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Background Much social marketing research is done on-line recruiting participants through Amazon Mechanical Turk, vetted panel vendors, social media, or community sources. When compensation is offered, care must be taken to distinguish genuine respondents from those with ulterior motives. Focus of the Article We present a case study based on unanticipated empirical observations made while evaluating perceived effectiveness (PE) ratings of anti-tobacco public service announcements (PSAs) using facial expression (FE) analysis (pretesting). Importance to the Social Marketing Field This study alerts social marketers to the risk and impact of disinterest or fraud in compensated on-line surveys. We introduce FE analysis to detect and remove bad data, improving the rigor and validity of on-line data collection. We also compare community (free) and vetted panel (fee added) recruitment in terms of usable samples. Methods We recruited respondents through (Community) sources and through a well-known (Panel) vendor. Respondents completed a one-time, random block design Qualtrics® survey that collected PE ratings and recorded FE in response to PSAs. We used the AFFDEX® feature of iMotions® to calculate respondent attention and expressions; we also visually inspected respondent video records. Based on this quan/qual analysis, we divided 501 respondents (1503 observations) into three groups: (1) Those demonstrably watching PSAs before rating them (Valid), (2) those who were inattentive but completed the rating tasks (Disinterested), and (3) those employing various techniques to game the system (Deceitful). We used one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) of attention (head positioning), engagement (all facial expressions), and specific facial expressions (FE) to test the likelihood a respondent fell into one of the three behavior groups. Results PE ratings: The Community pool ( N = 92) was infiltrated by Deceitful actors (58%), but the remaining 42% was "attentive" (i.e., no disinterest). The Panel pool ( N = 409) included 11% deceitful and 2% disinterested respondents. Over half of the PSAs change rank order when deceitful responses are included in the Community sample. The smaller proportion of Deceitful and Disinterested (D&D) respondents in the Panel affected 2 (out of 12) videos. In both samples, the effect was to lower the PE ranking of more diverse and "locally made" PSAs. D&D responses clustered tightly to the mean values, believed to be an artefact of "professional" test taking behavior. FE analysis: The combined Valid sample was more attentive (87.2% of the time) compared to Disinterested (51%) or Deceitful (41%) (ANOVA F = 195.6, p < .001). Models using "engagement" and specific Fes ("cheek raise and smirk") distinguished Valid from D&D responses. Recommendations False PE pretesting scores waste social marketing budgets and could have disastrous results. Risk can be reduced by using vetted panels with a trade-off that community sources may produce more authentically interested respondents. Ways to make surveys more tamper-evident, with and without webcam recording, are provided as well as procedures to clean data. Check data before compensating respondents! Limitations This was an accidental finding in a parent study. The study required computers which potentially biased the pool of survey respondents. The community pool is smaller than the panel group, limiting statistical power.

