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Book Reviews in This Article:M. I. Finley. A History of Sicily: Ancient Sicily to the Arab Conquest.K. D. White. Agricultural Implements of the Roman World.A. Ya Gurevich. Svobodnoye Krestyanstvo Feodal'noi Norvegii [The Free Peasantry of Feudal Norway].STADTARGHIV NÜRNBERG. Beiträge zur Wirtschaftsgeschichte Nürnbergs.Hedwig Pavelka. Englisch‐österreichische Wirtschaftsbeziehungen in der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts.Richard F. Kuisel. Ernest Mercier, French Technocrat.J. Lestocquoy. Etudes ? histoire urbaine. Villes et abbayes: Arras au moyen dge.R. E. F. Smith. The Enserfment of the Russian Peasantry.M. Lewin. Russian Peasants and Soviet Power: A Study of Collectivisation.Rondo Cameron and others. Banking in the Early Stages of Industrialization: A Study in Comparative Economic History.R. N. GHOSH. Classical Macroeconomics and the Case for Colonies.Ross Duncan. The Northern Territory Pastoral Industry, 1863‐1910.Leslie Clement Duly. British Land Policy at the Cape, 1795‐1844: A Study of Administrative Procedure in the Empire.J. S. Furnivall. Netherlands India: A Study in Plural Economy. With an introduction by Jonkheer mr A. C. D. de Graeff, Governor of Netherlands India, 1926‐31.N. M. Farriss. Crown and Clergy in Colonial Mexico, 1759‐1821: The Crisis of Ecclesiastical Privilege.David Chaplin. The Peruvian Industrial Labor Force.Richard Graham. Britain and the Onset of Modernization in Brazil, 1850‐1914.P. M. Holt (Ed.). Political and Social Change in Modern Egypt: Historical Studies from the Ottoman Conquest to the United Arab Republic.Joe G. Ashby. Organized Labor and the Mexican Revolution under Ldzaro Cardenas.Harold Perkin. The Origins of Modern English Society, 1780‐1880.W. H. B. COURT. Scarcity andChoice in History.M. M. Oppenheim. The Maritime History of Devon.Doris Mary Stenton (Ed.). Preparatory to Anglo‐Saxon England: Being the Collected Papers of Frank Merry Stenton.Mary Dewar (Ed.). A Discourse of the Commonweal of This Realm of England Attributed to Sir Thomas Smith.Richard C. Barnett. Place, Profit, and Power: A Study of the Servants of William Cecil, Elizabethan Statesman.F. G. Emmison. Tudor Secretary: Sir William Petre at Court and Home.Perez Zagorin. The Court and the Country: The Beginning of the English Revolution.Francis W. Steer. Farm and Cottage Inventories of Mid‐Essex, 1635 to.Rhodes Boyson. The Ashworth Cotton Enterprise: The Rise and Fall of a Family Firm, 1818‐1880.Alan Rogers (Ed.). Stability and Change. Some Aspects of North and South Rauceby in the Nineteenth Century.L. K. Young. British Policy in China, 1895‐1902.Philippe Huet. Politique économique de la Grande Bretagne depuis 1945.Robert Fossier. La terre et les hommes en Picardie jusqu'à la fin du XIII e siècle.Bronislaw Geremek. Le salariat dans ľ artisanatparisien aux XIIIe‐XVe siècles: étude sur la main ? auvre au moyen âge.Jacques Payen. Capital et machine à vapeur au XVIII sièle: les Frires Périer et ľ introduction de la machine à vapeur en France.Fernand Leleux. A ľ aube du capitalisme et de la révolution industrielle: Liévin Bauwens, indvstrielgantois.Marthe Barbance. Vie commerciale de la route du cap Horn au XIXe siècle: ľ'armement A. D. Bordesetfds.Jean Vidaleng. La Société Française de 1815 à 184.8: le peuple des campagnes.Pierre Sorlin.LaSociété Française. 1:1840‐1914.Raymond Poidevin. Les relations internationales et financières entre la France el ľ Allemagne de 1898 à 1914.J. P. Mockers. Croissances konomiques comparees: Allemagne, France, Royaume Uni, 1950‐1967, essai d'analyse structurale.Collogue franco‐suisse d'histoire économique et sociale.L. A. Boiteux. La fortune de mer, le besoin de sécurité et les débuts de ľ assurance maritime.Walter Endrei. L'évolution des techniques du filage et du tissage du moyen âge à la Révoultion française.Etienne Fournial. Les villes et ľéconomie ?échange en Forez aux XIIIe et XIVe siécles.André Bocquet. Recherches sur la population rurale de ľ Artois et du Boulonnais pendant la periode bourguignonne (1384‐1477).BARTOLOMÉ Bennassar. Recherches sur les grandes épidémies dans le nord de ľ Espagne à la fin du XVIe siècle.Davis Bitton. The French Nobility in Crisis, 1560‐1640.Jean Weiller. Echanges extérieurs etpolitique commerciale de la France depuis 1870.Sylviane Guillaumont‐Jeanneney. Politique monétaire et croissance économique de la France.Mileta Obradovitch. Les effets de la devaluationfrangaise de 1958.Bernard Dezert. Lacroissance industrielle et urbaine de laporte.

Natural resources offer opportunities, but also bring challenges. They have generally been linked to a series of negative outcomes like economic decline, corruption, and conflict. Oil and minerals reserves, in particular, are often very spatially concentrated, and their discovery becomes a potential source of conflict between the governments, the people of the producing areas, and those of the rest of the country. But can this increased risk of conflict be prevented? Are there ways for the government to change this course of events? This paper tries to contribute to this discussion by looking at the international practices in raising and sharing natural resource revenues (NRR) among different levels of government. The study observes that sharing NRR with subnational governments of the producing areas is the prevailing practice worldwide. There is a rationale to compensate the subnational government of the producing areas for the negative environmental, social, and economic impact of production activities. Assignment to all - including the non-producing - subnational governments is less frequent, although it is increasingly used (particularly in Latin America). This option increases the number of stakeholders and gives them incentives to exert control. This is a relevant argument, particularly in countries with a weak capacity of public scrutiny of government activities. The volatility of revenue or the low absorption capacity of small government units may nevertheless create problems. Similarly, the allocation of NRR to individuals with direct transfers, a complement to the intergovernmental allocation rather than an alternative, can increase the welfare of citizens by increasing their scrutiny of NRR use by government.

ResumenEn este artículo examino la gratitud y la ingratitud como herramientas analíticas valiosas para determinar cómo las desigualdades sociales le dan forma a las prácticas de parentesco. Acusar a un pariente de ingratitud revela los límites y las líneas de falla del parentesco, así como también expectativas estrechamente relacionadas sobre qué debe ser dado, cómo debe ser dado y cómo debe ser recibido. Como tal, este ensayo sigue la línea de una valiosa tradición antropológica de unificar los análisis del don y del parentesco. Argumento que expresiones de y discursos sobre la gratitud y la ingratitud remiten muy de cerca a dimensiones de relaciones sociales tales como el género, la generación y la clase social, y simultáneamente revelan tensiones dentro de las relaciones de parentesco donde el deber y la obligación son cuestionados. Los ejemplos etnográficos son tomados del trabajo de campo en Ayacucho, una pequeña ciudad en los Andes peruanos, donde la crianza adoptiva informal y las relaciones tensas entre hijos adultos y sus padres ancianos suministran dos esferas relacionadas de expresiones de ideas acerca de la gratitud y la ingratitud. Analizando estos dos ejemplos, argumento que la gratitud y la ingratitud son heurísticas analíticas, útiles para identificar y centrarse sobre dimensiones de relaciones que, según se entiende, caen dentro del dominio del parentesco, y son potencialmente útiles también en otros escenarios.Palabras clave: Parentesco, crianza, niñez, el don, Perú. Abstract. Towards an Anthropology of Ingratitude: Notes from Andean KinshipAccusations of ingratitude to kin reveal much about the edges and fault lines of kinship that would otherwise not be apparent. But equally, they reveal much that is unexpected about the gift – about expectations of what should be given and how it should be received. In this article, I bring together anthropological literature on the gift and on kinship in order to argue that expressions of gratitude or ingratitude index dimensions of social relations such as gender, generation, and social class, and simultaneously reveal tensions within kinship relations where duty and obligation are contested. Examples are drawn from fieldwork where informal fostering and the fraught relations between grown children and their aging parents provide arenas for analysis of expressions of gratitude and ingratitude. Analyzing these examples, I argue for gratitude as an analytical heuristic, useful to identify and focus upon dimensions of relations understood to fall within the domain of kinship, and potentially useful in other settings as well.Key words: fostering, childhood, the gift, the Andes. Referencias Alberti, Giorgio y Enrique Mayer (1974). Reciprocidad andina: Ayer y hoy. En G. Alberti y E. Mayer, eds., Reciprocidad e intercambio en los Andes peruanos. Lima, Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, 13–37. Anderson, Jeanine (2010). Incommensurable Worlds of Practice and Value: A View from the Shantytowns of Lima. En P. Gootenberg y L. Reygadas, eds., Indelible Inequalities in Latin America: Insights from History, Politics, and Culture. Durham, Duke University Press, 81–105. Appadurai, Arjun (1985). "Gratitude as a Social Mode in South India", Ethos 13, 3: 236–45. Arnold, Denise, ed. (1997). Gente de carne y hueso: Las tramas de parentesco en los Andes. La Paz, CIASE/ILCA. Bolin, Inge (2018) [2006]. Creciendo en una cultura de respeto. La crianza de los niños en la sierra peruana. Lima, Universidad de Ciencias y Humanidades. Bolton, Ralph y Enrique Mayer, eds. (1977). Andean Kinship and Marriage. Washington, D.C., American Anthropological Association. Borneman, John (1997). "Cuidar y ser cuidado: el desplazamiento del matrimonio, el parentesco, el género y la sexualidad", Revista Internacional de Ciencias Sociales, 154. Versión digital. Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/revista.oa?id=654 Candea, Matei y Giovanni Da Col (2012). "The Return to Hospitality", Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 18: S1–S19. Carsten, Janet (2000). Introduction: Cultures of Relatedness. En J. Carsten, ed., Cultures of Relatedness: New Approaches to the Study of Kinship. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1–36. Chodorow, Nancy (1978). The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender. Berkeley, University of California Press. Cohen, Lawrence (1998). No Aging in India: Alzheimer's, the Bad Family, and Other Modern Things. Berkeley, University of California Press. Cole, Jennifer y Deborah Lynn Durham (2006). Introduction: Age, Regeneration, and the Intimate Politics of Globalization. En J. Cole y D. L. Durham, eds., Generations and Globalization: Youth, Age, and Family in the New World Economy. Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1–28. Collier, J. (2009) [1997]. Del deber al deseo. Recreando familias en un pueblo andaluz. México D. F., Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social; Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana; Universidad Iberoamericana. Degregori, Carlos Ivan (1997). The Maturation of a Cosmocrat and the Building of a Discourse Community: The Case of Shining Path. En D. E. Apter, ed., The Legitimization of Violence. New York, New York University Press, 33–82. de la Cadena, Marisol (2014) [1998]. El racismo silencioso y la superioridad de los intelectuales en el Perú. En Hünefeldt, C., Méndez, C. y de la Cadena, M. Racismo y etnicidad. Lima, Ministerio de Cultura, 54-97. Derrida, Jacques (1995) [1991]. Dar (el) tiempo. Trad. Cristina de Peretti. Barcelona, Editorial Paidós. Díaz Gorfinkiel, Magdalena y Ángeles Escrivá (2012). 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Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. García, María Elena (2005). Making Indigenous Citizens: Identity, Development, and Multicultural Activism in Peru. Stanford, Stanford University Press. Gilligan, Carol (1993) [1982]. In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development. Cambridge, Harvard University Press. Gregory, C. A. (1980). "Gifts to Men and Gifts to God: Gift Exchange and Capital Accumulation in Contemporary Papua", Man, New Series 15, 4: 626–52. Gregory, C. A. (1982). Gifts and Commodities. Academic Press. Han, Clara (2004). "The Work of Indebtedness: The Traumatic Present of Late Capitalist Chile", Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry 28, 2: 169–87. Harris, Olivia (2000). To Make the Earth Bear Fruit: Essays on Fertility, Work and Gender in Highland Bolivia. London, Institute of Latin American Studies. Hattori, Tomohisa (2003). "The Moral Politics of Foreign Aid", Review of International Studies 29, 2: 229–47. Hondagneu-Sotelo, Pierrette y Ernestine Avila (1997). 'I'm here, but I'm there': The Meanings of Latina Transnational Motherhoo",. Gender & Society 11, 5: 548–71. Isbell, Billie Jean (1977). 