of exchange and OTC activity prevents a number of problems, ranging from low liquidity and low stock culture in the country and ending opacity exchange markets and imperfect regulation. Given the important role of exchange activities in the modern financial and economic system, because of solving existing problems in this area is important. Ukrainian stock market received the proper economic environment started to solve the problem of market prices based on supply and demand. Gradually, the process of self-destruction shadow market of agricultural, industrial, mining products through transparency of trade flows. This can increase government revenue through tax money exchange activity.

"Las microalgas que forman florecimientos algales nocivos (FAN) han impactado negativamente los ecosistemas acuáticos, la industria de la maricultura, la salud animal y humana. Uno de los propósitos fundamentales que actualmente se investiga de los FAN es como prevenirlos y en caso de su presencia, cómo controlarlos y mitigar sus efectos. La detección temprana a través de la identificación de sus toxinas y su localización principalmente en moluscos bivalvos, han permitido tomar medidas precautorias como establecer vedas sanitarias y cuarentena para garantizar la inocuidad de alimentos de origen marino. Sin embargo, actualmente el uso de resinas sintéticas fabricadas con el polistireno-divinilbenceno que puede adherir diferentes tipos de biotoxinas, parece ser eficaz para la detección temprana de FAN. Con respecto al control de los FAN, diferentes métodos se han puesto a prueba siendo el más efectivo el empleado con arcillas, aunque el efecto de los flóculos (arcilla-microalga-toxinas) que se depositan en el piso marino, es poco conocido. Para la mitigación, después de que se ha detectado un FAN toxico, las autoridades de salud implementan un plan ya establecido en la legislación federal de riesgos sanitarios para disminuir su impacto, que incluye la medición de biotoxinas y definir si no rebasa los límites máximos permisibles en los productos marinos principalmente de los moluscos bivalvos, este plan es más eficaz con la participación de científicos especializados en el tema, los cuales apoyan a las autoridades sanitarias para el establecimiento de vedas para la extracción, venta y consumo de productos marinos. Un complemento de este plan es la difusión del probable impacto de estos eventos tóxicos a través de los medios de comunicación masiva que realiza la autoridad de salud." ; "Harmful algal blooms (HAB) have caused negative impacts on ecosystems, marine culture industry, and animal and human health. One of the main challenges of the scientific community is to forecast or prevent, control, and mitigate HAB events before, during, and after they have occurred. Both toxin identification and detection, mainly in bivalve mollusks, have allowed taking precautionary measures such as sanitary closed seasons and quarantine to ensure seafood safety. To date, the use of synthetic resins such as polystyrene-divinylbenzene that may adhere different types of biotoxins is promissory for early detection of these events. Concerning the control of HAB, different methods have been performed but the most effective is the application of clays although little is known on the effect of the flock (clay-microalgae-toxins) on the sea floor. Concerning mitigation, besides federal legislation for maximal toxin content of bivalve, fish, and edible marine products seem to be more effective when scientific community is involved with decision-makers together with education and awareness programs for the population."

Western Armenian was declared "definitely endangered" in 2010, although the language is taught in private Armenian schools across a global diaspora created by a genocide in 1915. Enrollment in Armenian schools in the Middle East has been declining for four decades, while the Armenian schools of France are growing & evolving & all are facing a rapidly changing educational climate. Conducted in Beirut, Amman, Paris & Marseille, and involving participants from Aleppo, this study analyzes data from more than 100 diasporan Armenians and a dozen schools. An interdisciplinary, post-structuralist & constructivist approach is taken to understanding the roles of school policies in attracting parents to Armenian schools, in effectively transmitting the language to students, & promoting the vitality of the language in each of the four contexts. Discourse Analysis is applied to both structural & personal representations of the language & of the schools. Ethnolinguistic Vitality & Language Socialization theories are used to understand the connections between policy, parent school choice & the wider vitality of the language. Parent school choice is looked at in terms of consumer psychology, and ultimately Bourdieu's concept of habitus is the most apt for explaining why Armenian parents choose non-Armenian schools, & why this often becomes a definitive family break from the institution. Policy above the school level is found to have less impact on vitality than school enrollment & dominant discourses on language maintenance. Recommendations are made for policies & pedagogy. ; L'arménien occidental est classé comme langue en danger depuis 2010, mais il est enseigné dans un réseau d'écoles arméniennes à travers une diaspora mondiale, crée par un génocide en 1915. Les inscriptions sont en déclin dans les écoles du Moyen-Orient depuis quatre décennies, alors qu'en France on observe un développement des écoles privées. Toutes les écoles sont confrontées à une culture éducative en évolution. Les données sont collectées à Beyrouth, Amman, Paris et Marseille, et des participants venant d'Alep. L'approche est interdisciplinaire, poststructuraliste et constructiviste, dans le but de comprendre le rôle des politiques scolaires dans l'attractivité des écoles et dans la transmission linguistique et dans la promotion de la vitalité de la langue dans chaque contexte. L'analyse de discours est employée pour analyser les représentations de la langue et des écoles aux niveaux personnel et structurel. Les théories de la vitalité ethnolinguistique et de la socialisation linguistique aident à éclairer les liens entre la politique, le choix des parents, et la vitalité de la langue. Le choix des parents est approché du point de vue de la psychologie de la consommation, et finalement c'est la notion de l'habitus (de Bourdieu) qui éclaire le mieux les dynamiques de ce choix et pourquoi il constitue souvent une rupture définitive avec l'institution. L'étude montre que les politiques au-delà de l'institutionnel ont moins d'influence sur le maintien de la langue que l'inscription à l'école et les discours dominants. Des préconisations sont formulées pour des changements de la politique scolaire et de la pédagogie.

