This thesis addresses theoretical studies of the coupling between electronic, vibrational, configurational and structural degrees of freedom in metal borides. The effect of external conditions of temperature, pressure and composition on the interplay between internal degrees of freedom is investigated. The importance of excitations and disorder of the above types is well-established and known to dictate key materials science concepts such as phase stability, mechanical and electronic properties. Their mutual coupling composes the next level in complexity in understanding what parameters are to be necessarily included in the theoretical modelling of the system. The main tool used for making such predictions herein is density functional theory. It allows us to capture said excitations and disorder, and give accurate results with reasonable computational efficiency. Metal borides are chosen because of technologically interesting combination of both ceramic and metallic properties, like high hardness, melting point, fracture toughness and electrical conductivity, as well as previous reports of interesting fundamental physical phenomena, like the conventional superconductivity of MgB2 and the apparent off-stoichiometry of AlB2. The theoretical approach is chosen because of its ability to controllably couple and decouple different degrees of freedom to study their combined or isolated effect on the desired materials property. The level of theoretical modeling can be adjusted to fit what is reasonable in terms of efficiency, and still well be used for predictions with quantitative or semi-quantitative accuracy. The configurational aspect of phase stability of binary boron compounds has been believed to be trivial to understand as they most often can be constructed by stacking alternating layers of metal and boron atoms. However, a closer inspection of AlB2, the very name-giver of one of the most usual crystal structures within metal borides, shows a surprising existence of ambiguity regarding both its stable composition and the configuration of metal-site vacancies. Here theoretical approaches are used to reveal the configurational thermodynamics of these vacancies, the origin of their stability and coupling to the electronic structure of the compound. Furthermore, we answer the question why ideal stoichiometric AlB2 is unfavourable, why the vacancy stability window is so narrow, and how different arrangements of vacancies couple with the vibrational degree of freedom, including thermal expansion. If a second metal species is introduced the configurational problem becomes more complex. The arrangement of atoms on the metal sublattice is dependent on the bonding chemistry between the metal atoms and temperature driven thermodynamic effects, like entropy and lattice dynamics. The presented work on Ti1-xAlxB2 is an example of this, where mixing and clustering thermodynamics is considered to further investigate the potential for age-hardening of this ternary diboride. In it, the effect of lattice dynamics and configurational clustering on phase stability is discussed. The discovery of MgB2 being a superconductor in 2001 sparked many fruitful experimental and theoretical studies on the topic. It is generally agreed that MgB2 is a two-gap superconductor which originate in the σ (2D character boron px and py) and π (3D character boron pz) bands, respectively. Superconductivity in itself arises mainly from strong coupling between the E2g phonon mode, corresponding to in-plane bond-stretching vibrations of boron atoms, and electrons on the sigma bands. In the work presented, we use the coupling to the global structural parameters and external pressure to compare different theoretical models, with and without explicit treatment of electron-phonon coupling, and their ability to predict the superconducting transition temperature Tc of distorted MgB2. Moreover, a way to experimentally realize such lattice distorted MgB2 through clever nanostructure design is theoretically explored. Epitaxially growing an alternating out-of-plane ordered Mg/M diboride, with M atoms that naturally have clustering tendencies with respect to Mg, is proposed to being able to provide the necessary lattice distortions of both a- and c-parameters that can lead to an increase in Tc. All of the beforementioned covered compounds (TiB2, AlB2, Ti1-xAlxB2 and MgB2) crystallize in the AlB2-type structure with alternating hexagonal and metal 2D layers, that is most common in the diboride family. However, metal borides can also crystallize with puckered boron layers, while preserving the flat hexagonal metal layers, as in the case for ReB2. It is known for its exceptionally high Vickers hardness that varies from 30.1 ± 1.30 to 48.0 ± 5.6 GPa depending on indentation load. While boron-rich transition metal borides often are considered as potential candidates for hard and incompressible materials, rhenium borides with boron content higher than ReB2 have not been experimentally realized. Theoretical work has proposed that ReB4 adopts the same crystal structure as superhard WB4. In the presented papers, we report the successful synthesis of two novel ReB3 and ReB4 phases at high pressure that remain stable when decompressed down to ambient conditions. First-principles calculations are employed to characterize the electronic, dynamic and thermodynamic stability properties of these phases. Furthermore, novel complex modular Re2B5 and Re3B7 structures are synthesized and characterized by hexagonal boron networks interconnected by short B2 dumbbells. The aim of the in-depth investigations contained in this thesis, using state-of-the-art simulation techniques in collaborations with experimental work, is to further the understanding of how the coupling between electrons, vibrations, atomic configuration, disorder and external conditions influences the properties of materials and to share the results with the scientific community. ; Funding agencies: Knut and AliceWallenberg (KAW) Foundation, through Project grant number KAW 2015.0043,the Swedish Research Council (VR) through International Career Grant No. 2014-6336 and Grant No. 2019-05403, from Marie Sklodowska Curie Actions, Cofund,Project INCA 600398, and from the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (WallenbergScholar Grant No. KAW-2018.0194), as well as support from the SwedishFoundation for Strategic Research through the Future Research Leaders 6 program,FFL 15-0290. Support from the Swedish Government Strategic ResearchArea in Materials Science on Functional Materials at Linköping University (FacultyGrant SFOMatLiU No. 2009 00971)