'Those who love me': An Analysis of Andean Kinship and Reciprocity within a Ritual Context. En R. Bolton y E. Mayer, eds., Andean Kinship and Marriage. Washington, D.C., American Anthropological Association, 81–107. Isbell, Billie Jean. 2005 [1978]. Para defendernos: ecología y ritual en un pueblo andino. Cusco: CBC/Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos Bartolomé de las Casas. Jurgens, Jeffrey T. (2009). Mobility Bargains, Transnational Gifts, and the Affective Economies of Turkish Diaspora. Ponencia presentado en American Ethnological Society/ Canadian Anthropological Society Annual Meeting, Vancouver, British Columbia. Keane,Webb (2002). "Sincerity, "Modernity," and the Protestants", Cultural Anthropology 17, 1: 65–92. Komter, Aafke Elisabeth (2004). Gratitude and Gift Exchange. En R. A. Emmons and M. E. McCullough, eds., The Psychology of Gratitude. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 195–212. Laidlaw, James (2003). "A Free Gift Makes No Friends", Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 6, 4: 617–34. Lallemand, Suzanne (1993). La circulation des enfants en société traditionnelle. Prêt, don, échange. Paris, L'Harmattan. Lambek, Michael (2011). "Kinship as Gift and Theft: Acts of Succession in Mayotte and Israel", American Ethnologist 38, 1: 2–16. Leinaweaver, Jessaca B. (2008a). "Aging, Relatedness, and Social Abandonment in Highland Peru", Anthropology & Aging Quarterly 29, 2: 44–46, 58. Leinaweaver, Jessaca B. (2008b). The Circulation of Children: Adoption, Kinship, and Morality in Andean Peru. Durham, Duke University Press. Leinaweaver, Jessaca B. (2008c). "Improving Oneself: Young People Getting Ahead in the Peruvian Andes", Latin American Perspectives 35, 4: 60–78. Leinaweaver, Jessaca B. (2009). "Caring for Aging Parents in Peru: Social Obligations and Economic Change", Anthropology News 50, 8: 14–15. Leinaweaver, Jessaca B. (2010). "Outsourcing Care", Latin American Perspectives 37, 5: 67–87. Leinaweaver, Jessaca B. (2011). "Kinship Paths to and from the New Europe: A Unified Analysis of Peruvian Adoption and Migration"., Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology 16, 2: 380–400. Leinaweaver, Jessaca B. (2012) (2007). "El desplazamiento infantil: las implicaciones sociales de la circulación infantil en los Andes". Trad. Jessica Herrera, Script Nova. Revista electrónica de geografía y ciencias sociales. XVI, 395 (13). Disponible en http://www.ub.edu/geocrit/sn/sn-395/sn-395-13.htm Leinaweaver, Jessaca B. (2015) [2013]. La migración adoptiva: criando latinos en España. Lima, Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. Lévi-Strauss, Claude (1969) [1949]. Las estructuras elementales del parentesco. Trad. Marie Therése Cevasco. Barcelona, Editorial Paidós. Lutz, Catherine (2002). 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The WSU Stewart Library Annual UC-UI Symposium took place from 2001-2007. The collection consists of memorabilia from the symposium including a yearly keepsake, posters, and presentations through panel discussions or individual lectures. ; Audio Recording ; The Wattis Brothers: Spanning Distances, Spanning Eras a commemorative lecture presented at the 2007 Utah Construction/ Utah International Symposium The Beginning of an Era by Dr. Stan Layton Thursday, October 18, 2007 2 Well thank you Gene for that very gracious introduction and thanks to all of you for being here today. I'm particularly gratified to see so many of my students in the audience. I am teaching a class in Utah history this very hour. I gave my students an exam two days ago and I told them if they didn't come here to listen to the old man they'd never get their exams back. Here they are. Not long ago as I was walking towards parking lot A1 a nicely dressed middle aged couple hailed me asked me for directions to the Waters Building. I was pleased to correct their pronunciation and point them toward the Wattis Building. Once again I found myself asking why the Wattis name is not better know in our larger community. Why is it not as immediately recognized as a Huntsman, Matheson, Bamberger, Eccles or Sadler? I've got to tell you my research assistance Stephanie as she read this paper last week and we talked about it over the weekend, she read that sentence and she said, " Wouldn't say, Dee be a better name for this purpose?" I said, " Stephanie, that's a joke." Edmund O. and William H. Wattis are men of towering importance in twentieth century Utah history. They put together a construction company that in true Horatio Alger fashion expanded in size and stature to become one of the largest in the nation and left an indelible mark on the Utah, Western American, Mexican and Australian landscapes. They served as model citizens, family men, community servants and philanthropists. Their business acumen still serves as a model for today's entrepreneurs and their eventful lives continue to fascinate historians. 3 I am sure that most of us in this room have had our lives impacted in some small way by the Wattis family. They influenced the place of my birth for example. For three generation on both sides of my family, as Gene intimated, all my forbearers had been born in Layton. All of the sudden there I was as a newborn in a hospital in Puyallup Washington. Condemn throughout my childhood to try to conceal my embarrassment at having entered the world at such an awful sounding place. That angst was not eased in the least by my mothers constant telling of a joke about two boys with the unlikely name of Atle and Allup who surprised a skunk as they were walking one day. " See Atle," yelled the one. " Pew Allup," replied the other. I even thought of having my dear old mom come and tell that joke for you, but unfortunately she passed away about three weeks ago. My parents had been gone to Washington a few years earlier. Having a small child but no money or prospects they gathered up their meager belongings and headed for the construction site of the Grand Cooley Dam, where Utah Construction Company was a major subcontractor. My mother gave me this magazine just a few days before she died. I didn't know that she had it, but she and my dad always, always treasured their time in Washington. Several other Davis County families in similar circumstances were already there and had gained work, maybe Stan and Viola Layton would be so lucky. They were. Ultimately the wielding skills my dad acquired on this job and others opened up greater opportunities, including employment at the Tacoma Ship Yard which was yet another Wattis related enterprise. It was then while he and my mother lived in 4 the neighboring community of Puyallup that I was born. I like to think that my dad was the man behind the wielding hood in this photo. How might your lives have been touched by the Wattis brothers, William H. and Edmund O? Perhaps simply by taking a class over here in our Wattis Building, or maybe flipping on a light switch in a Las Vegas hotel room, or enjoying fresh apple grown in irrigated orchards of central Washington, or maybe boating on our Pineview Reservoir. Certainly as President Milliner said tens of millions of lives have been impacted, and will continued to be impacted everyday by the dams built, transportation systems constructed and mines developed by the Wattis brothers, and their Utah Construction Company, later named Utah International. How delighted I am as a Utah historian to see William and Edmund Wattis begin to receive the recognition due them and what a special treat to have been selected for a research fund, fellowship funded by the heirs of their company and administered by the Stewart Library. Very, very much appreciated. Then to have these library administrators suggest that I focus specifically on the Wattis brothers was the perfect scenario for me. I had first run across W. H. in researching my master's thesis forty years ago. These same people, Joan Hubbard and others were also generous in funding two research assistants to help me with this work. Janice LeFevre who is in class now and didn't feel that she could be here, but her husband Steven is here and Steven we appreciate the sacrifices you and the rest of the family made in support of this fellowship this 5 summer. And Stephanie Combe who is here in right in front as is helping me with the visuals today. And they were just of immeasurable assistance all summer. For purposes of this research project the term the Wattis brothers means the two older brothers only. Edmund O. and William H. this is not to minimize the importance of younger brother Warren L. who also played a significant role in the company's success. Rather it is simply a necessity of establishing realistic limits on the scope of this work. Let us begin with a short survey of Utah Construction/ Utah International. Just to get a feel for the scope, diversification and significance of its enterprises. And this will be short. You've all seen the photos, you've heard Tom Alexander's excellent presentation, you have probably I see a number of you have some of the booklets published by the library and so you don't need a long survey here of the scope of their work. Utah Construction Company evolved from a twenty year affiliation with the four Corey Brothers. They were brothers to the Wattis mother. In a number of railroad and canal construction projects in Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, Montana and Oregon the Wattis brothers bought half the stock in the newly reorganized Corey Brothers incorporated in 1886. The company thrived for several years before collapsing in the financial crash of the mid 1890' s. From its ruins Utah Construction emerged without the Coreys as you heard last hour. Incorporated in the year 1900 Utah Construction Company first undertook small scale railroading projects in Idaho, then several larger ones in Nevada and California, which included that daunting 942 mile Feather River route and then in Utah which included a portion of the Denver and Rio Grande track between 6 Soldier Summit and Helper. Then in 1915 Utah Construction made its entry into dam building. Beginning with our own East Canyon Dam which is another way in which many of us have been impacted. Without East Canyon Dam and the irrigation water impounded there Davis County would never have enjoyed the prosperity it has. Gene mentioned our farm our 100 acre family farm. Every six days this summer I was there irrigating that farm and I took pride in the prosperity of the farm and green alpha and the corn that we produced and I couldn't have done it without that East Canyon Dam. Railroad construction and dam building projects much too numerous to be detailed here were the companies bread and butter throughout the 1920' s. Then came the granddaddy of all construction projects in 1931, Hoover Dam, began in 1931. Where in Utah Construction Company joined Morrison Knudson, Bechtel, Kaiser and others to form six companies, to form Six Companies the name of that conglomerate to span the mighty Colorado River. It is a measure of the reputation enjoyed by the Wattis brothers that William, and he according to the style of the day took to his initials W. H. and so I'm going to refer to him by that term throughout the remainder of the paper, he was named president of this huge conglomerate. And Edmund O., similarly went by his initials E. O., was named second vice president and they referred to each other by their respective initials and sign their names and other documents with those initials. As fate would have it both brothers died before the dam was completed in 1935. However the reputation gained by Utah Construction during this time allowed the company to continue to shine for another generation. Gene Sessions 7 and Sterling Sessions in their outstanding business biography list eighteen major dam building projects completed during the period 1936 and 1959 after their deaths by Utah Construction, including Pineview and Wanship in our own backyard. The warriors brought contracts in ship building including at that aforementioned Tacoma Ship Yard and road construction including the famous Alcan Highway. They had an important contract for a portion of that highway. After World War II the company entered into an entirely new phase, emphasizing mining which dominated its operations into the modern era, revived its financial strength and turned it into a multinational corporation. This paper advances the thesis that although E. O. and W. H. Wattis were not particularly well positioned by birth or education to achieve the remarkable success that they did, nevertheless we can identify certain character traits, experiences and opportunities that they took full advantage of in their quest for success. Pouring through hundreds of documents this summer my research assistance and I have identified six such factors of success we've called them, which I summarize in the following pages. First, these brothers had a remarkable knack for recognizing opportunity when they saw it and making the most of it. A good example of this aptitude is visible in their very first construction experience. Grading portions of the Union Pacific track as the initial transcontinental line approached Utah in 1868 and headed right for the Wattis farm in Uintah. The younger brother William was only ten years old and too young to hire on, but he undoubtedly observed the activity with wide eyed interest knowing that his older brother was one of the workers. 