Background: Recent studies on public attitudes toward life extension technologies show a mix of ambivalence toward and support for extending the human lifespan (Partridge 2009; Dragojlovic 2013; Funk et al. 2013). Attitudes toward genetic modification of organisms and technological enhancements may be used to categorize individuals according to political or ideological orientation such as technoprogressive or conservative (Hughes 2010) and it could be easy to assume that these categories are related to more general categorizations related to culture, e.g. between Traditional and Secular-rational values in the World Values Survey (Ingelhart & Welzel 2010). This paper discusses how attitudes toward aspects of radical life extension may be related to cultural values as revealed in an online deliberative survey among university students conducted between January 2012 to January 2013. Survey results suggest that attitudes toward radical life extension tend to be mixed among groups categorized as Traditional, Secular-rational, Survivalist, and Self-expressionist. The study explored the relation between responses of 326 university students to 5 key questions on radical life extension (RLE) and the cultural values they tend to favor as indicated by their response to 20 statements from the World Values Survey.Design and Method: The survey consisted of 3 stages: an online pre-discussion survey, face-to-face discussion, and post-discussion survey. After completing the 5 main survey questions in stage 1, participants were presented two additional questionnaires: one on cultural attitudes using 20 statements from the 2004-2008 World Values Survey (WVS) and another on health attitudes with 12 statements from Dutta-Bergman's 2004 study. In stage 2, participants were engaged in a face-to-face discussion in class focusing on their responses to the five key questions. After the discussion, they were invited to reconsider the choices and reasons they posted in stage 1 in the light of the face-to-face class discussion in stage 2.Results: Responses to the five survey questions showed that there tended to be more individuals across groups who disagreed with adopting technologies that radically extend the human lifespan beyond the current limit of 120 years. Attitudes toward radical life extension did not correspond to cultural attitudes indicated by responses to the WVS questions. The proportion of agreement/disagreement to statements presented in each of the five questions varied across cultural groups and there tended to be more individuals who disagreed with radical life extension in all groups. Changes in responses after the discussion stage were not significant and most respondents maintained their prior views.Discussion: Cultural attitudes associated with familiar technologies may not correspond with attitudes toward newer technologies since beliefs and values may need to be adapted to new imagined situations that the new technologies elicit. Moral understandings associated with familiar technological habits and beliefs are not necessarily carried over to new technologies.

Durante la Primera Guerra Mundial y la posguerra, el hambre y la desnutrición cobraron gran importancia y estos problemas atrajeron la atención de gobiernos y organismos internacionales. Entre 1920 y 1930 se fue configurando en el contexto internacional una nueva cultura de la nutrición y a partir de este momento la nutrición y la dietética se convirtieron en un tema a tratar y empezaron a perfilarse las políticas nacionales e internacionales en nutrición. Durante el período de entreguerras, la mayoría de los países crearon sus servicios de higiene de la alimentación y pusieron en marcha institutos nacionales de nutrición. En dichos escenarios asistenciales e investigadores se desarrollaron los primeros procesos de profesionalización de los Dietistas-Nutricionistas. Fue en el contexto del abordaje comunitario de los problemas nutricionales, cuando se perfiló la necesidad de contar con profesionales capacitados para aplicar los conocimientos de la nutrición. Este hecho favoreció su creación y lo hizo ligado al abordaje de la problemática de la malnutrición desde la perspectiva colectiva, sin olvidar sus inicios en el ámbito de la atención al paciente hospitalizado y la nutrición clínica. La nutrición logró su ruta de diferenciación profesional sobre todo en el contexto de la salud pública. ; During the first world war and the subsequent post-war period, hunger and malnutrition became such severe problems that Governments and international agencies were spurred into action. Between 1920 and 1930, a new culture of nutrition emerged in the global arena. Nutrition and dietetics began to receive careful consideration and national and international policies on nutrition started to take shape. During the interwar period, many countries created food hygiene services and launched national institutes of nutrition, and it was within these welfare and research scenarios that the first steps were taken towards professionalization of the role of dietitian and nutritionist, since the community approach taken to nutritional problems highlighted the need for trained professionals to apply knowledge of nutrition. This circumstance favored the creation of a professional role linked to a collective approach to the problem of malnutrition whilst maintaining its roots in the field of inpatient care and clinical nutrition. Nutrition attained its distinct professional identity above all in the context of public health. ; Este trabajo se ha desarrollado en el marco de los proyectos de investigación: "La lucha contra la desnutrición en la España contemporánea y el contexto internacional (1874-1975)" (Ref.: HAR2009-13504-C02-01) Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; Beca Predoctoral del Programa de Formación de Profesorado Universitario (Ref.: FPU/AP2008-03309) Ministerio de Educación; Programa Prometeo de la Generalitat Valenciana (Ref.: Prometeo/2009/122) y el proyecto "La sanidad internacional y la transferencia de conocimiento científico en Europa 1900-1975". Período: 2011-2013 (Ministerio español de Economía y Competitividad HAR2011-23233).