Chapter 1. Scenes from a Marriage -- Chapter 2. I Will Always Be Proud to Call Him My Father -- Chapter 3. My Dad, the Athlete, Entertainer, Phrase Philosopher, Conformist and Analogist -- Chapter 4. Perhaps David Audretsch Is Not a Good Man -- Chapter 5. Henry David Bruce Audretsch: A Retrospective … Perhaps -- Chapter 6. Distinguished Professor Dr. David B. Audretsch: World Renowned Researcher - Legendary ICON in Entrepreneurship -- Chapter 7. a Journey Through Entrepreneurship -- Chapter 8. the Symmetry of Acs and Audretsch: How We Met, Why We Stuck and How We Succeeded -- Chapter 9. Visions of the Past: David Was Always There -- Chapter 10. Structural Change, Knowledge Spillovers and the Role of Smes and Entrepreneurship -- Chapter 11. David B. Audretsch: Spilling Knowledge All over the World -- Chapter 12. the Shape of Things to Come -- Chapter 13. David Audretsch: A Source of Inspiration, a Co-Author, and a Friend -- Chapter 14. David: A Cultural Entrepreneur -- Chapter 15. David Audretsch and International Business: Bringing It All Back Home -- Chapter 16. Regional Trajectories of Entrepreneurship and Growth -- Chapter 17. David Audretsch and New Directions in Spillover Academic Entrepreneurship -- Chapter 18. David Audretsch – a Bibliometric Portrait of a Distinguished Entrepreneurship Scholar -- Chapter 19. David Audretsch: The Capacity to Design and to Influence a Research Agenda -- Chapter 20. Education, Human Capital Spillovers and Productivity: Evidence from Swedish Firm Level Production Functions -- Chapter 21. Productivity Slowdown, Innovation and Industry Dynamics -- Chapter 22. Dr. Audretsch: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Doing Small Business Research -- Chapter 23. "I Want To, but I Also Need to": Start-Ups Resulting from Opportunity and Necessity -- Chapter 24. Working with David on Both Sides of the Atlantic -- Chapter 25. Festschrift to David B. Audretsch -- Chapter 26. an Overview of the Economics of Entrepreneurship and Small Business: The Legacy of David B. Audretsch -- Chapter 27. Location and Firm Performance -- Chapter 28. the Inclusive Vision -- Chapter 29. You Made It the Best of Times -- Chapter 30. on Regional Innovator Networks as Hubs for Innovative Ventures -- Chapter 31. the Emergence of Parental Entrepreneurship: Some Thoughts About Family Life, Professional Careers and Entrepreneurship -- Chapter 32. Financial and Institutional Reforms for an Entrepreneurial Society -- Chapter 33. Entrepreneurship in Public Policy Education: The Willy Brandt School as a Case -- Chapter 34. Connecting People and Knowledge: Knowledge Spillovers, Cognitive Biases, and Entrepreneurship -- Chapter 35. Where Would I Be If My 25 Year-Old Self Was Aware of the Gravitas of Dr. David Audretsch?- Chapter 36. Essay for Festschrift David Audretsch -- Chapter 37. Thoughts About David -- Chapter 38. Building Stronger Research Communities and Collaboration Between Established and Young Scholars -- Chapter 39. "Lessons from David Audretsch" in Festschrift for David Audretsch -- Chapter 40. off to New Shores: Knowledge Spillovers Between Economics and Psychology or How I Published with David Audretsch in Plos One -- Chapter 41. a Brief Case Study of the Audretsch Form of Davidial Entrepreneurship Research Ecosystems Ecosystems -- Chapter 42. David Audretsch Has Impacted My Academic Life in Many Ways and I Would like to Use This Opportunity to Thank Him for His Tremendous Support -- Chapter 43. David Audretsch: A Great Mind, an Outstanding Researcher and a Humble Individual -- Chapter 44. Happy Birthday, David Audretsch – and All That Jazz -- Chapter 45. a Simple Behavioral Model of Stochastic Knowledge Accumulation -- Chapter 46. David Audretsch: A Literary Steckbrief -- Chapter 47. Wings to Escape the Roots -- Chapter 48. Professor David Audretsch: My Doktorvater -- Chapter 49. Building Entrepreneurial Societies Through Entrepreneurial Ecosystems and Business Incubators -- Chapter 50. David B. Audretsch, a Gatekeeper and Globetrotter
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Simple Summary Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones modulating different functions in mammals, including reproduction, that act through the glucocorticoid receptor, encoded by the gene called NR3C1. Here, we describe how the expression levels of the glucocorticoid receptor change along the different compartments of the female rabbit internal reproductive tract 20 h after insemination with sperm-free seminal plasma or natural mating (whole semen) (Experiment 1) and how these levels change at 10, 24, 36, 68, and 72 h post-mating, during specific stages over time, i.e., ovulation, fertilization and the interval of early embryo development to the morula stage occurs (Experiment 2). NR3C1-upregulation was found in the infundibulum at 20 h after all treatments, especially after sperm-free seminal plasma infusion compared to mating (Experiment 1). In Experiment 2, the receptor gene expression levels increased in a spatio-temporal sequence, corresponding to the assumed location of the rabbit embryos (particularly morulae) in the oviductal various segments and timepoints (particularly 72 h), compared to down-expression at uterine regions. We conclude that NR3C1 may play a relevant role in the rabbit female reproductive tract. Rabbits are interesting as research animal models for reproduction, due to their condition of species of induced ovulation, with the release of endogenous gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) due to coitus. Glucocorticoid (GC) signaling, crucial for physiological homeostasis, is mediated through a yet unclear mechanism, by the GC receptor (NR3C1/GR). After mating, the female reproductive tract undergoes dynamic modifications, triggered by gene transcription, a pre-amble for fertilization and pregnancy. This study tested the hypothesis that when ovulation is induced, the expression of NR3C1 is influenced by sperm-free seminal plasma (SP), similarly to after mating (whole semen), along the different segments of the internal reproductive tract of female rabbits. Semen (mating) was compared to vaginal infusion of sperm-free SP (Experiment 1), and changes over time were also evaluated, i.e., 10, 24, 36, 68, and 72 h post-mating, corresponding to specific stages, i.e., ovulation, fertilization, and the interval of early embryo development up to the morula stage (Experiment 2). All does were treated with GnRH to induce ovulation. Samples were retrieved from seven segments of the reproductive tract (from the cervix to infundibulum), at 20 h post-mating or sperm-free SP infusion (Experiment 1) or at 10, 24, 36, 68, and 72 h post-mating (Experiment 2). Gene expression of NR3C1 was analyzed by qPCR. Results showed an increase in NR3C1 expression in the infundibulum compared to the other anatomical regions in the absence of spermatozoa when sperm-free SP infusion was performed (Experiment 1). Moreover, during the embryo transport through the oviduct, the distal isthmus was time-course upregulated, especially at 72 h, when morulae are retained in this anatomical region, while it was downregulated in the distal uterus at 68 h (Experiment 2). The overall results suggest that NR3C1, the GC receptor gene, assessed in the reproductive tract of does for the first time, shows differential expression changes during the interval of oviductal and uterine embryo transport that may imply a relevant role of the GC action, not only close to the site of ovulation and fertilization, but also in the endometrium. ; Funding Agencies|Research Council FORMAS, Stockholm [2017-00946, 2019-00288]; Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapradet, VR) [2015-05919]; Juan de la Cierva Incorporacion Postdoctoral Research Program (MICINN) [IJDC-2015-24380]; Generalitat de Catalunya, Agency for Management of University and Research Grants; European Social FoundEuropean Social Fund (ESF) [2018 FI_B 00236]; Government of Spain Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports [FPU15/06029]; Seneca Foundation Murcia (Spain)Fundacion Seneca [20780/PD/18]