8 Edmund was only thirteen and had to have help in yoking his oxen, but his diligence paid off. And at the end of several months he brought home $ 225. This seemed like a small fortune to that cash strapped family. Of the 5,000 local men, Leonard Arrington tells us 5,000 worked on that project, only a handful used the experience as a career path in heavy construction. But E. O. Wattis was one. Opportunity came right down the tracks for these brothers and they jumped aboard. I'm indebted to my research assistant Janice LeFevre for putting it that way, but I love the way she said it. Opportunities came right down the tracks for these brothers and they jumped aboard. Second, both of these men reflected traditional agrarian values of hard work and perseverance. Farm youngsters learned the importance of looking after details and of staying with a task to its completion regardless of weather conditions. They learned safety consciousness and patience with animals. And it was of no small benefit to these boys that they were skilled in working with oxen, mules and draft horses. Both grew into large men who were strong and full of grit. Oh that's an excellent photo. I could not find a single job that they ever quit on. And I was interested in that Tom Alexander pointed out that that was a trait of David Eccles as well. Particularly revealing was E. O.' s involvement with the Coreys that is two uncles and three other men in the transportation of a wagon load of whiskey from Kelton, Utah to Boise, Idaho in the year 1868. Young Wattis was only thirteen years old but proved to be one of the steadiest of the group when bad weather 9 overtook them. All except him began nipping at that whiskey and all except him suffered frost bite. Third, was the development of the self confidence to stride forward on their own. Quite likely the single most fortuitous business decision they ever made was to end their partnership with the Coreys. Even though the implosion of Corey Brothers was cause by the panic of 1893, the break up of that company must have been difficult for the Wattis's on a personal level. The Coreys after all were family, uncles and cousins and the Wattis's had worked with them or for them since childhood and incorporated with them since 1886. Nevertheless the Coreys did not have the acumen or stability to thrive as a modern company. I'm convinced that they didn't, but that was only an intuitive and deductive conclusion and I was gratified as I listened to Tom's paper last hour that he apparently moved toward that same conclusion and he had the benefit of some primary source documentations to draw his conclusions from. But I know that numerous Corey cousins plugged in and out of the company. The elder Coreys insisted on dominating the decision making even though the Wattis brothers owned fifty- one percent of the stock and were better decision makers. And the elder uncle, Warren Corey, could be petty and vindictive and I was a little worried about advancing that point of view in those words, but I'm much reassured by Tom's paper. On of the truly remarkable document in twentieth century Utah political history is Warren Corey's open letter to his nephew W. H. Wattis published in the Salt Lake Tribune in August of 1928 reeking of spite this letter chides W. H. for being an unsuccessful candidate on 10 several previous occasions. Labels him a lame duck, obviously not understanding the meaning of that term and accuses him of being a disloyal party member and I know that that was not true based on a lot of years of research and so I wondered what was the cause of that animosity. There was something else there that I was not able to see from my research and again much indebted to Tom Alexander for having enlightened me and all of the audience this morning on that. The bitter animosity of this letter speaks volumes as to the Wattis' good fortune in being rid of the irascible man. By the same token the Wattis alignment with the Ogden financiers Thomas D. Dee, David Eccles and others following the breakup of the Coreys was undoubtedly the single most fortunate occurrence in their business lives. Fourth, was a commitment to a hands- on management style. No wonder they fit so well with David Eccles. Don't you agree? These were men who maximized their time on the construction site and minimized their time in the board room, especially during their early and middling years. They were comfortable with dust in their nose, blisters on their feet, calluses on their hands and dirt under their fingernails. In 1893 on one of his last jobs with Corey Brothers W. H. Wattis then 34 and a full partner was operating a slip plow on the Portland- Astoria job site when he received a surprise visit from his new financiers David Eccles, Thomas Dee and others and on that occasion one of them gave him a cigar. " I wish it had been a twenty- five cent piece," he later recalled, " Since I hadn't eaten food for a day and a half." This was a full partner. 11 The older brother held the same commitment to tenacity and detail the Wattis brothers were managers yes, and they grasped the big picture yes, but they were also detail men who understood the need to worry about on site activity. Incidentally this was no doubt the safety record of the company was so good even though their work involved blasting, working at great heights, spanning raging rivers, operating heavy equipment and sometimes supervising hundreds of men at a time. And while Tom could tell us of some dozen or so fatalities on that Feather River job that was nothing as compared to the hundreds, maybe as many as a thousand Chinese workers who were killed on the Central Pacific construction job in those two years of building the transcontinental railroad. Fifth, both men had the good fortune to marry talented, devoted and stable wives who liked each other and got on well together. The fact that both these women were well poised and possessed of good lucks would also be counted an advantage, especially in the 1920' s as the newspaper society pages found a growing audience of readers with and insatiable curiosity for news of the upper crust. Additionally such a spouse was essential to someone like W. H. who had developed political aspirations and began a series of campaigns for election to public office. W. H. married the striking Anna Maria Dorothea Sophie Standard and she went by Marie Dee, in 1889. He was nearly thirty she was twenty- three, her senior year report card from the Sacred Heart Academy reveals that she was as talented and sophisticated as she was beautiful. And isn't she something? 12 When I first met Stephanie as a student in my 1700 class three or four years ago, I was able to learn before the semester was over that her maiden name was Standard because her brother was also in the class and his name was Standard. When I got to know Marie Dee, I asked Stephanie about the relationship and she said yes, she's my great- great- grandmother and I was able to assure Stephanie that there is enough good looks represented in that woman to serve the Standard family for a hundred generations. She received a perfect score, 100, in all categories of citizenship that Sacred Heart Academy report card. Her academic achievement was equally impressive with scores ranging from ninety to ninety- eight in the nine subjects graded. She and W. H. had four children, two of whom died in childhood with in six months of each other. But I was pleased to learn that we have a great granddaughter of his. Say again? Okay Granddaughter and a great- great, oh how about? That's wonderful. E. O. on the other hand married the petite Martha Ann Bybee from nearby Riverdale in June 1879. When he was twenty- four and she was just sixteen, sixteen and a half. Martha was described by a grandson as a little on the plump side in her later years, though Stephanie and I wonder about that. The photos we have seen of her in her later years do not suggest that at all, including this one. But the grandson described her as full of energy and quote, " Very interested in civic activities." She was active in a local charity, the Martha Society that assisted the needy. And incidentally I have concluded that the Martha Society did not bear relationship to her name, but if somebody knows differently about that I would appreciate hearing the details. She also served as president of the Utah 13 Federation of Women's Clubs and she participated in countless other civic activities and municipal clubs. Having recovered from a serious illness through the healing hand of Christen Science she became an ardent convert to that faith. She and E. O. raised eight children, although one, a son Earl preceded him in death, the victim of an automobile accident. So is this the family? Oh the Child Culture Society that she was active in. Say it out loud Stephanie, she is where? The third one from the left? From my left as I'm looking at it? This one? Over here? Okay alright. Oh, that beautiful house, oh wow. 1915 Stephanie says. In looking at the personalities and lives of these men as individuals we can not improve on Linda Sillito's insightful taxonomy of W. H. as Mr. Outside and E. O. as Mr. Inside. William was gregarious, smiling, athletics and always at ease in the glare of the public spotlight. Edmund was comfortable with people, but somewhat more reserved more paperwork and detail oriented and a bit more inclined to worry. W. H. first came to my attention when I began researching my master's thesis as I mentioned. And I peaked in on that state republican convention of 1920. There he was front runner for the gubernatorial nomination moving easily among the delegates shaking hands smiling and asking for support. By the second vote he had begun to slip and by the third he had lost by a decisive margin to the nominee Charles Mabey. Newspaper accounts of the day pointed to W. H.' s recent indictment under the Lever Act as the likely reason for his fade. The Lever Act was a war time 14 measure that sought to prevent price gouging in the marketing of food and fuel. And W. H. as an executive of the U& I Sugar Company had been targeted by federal prosecutors. The act its self was poorly drawn and ill advised and was in fact declared unconstitutional in 1921 at which time all indictments were dismissed, but the damage had been done. The fact that W. H. was a Weber County man would not have worked in his favor. The Utah Republican Party was firmly controlled by a nepotistic Salt Lake City clique during that era and they played political hardball. By decades end W. H.' s sterling reputation as a business man hammered down all such barriers and won him the gubernatorial nomination. By then he was a man of such status that LDS Church President Heber Grant could write him saying, " I tried to get you on the phone all night last night until ten p. m." and then apologizing to him that he had to leave town for a week quote, " Before we had arrived on a decision on what do to in the affairs of the Utah- Idaho Sugar Company." W. H. was so popular with the local press that the press even reported on his fishing and hunting trips. He was a person so esteemed by his peers around the nation that he was named director of the U. S. Chamber of Commerce and entrepreneur so successful that he stood as president of one of the half dozen largest construction companies in the nation, a businessman so esteemed that the president of the United States sought his feed back on speeches. The nomination simply could not be denied him. But facing a very popular incumbent George Dern in the general election of 1928 W. H. was to garner only forty- one percent of the vote. 15 After that W. H. turned back to business and did not again seek public office. After all he had been defeated twice at the polls first in the congressional race on 1918 and now in the gubernatorial race 1928 and he had been frustrated three times in the nominating convention seeking the gubernatorial nomination in 1920, as previously mentioned, and in 1924 in seeking the U. S. senatorial nomination in 1922. By 1929 he had started to develop health problems nevertheless his natural charm and good humor continued on and served him well until death in 1931. Oft quoted, I'm sure many of you have heard this before but I can't resist repeating it here, it's a capsule that comes from the hospital room upon hearing of Six Companies successful bid on the Hoover Dam project. He's quoted by Linda Sillito in one of the Stewart Library booklets, comes from Joseph Lee Stevenson and goes as follows, " At St. Frances Hospital the press core found William H. sitting up wrapped in a silk bathrobe puffing on a long black stogy. His bushy white hair had been carefully brushed in to place by his wife and he was eager to talk. News of the winning bid had lifted his spirits. He grinned broadly for the photographers then said " Now this dam is just a dam, but it's a damn big dam," and his eyes twinkling. " Otherwise it was no different that others we've thrown up in a dozen place," end of that quote. Unlike his younger brother E. O. on the other hand had no political aspirations. Out side of business his constituency was his family. The only babies he kissed were his own and when he shook hands it was often for the purpose of slipping a dollar to his grandchildren. They call it the silver dollar handshake. 