Neste trabalho, investiga-se qual a relação entre arte, formação e política na obra República, de Platão, e estuda-se de que modo os pressupostos gnosiológicos platônicos esclarecem as tensões nessa relação. Busca-se reconstruir os argumentos centrais de Platão que sustentam a sua crítica à educação mitopoética. Defende-se a hipótese de que Platão, na República, reconhece o potencial formativo da arte, especialmente da poesia, embora, por razões de fundamentação ontológica e gnosiológica, tenha de subordiná- -lo à filosofia. A natureza dos questionamentos e os objetivos da pesquisa exigiram a consulta de fontes bibliográficas, sendo que para análise e interpretação foram utilizadas técnicas hermenêuticas de leitura de textos, com destaque para a apreensão dos sentidos dos conceitos essenciais na sua proveniência grega. Procedeu-se à explicação e ao comentário da obra República, mas também de Íon e Hípias Maior e da literatura crítica, que foram selecionadas como mais significativas entre as fontes levantadas, tendo em vista o problema de pesquisa. A análise conceitual e reflexiva mostrou ser a cultura mitopoética um componente indispensável à formação na obra platônica analisada, embora insuficiente, por si, para atingir o ideal de educação que se expressa pelos conceitos de verdade, bondade e beleza. Conclui-se que somente a filosofia, por superar os encantos da linguagem, da sensibilidade e do mundo sensível, poderá entender os limites e possibilidades da arte, especialmente daquela que usa a palavra. Assim como a cidade justa só seria possível pelo equacionamento do rei e do filósofo, não é admissível um verdadeiro poeta que não seja filósofo. ; In the present article, we investigate the relationship between art, education, and politics in Plato's The Republic, and study in what way Platonic gnoseological assumptions can clear tensions in this relationship. We seek to reconstruct Plato's main arguments for his criticism of the mythopoeic education. We defend the hypothesis that Plato, in The Republic, recognizes the formative potential of art, particularly poetry, although because of ontological and gnoseological reasons, he had to subordinate it to philosophy. The nature of this study's questionings and goals required consulting bibliographical sources for which we used hermeneutic reading techniques, with emphasis on apprehending the meanings of essential concepts based on their Greek origin. We present explanations and comments about The Republic, but also about Ion, Hippias Major, and critical literature selected as more relevant among the sources researched. Our conceptual, reflexive analysis showed that the mythopoeic culture is an indispensable concept to the general education found in Plato's Republic, although an insufficient one to achieve, by itself, the ideal of education expressed by the concepts of truth, goodness, and beauty. We conclude that only philosophy, as it overcomes the charms of language, senses, and the sensible world, can extend the limits and possibilities of art, particularly art that uses words. As the just city would only be possible by equating the king with the philosopher, there cannot be a true poet who is not also a philosopher.

Este trabajo analiza las primeras políticas de conservación de los bosques en el estado de Michoacán en 1891, a través de la implementación del Día del Árbol, que surgió como parte de la influencia de la cultura estadounidense por medio de las noticias que el Periódico Oficial de Michoacán retomaba de la prensa norteamericana. En este sentido el gobierno que encabezó el porfirista Aristeo Mercado instituyó esta celebración en el Estado por alrededor de 19 años, primero en la ciudad de Morelia, después por diversos municipios de la entidad y posteriormente fue retomada por el gobierno de la República Mexicana para implementarla en algunos lugares del interior del país. Estas acciones le valieron al gobernador de Michoacán ser reconocido por diversos sectores de la sociedad, como uno de los principales pioneros en instrumentar acciones encaminadas a la conservación y la reproducción forestal en México. Sin embargo, la contradicción en esta materia se hizo patente, pues mientras se popularizaba la necesidad de cuidar los árboles, al mismo tiempo el gobierno se preocupaba por dotar de los mejores bosques a la industria maderera. ; This article analyzes the first policies of forest conservation in the state of Michoacan in 1891, materialized through the implementation of the "Día del Árbol", an influence of American culture that the journal Periódico Oficial de Michoacán picked up from the American newsletters and diffused in the region. Under the government of the Porfirista Aristeo Mercado, this celebration was instituted in the State for nineteen years, initially in Morelia city and later on, across different municipalities. Afterwards the government of the Mexican Republic adopted this celebration to implement it in some inland areas of the country. These actions granted the governor of Michoacan recognition amidst diverse social sectors as a pioneer in fostering conservation and forest reproduction in Mexico. Nonetheless, a predicament of his campaign arouse from the fact that whereas the need for trees protection popularized, the government made sure to give the best forests to the wood industry. ; Este trabalho é uma proposta que analisa as primeiras políticas de conservação das florestas no estado de Michoacán em 1891, a exemplo da implementação do dia da árvore, influenciada pela cultura americana retratada através das notícias que o Jornal Oficial de Michoacán repassava da imprensa norte-americana. Neste sentido, o governo porfirista de Aristeo Mercado instituiu esta celebração no estado durante aproximadamente 19 anos, primeiro na cidade Morelia, depois em diversos municípios do estado, sendo posteriormente retomada pelo governo da república do México e implementada em alguns lugares no interior do país. Estas ações fizeram com que o governador de Michoacán fosse reconhecido por diversos setores da sociedade como um dos principais pioneiros em executar ações direcionadas à conservação e reprodução florestal no México. Porém havia uma contradição, pois enquanto o governo tratava de popularizar a necessidade de cuidar das árvores, por outro lado, provia os melhores bosques à indústria madeireira.