Police patrol dogs face many challenging situations, and only a proportion of dogs are suitable for this work. It is desirable to identify suitable dogs as early as possible, allowing unsuited dogs to be released for other purposes and reducing the emotional cost of separating the dog and handler at a later age. However, the selection process may be less reliable when dogs are young and their personality is less established. I investigated the stability of dog behavior in the different successive subtests of a standardized behavior test conducted at two different ages, and test outcome of each test (pass or fail, based on expert evaluation by testers). I also examined the extent to which behavior in the first test predicted the outcome of the second test. A standardized test was administered twice to 62 male German shepherds by Norwegian and Swedish police dog testers (N = 31 dogs per country) approximately 6 and 12 months of age (mean ± SD: 6.14 ± 0.50 vs 12.31 ± 0.64 months). Tests comprised 63 behavioral variables assessed across 14 subtests designed to measure behavioral responses in different situations. Each variable was scored from 1 to 5, with higher scores representing more desirable responses, and the mean score for each subtest was calculated. A positive association was found between test outcomes at 6 and 12 months (χ2 = 14.78, p <0.001), with 74.2% of dogs having the same outcome at both ages. Bland-Altman plots identified 7 subtests with mean scores that showed consistency in the interval 6-12 months. Binary logistic regression models identified that the mean scores from 3 subtests at 6 months, and 4 at 12 months, were significant predictors of test outcomes at the age tested. Furthermore, 3 subtests at 6 months were significant predictors of test outcomes at 12 months. I compared the mean score from the 3 subtests between dogs that A) passed at both ages (n = 21), B) failed at 6, but passed at 12 months (n = 13) or C) failed at both ages (n = 25). Back-transformed least squares mean scores (± SD) adjusted for multiple comparisons were higher for dogs in category A (4.23 ± 0.36) than B (3.90 ± 0.37, z = 2.62, p = 0.024) or C (3.41 ± 0.35, z = 7.74, p <0.001), and category B scores also exceeded category C scores (z = 4.00, p <0.001). These results suggest that some subtests are more predictive of test outcomes than others. They also suggest that testing can be implemented at the earlier age to exclude low scoring dogs and accept high scoring dogs while leaving open the possibility of a second test when older for a relatively small subset of young dogs with ambiguous (intermediate) test results. ; Politiets patruljehunder må takle mange utfordrende situasjoner, og bare et fåtall hunder er egnet for dette arbeidet. Muligheten til å identifisere egnete hunder som tidlig som mulig er svært ønskelig, slik at uegnede hunder kan frigjøres til andre oppgaver eller omplasseres. Tidligere omplassering vil redusere den emosjonellbelastningen det er å skille hund og hundefører ved et senere tidspunkt. Seleksjonsprosessen kan være mindre pålitelig når hundene er yngre og deres personlighet er mindre etablert. Jeg undersøkte stabiliteten til hundeadferd i ulike suksessive deltester i en standardisert adferdstest utført ved to ulike aldere, og testresultatet fra hver testalder (bestått vs. stryk, basert på ekspertevaluering fra testledere). Jeg undersøkte også til hvilken grad adferden i den første testen predikterte testresultatet i den andre testen. ; M-BIOL
To fight climate change and limit the rise in global temperatures, countries must reduce their CO2 emissions and achieve what is commonly known as an energy transition. However, this ambiguous notion covers various objectives, which makes it difficult to understand the challenges involved in transforming the energy system and further complicates its management. The aim of this thesis is to question the term of energy transition in order to propose a new approach to its management. We begin with an overview of the concept of energy transition, which involves both looking at its highly ambiguous definition and observing it throughout history, which indicates that the low-carbon energy transition will need to be handled very differently from in the past. In the second part, we analyze French attempts to steer the transition. Our examination of policies implemented to date shows that the French energy system has not really engaged in an energy transition that corresponds to the stated objectives. Based on the TIMES-France energy prospective model we then examine the impact of a carbon neutrality target on: the level of carbon tax, which will be too high to be acceptable politically and socially; decarbonization trajectories, which will involve a radical technological change of the energy system; and specific challenges facing France thanks to a comparison with the Swedish situation. In the last part, we explore new approaches to piloting the energy transition. Following a review of a proposal from a branch of the social sciences, Transition Management, we develop an analogy between the energy transition and the phase transition theory in physics, with the aim of improving control of the energy transition and enriching our understanding of this notion. More specifically, it allows us to put forward a set of taxes and subsidies evolving over time. ; Pour lutter contre le changement climatique et limiter l'élévation des températures, les pays doivent diminuer leurs émissions CO2 et réaliser ce qu'on appelle communément une transition énergétique. Or, ce terme reste ambigu pour comprendre les enjeux associés à la transformation du système énergétique puisqu'il recouvre différents objectifs qui rendent sa gestion d'autant plus compliquée. Le but de cette thèse est donc d'interroger ce terme de transition énergétique afin de proposer une nouvelle approche de son pilotage. Premièrement, un état des lieux du concept de transition énergétique est dressé en revenant d'une part sur sa définition, qui s'avère éminemment ambigüe, et d'autre part sur les observations du passé, qui nous montrent qu'un pilotage effectif de la transition énergétique bas-carbone sera nécessaire. Dans une deuxième partie, les tentatives contemporaines de pilotage sont analysées dans le cas de la France. On retrace tout d'abord les politiques mises en place jusqu'à aujourd'hui en montrant que le système énergétique français n'a pas réellement engagé une transition énergétique correspondant aux objectifs affichés. En s'appuyant sur un modèle de prospective énergétique, le modèle TIMES-France, on examine ensuite les implications d'un objectif de neutralité carbone sur : le niveau de taxe carbone, trop élevé pour être acceptable politiquement et socialement ; les trajectoires de décarbonation, impliquant un bouleversement technologique complet du système énergétique ; et enfin les enjeux spécifiques au cas français grâce à une comparaison avec la situation suédoise. Enfin, dans une dernière partie, de nouvelles approches du pilotage de la transition énergétique sont explorées. Après être revenus sur une proposition d'un courant des sciences sociales, le Transition Management, une analogie entre la transition énergétique et la théorie de la transition de phase en physique est développée dans le but d'améliorer le pilotage de la transition énergétique et d'enrichir la compréhension de cette notion. Elle nous permet de proposer un ensemble de taxes et subventions évoluant dans le temps.
