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In the studies on labour market change and transformation of employment relations, the growth of new forms of self-employment, including platform work, has raised a broad debate about how to define, classify, and analyse the wide range of positions within the heterogeneous category of self-employed workers. This article analyses the emergent methodologies used in European comparative labour statistics to identify forms of dependency in self-employment. Using the 6th wave of the 2015 European Working Condition Survey and the 2017 ad hoc module on self-employment from the European Labour Force Survey, this article discusses how the representation of dependent self-employment changes by adopting a different operationalization of economic and operational dependency. Findings show how different indicators of dependency change the representation of self-employment in different economic sectors, affecting our understanding of the transformation of working arrangements within self-employment and the boundaries between employment and self-employment.

Family vloggers are among the millions of content creators on YouTube. In general, vloggers frequently upload recorded videos of their daily lives. Family vloggers are unique because they focus their content around their familial relationships and the lives of their children. One set of family vloggers, the Ace Family, has recorded their children's lives from the day they were born and continue to upload videos of each milestone, including "Elle Cries on Her First Rollercoaster Ride" and "Elle and Alaïa Get Caught Doing What!! **Hidden Camera**." Another vlogging couple, Cole and Savannah LaBrant, post similar content, including videos titled "Baby Posie's Health Emergency" and "Everleigh Doesn't Want a Baby Sister." Family channels often involve pranks and reactions, most of which are centered around young children. Given their high amounts of views and subscribers, channels like these are monetized by YouTube and granted various brand sponsorships. What looks like studio-quality home videos have actually become part of a booming business, and child labor laws have failed to protect children who have essentially become employees of the Internet. Children on YouTube and social media are not treated the same way as, for example, child actors on a movie set are. Parents are free to involve their children in content in whatever way they desire—as long as they do not violate YouTube community guidelines—without worrying about time regulations, filming conditions, licensing requirements, or setting up funds for their children's work. The general concern about children's safety on the Internet has been especially relevant since the growth of the platform TikTok. Potentially "more than a third of [TikTok's] 49 million daily users . . . in the United States [are] 14 years old or younger." In fact, TikTok's most followed creator, Charli D'Amelio, is a minor. Although the concern for the safety of younger users on TikTok may be different than the concern for children on YouTube given parental involvement in YouTube ...

Der Deutsche Alterssurvey (DEAS) ist eine vom Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (BMFSFJ) geförderte Langzeitstudie des Deutschen Zentrums für Altersfragen (DZA) zum Wandel der Lebenssituationen und Alternsverläufe von Menschen, die sich in der zweiten Lebenshälfte befinden. Grundlage sind bundesweit repräsentative Befragungen im Quer- und Längsschnitt von jeweils mehreren tausend Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmern im Alter ab 40 Jahren. Die beteiligten Personen werden umfassend zu ihren objektiven und subjektiven Lebensbedingungen befragt. Hinzu kommen Testverfahren zur Erhebung der kognitiven Leistungsfähigkeit und körperlichen Gesundheit. Aufgrund seines
kohortensequenziellen Längsschnittdesigns, seiner Themenbreite, seiner nationalen Repräsentativität mit vergleichsweise hoher Fallzahl und der bereits relativ langen Beobachtungsdauer stellt der DEAS eine in Deutschland einzigartige Datenquelle zur interdisziplinären Erforschung der Lebenssituationen und Lebensverläufe sowie der subjektiven Sichtweisen und Lebenspläne älterwerdender und alter Menschen dar.

When people use the Internet, they leave traces of their activities: blog posts, comments, articles, social media posts, etc. These traces represent behavior that psychologists can analyze. A method that makes downloading those sometimes very large datasets feasible is web scraping, which involves writing a program to automatically download specific parts of a website. The obtained data can be used to exploratorily generate new hypotheses, test existing ones, or extend existing research. The present Research Spotlight explains web scraping and discusses the possibilities, limitations as well as ethical and legal challenges associated with the approach.

Small area estimation is receiving considerable attention due to the high demand for small area statistics. Small area estimators of means and totals have been widely studied in the literature. Moreover, in the last years also small area estimators of quantiles and poverty indicators have been studied. In contrast, small area estimators of inequality indicators, which are often used in socio-economic studies, have received less attention. In this article, we propose a robust method based on the M-quantile regression model for small area estimation of the Theil index and the Gini coefficient, two popular inequality measures. To estimate the mean squared error a non-parametric bootstrap is adopted. A robust approach is used because often inequality is measured using income or consumption data, which are often non-normal and affected by outliers. The proposed methodology is applied to income data to estimate the Theil index and the Gini coefficient for small domains in Tuscany (provinces by age groups), using survey and Census micro-data as auxiliary variables. In addition, a design-based simulation is carried out to study the behaviour of the proposed robust estimators. The performance of the bootstrap mean squared error estimator is also investigated in the simulation study.