Assembling production studies : formative interventions in Britain and Europe / Graham Murdock -- Origins of research into media industries conducted in the US / Janet Wasko -- Meeting the challenges of media and marketing convergence : revising critical political economy approaches / Jonathan Hardy -- Why should we care about media policy? Critical directions in media policy research / Maria Michalis -- Economic perspectives on the characteristics and operation of media industries / Gillian Doyle -- The state of media management research / Ulrike Rohn -- Critical and cultural? Production studies as situated storytelling / Philip Drake -- Locating and localizing media industry studies : the case of Greece / Georgia Aitaki, Lydia Papadimitriou and Yannis Tzioumakis -- Industrial media studies : considering infrastructures for audience manufacture / Lee Mcguigan -- The infrastructural turn in media and internet research / David Hesmondhalgh -- Informality and indeterminacy in media industries research / Ramon Lobato -- An industry of its own? Approaching the American comic book industry / Gregory Steirer and Alisa Perren -- Approaching race in media industries research / Anamik Saha -- Methodological approaches to women's work in Hollywood / Courtney Brannon Donoghue -- Global configurations : re-spatializing labor in contemporary film and television production / Kevin Sanson -- Producing for small audiences : smallness and peripherality in the global media industries / Petr Szczepanik -- Currents of change : the unstoppable momentum of the Chinese media industrial complex / Michael Keane -- Bricks, mortar and media : understanding the media industries through their buildings / EliAbeth Evans -- Authorship and agency in the media industries / Eva Novrup Redvall -- The online television industry : fragmentation, consolidation and power / Catherine Johnson -- Children and the media industries : an overlooked but very special "television" audience / Anna Potter and Jeanette Steemers -- Game-changer or a new shape to familiar dynamics? Netflix and the American indie film sector / Geoff King -- User as asset, music as liability : The moral economy of the "value gap" in a platform musical economy / Andrew Leyshon and Allan Watson -- The digital news industry : the intertwining digital commodities of audiences and news / Henrik Bødker -- The dynamics of the book publishing industry / Angus Phillips -- Social media industries and the rise of the platform / Pieter Verdegem -- When East Asian media industries are faced with digitalization : transformation and survival strategies / Anthony Fung and Georgia Chik -- Creating that "local connect" : The dubbing of Hollywood into Hindi / Tejaswini Ganti -- The Hollywood-Chinawood relationship : continuities and changes / Wendy Su -- TV formats : Transnationalizing television production and distribution / Andrea Esser -- From idents to influencers : the promotional screen industries / Paul Grainge -- Branded entertainment : a critical review / Katharina Stolley, Finola Kerrigan and Cagri Yalkin -- Gatekeepers of culture in the music video supply chain / Emily Caston -- The immersive cinema experience economy : the UK film industry's third sector / Sarah Atkinson and Helen Kennedy -- Transmediality as an industrial form / Matthew Freeman -- Sports rights : global content, national markets and regulatory issues / Paul Smith -- Writing film industry history / Andrew Spicer -- Writing the airwaves : recent trends in histories of US broadcasting / Jennifer Porst and Deborah L. Jaramillo -- Policy studies and the case for plurality / Jennifer Holt and Steven Secular -- Media economics and management as optimization research : towards a shared methodology / M. Bjørn Von Rimscha -- Backstage observations : studying media producers / Anna Zoellner -- Breaking into Hollywood : strategies for interviewing media producers / David Craig -- Harnessing the life history method to study the media industries / Roei Davidson and Oren Meyers -- Interfacing with industry / Stuart Cunningham -- Media industries and audiences : an analytic dialogue / Annette Hill -- Ethics in media industries research / Patrick Vonderau -- Appreciating the costs and benefits of media market research in the digital era / Justin Wyatt -- Numbers and qualitative media industries research / Jade Miller -- Teaching media industries through experiential learning : pathways to engagement and understanding / Erin Copple Smith.

Abstract Nowadays we are taking care of uncertainty and stress due to Current situation of the pandemic. Our confusion, queries and uncleanness about COVID 19 sometimes makes us unstable, insecure, dubiousness, etc. Bangladesh Government has taken necessary steps to control this situation and close all the schools till further notice. This article is embracing current educational systems in Bangladesh, its effect on mental health, challenges and overcoming solutions. Government and Private schools have already started their online classes. Online schools definitely help students to continue their education at home, keep students busy in these pandemic circumstances, helps them to share their feelings with students and teachers. An emotional bonding has been created between teachers and students and this new learning has simply given education a new lease of life. On the other hand teachers, with new ideas, make the classroom much more enjoyable for the students. However it lessens a gap in learning process but still faces lots of challenges. Most often it is difficult for teachers to touch every student in the class, in rural areas sometimes it is hard to get internet connection, children under 7 years old does not want to seat in front of a computer for more than one hour, children under 10 years need help from parents to operate computer or mobile, working parents feel problem to adjust online class schedule with their own, zoom, google class room is new for many students and parents which create trouble to attend class at proper time, and a portion of students and parents do not have smart mobile phone and computer. Few teachers are trained about this online teaching, Lack of training of teachers and less innovative ideas often make lessons less effective. It is painful for parents to pay fees regularly who lose their job due to COVID 19. On the other side of the coin is that a number of teachers are not getting full salary which often makes teaching less useful. Prolonged lockdown and significant changes to our daily lives may cause Depression, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Panic Disorder, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, etc. Students, teachers, and parents any one can suffer from Mental Disorder. They are also prone to develop behavioral problems such as irritability, restlessness, palpitation, sleeping and eating problem, sudden violent and aggressive behavior, fear of dying, pain on multiple sites of the body, etc. Occasionally student's complaint of somatic problem such as headache, body ache, breathlessness, tiredness, etc. It happens due to extended lockdown, detachment from friends and non-availability of the market and playground. We always give attention to physical problem but mental health issues are also important for a productive functional life. Teachers should put some innovative ideas to make the online teaching more interesting such as regular meeting with parents, adding some audiovisual aid such as films, poster, video, allow students to play some useful games during class and take regular feedback from the students. Parents also can play an important role during this critical situation. They can also help their children to adjust with this situation. If students make themselves busy with some household works, maintain connection with friends by mobile phone and social media they can easily tackle this situation. We need to encourage and give attention to each other to overcome this situation. A great team work is highly encouraged to overcome our all challenges including technological issue. By this way we will be able to establish not only a comfort environment for both teachers and students but also can develop some active learners.