16 Unlike W. H. who loved golf, played it often and was photographed in golfing attire along with such celebrities as Heber J. Grant and Reed Smoot and Tom isn't Charles Nibley in there? Does that look like Nibley? Ya second from the right, ya. But unlike W. H. in this kind of environment and W. H. is second from the left E. O. played golf mostly as a social necessity. Simply taking off a suit coat he turned his suspenders the other way around and played in his business attire. E. O.' s idea of leisure time fun was being at home with his family riding scooters with the children, romping with the family dog, picking fruit and vegetables from his orchard and garden and joining in the many socials hosted at his beautiful home on Eccles Street or in the immediate neighborhood. Due to the press of business however E. O. was denied the time at home that he coveted. Christmas time was the exception. He always made it a point to be home for the holidays. Incidentally I should tell you that the E. O. Wattis family put together a wonderful twenty minute DVD featuring a number of clips from home videos shot by E. O.' s family when he was still alive and in that beautiful home on Eccles Avenue and I have watched that DVD its available here, its just wonderfully revealing and you can just feel how important it was to him to be home when ever he could be, which wasn't often. In fact that point is made in that DVD by one of his granddaughters that there was a time, almost a year when he was gone the entire time. 17 E. O. was quite tall for that day, standing a full six feet. Unlike his younger brother W. H. he never took on that middle age spread but remained slender. His curly hair, rosy cheeks, spectacles and pipe all fit the image of a dignified business man. E. O. was a bulldog, albeit a gentle one. His hallmark was tenacity and his genius was energy. One of his grandsons noted quote " My grandfather's education consisted of two or three years of formal schooling," unquote. He said that E. O. could write, but made a lot of grammatical mistakes and that he quote, " came up through the process with a long construction history of being on the site and doing the work," end of this quote. In today's vernacular he would probably be described as a workaholic. In a letter to his sister Mary Jane written from Oroville California in 1909 he mentioned that he had lost weight was down to 155 pounds, remember that's on a six foot frame. He said. " I am getting very tired of railroad work and I don't know whether I will ever take another job or not. It is very monotonous for me to always be away from home and I think that I am needed at home about as bad as anybody. Besides that I am fifty- four years old and have always worked very hard and have never had but very little pleasure in life. I don't think I have hardly had my share. My young life was spent in poverty and hard work and I am not in the best of health. W. H. left here a few days go and should reach Ogden tonight. I want to make a trip home very bad but am so badly crowded with the part of business that it is my duty to look after that I can not get away now," end of his quote. E. O. Worries in this letter that he will become even less happy as he 18 grows older, that he did or didn't, cannot be discerned from the historical record, but his health problems continued. In a letter written as early as 1914 he commented on his rheumatism. In 1927 he described his bladder infection and pending surgery which promised a ninety- five percent success probability. Two years later in 1929 he mentioned his cough, eczema, insomnia and urinary infection, puss in the urine. So he obviously did not enjoy that ninety- five percent probability success rate, but he was rather in the five percent. And in 1932 he complained of swollen feet, swollen feet and inner ear problems. What the historical record also reveals is that E. O. never did relax his work schedule to any significant degree. At the time of his death in 1934 he was president of six companies and Hoover Dam was in the final phase of construction and as always he was busy with on site visits production schedules, costs, press relations and dozens of other executive level tasks. The heart attack that took his like was sudden and massive. In approaching the conclusion of this paper I return to the thesis and advance the sixth factor of success, you thought I'd forgotten it. It's not a factor that can be offered for general applicability in a business management class for its unique to the Wattis brothers. Simply stated they had each other. E. O. and W. H. were a perfect match as business partners. Their individual personalities, aptitudes, likes and dislikes complemented the others to a consummate degree. Equally important they like and trusted each, a family trait. " There are very few families that have as strong as long a love for each other as ours have and none have any stronger," wrote E. O. in a 1909 letter noting that quote, " there have 19 never been any quarrels between any of us nor any hard feelings," unquote. Those are truly remarkable statements aren't they? As close as these two brothers were however they usually did not work in pairs. They were not joined at the hip to use that contemporary phrase. Indeed their trust was so implicit that they were frequently apart and engaged in different types of tasks. A revealing snap shot in time comes from the summer of 1922. I had hoped in pouring through those hundreds and hundreds of pages of documents I could I find them writing letters on the same day. And I could then share with you what different kinds of tasks and different approaches they were taking. I never was able quite to do that, but I see them close together here in the summer of 1922. W. H. who was then preparing his run for the U. S. Senate was participating in number of activities at Lagoon. They included umpiring a softball game between a Salt Lake and Ogden young men's republican clubs and attending several wrestling and boxing matches. In the distinctive newspaper style of the day that were topped off by a battle royal between five members of the Ethiopian race all in the ring at the same time. Contrast this with E. O. who's hectic travel schedule had made him almost invisible even to his wife, " I was surprise your father was in Kansas City," she wrote to a daughter June 15th after spending that anniversary alone. This is not to imply that E. O. worked while W. H. played. W. H. was just a little more extroverted, more readily given to conduction business on the golf course or in other recreational settings. And who can doubt that how important that is in the modern corporate world. E. O. took a quieter but more direct approach to 20 business. Again we see Mr. Outside and Mr. Inside in perfect compliment. The brothers used that friendship and bond to span distances over four thousand miles of track alone, plus many more of road, tunnels, canals, etc. and to span eras from the pre- railroad era, from the pre- railroad frontier to the industrial era when they died. Again going back to the comment President Millner made the monuments to industry they created would span many more eras and serve the purposes of society long into the indefinite future and you can take that from a historian who's maternity bill was paid by a father whose pay check was back in part by Wattis money long ago and far away in Puyallup Washington. Thank you. © 2007 WSU Stewart Library, All rights reserved.

Kenya is entering a decisive year. Three main developments will make 2012 extraordinary. First, Kenya will hold national elections for the first time since the traumatic post-election violence of 2007-08, which ended Kenya's high growth momentum abruptly. Second, Kenya's economy will need to navigate through a severe economic storm, which could well become a hurricane, especially if Europe enters into a recession. Third, the country will implement its most ambitious governance reforms ever, namely the devolution of responsibility to forty-seven new counties. Kenya's policy makers will need to display tremendous skill and steadfast leadership in order to balance the need for fiscal prudence, with ensuring that resource flows to new local governments are sufficient to meet their needs. High expectations of the promise of devolution need to be met by equally high quality planning and execution of its delivery. Kenya will enter 2012 from a weaker-than expected economic position. Kenya's economy is navigating rough economic waters, where existing structural weaknesses have been compounded by short-term shocks. The most visible sign of Kenya's economic challenge is the depreciating shilling, which reached an all time low against the US Dollar in October 2011. The elements behind this situation are high international food and fuel prices, the drought compounded by conflict in the horn of Africa, the Euro crisis, widening fiscal and current account deficits, and major inefficiencies in Kenya's agriculture sector. The recent developments are also undermining one of Kenya's main strengths over the last decade: the credibility and predictability of its macroeconomic policies.

This special dinner was one of the first gatherings after my father died, and I remember that we all toasted my motherfor what she gave us and did for us.  Wewere pretty determined to let her kno My father died just before Father's Day six years ago.  He knew he was dying, and every time he thought he had a few days left, he called to, well, repeat the same lecture as his hearing (and personality) limited conversations.  My mother died yesterday, just a few days after one of the only mother's days we didn't connect.  She had been in a rehab facility after a hospital stay, and I was in Germany, preparing to come back.  I had meant to call her when I got back, but I ended up pushing it to Saturday afternoon.  It was too late.  I had been determined over the past few years to tell her how I felt about her, how much I loved her, how much she shaped me, how much I owed her, so I am not so fussed about missing the chance for one last call.  She was 92, and the last few years and especially the last few months were progressively more difficult for her so this was not a surprise.  My mother was simply the least self-centered person, most other-centered person I have ever met.  While she was a great cook, whenever there was a more burnt piece or a smaller piece, she saved those for herself.  I can't remember a time where her preferences overrode anyone else's.  She, for instance, did not enjoy the Barbie movie last summer, but she gamely went while most of her brood (her siblings, and much of the next gen) were in town for our summer vacation.  She would have preferred Oppenheimer.My mother was an awesome grandmother, and her legacy is this group of sharp, funny,fierce, left-wing women.Speaking of nuclear war, my mother is the one that got me interested in politics and history and international relations.  I don't have memories of specific conversations, but I do remember talking to her about this stuff. And one of my very first political memories is of watching her celebrate Nixon's resignation.  She was a fierce liberal, always wanting government to do right by those who were less fortunate.  While she had an appreciation for Jack Kennedy's looks, she was an FDR woman through and through.  She could talk New Deal as long as you wanted.  I got my sense of justice and outrage from her (and from my daughter).  While she never got to see a woman be president, she did get to see the most FDR-ish president in her last few years. A pre-Steve pic of the familyMy mother went back to work when I was in 3rd grade or so, working for the Naval Aviation Supply Office near Philly. That was fun for me as she told me about the cool planes that she would order parts for, ones that would make the news like the Harrier and the P-3. She would visit Hawaii and Guam as part of her job to connect with those on the other side of the supply chain.  Only now have I realized we never talked about what those meetings were about. Her first job, pre-kids, was in advertising in the 1950s in New York.  Which made her very uninterested in watching Mad Men.  My mother shared her empathy with us, so that we cared about what happened to others.  It really was a defining characteristic.  I now I am being repetitive about her "other-ness" but it sticks out. A second defining characteristic was that she didn't want to be her mother-in-law--she wanted to be a far more supportive, loving one.  In that, she wildly succeeded.  She was so good to my wife and so sweet to my daughter.  She subsidized my daughter's private school in Montreal so that we could move there and understand my daughter's teachers.  She also gave us money to invest for my daughter's education so that she could go to any school she wanted.  I am pretty sure that the various relatives of ours who came out had no fear that she would ostracize them.  Maybe if they came out as a Trumper, but LGBTQ?  No worries there.One could confuse her going along with everyone else as passivity, but not when one of her children needed her.  Then the momma bear would come out.  When we moved to Maryland, I was about five years old, ready to go to kindergarten.  They had me take an ethnically biased IQ test that I failed--for instance, the picture I picked as the best breakfast was not the bowl with steam coming from it but the round thing with a whole in it--a bagel.  Nope, it was a donut.  My mom went in and yelled at them.  I guess I got placed in a normal kindergarten track as a result. She also helped us push our father into getting us Candy who was the sweetest poodle.Last summer, we played some ginand some scrabble with her.  At 91,she was still quite on top of her gameeven as her NYT crossword puzzlingsuffered a bit.My mother was very smart, very curious, and very aware not just of her family but of the larger things.  Her politics, as mentioned above, were liberal in the most positive of ways.  She gave money to liberal politicians, she gave much time and effort to mental health organizations, and she gave her insights to us.  I am most grateful that her brilliance only dimmed at the very end, the last few months, as hospital visits made a dent. 