Background: Health expectancy indicators aim at capturing the quality dimension of total life expectancy.;
however, the underlying approach, definition of health, and information source differ considerably among
the indicators available. Objective: (1) Review the main concepts and approaches used to estimate health
expectancy focusing on two widely used European health indicators: Health-Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE)
and Healthy Life Years (HLY); (2) identify underlying differences between the results yielded by these two
indicators. Method: Statistical differences between the HALE and HLY indicators by sex at ages 50, 60, and
70 were tested using pairwise and global Student´s t-tests and z-scores based on standard deviation. Data
for 29 European countries were collected from the European Health Expectancy Monitoring Unit (EHEMU)
information system and the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 (GBD
2016). Results: The HALE indicator estimates were smoother across European countries compared with
those of the HLY indicator, present a narrower sex gap in morbidity, higher z-scores compared with the
average distribution across Europe, and results less sensitive to cross-national variations. Conclusion: The
HALE estimates indicate that morbidity is more compressed for both sexes, whereas the HLY estimates
suggest that morbidity is more compressed for males but more expanded for females. These contrasting
results demonstrate that health expectancy indicators should be interpreted with caution.

This study introduces and investigates the validity of a brief scale measuring a challenged sense of belonging. The sense of belonging as well as challenges to this sense are important, albeit neglected aspects of social integration and of significance to migration and refugee studies as well as to virtually all other social science contexts. Assessing a challenged or eroded sense of belonging provides important insights into how individuals relate to their environment and whether they feel socially connected or disconnected from it. The construct goes beyond national or cultural identity, instead emphasizing the dynamic processes of emotional attachment. Reviewing the substantial theoretical literature on belonging, we identify four of its key elements: connection, participation, identification, and congruence. Drawing on existing measurement instruments, we propose a brief Challenged Sense of Belonging Scale (CSBS) that addresses each of the four elements and investigate its validity in a unique, multi-lingual random sample of 3783 adult refugees in Germany from various national and cultural backgrounds. We provide evidence for the scale's validity separately for three main survey languages (English, Arabic, Farsi/Dari) using confirmatory factor analysis, a test of measurement invariance, item test and rest correlations, and correlation analysis to explore convergent validity. Our findings suggest that the scale is a suitable instrument for the assessment of a challenged sense of belonging in a heterogeneous population of refugees.

Das vorliegende Dokument gibt eine Übersicht über die Variablen der Erhebungswellen 2019 (W5), 2014 (W4), 2009 (W3), 2004 (W2) und 1999 (W1) des Deutschen Freiwilligensurveys (FWS). Die Variablen sind nach den Frageblöcken im FWS 2019 geordnet. Variablen, die in allen Wellen erfragt wurden, sind grün hinterlegt - allerdings können Antwortvorgaben abweichen, dies ist in den Labelnamen dokumentiert. Grau hinterlegte Zeilen zeigen Vergleichbarkeit zwischen 2019 und 2014 (und eventuell früheren Erhebungsjahren) an.

Der Deutsche Alterssurvey (DEAS) ist eine vom Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (BMFSFJ) geförderte Langzeitstudie des Deutschen Zentrums für Altersfragen (DZA) zum Wandel der Lebenssituationen und Alternsverläufe von Menschen, die sich in der zweiten Lebenshälfte befinden. Grundlage sind bundesweit repräsentative Befragungen im Quer- und Längsschnitt von jeweils mehreren tausend Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmern im Alter ab 40 Jahren. Die beteiligten Personen werden umfassend zu ihren objektiven und subjektiven Lebensbedingungen befragt. Hinzu kommen Testverfahren zur Erhebung der kognitiven Leistungsfähigkeit und körperlichen Gesundheit. Aufgrund seines kohortensequenziellen Längsschnittdesigns, seiner Themenbreite, seiner nationalen Repräsentativität mit vergleichsweise hoher Fallzahl und der bereits relativ langen Beobachtungsdauer stellt der DEAS eine in Deutschland einzigartige Datenquelle zur interdisziplinären Erforschung der Lebenssituationen und Lebensverläufe sowie der subjektiven Sichtweisen und Lebenspläne älterwerdender und alter Menschen dar. Die Mikrodaten des Deutschen Alterssurveys (DEAS) stehen der wissenschaftlichen Forschung für nicht-gewerbliche Zwecke kostenfrei zur Verfügung. Das Forschungsdatenzentrum gibt Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftlern Zugang zu den im Rahmen des Alterssurveys erhobenen Informationen und berät sie bei deren Verwendung. Die anonymisierten DEAS-Datensätze aller abgeschlossenen Befragungswellen und die Dokumentationsmaterialien sind kostenlos über das FDZ-DZA (www.fdz-dza.de) erhältlich. Die erste Erhebungswelle des DEAS wurde im Jahr 1996 durchgeführt, gefolgt von Surveywellen in den Jahren 2002, 2008, 2011, 2014 und 2017. Die fünfte Erhebungswelle im Jahr 2014 umfasst zum einen die erneute Befragung aller Panelteilnehmer und die Befragung einer neu gezogenen Stichprobe 40- bis 85-Jähriger. Die Stichprobenziehung, Feldarbeit und Datenerfassung bewerkstelligte - wie schon in den Vorwellen - das infas Institut für angewandte Sozialwissenschaft GmbH, Bonn. Infas übernahm auch die Berufscodierung aus den offenen Angaben zur Berufstätigkeit und die Umstellung auf eine neue Datengewichtung.