У сучасних умовах вирішальне значення для досягнення успіху в операції (бою) має автоматизоване управління військами (силами), яке здійснюється в часі, наближеному до реального, та в єдиному інформаційному середовищі прийняття управлінських рішень на застосування військ (сил) і зброї. Оборонна реформа, запроваджена в Міністерстві оборони та Збройних Силах України, передбачає створення таких автоматизованих систем на основі передових стандартів НАТО. Це, у свою чергу, викликає необхідність підготовки кваліфікованих офіцерських кадрів, які були би здатні ефективно застосовувати ці системи.У статті викладено досвід упровадження автоматизованих систем управління військами в освітній процес Національного університету оборони України імені Івана Черняховського, який може бути використаний в інших вищих військових навчальних закладах та під час оперативної (бойової) підготовки військ.Національний університет оборони України відповідно до визначених наукових завдань здійснює дослідження проблем розвитку інформаційних технологій та удосконалення автоматизованих систем управління, а також впроваджує результати цих досліджень в освітній процес університету.Одним із таких результатів є створена в університеті навчальна автоматизована система управління військами (АСУВ) "Славутич". Протягом останніх п'яти років АСУВ "Славутич" активно впроваджується в освітній процес університету. Слухачі факультативно вивчають технології застосування АСУВ "Славутич" та удосконалюють компетенції автоматизованого управління військами (силами) під час проведення занять з оперативно-тактичних дисциплін.Найбільш повно та комплексно АСУВ "Славутич" використовується під час проведення командно-штабних навчань та командно-штабних воєнних ігор зі слухачами випускних курсів. Досвід використання АСУВ "Славутич" свідчить про суттєвий вплив автоматизації на ефективність управління військами та навчання слухачів.АСУВ "Славутич" складають 10 функціональних та забезпечуючих підсистем (інформаційного обміну; відеоконференцзв'язку; електронного документообігу; організації роботи штабу; інформаційно-довідкова; збору і обробки даних; геоінформаційна; ведення і відображення положення, стану та дій військ; інформаційно-розрахункова; управління функціонуванням), стислий опис яких наведено у статті. ; In modern conditions, the automated command and control, which is carried out close to real-time mode and in the shared information environment for making management decisions on the use of troops (forces) and weapons, is crucial for the success of the operation (combat). The defence reform introduced in the Ministry of Defence and the Armed Forces of Ukraine envisages the creation of such automated systems based on advanced NATO standards. This, in turn, necessitates the training of qualified officer personnel who will be able to use these systems effectively.The article describes the experience of implementation of automated command and control systems in the educational process of the National Defence University of Ukraine named after Ivan Cherniakhovskyi, which can be used in other higher military educational establishments and during the operational (combat) training of troops.The National Defence University of Ukraine, in accordance with its assigned tasks, carries out research concerning problems of development of information technologies and improvement of automated control systems, and also implements the results of the research in the educational process of the university.One outcome of such research is the Slavutych, an automated command and control system developed in the university. During the last five years the Slavutych has been actively employed in the university's educational process. The students optionally learn the technologies of application of the Slavutych and improve their competences in the field of automated control of the troops (forces) during the courses on operational-tactical disciplines.The most fully and comprehensively the Slavutych is used during command-post exercises and war games with final year students. Experience gained from the use of the Slavutych indicates the significant impact of automation on the effectiveness of command and control as well as the performance of students.The Slavutych consists of 10 functional and support subsystems (information exchange; video conferencing; electronic document flow; staff procedures; information service; data collection and processing; geoinformation system; visualisation of the position, status and actions of troops; calculation; technical support), brief descriptions of which are given in the article.