Nel 1932 Ernst Robert Curtius pubblica il pamphlet politico culturale Deutscher Geist in Gefahr nel quale chiarisce il suo pensiero di fronte alla grave crisi in cui versa la Germania. Egli si schiera contro le posizioni di destra del suo tempo, delle quali critica apertamente la boria nazionalista, il rozzo antisemitismo e la creazione di un mito nazionale elaborato come strumento di manipolazione dell'opinione pubblica. Ritiene inoltre inaccettabili le posizioni rivoluzionarie, tanto di destra quanto di sinistra, che vogliono liberarsi della tradizione umanistica europea e disprezzano la Zivilisation francese; allo stesso modo rifiuta l'ideale di un germanesimo eroico avulso dalla storia europea e respinge infine tutte le forme di nichilismo che si risolvono in un atteggiamento di indifferenza nei confronti della realtà, dei valori e della storia. Curtius accetta il sistema democratico come unica soluzione e ritiene che le decisioni politiche debbano mirare al bene di tutti i ceti sociali indipendentemente dagli interessi di partiti e di singoli gruppi. Rifiuta qualunque forma, anche culturale, di supremazia della Germania, aspira a un'Europa cosmopolita, le cui nazioni siano valorizzate nelle loro caratteristiche specifiche, ed è convinto che per la costruzione della pace gli europei debbano vivere, studiare e lavorare insieme imparando gli uni le lingue degli altri. Per Curtius l'Umanesimo della tradizione classica e la letteratura del Medioevo sono parte integrante della vita di ogni europeo e fonte di energie spirituali per affrontare in modo creativo il presente e il futuro. ; In 1932 Ernst Robert Curtius published his polemical cultural political treatise Deutscher Geist in Gefahr in which he articulated clearly his position facing the grave crisis into which Germany was sliding. He took sides against the positions held by the right-wing of his time, whose nationalist arrogance, vulgar anti-Semitism and reliance on creating a national myth in order to manipulate public opinion he criticized openly. Moreover he insisted that the revolutionary positions, maintained by both the right and the left, were equally inacceptable. In the same way he rebuffed the ideal of an heroic Germanic culture cut off from European history and rejected all forms of nihilism which crystallize in an attitude of indifference toward reality, values and history. Curtius accepted the democratic system as the best practical solution, insisting that political decisions must mirror the good of all classes independent of the concerns of political parties and special interest groups. He categorically rejected any claim, even in cultural terms, for German supremacy, but aspired instead for a cosmopolitan Europe whose nations were valued for their specific characteristics, and he was convinced that Europeans, in order to construct peace, must live, study and work together, learning each other's language. For Curtius the humanism represented by the classical traditon and medieval Latin literature were integral parts of the life of every European and supplied the source for the intellectual and spiritual energies need to confront creatively the present and the future.

Anche se la politica editoriale comunista rappresenta un campo di indagine fondamentale nella ricerca sul Pci, la sua attività editoriale è caduta in un oblio storico. Assumendo il libro come supporto materiale e veicolo della cultura politica comunista, e la casa editrice come canale di socializzazione, questa ricerca s'interroga sui suoi processi di costruzione e di diffusione. La ricerca si muove in due direzioni. Nel primo capitolo si è tentato di dare conto delle ragioni metodologiche dell'indagine e della messa a punto delle ipotesi di ricerca sul "partito editore", raccogliendo alcune sfide poste alla storia politica da altri ambiti disciplinari, come la sociologia e la scienza politica, che rappresentano una vena feconda per la nostra indagine. La seconda direzione, empirica, ha riguardato la ricognizione delle fonti e degli strumenti di analisi per ricostruire le vicende del "partito editore" dal 1944 al 1956. La suddivisione della ricerca in due parti – 1944-1947 e 1947-1956 – segue a grandi linee la periodizzazione classica individuata dalla storiografia sulla politica culturale del Pci, ed è costruita su quattro fratture storiche – il 1944, con la "svolta di Salerno"; il 1947, con la "svolta cominformista"; il 1953, con la morte di Stalin e il disgelo; il 1956, con il XX Congresso e i fatti d'Ungheria – che sono risultate significative anche per la nostra ricerca sull'editoria comunista. Infine, il presente lavoro si basa su tre livelli di analisi: l'individuazione dei meccanismi di decisione politica e dell'organizzazione assunta dall'editoria comunista, esaminando gli scopi e i mutamenti organizzativi interni al partito per capire come i mutamenti strategici e tattici si sono riflessi sull'attività editoriale; la ricostruzione della produzione editoriale comunista; infine, l'identificazione dei processi di distribuzione e delle politiche per la lettura promosse dal Pci. ; Communist editorial policy is a fundamental research area for the study of PCI, but the party's publishing activity has fallen into historical oblivion. Assuming the book as a material support and vehicle of the communist political culture and the publishing house as a socialization channel, this research questions the its construction and diffusion processes. This research follows two main paths. In the first chapter, we tried to explain the methodological reasons of "Party Publisher". In the second part of the thesis, empiric, we try to reconstruct the history of communist publishing houses. The historical period embraced is divide in two parts – 1944-1947 and 1947-1956 – according to the classical history of the cultural policy of the PCI, and is centered on four historical events: the "Salerno turn" (1944), the "Cominform turn" (1947), Stalin's death (1956) and the XX Congress (1956). We adopted three levels of analysis: identifying the organization and decision making structure of Communist publishing activity, reconstructing book production processes, and identifying distribution processes and reading promotion policies promoted by the PCI.