Her memory was still so very clear, and I only wish she was more
aggressive in sharing her stories.  She would tell them, but mostly when
pushed, and I regret not being so good at getting more out of her.  My mother loved to travel and she loved fine dining.  My father and her got to visit almost every place in the world that they wanted.  She would have liked to keep traveling, but that got progressively more difficult.  My father's death put a big dent into the eating out as she grew up never eating out alone.  And then the pandemic struck, limiting our ability to visit.  Each of her four kids would take her out for dinner when we visited so that she could enjoy this one thing she could still do.  But for a couple of the last years of her life, she was pretty much trapped at home.  When I did visit recently, we would explore the streaming stuff, and we had a mixed record of finding stuff that she liked.  "It's ok" was about as negative a thing she would say.  She did find Breaking Bad to be engaging when I introduced it to her.That she had no one to eat with except when we visited meant that she could not menace the sidewalks of Philadelphia with her scooter.  She was always an excellent driver--she taught most of us (all?) how to drive as she had far more patience than my father--and had an excellent memory of which sidewalks were intact and which ones were not.  I got much exercise trying to keep up with her as she scooted, even crossing against lights if there were no traffic (which is another thing I got from her).   I got to learn which sites in Phillywere scooter-compatible including this park by the Delaware River.  We got in the habit of zooming twice a week when we were all locked down during the pandemic.  Given that we didn't have that much to talk about, given that none of us were doing anything interesting and we got tired of talking about politics, we started playing various games.  I found a Chuck Klosterman card set that would ask people about very strange hypothetical scenarios, and then we'd find out how each of us would behave.  It was most illuminating what my mother would and would not do for herself and for the greater good.Which gets me to the last thing I wanted to mention here.  My mother had the sneakiest sense of humor.  She would mostly listen--either in these zooms or when we got
together--but she had the sharpest zingers (never mean ones, well, not
at us anyway).  More than once we laughed really hard and could barely
breathe.  So, she was game to wear a tiara for her 90th birthday party.  She could be silly even as she was not a fan of silly tv/movies (see the Barbie reference above)     My mother was very much the matriarch who held our family together.  We could have split apart, but her kindness, her patience, her tenacity, her sweetness, and her love kept us together.  For that and for everything else, I will be forever grateful.  I wish her last few years were not so frustrating and solitary, but she knew she was loved, that her kids and her grandkids appreciated her and were doing well with their lives.  I couldn't find my digital stash of older pics that are mostly pictures of pictures my father took.  Will post more of those when I figure out which folder they are in.

The instrumental use of Muslim women's experiences as a symbol and justification for Western countries interventions is not a new business and was not employed for the first time in the post September 11th "war on terror" campaigns. Indeed, the production of stereotypes of Muslim women in political platforms can be tracked back to different colonial enterprises. Clearly, as Lughod (2002) has highlighted, the consistent resort to a cultural framing through the equation women/religion/suffering has always been a tool to hide political and economic interests and consequently to bury more complex political and historical developments. In the academic sphere, debates on Muslim women also widened. However, as Lila Abu-Lughod (2002) contended, the efforts were almost put solely on denouncing the great violent and oppressive contexts where those women were living under the barbaric violations perpetrated to them by Islamist movements. Otherwise, if a scholar tried to problematize the cultural framing of Muslim women's questions, she (or he) would very likely be accused of cultural relativism (Lughod, 2002). Therefore, a sole and unproblematic focus on the suffering of Muslim women is not only futile, but also contributes to reify the old Orientalist perceptions on Islam and Muslim women, and to provide intellectual foundations for Western imperialist wars. The objective of this article, on the contrary, is to raise another set of questions, which I believe to be more urgent. These questions aim at both unpacking Muslim women as a discursive category, and understanding the major challenges their experiences impose on secular feminist conceptions of agency. I contend that addressing these questions is more urgent for different reasons. Firstly, I argue vigorously that apart from the obsessive and somehow blind criticism that religion is inherently patriarchal and consequently oppressive to women, scholarship especially from within feminist theory remained oblivious to a more systematic and self-reflexive engagement with religion and Muslim women. In addition, I argue that surprisingly, even in a period of post-Orientalist deconstruction, which supposedly would have already dismissed those essentialist and repressive accounts of Muslim women and Islam, subtle but very important remnants can still be found on the so called "corrective" postcolonial feminist scholarship on Muslim women. Indeed, there is a plurality of work on Muslim women in the social sciences. However, they are scattered and apparently separated by their own agendas and claims, with very few attempts at dialogue or debate. Hence, a systematic account of this diversity has been missing, one which could provide an up to date appraisal of the state of scholarship and activism on Muslim women, and build a firm foundation for advancing knowledge both of the subject itself and on interdisciplinary efforts like the one I advance here. Therefore, while doing a systematic and critical literature review, oriented specifically by an interdisciplinary approach, I expect this article to fill part of this gap and raise crucial questions in order to build knowledge of the intersection between Muslim women's studies and feminist theory. It is here where more research is certainly needed in order to reduce the gulf that exists between both areas. The introduction of this article outlines briefly the ways through which Muslim women have been approached as a discursive category, constructing stereotypes of Muslim women in political platforms, as well as on the academic stage. Politically, the production of stereotypes can be tracked back to different colonial enterprises and more recently to the interventions by Western countries that comprised the "war on terror" campaign. On the academic stage, these stereotypes were reproduced in the sole efforts to denounce the great violent and oppressive contexts where those women are living, as previously mentioned. The first section is concerned with the exclusion of religion and more specifically of Muslim women's experiences from history and feminist knowledge production, including IR feminist studies. I acknowledge that the ontological and epistemological openness in feminist and gender studies in international relations and other areas ensured the recognition of the existence of differences and of multiple "layers" of identities which affect sexed bodies in distinct ways. These were crucial to challenge Eurocentric narratives as the only legitimate source of knowledge production. However, I put forward in this section that despite a greater plurality in feminist studies, there is still a silence from feminist theorists regarding religious women's experiences, and hence, the importance of religion to women (Salem, 2013). Using the work of Phyllis Mack (2003) I argue that one of the reasons for this gap resides in the metanarrative of secularization, which is the basis of secular feminist scholarship. Within this analytical framework, I analyse how the conceptions of agency and emancipation underlying the different strands of secular feminism are limiting to the different voices and experiences of Muslim women. The second section addresses the challenges Islamic feminism imposes to feminist notions of agency. As religion is seen as inherently patriarchal and oppressive to women, Islamic feminism or any other effort to pursue gender equality from within an Islamic framework would be taken as contradictory or incompatible. By locating the struggle within a religious framework, and at the same time claiming for the existence of what seems to be the untouchable foundations of Islam, Islamic feminists are cast away from secular feminisms. I argue that those experiences of activists and scholars make serious challenges to the notions of agency based on rationality and secularity as the only pillars whereby women can struggle for and reach gender equality. As a result, Islamic feminism(s)'s experiences also help to unsettle and complicate some binaries which feminist theory has been contributing to reify, such as secular/spiritual; reason/obscurantism; science/religion; freedom/oppression; modern/backward. In the third section, the article discusses some of the piety women's movements anchored on Saba Mahmood's work on pietistic agency, firstly in order to highlight the inability of most feminist scholarship in capturing the diversity of Muslim women's voices; second to denounce the perilous nature of encapsulating women's agency solely within "the entelechy of liberatory politics". These movements advance very different agendas and orientations from the Islamic feminist ones. Those agendas are precisely what denounce the subtle but very important remnants of Orientalist assumptions, particularly its adherence to secular-liberal values, and the teleological conceptions of modernity (Lakhani, 2008). I conclude the article arguing that rather than neglecting the important achievements feminism promoted in the lives of women in different parts of the world, the main intention of this work was to provincialize (to borrow the expression from Chakrabarty) the secular and liberal accounts of agency, feminism, empowerment, freedom and so on, locating them in the historical, political and cultural context that produced the desires that animate them. ; Este artículo tiene la intención de abordar algunas preguntas importantes que apuntan tanto a desempacar a las mujeres musulmanas como una categoría discursiva, como a comprender los principales desafíos que sus experiencias imponen a las concepciones feministas seculares de la agencia. Por un lado, aparte de una crítica ciega de que alguna manera la religión es intrínsecamente patriarcal y, en consecuencia, opresiva para las mujeres, la producción intelectual feminista, incluyendo la producción feminista en el campo de las Relaciones Internacionales (RI), ha sido ajeno a las experiencias de las mujeres musulmanas y aparentemente indiferente a un compromiso y diálogo sistemáticos con el tema de la mujer y la religión. Además, a pesar de la capacidad de los feminismos poscoloniales, en su mayoría ancorados en lentes de deconstrucción pos orientalista, para capturar la "diferencia" en las voces de las mujeres musulmanas, parece que aún permanecen remanentes sutiles pero muy importantes de interpretaciones represivas de las mujeres musulmanas en esta literatura supuestamente "correctiva". Ciertamente, existe una gran pluralidad de trabajos sobre mujeres musulmanas. Sin embargo, están dispersos y aparentemente separados por sus propias agendas y reclamos, con muy pocos intentos de diálogo o debate. Por consiguiente, falta un relato sistemático de esta diversidad, que podría proporcionar un significativo estado del arte de la producción intelectual y el activismo sobre las mujeres musulmanas, construyendo una base firme para avanzar en el conocimiento tanto sobre el tema en sí, como sobre esfuerzos interdisciplinarios como el que se intenta hacer en este trabajo. Por lo tanto, mientras se hace una revisión sistemática y crítica de la literatura, orientada específicamente por un enfoque interdisciplinario, es esperado que este artículo llene parte de esta brecha y plantee preguntas cruciales para construir conocimiento sobre la intersección de los estudios de las mujeres musulmanas y la teoría feminista, donde más investigación es ciertamente necesaria para reducir el abismo que existe entre ambas áreas. La introducción de este artículo describe las formas en que se ha abordado a las mujeres musulmanas como una categoría discursiva. La primera sección se ocupa de la exclusión de la religión y más específicamente de las experiencias de las mujeres musulmanas de la historia y la producción de conocimiento feminista. La segunda sección aborda los desafíos que el feminismo islámico impone a las nociones feministas de agencia. Posteriormente, el artículo analiza algunos de los movimientos de mujeres piadosas anclados en el trabajo de Saba Mahmood sobre la agencia pietista, en primer lugar, para resaltar la incapacidad de la mayoría de los estudios feministas para captar la diversidad de las voces de las mujeres musulmanas; en segundo lugar, para denunciar lo peligroso de encapsular la agencia de las mujeres únicamente dentro de "la entelequia de la política liberadora".