Since 2002 University West, Sweden has had a mission from the Swedish government to develop methods for work integrated learning (WIL). WIL is thus a "trademark" of the university and the university is continuously developing teaching models to enhance a synergy between theory and practice with the goal to improve education and students' lifelong learning. A challenge in such work is a decreasing engagement among students to participate in seminars at campus, especially during periods of internship. In the study underlying this paper we therefore explore a new teaching and learning method that aims to stimulate students to come to campus and to discuss their experiences with peer students and teachers during their internship.The internship and the seminars are organized as a 'WIL course' in the fifth semester of the candidate program 'Digital Media'. As part of the course the students spend four days a week in a workplace where they contribute substantially to the work at the workplace. One day a week they spend at campus to reflect, write and discuss topics related to the work and organization at the workplace e.g. organizational culture, how a work day is organized, how design work is organized, and how the workplace treats its customers. The students and teachers meet once every second week for a seminar where they discuss the above-mentioned themes. The reflections made at the seminars and the conversations are important for the learning goals at the course. However, the teachers experience a moderate interest from the students' side to participate and the students tend to be ill prepared.To increase the value and learning for the students, a new approach for better structure and engagement has been introduced, where students in beforehand writtenly reflect on questions about their workplace in relation to the theme of the week. They write in open and shared documents so that all students before the seminare can take part of each others reflections and as such come to the seminar with a wider perspective on the particular theme. The seminar is then held at the campus where the themes are discussed and workplaces compared with help of a shared matrix where the students can place their workplace regarding level of structure, formality, creativity etc . As such the seminar has a 'flipped' character and the ICT tools for learning used are open and editable over time for all participants.The empirical material is based on 24 hours participant observations, 10 students' written reflections and the course curricula. The findings show that the flipped and open approach to the seminars has made the students more engaged in reflections about their workplace, not only during the seminar at campus but also during their work at the workplace. The shared document stimulates reflections of differences between workplaces that has not been so clear before, and the matrix has helped the students to take the reflections to a higher level by reflecting over organizational culture and workplace conditions. By comparing each other's experiences from a spectrum of different aspects/themes they get a more nuanced picture of the skills and competences needed in the workplace, and they get more strengthened in their professional role. The recurrent discussions over time during the course therefore contribute to make the students more experienced than they would had been by only having got the experience from their own workplace.
The digitalisation of society decidedly affects public administration. Swedish public administration has long worked with information technologies for an effective and improved management of public services. But new and increased use of information technologies in society poses new challenges. New demands on information security are increasing, while accessibility and transparency are important priorities in policies on digitalisation in public services. However, the central government's ambitions and expectations with regard to digitalisation face a slow and hesitant implementation in local governments. There are important differences between municipalities in priorities, local needs, and implementation mechanisms in connection with e-government. In this thesis, I argue there is a need to reconsider the role of governance mechanisms in e-government. There is a need to understand local translations of national policies and technological developments in relation to the goals of more effective and legitimate public administration. The main purpose of this thesis is to analyse tensions that emerge in the implementation of egovernment in local public administration. On the basis of a constructivist and interpretivist approach, I have undertaken two empirical studies. One focuses on municipal administration of education in Linköping. The other focuses on a governance network on digitalisation policy in Östergötland. The studies are presented in four papers. The issues addressed in the papers are further analysed with a focus on four fields of tension, using network governance theory and translation theory. This shows that the implementation of e-government in local public administration is a tension-laden process. The four fields of tension relate to: different logics and dilemmas for adoption and implementation; concerns and ambiguities in a context of unclear organisational and institutional arrangements; concerns and resistance from professional users; and a reassessment of the meaning of security as a reference for the interpretation of information security. I contend that established managerial and evolutionary models of e-government leave important process-related aspects out of the analysis of change in public administration. The contribution of this thesis lies in its description and analysis of the four identified fields of tension. One significant implication of my analysis is that reassembling current governance mechanisms in local public administration is crucial. ; Samhällets digitalisering påverkar tydligt den offentliga förvaltningen. Svensk förvaltning har länge arbetat med datorer för effektivisering och förbättrad administration. Men idag ställs nya krav då digitala verktyg för informationshantering och kommunikation används allt mer i samhället och på nya sätt. Kraven på säker informationshantering ökar, samtidigt som tillgänglighet och transparens är viktiga ledord i policyer kring digitaliserad förvaltning. I Sverige är det tydligt att regeringens ambitioner med digitaliseringen av förvaltning inte går i linje med vad som sker och implementeras i kommunerna. Skillnaderna ligger i hur e-förvaltning prioriteras, förankras i lokala behov och implementeras. Därför krävs både förbättrad styrning och tydligare möjligheter att lokalt översätta nationella policyer och internationell teknikutveckling för en effektivare och mer legitim digital förvaltning. Syftet med avhandlingen är att analysera implementering av digitalisering i kommunala förvaltningar utifrån nätverksstyrning (governance) och översätts av olika aktörsgrupper.Studiens konstruktivistiska och tolkande ansats baseras på två empiriska studier. Den första handlar om kommunal utbildningsadministration och den andra om den regionala digitala agendan i Östergötland. Studierna presenteras i fyra artiklar. De övergripande slutsatserna pekar på spänningar som uppstår när digitaliseringen blir en del av den kommunala förvaltningspraktiken. Spänningarna har identifierats i relation till medarbetarnas varierande kompetenser, informationssäkerhet samt kommunernas olika resurser och kompetenser vilka betingas av dess storlek och förutsättnignar. Bidraget visar att etablerade managementmodell och evolutionära perspektiv är otillräckliga för att tolka och förklara hur digitaliseringen förändrar kommunal förvaltning. Istället framhålls betydelsen av att skapa förståelsen för hur digtalisering översätts i olika sammanhang. Analyserna pekar på behovet av att öppna för nya sätt att styra och organisera digital offentlig förvaltning.