Fundadas por grupos que rompieron con el PC y el MIR‐Praxis en los sesenta, las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias fueron expresión de un cauce de radicalización política distinto al que dio lugar al resto de las organizaciones armadas peronistas: las profundas reconfiguraciones operadas en la cultura política de la izquierda argentina. Este artículo analiza una de las huellas de origen de ese cauce de radicalización que le imprimió a las FAR su perfil distintivo. Nos referimos a sus concepciones sobre el peronismo, básicamente a los lentes marxistas desde los cuales la organización construyó su visión del movimiento y la posibilidad de conjugarlo con el socialismo. Desde esas claves analíticas, y apelando tanto a entrevistas orales como a los documentos que la organización elaboró en 1971, el artículo examina los principales núcleos de la estrategia discursiva que le permitió a las FAR legitimar su identificación con el peronismo desde una perspectiva marxista y un proyecto político cuyo objetivo final era el socialismo. ; Founded by groups who broke with the PC and the MIR-Praxis in the sixties, the Revolutionary Armed Forces were expression a form of political radicalization different from that which led to the emergence of the other Peronist armed organizations: The profound transformations occurred in the political culture of Argentina's left. This article analyzes one of the marks of origin of that way of radicalization that gave to the FAR its distinctive profile. We refer to their conceptions of Peronism and the ability to combine it with Marxism and socialism. From these analytical keys, and appealing to oral interviews and documents that the organization developed in 1971, the article examines the main centers of the discursive strategy that allowed the FAR legitimize their identification with Peronism from a Marxist perspective and a political project whose ultimate goal was socialism. ; Fundadas por grupos que romperam com o PC e o MIR‐Praxis nos anos sessenta, as Forças Armadas Revolucionárias eram expressão de uma forma de radicalização política diferente da que levou ao surgimento de outras organizações armadas peronistas: as profundas transformações ocorridas na cultura política de esquerda da Argentina. Este artigo analisa uma das marcas de origem desta forma de radicalização política que ele deu ao FAR seu perfil distinto. Referimo‐nos a suas concepções do peronismo e a possibilidade de combiná‐lo com o marxismo e do socialismo. A partir dessas chaves analíticas, e por meio de entrevistas orais e documentos elaborados pela organização em 1971, o artigo analisa os principais centros da estratégia discursiva que permitiu que o FAR legitimar a sua identificação com o peronismo a partir de uma perspectiva marxista e um projeto político cujo objetivo final era o socialismo. ; Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

The processes of social change tend to have two almost immediate repercussions: changes in political culture and in the nature of education. Venezuela in the context of what has been called the Bolivarian Revolution is a clear example of this reality, especially when trying to locate the political system and the university system in the same analytic dimension. This is how, since the 1990s, this situation put the university problem in a space adjacent to the processes of political transformation in Venezuela. Thus, in the UNELLEZ, institutional and curricular evaluation, although born in the heat of domestic concerns, is fortified, encouraged and in many cases is due to the dynamic imposed by the set of changes that occurred and are about to occur in the venezuelans political system and thought. This reflection has tried to contextualize this complex bundle of dialectical relations in order to put on the table the political-ideological directionality that the venezuelan universities would be taking, once permeated with The aroma of the so-called political revolution that the country is experiencing. The interesting thing is the different responses which can produce this situation in the university actors, assuming that their diversity and their undisputed critical view would prevent them from staying isolated from the process. Either way, the analysis allowed corroborating the need for the university institution to be renewed and also to make evident that such innovative efforts have strongly been driven by the evaluation processes, the social demand and the socio-political dynamics. ; Los procesos de cambio social suelen tener dos repercusiones inmediatas: cambios de la cultura política y de la naturaleza de la educación. Venezuela en el contexto de la Revolución Bolivariana es un ejemplo de esta realidad, sobre todo cuando se ubica en una misma dimensión analítica el sistema político y el sistema universitario. A partir de la década de los 90', esta situación colocó el problema universitario en un espacio colindante con los procesos de transformación política que vivió Venezuela. Así, en la UNELLEZ la evaluación institucional y curricular se nutre y, en muchos casos obedece a la dinámica que le imponen el conjunto de cambios ocurridos y por ocurrir en el sistema y el pensamiento político venezolanos. En esta reflexión se ha intentado contextualizar ese complejo haz de relaciones dialécticas con el fin de colocar sobre el tapete la direccionalidad político-ideológica que estarían tomando las universidades venezolanas, al impregnarse de la llamada revolución política que vive el país. Lo interesante se en­cuentra en las diferentes respuestas que puede producir esta situación en los actores universitarios bajo el supuesto de que la diversidad de los mismos y su indiscutible visión crítica les impedirían mantenerse aislados del proceso. El análisis realizado permitió corroborar la necesidad que tiene la institución universitaria de renovarse y así mismo evidenciar que esos esfuerzos renovadores tienen en los procesos evaluativos, la demanda social y la dinámica sociopolítica los más fuertes resortes