El Foro Nacional Estudiantil de Economía y Finanzas (FNE), contó en su reto grupal con más de 200 estudiantes a nivel nacional, distribuidos en 62 equipos, pertenecientes a 22 universidades. El pasado viernes 4 de septiembre, conocimos a los ganadores de este reto, que consistía en crear propuestas de política pública para la reactivación de municipios colombianos tras el Covid-19. Esta nueva versión del FNE, ha estado llena de retos y nuevas experiencias, ya que, gracias a la virtualidad, logramos conocer más estudiantes preocupados por la participación y reactivación de los municipios vulnerables del territorio. "Creamos este reto para darles voz a los jóvenes de diferentes áreas y conocimientos, resaltando que cuando se trata del desarrollo del desarrollo económico sostenible, la interdisciplinariedad es fundamental", afirmó Carlos Holguin, uno de los directores de este Foro. Carlos Sepúlveda, decano de la Facultad de Economía UR, felicitó a todos los participantes y destacó el liderazgo y la capacidad de adaptación e innovación por parte de los estudiantes dada la compleja coyuntura, asegurando la importancia de "la voz de los jóvenes economistas y financieros en encontrar soluciones a realidades muy difíciles". Dentro de los jurados de este reto, se encontraban Juanita Goebertus, representante a la Cámara por Bogotá, magister en Derecho de la Universidad de Harvard y experta en paz, justicia transicional y postconflicto. Silvia Otero-Bahamon, profesora principal de la Escuela de Ciencia Política, Gobierno y Relaciones Internacionales de la Universidad del Rosario, con un PhD en Ciencia Política de la Universidad de Northwestern. Y, Santiago Saavedra, profesor principal de la Facultad de Economía de la Universidad del Rosario, con PhD en Economía de la Universidad de Stanford. Los invitamos a conocer los cinco equipos finalistas de este reto, junto con sus propuestas e iniciativas: - Grupo 1- Municipio de Corinto: "Propuesta de política pública para la reactivación de Corinto, Cauca" Conformado por cuatro estudiantes de la Universidad del Rosario, quienes además fueron los ganadores de este reto por su innovación y aprovechamiento de la situación actual para la reactivación económica del municipio. Su propuesta se basó en la inversión en vías a través del Plan Colombia Rural, construcción de acueductos rurales temporales en el corto plazo y permanentes en el largo, producción local de gel antibacterial a partir de insumos locales y técnicas tradicionales de la comunidad Nasa e implementación del plan nevera viva para la seguridad y la soberanía alimentaria con enfoque diferenciado. - Grupo 2 – Municipio de Puerto Caicedo: "Recomendaciones de Política Pública en Puerto Caicedo, Putumayo" Conformado por estudiantes de la Universidad del Rosario, Universidad de los Andes y la Universidad ICESI. Basaron su propuesta a través de cultivos de coca para uso medicinal, aprovechamiento sostenible del medio ambiente, y promoción de actividades productivas adaptables a sus condiciones regionales, buscamos mejorar la productividad de Puerto Caicedo. Grupo 3 – Municipio de Valle del Guamez: "Reapertura económica en Valle del Guamuez bajo la coyuntura del COVID-19" Conformado por estudiantes de la Universidad de los Andes. Presentaron una propuesta a corto plazo de retorno a la agricultura enfocada en los cultivos propios de la región con alianzas con Corpocampo, Coprocaguamez y Asapiv. Para mediano plazo, una digitalización de la propuesta de valor a través de la tienda virtual Frubana. Y, a largo plazo, la adecuación y el mejoramiento de las vías para lograr la exportación y transporte de productos. - Grupo 4- Municipio de Bojayá: "Bojayá conectado, Bojayá seguro" Conformado por estudiantes de la Universidad del Rosario y la Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, quienes ocuparon el segundo lugar de este reto, por su sentido social. Basaron su propuesta a partir de la economía solidaria como una opción que vale la pena explorar para el desarrollo social en territorios de postconflicto. Así pues, masificando la entrega de elementos de bioseguridad, asociando y capacitando a los transportadores fluviales de Bojayá e invirtiendo en mejor infraestructura portuaria, impactaremos en este municipio en el corto, mediano y largo plazo. - Grupo 5 – Municipio de El Tambo: "Propuesta de reactivación económica para El Tambo: El futuro es campesino" Conformado por estudiantes de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Presentaron una propuesta de reactivación comprometida con el productor agrícola de El Tambo y sus productos tradicionales. Una alternativa a los cultivos ilícitos, en busca de la paz, la prosperidad y la estabilidad económica de la región. En nombre de la Facultad de Economía y la organización del FNE, agradecemos a todos los estudiantes participantes por su entusiasmo de crear y construir país a partir de soluciones sostenibles y beneficiosas para nuestras comunidades. También, felicitamos a los equipos finalistas y ganadores, ya que todos, realizaron un aparte valioso que nos permitirá solidarizarnos con estos territorios y a pensar creativamente en la reactivación pos Covid-19. ; The National Student Forum of Economics and Finance (FNE), counted in its group challenge with more than 200 students nationwide, distributed in 62 teams, belonging to 22 universities. Last Friday, September 4, we met the winners of this challenge, which consisted of creating public policy proposals for the reactivation of Colombian municipalities after Covid-19. This new version of the FNE has been full of challenges and new experiences, since, thanks to virtuality, we were able to meet more students concerned about the participation and reactivation of vulnerable municipalities in the territory. "We created this challenge to give a voice to young people from different areas and knowledge, highlighting that when it comes to the development of sustainable economic development, interdisciplinarity is essential," said Carlos Holguin, one of the directors of this Forum. Carlos Sepúlveda, dean of the UR Faculty of Economics, congratulated all the participants and highlighted the leadership and capacity for adaptation and innovation on the part of the students given the complex situation, ensuring the importance of "the voice of young economists and financiers in finding solutions to very difficult realities ". Among the jurors of this challenge, were Juanita Goebertus, representative to the Chamber for Bogotá, magister in Law from Harvard University and expert in peace, transitional justice and post-conflict. Silvia Otero-Bahamon, Senior Lecturer in the School of Political Science, Government and International Relations at Universidad del Rosario, with a PhD in Political Science from Northwestern University. And, Santiago Saavedra, Senior Lecturer at the Faculty of Economics at Universidad del Rosario, with a PhD in Economics from Stanford University. We invite you to meet the five finalist teams in this challenge, along with their proposals and initiatives: - Group 1- Municipality of Corinto: Made up of four students from the Universidad del Rosario, who were also the winners of this challenge for their innovation and taking advantage of the current situation for the economic reactivation of the municipality. His proposal was based on the investment in roads through the Rural Colombia Plan, construction of temporary rural aqueducts in the short term and permanent in the long term, local production of antibacterial gel from local inputs and traditional techniques of the Nasa community and implementation of the viva fridge plan for food security and sovereignty with a differentiated approach. - Group 2 - Municipality of Puerto Caicedo: Made up of students from Universidad del Rosario, Universidad de los Andes and Universidad ICESI. They based their proposal on coca crops for medicinal use, sustainable use of the environment, and promotion of productive activities adaptable to their regional conditions, we seek to improve the productivity of Puerto Caicedo. Group 3 - Municipality of Valle del Guamez: Made up of students from the Universidad de los Andes. They presented a short-term proposal for a return to agriculture focused on the region's own crops with alliances with Corpocampo, Coprocaguamez and Asapiv. For the medium term, a digitization of the value proposition through the Frubana virtual store. And, in the long term, the adaptation and improvement of the ways to achieve the export and transport of products. - Group 4- Municipality of Bojayá: Made up of students from the Universidad del Rosario and the Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, who ranked second in this challenge, due to its social sense. They based their proposal on the solidarity economy as an option worth exploring for social development in post-conflict territories. Thus, by massifying the delivery of biosafety elements, associating and training the river transporters of Bojayá and investing in better port infrastructure, we will impact this municipality in the short, medium and long term. - Group 5 - Municipality of El Tambo: Made up of students from the National University of Colombia. They presented a proposal for reactivation committed to the agricultural producer of El Tambo and its traditional products. An alternative to illicit crops, in search of peace, prosperity and economic stability in the region. On behalf of the Faculty of Economics and the organization of the FNE, we thank all the participating students for their enthusiasm to create and build a country based on sustainable and beneficial solutions for our communities. Also, we congratulate the finalist and winning teams, since they all made a valuable part that will allow us to show solidarity with these territories and to think creatively about the post-Covid-19 reactivation.

La mondialisation, considérée comme un processus d'intégration internationale des ressources nationales sur les plans économique, culturel et démographique, exacerbe la concurrence entre les pays (OECD, 2005; Sahlberg, 2016). Cette concurrence amène d'ailleurs plusieurs d'entre elles à nouer des alliances stratégiques et à coopérer pour conserver ou améliorer leur positionnement dans ce marché globalisé (OECD, 2005). Pour faire face à cette concurrence mondialisée, un discours réclamant des réformes en profondeur en éducation s'est propagé à l'internationale par les représentants des organisations internationales durant les dernières décennies (Maroy, 2021). Ce discours s'inscrit dans ce que Sahlberg (2016) désigne de mouvement mondial de réforme de l'éducation (Global Education Reform Movement) influencé par ce que d'autres auteurs identifieront comme étant l'idéologie de la nouvelle gestion publique (Chappoz, 2012; Lane, 2000). La qualité des systèmes éducatifs représente pour ainsi dire le socle sur lequel repose l'avenir des pays. La formation continue des citoyens tout au long de la vie permet donc aux pays de s'adapter aux contingences de l'évolution permanente des connaissances et des compétences sur un marché du travail de plus en plus intégré (Brian, 2007). L'appel incessant des gouvernants et des organisations supranationales, comme l'Organisation de coopération et de développement économique (OCDE), à réformer les systèmes éducatifs de nombreux pays démocratiques est éloquent à cet égard (Charbonnier & Gouëdard, 2020; Maroy, 2021). La régulation des systèmes éducatifs par les résultats s'inscrit dans cette marche ascensionnelle de la mondialisation et des réformes en éducation. Cette régulation est marquée par une utilisation systématique des données chiffrées à des fins d'amélioration continue de la performance des systèmes éducatifs qui implique une amélioration du fonctionnement des centres de services scolaires (CSS) et des établissements scolaires (ÉS), notamment en matière de pratiques professionnelles, de taux de diplomation et de réduction des inégalités sociales (Maroy, 2013). Spécifiquement, on parle ici d'amélioration continue de l'enseignement et de l'apprentissage dont l'actualisation se réalise en définitive dans les ÉS. Aussi, l'on associe la régulation par les résultats à la promotion de l'autonomie des ÉS. Cette autonomie va de pair avec une augmentation de la responsabilisation des acteurs tels que les gestionnaires des CSS, les directions d'établissement (DÉ) et les enseignants. Cette autonomie va également de pair avec l'obligation de rendre des comptes typiquement aux parents, aux CSS et au ministère de l'Éducation quant aux résultats obtenus par rapport aux objectifs établis, aux indicateurs de performance fixés et aux moyens retenus pour les atteindre (Maroy, 2021). Dans ce contexte, la prise de décision appuyée sur les données en éducation représente dès lors un champ de recherche pertinent pour répondre au besoin d'amélioration continue de l'enseignement et de l'apprentissage à l'échelle des ÉS, des CSS et du système éducatif. Cette recherche doctorale s'inscrit dans cette quête d'amélioration continue de l'enseignement et de l'apprentissage dans le cadre du fonctionnement des équipes-écoles en communautés d'apprentissage professionnelles. La difficulté pour celles-ci d'utiliser les données accessibles ou produites dans les établissements scolaires (ÉS), particulièrement en ce qui concerne leur analyse (Bouchamma et al., 2019), dissimule en réalité des limites quant aux compétences professionnelles des acteurs locaux et à la capacité des outils technologiques existant à valoriser les données de sources et de types multiples (données quantitatives et qualitatives). Une communauté d'apprentissage professionnelle (CAP) d'une école secondaire de la région de la Chaudière-Appalaches s'est engagée à répondre à cette difficulté en implantant et en expérimentant un processus de la prise de décision pédagogique appuyé sur les données locales de sources multiples (PDPADLSM), à savoir sur les