Project Turnstone is a collaborative project funded in part by the European Commission. The project is an initiative by the Stockholm Police. Collaborating partners in the project are the Swedish Coast Guard, Region Northeast; the Helsinki Police; the Gulf of Finland Coast Guard District; the Police and Border Guard Board in Estonia; the State Border Guard of the Republic of Latvia; and the State Border Guard Service at the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of Lithuania. The aim of this project is to decrease trans-boundary criminality and improve day-to-day cooperation between border officers in the Baltic Sea region. This study analyses this collaborative project, especially the intelligence and operative joint activities conducted during the implementation of Project Turnstone. What is unique about the Turnstone model is the implementation of the operative action week, during which officers have the chance to exchange, share, and cooperate with immediate action in the same office using their own information channels. The purpose of the study is to map and analyse how the staff of the different organizations experience, understand, and define successful cooperation and the collaboration obstacles encountered during cooperation with neighbouring organizations. The study is qualitative and based on ethnographically gathered material, including field observations at the different border agencies and qualitative interviews. A total of 73 interviews were conducted with border officers, police officers, border guards, and coast guard officers from the participating organizations. The interviewed officers view Project Turnstone as a rare opportunity for close, personal cooperation through which officers can build strong police, border, and coast guard networks and increase and strengthen previous cooperative practices. This cooperation is possible due to colocation and interpersonal interactions in which officers can learn about each other's organizational practices, establish trust, and achieve the same goals. On the other hand, language and communication difficulties, differences in national legislation, and fear that the opportunities for joint action weeks and close cooperation will diminish after the termination of Project Turnstone were raised as obstacles to collaboration. Nonetheless, interviewed officers shared a common sense of purpose and motivation and viewed close interpersonal cooperation as the best way of protecting the EU and Schengen area from criminality in the Baltic Sea area. ; Konferens: 1. How migration is shaping the contemporary society?, Albanian Sociological Association (ALBSA), Albanian Institute of Sociology and AAB University, Pristine, Kosovo (20151120-20151121). 2. Project Turnstone. Northern European Project Against Cross Border Crime in the Baltic Sea, Lund University, Department of Sociology (Co-funded by the Prevention of and Fight against Crime Programme of the European Union), Lund, Sweden (20151022-20151023). 3. Interactive borderland? Re-thinking networks and organizations in Europe, Goethe-Institut Riga and the International Research Training Group (IRTG) 'Baltic Borderlands: Shifting Boundaries of Mind and Culture in the Borderlands of the Baltic Sea Region', Riga, Latvia (20150925-20150926). 4. 15th Annual Conference of the European Society of Criminology. Criminology as unitas multiplex: Theoretical, epistemological and methodological developments, European Society of Criminology and Faculty of Law, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (20150902-20150905). 5. Differences, Inequalities and Sociological Imagination, the 12th European Sociological Association Conference, Institute of Sociology, Prague, Czech Republic, (20150825-20150828). 6. Researching Security: Approaches, Concepts and Policies, University St. Kliment Ohridski, Faculty of Security, Skopje, Ohrid, Macedonia (20150602-20150603). ; Definitions of successful intelligence and operational police work
The overall aim of this thesis is to contribute to the understanding of the development of adaptive co-management systems and of the role the State plays in promoting or hampering such a development. Natural resource issues are often characterised by conflicting interests and in general implemented by conventional, top-down management systems. Therefore this thesis also investigates the effect conflicting interests and institutional path dependencies have on the development of adaptive co-management systems. The Swedish moose management system was established in the beginning of the 20th century as the State was trying to rectify a "tragedy of the commons" situation since moose at the time was almost extinct. The administrative system erected can be characterised as a conventional, top-down, single- species management system, and had features of both corporate arrangements and legal-rational bureaucratic administrative models. Due to high administrative costs and the explosion of the moose population in the late 1970's which resulted in significant grazing damages on commercial tree species, the State changed its policies. One change in formal rules allowed for hunting rights owners to establish so called Moose Management Units (MMU) which entailed that they gained management rights, and thereby could decide on their own the number of moose to be shot in a hunting season. This is a critical right since approximately 1/3 of the moose populations are decimated during a hunting season and this right is therefore an efficient tool for controlling the size of the moose populations. The State also made alterations in the corporate arrangement, from primarily only including the hunting interest organisation SAHWM to increase landowner interests' influence in the public administration. A quantitative study of the MMUs revealed that these can not be characterised as adaptive co-management systems to a high degree due to inadequate monitoring, inability to meet management goals, and failure to apply ecosystem management. Part of the reason for this is that there is an ecological and social misfit since MMUs are too small to contain its own moose populations. Another reason is inadequate knowledge regarding population dynamics on behalf of the local resource users. However, there were variations not only among MMUs but also on the regional level as to the extent of adaptive co-management characteristics. Two counties were selected for further study due to the fact that the MMUs in one county had more characteristics of adaptive co-management systems than in the other one. The case studies revealed that high levels of conflicts in a corporate arrangement hampered the development of adaptive co- management systems. In the county with low conflict levels regarding the moose question, a key steward holding a key position in the moose administrative system was a critical actor in promoting the development of adaptive co-management systems. It is concluded that devolution of management rights does not automatically foster adaptive co-management. Nor is a centralized system easily converted to a bottom-up system. The study shows that institutional change is path dependent but also that the State has an important role to play in developing adaptive co-management systems. This is particularly decisive if an ecological and social misfit is likely to arise since the State then can provide linkages both on an organisational level but also on a geographical level and thereby mitigate potential negative effects of local resource systems. However, this role differs significantly from that in conventional resource management and therefore it is also important that the organisation and tasks of the State is ensured legitimacy among both the public and affected resource users. ; Godkänd; 2008; 20081120 (ysko)
Abstract1. Finland hosts today fewer refugees and other aliens than other Nordic countries, and the majority of the refugees are Chileans. This marked difference from the other Nordic countries is due to various factors: the geographical position on the fringe of Europe and on the border of the Soviet Union, economic problems and language difficulties. Finish law does not provide for a legal right of asylum, only for a legal possibility of asylum. Any claim for asylum is decided by administrative bodies with no recourse to pudicial remidies. 2. To a large extent aliens share the same rights as Finish citizens, but there are differences: a) The right to entry, sojourn and work are decided by administrative bodies, who apply a very restrictive policy. b) Aliens lack certain rights to political participation (Scandinavian aliens do however have such rights in this field), right to join the civil service, and there are serious limits to their right to process real estate and to carry on trade. c) The fact that there is no central administration of aliens affairs adds to this poor position of aliens. 3. Basically there is no differentation between refugees and other aliens. They share the same lack of procedual safeguards: Residence permit is given for 6 months or a year at a time, there is no right of appeal, decisions are not motivated. Refugees are given ordinary aliens passports and not a Convention Travel Document nor any documentation that they do in fact enjoy political asylum. There is no legal protection against refoulement. There is considerable doubt as to whether the agreement between Finland and the Soviet Union on co-operation against hijacking of airplanes of 1975, and the frontier agreement with the Soviet Union of 1960, leave an effective possibility of giving political asylum to people who fall under the two agreements. To sum up: There is in Finish law a differentiation between Scandinavians and other aliens, a potential but not necessarily a factual difference between ordinary aliens, and political refugees and finally a difference between political refugees from the Soviet Union and other political refugees. 4. Some proposals for improvement of the legal position of aliens: i) Aliens affairs should be separated from the police and should be handled by a central body with responsibility for social and economic as well as legal affairs. ii) After a while aliens should receive permanent residence and work permits. iii) Procedual guarantees should be reinforced in particular: contradiction, right of appeal, judicial remedies, legal council. iv) Administrative detention should be abolished. v) Full political participation at municipal and procincial level should be provided for. Particularly in relation to political refugees: i) Their affairs should be handled by a central body with responsibility for social affairs such as housing, teaching of language, work, information of legal rights and duties etc. ii) Refugee quotas according to the Swedish, Norwegian and Danish models should be adopted. iii) Refugees should be informed of the status when granted political asylum and issued convention travel documents. iv) Provisions on non-refoulement in accordance with international law should be established. v) Political asylum should be established as a legal right with procedual guarantees. Finally it is suggested to appoint a nordic ombudsman for refugees in co-operation with UNHCR.