Postkoloniale Literatur weist nicht nur auf die Literatur hin, die nach der Entkolonialisierung der einst unterdrückten Staaten entstand, es bezieht sich auch auf die Rebellion der Kolonisierten, da es eine Form des Widerstands gegen das ehemalige 'British Empire' darstellt. Die europäischen Imperialisten haben ihre Macht und Herrschaft über die Völker verbreitet, die sie für die "weniger gesegnete und intellektuell minderwertige Rasse" hielten. Der Begriff "postkolonial" hat somit unterschiedliche Konnotationen. Einerseits bezieht er sich auf den historischen Zeitraum der Entkolonialisierung, andererseits beinhaltet er die Literatur, die vom Widerstand gegen die Kolonisatoren handelt. Eine Person kann einerseits seinen/ihren kulturellen Wurzeln nicht entkommen, ist andererseits aber auch nicht immun gegen die Einflüsse der Gesellschaften und Traditionen, von denen er/sie ein Teil geworden ist. Die Auswirkung der Migration und Kolonialisierung ist ein Thema, welches bereits in einigen Stücken von William Shakespeare auftritt. Beide Stücke spielen nicht nur eine wichtige Rolle, wenn es um das Verstehen des Kolonialismus und der Unterdrückung am Anfang des 16. Jahrhunderts geht, sondern erweisen sich als wesentliche Intertexte in der heutigen postkolonialen Literatur. Es stellt sich die Frage, wie kam es dazu, dass die (ehemals) kolonisierten Kulturen von William Shakespeare inspiriert wurden und Othello und The Tempest als prominenteste Werke in diesem Zusammenhang hervorgehen? In meiner Dissertation werde ich diesen Fragen nachgehen, indem ich die genannten Stücke aus einer postkolonialen, kritischen Position erforsche. Es folgt eine Analyse postkolonialer Stücke, die Othello und The Tempest (Der Sturm) als Prätexte für die eigenen dramatischen Werke verwenden. Diese sind Djanet Sears Harlem Duet, Murray Carlin Not Now, Sweet Desdemona (Nicht Jetzt, Süße Desdemona), Aimé Césaire Une Tempete (Ein Sturm) und David Malouf Blood Relations (Blutsverwandtschaften). ; Postcolonial literature does not only refer to literature written after the de-colonization of the once oppressed states. It also refers to the rebellion of the colonized people as it represents a form of resistance against the once Great British Empire. The European imperialists have spread their power and dominance over what they considered "the less fortunate and intellectually inferior race". The term "postcolonial" has thus different connotations. While one refers to the historical period following de-colonization, the other refers to the literature which has risen from the resistance against the colonizers. A person cannot escape from his/her cultural heritage neither can he/she neglect the impact of other societies and traditions which he/she becomes a part of. Migration and colonization have had major impacts on the postcolonial literary traditions. The aim of this thesis is to explore the usage of Shakespeares Othello and The Tempest. Both plays play an important role in the early 16th century understanding of colonialism and oppression and, ironically, the themes can even be applied in contemporary times five hundred years later. So, why are the colonized people inspired by William Shakespeare and why did I precisely choose Othello and The Tempest? The reason for this is that the colonized people made references in their writings about their land, culture and traditions and Shakespeare explores these colonial issues in his aforementioned plays. It was important for them to break free of everything which related them to their colonizers their history, politics and literature. The following plays use Shakespeares pretexts in a postcolonial context and have been analyzed in my theses: Djanet Sears Harlem Duet, Murray Carlin Not Now, Sweet Desdemona, Aimé Césaire Une Tempete (A Temptest) and David Malouf Blood Relations. ; vorgelegt von Arnela Alagić ; Zsfassung in dt. und engl. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Masterarb., 2015 ; (VLID)389851

Since the 10th century, the Central-Northern region of Michoacán State, in Mexico, has demonstrated deep settlement pattern and sociopolitical transformations. During the 14th century, as the result of complex sociopolitical processes, a kingdom finally raised: the Tarascan kingdom, one of the most powerful and original state entity at the time of the Spanish Conquest in the 16th century. Our study focuses on the Tarascan state emergence antecedents. We are looking, in particular, for a better understanding of one of the most symptomatic and major shift that has taken place in the region, during the 13th century. Around A.D. 1250, four extensive and densely occupied agglomerations, clearly related to the Tarascan material culture, are implanted on an unwelcoming area, the Malpais de Zacapu. Such population nucleation is an