Digital fan fiction challenges the sovereignty of the literary object and necessitates a reevaluation of textuality. Fan fiction may be taken as a form of networked digital narrative that exists electronically and shares features with the printed book. With a focus on the paratext as a site of transaction between fan fiction writers and readers, it is possible to attend to a negotiation between work and text. By using computational methods—word frequency analysis, topic modeling, and decision trees—to analyze fan fiction paratexts as they are used on the online fan fiction repository Archive of Our Own, it is possible to reevaluate the fan fiction paratext and the notion of the fan fiction text.

In den USA existiert seit dem Jahr 2003 mit der "Point-in-Time"-Zählung eine regelmäßige statistische Erfassung von Personen, die Wohnungs- und Obdachlosigkeit erfahren. Im Rahmen dieser Stichtagserhebung werden in einer festgelegten Nacht im Januar Personen, die "auf der Straße" ohne Obdach leben, sowie wohnungslose Personen in Unterkünften nach einer US-weit einheitlichen Methode gezählt. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt die Methode am Beispiel von Portland/Gresham/Multnomah County im Bundesstaat Oregon vor und erläutert Möglichkeiten und Schwächen.

Objectives: The Behavior and Mind Health (BeMIND) study is a population‐based cohort study of adolescents and young adults from Dresden, Germany. The aim is to investigate psychological and behavioral factors linked to a range of mental disorders and health behaviors and their interaction with social‐environmental and genetic/biologic factors. Methods: A random sample of 14–21 year olds was drawn from the population registry in 2015. The baseline investigation was completed 11/2015–12/2016 (N = 1,180). Assessments include standardized diagnostic interview, cognitive‐affective tasks, questionnaires, biosamples, and ecologic momentary assessment in real life with combined actigraphic/geographic monitoring. In the family study component, parents completed similar assessments and provided information on child's early development. Results: The participation rate (minimum response proportion) was 21.7%; the cooperation rate was 43.4%. Acceptance and completion of study components were high. General health data indicate that more than 80% reported no or only mild impairment due to mental or somatic health problems in the past year; about 20% ever sought treatment for mental health problems or chronic somatic illnesses, respectively. Conclusions: Data from BeMIND baseline and follow‐up investigations will provide novel insights into contributors to health and disease as adolescents grow into adulthood.

In diesem Artikel beschreibe ich, wie qualitative Inhaltsanalyse für ein historisches Forschungsprojekt mit einer großen Textmenge nutzbar gemacht werden kann. Ich beziehe mich hierbei exemplarisch auf das methodische Vorgehen in meiner Dissertation, in der ich das Verhältnis von frühen Theorieansätzen Sozialer Arbeit zu sozialen Bewegungen beschreibe. Ausgehend von einem systemtheoretischen Beobachtungsstandpunkt betrachte ich diese Theorieansätze als Kommunikationssysteme, die sich mittels ihrer systemeigenen Semantik charakterisieren und vergleichen lassen. Die Systemsemantik rekonstruiere ich anhand der Verwendung der Begriffe "Volk" und "Nation" in Zeitschriften der historischen Arbeiter_innen-, Frauen- und Jugendbewegung sowie in Texten von Herman NOHL, Alice SALOMON sowie Carl MENNICKE, die als klassische Theoretiker_innen der Sozialen Arbeit gelten. Hierzu kombiniere ich die qualitative Inhaltsanalyse mit quantitativen Verfahren sowie mit Methoden zur Rekonstruktion von Begriffssemantiken. In diesem Artikel beschreibe ich Vorgehensweise, Umsetzung und Herausforderungen der Forschungspraxis.

This article presents a multi-method research design for measuring the (trans-)national quality of issue publics on Twitter. Online communication is widely perceived as having the potential to overcome nationally bound public spheres. Social media, in particular, are seen as platforms and drivers of transnational communication through which users can easily connect across borders. Transnational interactivity can be expected in particular for policy fields of global concern and elite or activist communication as practiced on Twitter. Nevertheless, there is still a lot of evidence for the enduring national structuration of political communication and publics as it results from a shared language (mostly), culturally defined media markets, established routines of social and political communication, and sociocultural stocks of knowledge. The study goes beyond measuring user interaction and also includes indicators of cross-referential cohesion. It applies a set of computational methods in network and discourse analysis and presents empirical evidence for Twitter communication on climate change being a prime issue of global concern and a globalized policy agenda. For empirical analysis, the study relies on a large Twitter dataset (N ≈ 6m tweets) with tweet messages and metadata collected between 2015 and 2018. Based on basic measurements such as geolocation and language use, the metrics allowed measurement of cross-national user interactions, user centrality in communicative networks, linking behaviour, and hashtag co-occurrences. The findings of the exploratory study suggest that a combined perspective on indicators of user interaction and cross-referential cohesion helps to develop a better and more nuanced understanding of online issue publics.