The current work is devoted to estimating the term structure of interest rates based on a generalized optimization framework. To x the ideas of the subject, we introduce representations of the term structure as they are used in nance: yield curve, discount curve and forward rate curve. Yield curves are used in empirical research in nance and macroeconomic to support nancial decisions made by governments and/or private nancial institutions. When governments (or nancial corporations) need fundings, they issue to the public (i.e. the market) debt securities (bills, bonds, notes, etc ) which are sold at the discount rate at the settlement date and promise the face value of the security at the redemption date, known as maturity date. Bills, notes and bonds are usually sold with maximum maturity of 1 year, 10 years and 30 years respectively. Let us assume that the government issues to the market zero-coupon bonds, which provide a single payment at maturity of each bond. To determine the price of the security at time of settlement, a single discount factor is used. Thus, the yield can be dened as the discount rate which makes the present value of the security issued (the zero-coupon bond) equal to its initial price. The yield curve describes the relationship between a particular yield and a bond's maturity. In general, given a certain number of bonds with dierent time to maturity, the yield curve will describe the one-to-one relationship between the bond yields and their corresponding time to maturity. For a realistic yield curve, it is important to use only bonds from the same class of issuer or securities having the same degree of liquidity when plotting the yields. Discount factors, used to price bonds, are functions of the time to maturity. Given that yields are positive, these functions are assumed to be monotonically decreasing as the time to maturity increases. Thus, a discount curve is simply the graph of discount factors for dierent maturities associated with dierent securities. Another useful curve uses the forward rate function which can be deduced from both the discount factor and the yield function. The forward rate is the rate of return for an investment that is agreed upon today but which starts at some time in the future and provides payment at some time in the future as well. When forward rates are used, the resulting curve is referred to as the forward rate curve. Thus, any of these curves, that is, the yield curve, the discount curve or the forward rate curve, can be used to represent what is known as the term structure of interest rate. The shapes that the term structure of interest rates can assume include upward sloping, downward sloping, atness or humped, depending on the state of the economy. When the expectations of market participants are incorporated in the construction of these curves representing the term structure, their shapes capture and summarize the cost of credit and risks associated with every security traded. However, constructing these curves and the choice of an appropriate representation of the term structure to use is not a straightforward task. This is due to the complexity of the market data, precisely, the scarcity of zero-coupon bonds which constitutes the backbone of the term structure. The market often provides coupons alongside market security prices for a small number of maturities. This implies that, for the entire maturity spectrum, yields can not be observed on the market. Based on available market data, yields must be estimated using traditional interpolation methods. To this end, polynomial splines as well as parsimonious functions are the methods mostly used by nancial institutions and in research in nance. However, it is observed in literature that these methods suer from the shape constraints which cause them to produce yield curves that are not realistic with respect to the market observations. Precisely, the yield curves produced by these methods are characterized by unrealistic t of the market data, either in the short end or in the long end of the term structure of interest rate. To ll the gap, the current research models the yield curve using a generalized optimization framework. The method is not shape constrained, which implies that it can adapt to any shape the yield curve can take across the entire maturity spectrum. While estimating the yield curve using this method in comparison with traditional methods on the Swedish and US markets, it is shown that any other traditional method used is a special case of the generalized optimization framework. Moreover, it is shown that, for a certain market consistency, the method produces lower variances than any of the traditional methods tested. This implies that the method produces forward rate curve of higher quality compared to the existing traditional methods. Interest rate derivatives are instruments whose prices depend or are derived from the price of other instruments. Derivatives instruments that are extensively used include the forward rate agreement (FRA) contracts where forward rate is used and the interest rate swap (IRS) where LIBOR rate is used as oating rate. These instruments will only be used to build up the term structure of interest rates. Since the liquidity crisis in 2007, it is observed that discrepancies in basis spread between interest rates applied to dierent interest rate derivatives have grown so large that a single discount curve is no longer appropriate to use for pricing securities consistently. It has been suggested that the market needs new methods for multiple yield curves estimation to price securities consistently with the market. As a response, the generalized optimization framework is extended to a multiple yield curves estimation. We show that, unlike the cubic spline for instance, which is among the mostly used traditional method, the generalized framework can produce multiple yield curves and tenor premium curves that are altogether smooth and realistic with respect to the market observations. U.S. Treasury market is, by size and importance, a leading market which is considered as benchmark for most xed-income securities that are traded worldwide. However, existing U.S. Treasury yield curves that are used in the market are of poor quality since they have been estimated by traditional interpolation methods which are shape constrained. This implies that the market prices they imply contain lots of noise and as such, are not safe to use. In this work, we use the generalized optimization framework to estimate high-quality forward rates for the U.S. Treasury yield curve. Using ecient frontiers, we show that the method can produce low pricing error with low variance as compared to the least squares methods that have been used to estimate U.S. Treasury yield curves. We nally use the high-quality U.S. Treasury forward rate curve estimated by the generalized optimization framework as input to the essentially ane model to capture the randomness property in interest rates and the time-varying term premium. This premium is simply a compensation that is required for additional risks that investors are exposed to. To determine optimal investment in the U.S. Treasury market, a two-stage stochastic programming model without recourse is proposed, which model borrowing, shorting and proportional transaction cost. It is found that the proposed model can provide growth of wealth in the long run. Moreover, its Sharpe ratio is better than the market index and its Jensen's alpha is positive. This implies that the Stochastic Programming model proposed can produce portfolios that perform better than the market index.
The Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo observatories recently discovered gravitational waves from a binary neutron star inspiral. A short gamma-ray burst (GRB) that followed the merger of this binary was also recorded by the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (Fermi-GBM), and the Anti-Coincidence Shield for the Spectrometer for the International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL), indicating particle acceleration by the source. The precise location of the event was determined by optical detections of emission following the merger. We searched for high-energy neutrinos from the merger in the GeV–EeV energy range using the ANTARES, IceCube, and Pierre Auger Observatories. No neutrinos directionally coincident with the source were detected within ±500 s around the merger time. Additionally, no MeV neutrino burst signal was detected coincident with the merger. We further carried out an extended search in the direction of the source for high-energy neutrinos within the 14 day period following the merger, but found no evidence of emission. We used these results to probe dissipation mechanisms in relativistic outflows driven by the binary neutron star merger. The non-detection is consistent with model predictions of short GRBs observed at a large off-axis angle. ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; French Atomic Energy Commission ; Commission Europeenne (FEDER fund) ; European Union (EU) ; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) ; IdEx program ; UnivEarthS Labex program at Sorbonne Paris Cite ANR-10-LABX-0023 ANR-11-IDEX-0005-02 ; Labex OCEVU ANR-11-LABX-0060 ; French National Research Agency (ANR) ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02 ; Region Ile-de-France ; Region Grand-Est ; Region Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur ; Region Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur ; Ville de La Seyne-sur-Mer, France ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) ; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) Netherlands Government ; Council of the President of the Russian Federation for young scientists and leading scientific schools supporting grants, Russia ; National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), Romania ; Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO): Plan Estatal de Investigacion FPA2015-65150-C3-1-P FPA2015-65150-C3-2-P FPA2015-65150-C3-3-P ; Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence and MultiDark Consolider (MINECO), Spain ; Prometeo program (Generalitat Valenciana), Spain ; Grisolia program (Generalitat Valenciana), Spain ; Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Professional Training, Morocco ; National Science Foundation (NSF) ; National Science Foundation (NSF) ; University of Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation ; Grid Laboratory Of Wisconsin (GLOW) grid infrastructure at the University of Wisconsin-Madison ; Open Science Grid (OSG) grid infrastructure ; United States Department of Energy (DOE) ; National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center ; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada CGIAR ; WestGrid and Compute/Calcul Canada ; Swedish Research Council ; Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, Sweden ; Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC), Sweden ; Knut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; German Research Foundation (DFG) ; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP), Germany ; Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association, Germany ; Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS ; FWO Odysseus programme (Belspo) ; Flanders Institute to encourage scientific and technological research in industry (IWT) (Belspo) ; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office ; Royal Society of New Zealand Marsden Fund (NZ) ; Australian Research Council ; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Japan Society for the Promotion of Science ; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) ; National Research Foundation of Korea ; Villum Fonden, Denmark ; Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF), Denmark ; Argentina-Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica ; ANPCyT ; Argentina-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) ; Argentina-Gobierno de la Provincia de Mendoza ; Argentina-Municipalidad de Malargue ; Argentina-NDM Holdings and Valle Las Lenas ; Australian Research Council ; National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) ; Brazil-Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP) ; Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) ; Brazil-Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) 2010/07359-6 1999/05404-3 ; Brazil-Ministerio da Ciencia, Tecnologia, Inovacoes e Comunicacoes (MCTIC) ; Czech Republic Government MSMT CR LG15014 LO1305 LM2015038 CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001402 ; France-Centre de Calcul IN2P3/CNRS ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; France-Conseil Regional Ile-de-France ; France-Departement Physique Nucleaire et Corpusculaire (PNC-IN2P3/CNRS) ; France-Departement Sciences de l'Univers (SDU-INSU/CNRS) ; French National Research Agency (ANR) LABEX ANR-10-LABX-63 ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02 ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; German Research Foundation (DFG) ; Germany-Finanzministerium Baden-Wurttemberg ; Germany-Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP) ; Germany-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HGF) ; Germany-Ministerium fur Innovation, Wissenschaft und Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen ; Germany-Ministerium fur Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst des Landes Baden-Wurttemberg ; Italy-Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) ; Italy-Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) ; Italy-Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Universita e della Ricerca (MIUR) ; Italy-CETEMPS Center of Excellence ; Italy-Ministero degli Affari Esteri (MAE) ; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT) 167733 ; Mexico-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM) ; Mexico-PAPIIT DGAPA-UNAM ; The Netherlands-Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap ; The Netherlands-Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO) ; The Netherlands-Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM) ; Poland-National Centre for Research and Development ERA-NET-ASPERA/01/11 ERA-NET-ASPERA/02/11 ; Poland-National Science Centre 2013/08/M/ST9/00322 2013/08/M/ST9/00728 HARMONIA 5-2013/10/M/ST9/00062 UMO-2016/22/M/ST9/00198 ; Portugal-Portuguese national funds within Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade through Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (COMPETE) ; Portugal-FEDER funds within Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade through Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (COMPETE) ; Romania-Romanian Authority for Scientific Research ANCS ; Romania-CNDI-UEFISCDI partnership projects 20/2012 194/2012 PN 16 42 01 02 ; Slovenian Research Agency - Slovenia ; Spain-Comunidad de Madrid ; Spain-Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) funds ; Spain-Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad ; Spain-Xunta de Galicia ; European Union (EU) FP7-PEOPLE-2012-IEF-328826 ; Spain-USA-Department of Energy DE-AC02-07CH11359 DE-FR02-04ER41300 DE-FG02-99ER41107 DE-SC0011689 ; Spain-National Science Foundation 0450696 ; Spain-The Grainger Foundation ; Spain-Marie Curie-IRSES/EPLANET ; Spain-European Particle Physics Latin American Network ; Spain-European Union 7th Framework Program PIRSES-2009-GA-246806 ; Spain-European Union's Horizon research and innovation programme 646623 ; Spain-UNESCO ; EGO consortium ; Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) - India ; Department of Science & Technology (India) ; Science AMP; Engineering Research Board (SERB), India ; Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MHESR) ; Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación ; Vicepresidencia i Conselleria d'Innovacio Recerca i Turisme ; Conselleria d'Educacio i Universitat del Govern de les Illes Balears ; Conselleria d'Educacio Investigacio Cultura i Esport de la Generalitat Valenciana ; National Science Centre, Poland ; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) ; Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) ; Russian Science Foundation (RSF) ; European Commission European Commission Joint Research Centre ; European Union (EU) ; Royal Society of London ; Scottish Funding Council ; Scottish Universities Physics Alliance ; Scottish Universities Physics Alliance ; Lyon Institute of Origins (LIO) ; National Research, Development and Innovation Office Hungary (NKFI) ; National Research Foundation of Korea ; Industry Canada ; Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Economic Development and Innovation ; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada ; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) ; Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovations, and Communications ; International Center for Theoretical Physics South American Institute for Fundamental Research (ICTP-SAIFR) ; Hong Kong Research Grants Council ; National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) ; Leverhulme Trust ; Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan ; Kavli Foundation ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF - Directorate for Computer & Information Science & Engineering (CISE) 1626251 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF- Directorate for Education & Human Resources (EHR) 1242090 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF - Directorate for Mathematical & Physical Sciences (MPS) 1153335 1505230 1403586 1455090 1104371 1607709 1607336 1607520 1404139 1506486 1607199 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF - Directorate for Mathematical & Physical Sciences (MPS) 1455090 1153335 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF - Directorate for Mathematical & Physical Sciences (MPS) 1506232 1607585 1403586 1505296 1607336 1404139 1104371 1607520 1505230 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF - Directorate for Computer & Information Science & Engineering (CISE) 1626251 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF - Directorate for Computer & Information Science & Engineering (CISE) 1626251 ; Villum Fonden 00013161
In: Ridder , H M O & Tsiris , G (eds) 2015 , ' Music Therapy in Europe : Paths of Professional development ' , Approaches. Music therapy and special education , vol. 7 , no. 1 , pp. 1-189 .
Professional development and recognition is an 'old' issue in music therapy but still a relevant, complex and crucial one. Burning questions regarding professionalisation are at the forefront of most music therapy associations' agendas across Europe and beyond, and feed back directly to the work of the EMTC. Considering the wider political, socio-economic, cultural and disciplinary aspects of professionalisation, different development pathways impact directly on music therapy practice, training, ethics, professional collaboration and employment conditions. Although a number of endeavours have been implemented regarding music therapy's professional development and recognition in different countries, documentation and sharing of such endeavours on international level has been limited and scattered. Drawing from the EMTC's work since the early '90s, as well as from colleagues' experiences (and struggles) of music therapy's professional pathways in different European countries, this special issue aims: * to provide an overview of the current 'state of affairs' in Europe by systematically documenting music therapy's paths of professional development across different countries by tracing not only its achievements, but also its failures and problems. * to offer opportunities to critique and reflect on the interrelationships between music therapy as a discipline (with all its requirements to clinical and/or academic training) and music therapy as a profession (with its regulations, governmental recognition, and registration, legitimisation/authorisation or licensing issues). Capturing the diversity of music therapy's professional development across different European countries, this special issue will contribute to the establishment of a shared platform of knowledge upon which further local or international initiatives can be developed. ; Professional development and recognition is an 'old' issue in music therapy but still a relevant, complex and crucial one. Burning questions regarding professionalisation are at the forefront of most music therapy associations' agendas across Europe and beyond, and feed back directly to the work of the EMTC. Considering the wider political, socio-economic, cultural and disciplinary aspects of professionalisation, different development pathways impact directly on music therapy practice, training, ethics, professional collaboration and employment conditions. Although a number of endeavours have been implemented regarding music therapy's professional development and recognition in different countries, documentation and sharing of such endeavours on international level has been limited and scattered. Drawing from the EMTC's work since the early '90s, as well as from colleagues' experiences (and struggles) of music therapy's professional pathways in different European countries, this special issue aims: * to provide an overview of the current 'state of affairs' in Europe by systematically documenting music therapy's paths of professional development across different countries by tracing not only its achievements, but also its failures and problems. * to offer opportunities to critique and reflect on the interrelationships between music therapy as a discipline (with all its requirements to clinical and/or academic training) and music therapy as a profession (with its regulations, governmental recognition, and registration, legitimisation/authorisation or licensing issues). Capturing the diversity of music therapy's professional development across different European countries, this special issue will contribute to the establishment of a shared platform of knowledge upon which further local or international initiatives can be developed. Apart from a report from each country, this special issue of Approaches includes the following 16 articles: The role of the EMTC for development and recognition of the music therapy profession Hanne Mette Ridder, Adrienne Lerner & Ferdinando Suvini (pp.13-22) The European Music Therapy Confederation: History and development Monika Nöcker-Ribaupierre (pp. 23-29) Maintaining the dialogue of influence: Developing music therapy theory in pace with practice and research Claire M. Ghetti (pp.30-37) The academic training of music therapists: Chances of normalisation and specialisation Thomas Wosch (pp.38-43) Paths of professional development in music therapy: Training, professional identity and practice Jane Edwards (pp.44-53) Music therapy as academic education: A five-year integrated MA programme as a lighthouse model? Brynjulf Stige (pp.54-61) Continuing professional development – Why, what and how? Angela Harrison (pp.62-66) Supervision during music therapy training: An interview with two Swedish supervisors Rut Wallius (pp.67-73) Supervisor training: An integration of professional supervision and the use of artistic media Inge Nygaard Pedersen (pp.74-85) The Bonny method of Guided Imagery and Music (GIM) in Europe Lars Ole Bonde (pp.86-90) Solo or tutti, together or alone – What form of professional/legal recognition is best for music therapy? Melanie Voigt (pp.91-97) The role of professional associations in the recognition process Ranka Radulovic (pp.98-109) Towards professionalisation of music therapy: A model of training and certification in Poland Krzysztof Stachyra (pp.110-117) Perspectives on the development of the music therapy profession in the UK Alison Barrington (pp.118-122) A process of two decades: Gaining professional recognition in Austria Elena Fitzthum (pp.123-126) Development of the music therapy profession in Latvia Mirdza Paipare (pp.127-130)