unprecedented phenomenon in the region, and has rare equivalents in other Mesoamerican contexts. The urban layout of these settlements, their spatial and social organization, as their short period of occupation (two centuries approximately), stress numerous questions related to urban functions, society and political system at the sites, at different observation scales (from local to macro-regional). The present research combines a systematic approach and survey of field remains, and apply various spatial and geo­statistical analyses. It describes precisely these spatial units, but it also reveals the spatial and social structures at these urban settlements. We finally show, among others observations, that the agglomerations settled on the Malpais de Zacapu had already reached urban qualities and fonctions and were inhabited by complex societies. ; À partir du le Xe s. apr. J.-C., la région du Centre-Nord de l'État du Michoacán, au Mexique, subit des transformations profondes des modalités d'organisation du sol et des structures sociopolitiques. Ces transformations débouchent, au XIVe s., sur l'apparition du royaume Tarasque, qui est, à l'aube de la Conquête Espagnole, l'une des entités étatiques les plus puissantes et originales de Mésoamérique. Notre étude tend à mieux comprendre les antécédents de ce processus de centralisation et de structuration sociopolitique, en observant l'un des phénomènes les plus symptomatiques des changements intervenus sur le schéma d'établissement de la région. Vers 1250 apr. J.-C., en effet, un lieu peu propice à l'installation humaine, le Malpais de Zacapu, devient le terrain d'implantation de quatre agglomérations extensives et densément occupées, dont la culturelle matérielle est affiliée à celle des Tarasques. L'amplitude des sites, leurs modalités d'aménagement, leur organisation spatiale et sociale, ainsi que leur courte durée d'occupation (deux siècles environ), sont autant d'aspects à questionner pour caractériser ce nouveau mode d'occupation de l'espace. Notre recherche combine une approche systématique des vestiges sur le terrain et applique, sur les données obtenues, différents protocoles d'analyses spatiales et géostatiques. Ces derniers permettent de décrire précisément ces unités spatiales, mais aussi d'envisager les structures d'organisation sociales en place. Nous démontrons, entre autres observations, que les agglomérations du Malpais de Zacapu possédaient déjà de nombreuses qualités et fonctions urbaines et constituaient le lieu de vie de sociétés hiérarchisées.

Die pflanzliche Produktion wird jährlich von positiven wie auch negativen Faktoren beeinflusst. Dazu kommen agrarpolitische Rahmenbedingungen, Vorgaben von der Gesellschaft, dem Handel und sonstigen Bereichen, welche die Entscheidungen für die Betriebsführung beeinflussen. Für eine umweltverträglichere Pflanzenproduktion, bei gleichzeitigem Kosten sparen und Sichern von optimalen Erträge mit hoher Qualität, kann eine Umstellung in der Bodenbearbeitung der erste Schritt sein. Um mögliche Folgen einer Umstellung beurteilen zu können, wurde im Jahr 1996 ein Langzeitversuch mit fünf unterschiedlichen Bodenbearbeitungssystemen und zwei Fruchtfolgen gestartet. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, den Einfluss der Bodenbearbeitungssysteme und der Vorfrucht auf Bodenparameter, das Pflanzenwachstum sowie den Ertrag und die Qualität bei einem Weizenbestand im Jahr 2012 aufzuzeigen. Die höchsten Korn- und Stroherträge wurden nach der Vorfrucht Zuckerrübe in der "Direktsaat" und nach Winterweizen im "Integrierten System" gemessen. Den höchsten Chlorophyllgehalt in den Blättern erreichte die "Direktsaat" und die höchste stomatäre Leitfähigkeit wurde nach Winterweizen in der "Direktsaat" bzw. nach der Vorfrucht Zuckerrübe in der "Minimal Bodenbearbeitung" festgestellt. Bei der Bodenbedeckung war der Einfluss der Vorfrucht sowie der Messzeiten hochsignifikant. Die Ergebnisse der Stickstoff-, Schwefel- und Kohlenstoffgehaltswerte unterschieden sich nur leicht und wurden nicht von der Bodenbearbeitung beeinflusst. Generell waren das Hektolitergewicht, das Tausendkorngewicht und der Rohproteingehalt nach der Vorfrucht Zuckerrübe höher. Da viele Effekte erst nach Jahren sichtbar werden, ist es ratsam Langzeitbodenbearbeitungsversuche zu erstellen, um so auch die Einflüsse und die Auswirkungen der jährlichen Witterung zu prüfen und zu analysieren. Für eine objektive Beurteilung eines Bodenbearbeitungssystems ist es sinnvoll, die Ergebnisse aus anderen Kulturen und Jahren miteinzubeziehen. ; The crop production is affected by many various positive and negative effects every year. In addition, there are numerous other aspects like politics, society and commerce which have to be considered by farmers in order to make the best possible decisions. To produce environmentally friendly, save costs and still be able to provide optimum yields with a high quality, a reduction of the soil tillage or a change of the tillage system can be the first step into a cost-effective crop production. To investigate this possibility a long-term field trial with five different tillage systems and two different crop rotations was started in 1996. In 2012, soil parameters, the growth, yield and quality of winter wheat were measured and analyzed. The highest grain and straw yield after the previous crop sugar beet was measured in the 'no-till system and after the winter wheat