données qui sont accessibles ou produites dans les ÉS. Quatre enseignants¹ et un praticien-chercheur ont participé à cette recherche sur une base volontaire. Cette recherche appliquée repose sur un devis de type qualitatif qui se présente sous la forme d'une recherche-action suivant une perspective pragmatique et fonctionnaliste (Van der Maren, 2014). Dans la pratique, cette recherche vise l'amélioration du fonctionnement des ÉS et plus spécifiquement des CAP. Le corpus rassemble des données qualitatives provenant d'un questionnaire, d'entrevues semi-structurées, de comptes-rendus analytiques, d'extraits du journal de bord du praticien-chercheur et de la correspondance électronique entretenue entre les enseignants et le praticien-chercheur. L'analyse en mode écriture (Paillé & Mucchielli, 2016a) et thématique (Paillé & Mucchielli, 2016b) ainsi que la modélisation systémique (Buckley & Waring, 2013; Gendron & Richard, 2015) constituent les dispositifs de traitement des données. En guise d'amorce, le praticien-chercheur a effectué une analyse de sa pratique professionnelle relative à la PDPADLSM qui s'inscrit dans un enjeu ontogénique, soit le perfectionnement du praticien-chercheur à titre d'acteur central de la pratique (Van der Maren, 2014). Cette recherche se base sur les concepts de PDPADLSM et de CAP. Nous convoquons en sus la théorie C-K de la conception (Concept-Knowledge Theory) de Le Masson et al. (2018) et le modèle du changement social en milieu organisationnel de Lewin (1947). Les résultats de cette recherche révèlent que sept éléments participent à l'implantation du processus de la PDPADLSM : a) la mobilisation des acteurs autour d'un objectif commun ; b) l'acquisition d'un langage commun ; c) les compétences en relations interpersonnelles ; d) l'autoformation des participants ; e) la mise en œuvre différenciée ; f) le retour réflexif des acteurs ; g) le rapport paradoxal entretenu par les participants avec les outils technologiques. La démarche de conception innovante d'un outil d'aide à la décision pédagogique nous a permis de mettre au jour cinq catégories de connaissances associées à sa conception : a) le public cible ; b) les contextes dans lesquels il doit fonctionner ; c) la lourdeur de la tâche relative à la collecte et l'analyse des données ; d) les compétences requises pour concevoir et développer l'outil ; e) les ressources humaines nécessaires pour le réaliser. Le concept d'outil d'aide à la décision pédagogique renvoie à un outil qui collecte et analyse des données de sources et de types multiples (données quantitatives et qualitatives), offrant aux utilisateurs la possibilité d'interagir avec celui-ci pour répondre aux questions d'ordre descriptif (décrire une situation), diagnostique (expliquer la situation), prédictif (anticiper la situation) et prescriptif (recommander des actions). Enfin, dans sa dimension expérientielle, la recherche brosse un panorama d'un changement organisationnel planifié relatif à l'implantation du processus de la PDPADLSM et qui révèle que le gain en temps et en précision, en matière de collecte et d'analyse des données locales de sources multiples, améliore le fonctionnement des CAP et, ultimement, renforce la responsabilisation de leurs membres à l'égard de la réussite éducative de tous les élèves. ; Globalization, considered as a process of international integration of national resources on the economic, cultural and demographic levels, exacerbates competition between countries. This competition is leading many countries to form strategic alliances and cooperate to maintain or improve their position in this globalized market (OECD, 2005). In order to face this globalized competition, a discourse calling for in-depth reforms in education has been propagated internationally by representatives of international organizations over the last few decades (Maroy, 2021). This discourse is part of what (Sahlberg, 2016) refers to as the Global Education Reform Movement, influenced by what other authors have identified as the ideology of the New Public Management (Chappoz, 2012; Lane, 2000). The quality of education systems is, so to speak, the foundation on which the future of countries rests. Continuous lifelong learning of citizens thus allows countries to adapt to the contingencies of ever-changing knowledge and skills in an increasingly integrated labor market (Brian, 2007). The incessant call by governments and supranational organizations, such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), to reform the education systems of many democratic countries speaks volumes in this regard (Charbonnier & Gouëdard, 2020; Maroy, 2021). The regulation of education systems by results is part of this upward march of globalization and educational reforms. This regulation is marked by a systematic use of numerical data for the purpose of continuous improvement of the performance of education systems, which implies an improvement in the functioning of school service centres (SSCs) and schools, particularly in terms of professional practices, graduation rates and the reduction of social inequalities (Maroy, 2013). Specifically, we are talking about the continuous improvement of teaching and learning, which is ultimately achieved in the schools. Thus, regulation by results is associated with the promotion of autonomy in the schools. This autonomy goes hand in hand with an increase in the accountability of actors such as the CSS managers, the school principals (SP) and the teachers. This autonomy also goes hand in hand with the obligation to be accountable, typically to parents, CSSs and the Ministry of Education, for the results obtained in relation to the objectives set, the performance indicators set and the means used to achieve them (Maroy, 2021). In this context, data-based decision-making in education therefore represents a relevant field of research to address the need for continuous improvement of teaching and learning at the level of the schools, the SSCs and the education system. This doctoral research is part of this quest for continuous improvement of teaching and learning in the context of the operation of school teams in professional learning communities (PLCs). The difficulty for these teams to use the data accessible or produced in the schools, particularly with regard to their analysis (Bouchamma et al., 2019), actually conceals limitations with regard to the professional skills of local actors and the capacity of existing technological tools to make use of data from multi-source and types (quantitative and qualitative data). A PLC in a high school in the Chaudière-Appalaches region has committed to addressing this challenge by implementing and testing a pedagogical decision-making process using local multi-source data (PDMULMSD), i.e., on data that are accessible or produced in the schools. Four teachers and one practitioner-researcher participated in this research on a voluntary basis. This applied research is based on a qualitative design that takes the form of action research following a pragmatic and functionalist perspective (Van der Maren, 2014). In practice, this research aims to improve the functioning of schools and more specifically of PLCs. The corpus gathers qualitative data from a questionnaire, semi structured interviews, analytical accounts, excerpts from the practitioner-researcher's logbook, and electronic correspondence maintained between teachers and the practitioner researcher. Writing (Paillé & Mucchielli, 2016a) and thematic analysis (Paillé & Mucchielli, 2016b) as well as systemic modeling (Buckley & Waring, 2013; Gendron & Richard, 2015) constitute the data processing devices. As a primer, the practitioner-researcher conducted an analysis of his professional practice related to the PDMULMSD that is part of an ontogenic issue, the development of the practitioner-researcher as a central actor in practice (Van der Maren, 2014). This research is based on the concepts of PDMULMSD and PLC. We additionally convene Le Masson et al. (2018) Concept-Knowledge Theory (C-K) and Lewin's (1947) model of social change in organizational settings. The results of this research reveal that seven elements participate in the implementation of the PDMULMSD process: a) the mobilization of actors around a common objective; b) the acquisition of a common language; c) interpersonal skills; d) members' self training; e) differentiated implementation; f) the reflexive feedback of the actors; g) members' paradoxical relationship with technological tools. The innovative design process of a pedagogical decision support tool allowed us to identify five categories of knowledge associated with its design: a) the target audience; b) the contexts in which it must operate; c) the heaviness of the task related to data collection and analysis; d) the skills required to design and develop the tool; e) the human resources needed to implement it. The concept of an educational decision support tool refers to a tool that collects and analyzes data from multi-source and types (quantitative and qualitative data), offering users the possibility of interacting with it to answer questions of a descriptive (describing a situation), diagnostic (explaining the situation), predictive (anticipating the situation) and prescriptive (recommending actions) nature. Finally, in its experiential dimension, the research provides an overview of a planned organizational change related to the implementation of the PDMULMSD process and reveals that the gain in time and accuracy in collecting and analyzing local multi-source data improves the functioning of PLCs and ultimately strengthens the accountability of their members towards the educational success of all students.

"National and international strategies to protect children must empower and build the capacities of women, families and communities to address the root causes of conflict and strengthen local development." –Graça Machel[1]Over this past year we saw events, reflections, and new research on the 20th anniversary of UN Security Council Resolution 1325 on women, peace and security, and the 25th anniversary of the Beijing Platform for Action. Critical dialogue has continued on the roles of men and women in peacekeeping and gaps remain in our collective understanding of how gender influences peacekeeping practice. The Vancouver Principles on Peacekeeping and Preventing the Recruitment and Use of Child Soldiers, now endorsed by over 100 countries, raises particular attention to the intersections of gender and child protection practice and policy. Principle 11, Contributions of Women, aims "to recognize the essential contribution of women to peacekeeping operational effectiveness, and the distinct and critical roles of both men and women in the protection of children and the prevention of the recruitment and use of child soldiers."Thus, for this 5th volume of Allons-y, we called on the international community to consider the interconnections between the Women, Peace and Security and Children, Peace and Security agendas to explore how gender influences the prevention of the recruitment and use of children in violence. The contributors are researchers and practitioners with extensive experience working in the fields of child protection, security sector reform, and feminist scholarship. Together, the contributions in this volume demonstrate the complexities of the humanitarian, development and security nexus, and the importance of understanding the complexities of gender within peace and security.In the opening preface, Clare Hutchinson, the NATO Secretary-General's Special Representative for Women, Peace and Security, reflects on the evolution of formal mechanisms designed to address the gendered impacts of conflict and the importance of enhancing women's meaningful engagement in peace and security. Nidhi Kapur and Hannah Thompson argue that the complexities of gender, beyond a binary perspective, need to be considered in child protection, not least in the context of fragile and conflict environments if peace is to be sustained. Vanessa Brown argues for reforms to military training that prioritize the protection of children affected by conflict and considers an intersectional, gendered analysis as essential to effective military operations. Dustin Johnson analyzes Vancouver Principle 11 – Contribution of Women – in relation to the emerging complexities of a gender transformative approach to child protection.The Vancouver Principles are an important mechanism to prioritize children within peace and security. Recognizing that conflict and conflict prevention are gendered social issues that require a commitment to critical dialogue, reflective practice, and evolving protection frameworks, are essential to a comprehensive approach to protecting children. The contributions in this volume particularly demonstrate the importance of applying theory to practice, and illustrate the value of using critical and feminist approaches in scholarship to tackling the complexities of gender, peacekeeping, and, child recruitment. We hope this 5th volume of Allons-y serves to challenge understandings and practices in order to improve child protection and the prevention of the recruitment and use of children as soldiers.