It's the electronic equivalent of laying down asphalt
on parish roads right before an election: after three years of assurances this
was around the corner, Bossier Parish finally is getting around to creating facilities
to broadcast professionally its jury meetings – a day late and a dollar short
of needed transparency.

For years, to broadcast proceedings the
nine-figure annual revenue Bossier Parish has done so by slapping down on a
table a device that tries to capture the entire panorama of twelve jurors by
video and streaming it by Facebook Live. With little technical improvement, the
arrangement continues until this day. Audio often is terrible that requires guesswork
as to who speaks and there's no opportunity to view presentations or vote
tabulations.

As a result, at the start of the Jury's meeting
last week local web site operator Wes Merriott of Sobo Live made it an offer. Perhaps more known
for his biting remarks during public commentary periods of the Bossier City
Council, Merriott at the Jury's interval for public comments offered his technical
services to improve the live stream capacity at no charge.

Despite the price, it was an offer the Jury could
refuse. At the meeting's end during time set aside for juror comments, Republican
Juror Julianna
Parks revealed a sandbagging of Merriott. She had a parish functionary explain
that an appropriation of $850,000 had been made to upgrade transmission facilities
in 26th District courtrooms and the Jury chambers, with the
courtrooms having priority.

Of course, citizens
might have missed that because of what was called a transmission error occurring
for the meeting last December dealing with the budget that led to no audio/visual
streaming or archiving. And the minutes, produced after the fact sometimes
weeks later, of that meeting only have the barest documentation of what the
budget looks like, unlike every other major governmental body in the region
which posts online much more detailed budgeting documentation, before meeting
on it.

Regardless, by the end of the month the Jury
should vote to move the project forward and its information and technology folks
felt possibly the entire project for the chamber would be complete by the end
of the year – that is, right after juror elections for the next four years. Merriott
for his trouble was given the promise of a chat about transmission quality.

Naturally, all of this should have happened years
ago. Almost three years ago I contacted the parish's public information officer
Pat Culverhouse about the very issues Merriott had said had been brought to his
attention. The reply I received then was that improvements were in the offing and
to be patient. So, this has been known for a long time yet the parish made no
targeted effort for improvement until two years had passed.

Parks tried to prompt IT staff to explain away the
delay as a product of supply chain difficulties. But that strains credulity
that this would knock things back by three years; certainly, starting when the
Wuhan coronavirus pandemic descended to show the inadequacy of the current
setup would have resolved the problem long ago.

In truth, greater transparency through clearer
meeting presentation and therefore archiving wasn't desired by Parks or jurors
generally until they realized it would become a campaign issue – and conveniently
decided to tackle that only on the year of elections in a way making the
solution available after elections. And the Jury still, unlike every other
major government body in the region that posts this on the web, seems to have
no plans to provide prior to meetings any documentation of agenda items other
than item titles and summaries, except for maps for certain zoning decisions.
That information is vital for citizens to understand issues and formulate input
on items before the Jury acts upon these.

This is just another game by incumbent jurors – all
of whom but one are running for reelection (and in that instance the incumbent qualified
but then withdrew and has his brother running instead) – to trick the public
into believing they respond and are accountable to citizens primarily when
actually they are more motivated to preserve maximal ability to fulfill their
insider needs first. Otherwise, the Jury wouldn't be tolerating the con game it lets
its Parish Administrator Butch Ford play to evade
state law about where he actually resides and is eligible to vote, or illegally
placing its own on the parish's Library Board of Control, nor would it have
taken so long to usher off the Cypress Black Bayou Recreation and Water Conservation
District's Board of
Commissioners its designee Robert Berry for illegally serving in two
officers until legal judgments dictated it do so (Berry now is challenging for
a spot on the Jury).