in the 'integrated system. It was found out that the highest chlorophyll content of leaves was achieved with the 'no-till system, and the highest stomatal conductance of leaves was reached in the 'no-till system after winter wheat and in the 'minimum tillage system after sugar beet. Concerning the results of the soil cover, the differences between crop rotations and the measurement times were highly significant. The results for the contents of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur in grain and in straw differed only slightly and were not affected by the tillage system in the year 2012. Generally the hectolitre weight, thousand corn weights and protein content in the yield were after the sugar beet higher than after the winter wheat. As some effects are only apparent after years, it is advisable to create and evaluate long-term tillage experiments. Thereby it is possible to consider and analyze the influences and the impacts of annual weather conditions on the various parameters. For an objective assessment of a tillage system, it is ultimately useful to include the results from other cultures and years. ; eingereicht von Markus Weber ; Zsfassung in engl. Sprache ; Wien, Univ. für Bodenkultur, Masterarb., 2013 ; (VLID)1031544

Ausgehend vom demografischen Wandel verändert sich das gesellschaftliche Leben. Ein Aspekt davon ist das Altersbild, das sich im Lauf der Zeit immer wieder neu und anders dargestellt hat. Die heutige Zeit ist vom Umstand geprägt, dass der Anteil der älteren Bevölkerung sowohl auf nationaler als auch internationaler Ebene zunimmt. Die Europäische Union hat in diesem Kontext 2012 als Jahr des ?Aktiven Alterns und Solidarität zwischen den Generationen? ausgerufen. In den Fokus rückt damit auch ein neues Miteinander der Generationen, die Probleme in familiärer, beruflicher und damit wirtschaftlicher Hinsicht zu lösen haben. Aktives Altern kann bedeuten, in der dritten oder gar vierten Lebensphase ein Studium zu beginnen und dieses auch abschließen zu wollen. Damit begegnet die Generation 55plus den aktuellen Lernkulturmodellen und Lernformen in der Erwachsenenbildung, die in den letzten Jahrzehnten ebenfalls einen Wandel vollzogen haben, der sicher nicht abgeschlossen ist. Dabei ist nicht nur lebenslanges oder lebensbegleitendes Lernen gemeint, sondern biografie- und subjektorientiertes, emotionales, intergenerationelles Lernen uvam. Die Generation 55plus benötigt für die Entscheidung zu einem Studium einen ganz besonderen Motivationsschub, der vor allem in expansiven Lerngründen motiviert ist. Eine zentrale Rolle spielen auch Selbstbestimmung, Selbstorganisation, die Suche nach Sinnhaftigkeit usw.In diesem Kontext ist die empirische Motivationsanalyse zu sehen, die, basierend auf der qualitativen Forschungsmethode mittels eines Interviewleitfadens, die Annahmen bestätigt. Die Generation 55plus ist hoch motiviert, ihr gesetztes Ziel zu erreichen, schätzt das generationelle gemeinsame Lernen und lehnt damit kategorisch bereits angedachte Seniorenuniversitäten ab. Mit diesen Lernaktivitäten gelingt es, durch bewusstes Annehmen des Alters eine gute Lebensqualität aufzubauen und damit wird die Fähigkeit gewonnen, dieses besser zu bewältigen und Zufriedenheit zu erlangen. ; Based on current demographic changes, we find that social life is also changing. One aspect of change is found in people?s perception of age that has presented its self consistently new and different over time. The present era is marked by the fact that the population of elderly is increasing, nationally and internationally. The EU has, in this context, proclaimed 2012 as the year of ?Active Ageing and Solidarity between Generations?. Today, both older and younger generations are joining together to cooperatively solve problems in a friendly, professional, economical way.Active ageing can mean that people may start to study at a university in their 3rd or even 4th phase of life, and also that they are determined to finish their studies. Therefore, the generation 55plus is part of the current learning culture, modeling different ways of learning in adult education programs, which in recent decades are also currently undergoing changes. The reference is not only to lifelong learning, but also biographical, subject oriented, emotional and inter-generational learning. The generation 55plus needs special motivation before deciding to study: they need a fundamental reason for learning. Self-determination, self-organization and the search for meaning all play a central role in their decision.This empirical study analyses the motivational reasons those individuals over 55 go back to school or university. It is based on qualitative interviews, which support the hypothesis that the 55plus generation has a high motivation to achieve goals, as well as share learning experiences across the generations, while rejecting the idea of a ?senior citizen? university (an idea that has been considered from time to time).Through their learning activities, the generation 55plus students succeed not only in accepting their age among younger peers, but also to enjoy a good quality of life while gaining the ability to cope with their new situation and gain satisfaction while doing so. ; vorgelegt von Roswitha Harrer ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Zsfassung in dt. und engl. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Masterarb., 2012 ; (VLID)227394