[1] Graça Machel, "Impact of Armed Conflict on Children" (New York: United Nations, 1996), 59, https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/51/306. ; "Las estrategias nacionales e internacionales de protección infantil deben proporcionar y desarrollar las capacidades de las mujeres, las familias y las comunidades para abordar las raíces de las causas de un conflicto y promover el desarrollo local". –Graça Machel[1][traducido]Durante el último año, fuimos testigos de eventos, reflexiones y nueva investigación en el 20mo aniversario de la Resolución 1325 del Consejo de Seguridad de la ONU sobre mujeres, paz y seguridad, así como el 25to aniversario de la Plataforma de Acción de Beijing. A pesar que en el presente existe un debate crítico continuo sobre los roles de hombres y mujeres en labores de mantenimiento de la paz aún, quedan brechas para nuestra comprensión colectiva de cómo el género influye en la práctica del mantenimiento de la paz. Los Principios de Vancouver sobre Mantenimiento de la Paz y Prevención del Reclutamiento y Uso de Niños Soldados, que actualmente cuentan con el apoyo de más de 100 países, consideran de manera específica las intersecciones entre el género y las prácticas y políticas de protección infantil. El Principio 11, Contribuciones de las mujeres, tiene por fin "reconocer la contribución esencial de las mujeres a la eficacia de las operaciones de paz, así como los roles distintos y fundamentales de hombres y mujeres en la protección infantil y en la prevención del reclutamiento y uso de niños soldados".Por lo tanto, para este 5to volumen de Allons-y, invitamos a la comunidad internacional a considerar las interconexiones entre los planes sobre Mujeres, Paz y Seguridad, y Niños, Paz y Seguridad para analizar cómo el género influye en la prevención del reclutamiento y el uso de niños en contextos de violencia. Los colaboradores son investigadores profesionales con vasta experiencia de trabajo en los ámbitos de protección infantil, reformas del sector de seguridad y estudios feministas. En conjunto, las contribuciones en este volumen demuestran las complejidades del nexo humanitario, de desarrollo y seguridad, así como la importancia de comprender las complejidades de género en temas de paz y seguridad.En el prefacio, Clare Hutchinson, la Representante especial del Secretario General de la OTAN para el plan sobre Mujeres, Paz y Seguridad, reflexiona sobre la evolución de los mecanismos formales diseñados para abordar los impactos de género de un conflicto y la importancia de fomentar la participación significativa de las mujeres en labores de paz y seguridad. Nidhi Kapur y Hannah Thompson afirman que, para mantener la paz, es necesario considerar las complejidades del género, más allá de una perspectiva binaria, en la protección infantil, particularmente en el contexto de entornos frágiles y de conflicto. Vanessa Brown señala que las reformas en la capacitación militar que priorizan la protección de niños afectados por un conflicto deben considerar un análisis interseccional y de género para que las operaciones militares sean eficaces. Dustin Johnson analiza el Principio de Vancouver 11: Contribución de las mujeres en relación con las complejidades emergentes de un enfoque transformador del género para la protección infantil.Los Principios de Vancouver constituyen un mecanismo importante para hacer de los niños una prioridad en los temas de paz y seguridad. Reconocer que el conflicto y la prevención del mismo son problemas sociales basados en el género que requieren un compromiso de diálogo crítico, práctica reflexiva y marcos de protección en constante cambio, es crucial para adoptar un enfoque integral de protección infantil. En términos específicos, las contribuciones en este volumen demuestran la importancia de aplicar la teoría a la práctica e ilustrar el valor de aplicar enfoques críticos y feministas en el ámbito académico para abordar las complejidades de género, mantenimiento de la paz y reclutamiento infantil. Esperamos que este 5to volumen de Allons-y sirva para cuestionar las concepciones y las prácticas con el fin de optimizar las iniciativas de protección infantil y prevención del reclutamiento y uso de niños soldados.[1] Graça Machel, "Impact of Armed Conflict on Children" (New York: United Nations, 1996), 59, https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/51/306. ; « Les stratégies nationales et internationales de protection des enfants doivent tendre à permettre aux femmes, aux familles et aux communautés de mieux s'adapter aux causes profondes des conflits et de promouvoir le développement local. » – Graça Machel[1]Au cours de l'année écoulée, nous avons assisté à des événements, à des réflexions et à de nouvelles recherches à l'occasion du vingtième anniversaire de la Résolution 1325 du Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies sur les femmes, la paix et la sécurité, et du vingt-cinquième anniversaire du Programme d'action de Beijing. Le dialogue critique s'est poursuivi sur les rôles des hommes et des femmes dans le maintien de la paix, et des lacunes subsistent dans notre compréhension collective de la manière dont la dimension sexospécifique influence la pratique du maintien de la paix. Les Principes de Vancouver sur le maintien de la paix et la prévention du recrutement et de l'utilisation d'enfants-soldats, auxquels ont désormais souscrit plus de 100 pays, accordent une attention particulière aux recoupements entre les pratiques et les politiques en matière de sexospécificité et de protection des enfants. Le Principes 11, intitulé Contribution des femmes, consiste à « reconnaître la contribution essentielle des femmes à l'efficacité opérationnelle des opérations de maintien de la paix, ainsi que les rôles distincts et cruciaux que jouent les hommes et les femmes dans la protection de l'enfance et la prévention du recrutement et de l'utilisation d'enfants soldats ».Ainsi, pour ce cinquièmevolume d'Allons-y, nous avons appelé la communauté internationale à considérer les interconnexions entre le programme « Femmes, paix et sécurité » et le programme sur les enfants, la paix et la sécurité afin d'étudier l'influence de la dimension sexospécifique sur la prévention du recrutement et de l'utilisation des enfants dans la violence. Les collaborateurs sont des chercheurs et des praticiens possédant une vaste expérience dans les domaines de la protection de l'enfance, de la réforme du secteur de la sécurité et des études féministes. Ensemble, les articles de ce volume établissent la complexité des interfaces entre l'action humanitaire, le développement et la sécurité, et l'importance de comprendre les subtilités de la dimension sexospécifique dans la paix et la sécurité.Dans la préface, Clare Hutchinson, représentante spéciale du Secrétaire général de l'OTAN pour les femmes, la paix et la sécurité, réfléchit à l'évolution des mécanismes officiels conçus pour traiter les impacts sexués des conflits et à l'importance de renforcer l'engagement significatif des femmes dans la paix et la sécurité. Puis, Nidhi Kapur et Hannah Thompson soutiennent que les questions complexes de la dimension sexospécifique, au-delà d'une perspective binaire, doivent être prises en compte dans la protection de l'enfant, notamment dans le contexte d'environnements fragiles et conflictuels, si l'on veut que la paix soit durable. Vanessa Brown plaide ensuite en faveur de réformes de la formation militaire qui donnent la priorité à la protection des enfants touchés par les conflits et considère qu'une analyse intersectionnelle et sexuée est essentielle pour des opérations militaires efficaces. Finalement, Dustin Johnson analyse le Principe 11 de Vancouver, intitulé Contribution des femmes, en relation avec les questions complexes qui se dégagent d'une approche transformative de la dimension sexospécifique à l'égard de la protection de l'enfance.Les Principes de Vancouver constituent un mécanisme important pour donner la priorité aux enfants dans le cadre de la paix et de la sécurité. Reconnaître que les conflits et la prévention des conflits sont des questions sociales sexospécifiques qui nécessitent un engagement en faveur d'un dialogue critique, d'une pratique réfléchie et de cadres de protection évolutifs est essentiel à une approche globale de la protection des enfants. Les articles de ce volume attestent particulièrement de l'importance d'appliquer la théorie à la pratique, et illustrent la valeur de l'utilisation d'approches critiques et féministes dans la recherche pour aborder les questions complexes de la dimension sexospécifique, du maintien de la paix et du recrutement d'enfants. Nous espérons donc que ce cinquièmevolume d'Allons-y servira à remettre en question les conceptions et les pratiques afin d'améliorer la protection des enfants, et la prévention du recrutement et de l'utilisation d'enfants comme soldats.[1] Graça Machel, "Impact of Armed Conflict on Children" (New York: United Nations, 1996), 59, https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/51/306.

El cacao ha sido priorizado en Colombia como uno de los productos agropecuarios con mayor potencial, gracias al reconocimiento mundial de la calidad de los genotipos que se cultivan en el país, con lo cual puede posicionarse en el nicho de cacaos especiales. Sin embargo, se han identificado problemas en la cadena de valor, tales como la baja calidad del cacao, el bajo desarrollo tecnológico en las operaciones de transformación de la poscosecha en las principales zonas productoras de Colombia, el desconocimiento de los parámetros de calidad por parte de los eslabones de productores y comercializadores, el desconocimiento de los requisitos de los mercados internacionales y los problemas de asociatividad, confianza e integración de los eslabones de la cadena. Este estudio presenta una hoja de ruta para generar estrategias tecnológicas en las operaciones de cosecha y poscosecha, estrategias organizativas, de capacidad instalada y de comercialización para el sector cacaotero en Colombia. Las estrategias fueron formuladas como proyectos de investigación y desarrollo, empleando metodologías de análisis de cadenas productivas agroindustriales, las cuales, mediante el uso articulado de herramientas de gestión como la vigilancia tecnológica y comercial, el benchmarking y el diagnóstico tecnológico por eslabones de cadenas productivas, conducen a la identificación de brechas tecnológicas. Estas brechas, identificadas y valoradas para cada una de las regiones de Colombia seleccionadas en el estudio, se constituyen en insumos importantes para plantear los proyectos de investigación y transferencia de tecnología que permitan solventarlas. A partir del análisis de brechas, se estructuró una hoja de ruta que permitiese de forma sistemática y estructurada, valorar como convergen e influyen las distintas áreas, temáticas, variables y/o aspectos propios de las dinámicas de cada territorio: económicos, sociales, tecnológicos, culturales, políticos, ambientales, etc. En este sentido, se plantearon 30 proyectos en la hoja de ruta que con guías para su implementación permitirán contribuir al desarrollo estratégico del futuro del sector cacaotero colombiano. Entre estos se destaca el diseño y gestión de los procesos de cosecha y poscosecha en función de la calidad, considerándola como eje transversal para la obtención de un producto final con características diferenciadas, que le permitan satisfacer las necesidades y cumplir los requerimientos de mercados especializados. La puesta en marcha de esas iniciativas deberán ir acompañadas de la ejecución de otros proyectos dirigidos a establecer una fuerte estrategia de fortalecimiento de capacidades de los actores de la cadena, a nivel local en los distintos territorios productores, incentivos para la conformación de redes de trabajo e impulso hacia la búsqueda y posicionamiento de nuevos mercados; así mismo, articularse a planes de innovación participativa y de transferencia, y evaluaciones de impacto (ex ante y ex post) en los territorios en los cuales sean aplicadas ; Abstract. The cocoa has been prioritized in Colombia as one of the agricultural products with greater market opportunities in the special cocoa segment, thanks to the worldwide recognition of the quality of the cocoa genotypes that are grown in the country. However, some problems have been identified across the cocoa value chain, such as the poor quality of cocoa beans, low technological development in post-harvest processing, lack of cocoa beans quality parameters, the lack of knowledge of international market cocoa requirements and the associativity problems, trust and integration of the links of the chain. This paper presents a roadmap to make technological strategies in the harvesting and postharvest operations, organizational strategies, installed capacity and marketing strategies for the cocoa sector in Colombia. For the formulation of the strategies, which are constituted as research projects, were used methodologies implemented in other works for the analysis of agroindustry productive chains, which, through the articulated use of management tools such as technological surveillance and commercial, benchmarking and chain performance analysis, result to the identification of technological gaps. These gaps, were identified and valued for each region, this gaps are inputs to formulate research and technology transfer projects to solve these problems. With the gap analysis results, a roadmap was structured considering the dynamics of each covered territory (economic, social, technological, cultural, political and environmental variables). In this way, were formulated 30 alternative solutions as projects, which contribute to strategically address the future of the Colombian cocoa sector. Of these, the design and management of the processes of harvesting and post-harvest processing of cocoa should be carried out as a function of quality, and to consider this as a transverse axis to produce a final product with differentiated characteristics, which allow it to satisfy the requirements of specialized markets. The implementation of these initiatives should be accompanied by the implementation of other projects aimed at establishing a strong strategy to strengthen the capacities of the actors of the chain, at local level in the different producing territories, incentives for the creation of networks and impulse towards the search and positioning of new markets; and to coordinate participatory innovation and transfer plans and impact assessments in the territories in which they are implemented. ; Maestría