At least improving meeting transmission is minimal
progress that needs immediate follow-through by putting thorough documentation
of each meeting agenda item online when the agenda is published. But it still has
to rectify other things as well and has a long way to go to win back the
confidence of the citizenry, which may require wholesale changes through elections
this fall.

Im Kontext dynamischer Globalisierungsprozesse führen die Auswirkungen der Erdölförderung im ecuadorianischen Amazonastiefland zu komplexen Konflikt- und Wandlungsprozessen. Diese betreffen insbesondere die Lebensräume und Lebensweisen der lokalen indigenen Bevölkerung und führen einerseits zu Anpassungszwängen, andererseits eröffnen sie neue Perspektiven und Handlungsmöglichkeiten. Die Studie fokussiert die Interessenkonflikte zwischen Ölförderung und Umweltschutz im Yasuni Nationalpark, einem weltweiten Zentrum und Hotspot der Biodiversität, den es im Spannungsfeld zwischen lokaler und globaler Ebene als glokale Kontakt- und Konfliktzone vielfältiger Akteure und Interessen zu verstehen gilt. Als lokale Konfliktakteure stehen die Waorani im Mittelpunkt der Untersuchung, die sich aus konfliktethnologischer Perspektive mit der Vielfalt indigener Strategien und sich wandelnder Formen der Konfliktaustragung auseinandersetzt. Diese umfassen sowohl gewaltvollen Widerstand und Meidung als auch Prozesse politischer Organisation, Verhandlungen und die strategische Nutzung von Medien und Kommunikationstechnologien. In der Beschäftigung mit Konflikten als Motor kultureller und gesellschaftlicher Wandlungs-, Lern- und Selektionsprozesse, wird die Dynamik der Konfliktaustragung anhand kontextualisierter Fallbeispiele untersucht. Unter Berücksichtigung mehrdimensionaler Prozesse der Globalisierung, die neue Machtverhältnisse, Handlungsräume und -optionen schaffen, geht es um die Frage, wie sich die indigenen Strategien und Umgangsformen mit Konflikten anpassen, verändern und aktiv gestaltet und modifiziert werden. Hier ist die Frage zentral, wie indigene Konfliktakteure zunehmend globale Medien, Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien nutzen, um sich zu organisieren, transnational zu vernetzen und die medialen Bilder und Imaginationen ihrer indigenen Identität und lokalen Lebensrealität zu (re)präsentieren und als Machtressource strategisch im Widerstand gegen die Erdölindustrie zur Verteidigung ihrer eignen Interessen, Positionen und Lebensprojekte einzusetzen. ; Defendemos nuestra selva : De la resistencia local al medioactivismo global de los Waorani en el conflicto entre la explotación petrolera y la conservación ambiental en el Yasuni en la Amazonia del Ecuador En el contexto de los procesos dinámicos de la globalización, los impactos de la explotación petrolera en la Amazonía ecuatoriana ocasionan complejos procesos de cambio y conflictos, que afectan a los espacios y formas de vida de la población local indígena y conducen tanto a adaptación como abren también nuevas perspectivas y posibilidades de acción. La monografía enfoca los conflictos de intereses entre la extracción de petróleo y la conservación ambiental en la región del Parque Nacional Yasuní, un centro y hotspot de la biodiversidad a nivel mundial, que representa una zona glocal de contacto y un área conflictiva de diversos actores e intereses entre el nivel local y el global. Como actores locales del conflicto, los Waorani se hallan en el foco del estudio, que se ocupa desde una perspectiva antropológica-conflictológica de la diversidad de estrategias indígenas y los modos cambiantes de gestión de conflictos, que abarcan tanto la resistencia violenta y la evasión como procesos organizativos, de negociación y el uso estratégico de los medios y tecnologías de comunicación. En la investigación de los conflictos como motor de procesos culturales y sociales de cambio, aprendizaje y selección, se analiza la dinámica de gestión de conflictos mediante ejemplos contextualizados. Tomando en cuenta los procesos pluridimensionales de la globalización, que crean nuevas circunstancias y relaciones de poder, así como nuevos espacios y opciones de actuación, se discute cómo las estrategias y modos indígenas de manejo de conflicto se adaptan, cambian y se forman y modifican activamente. En el centro de este contexto se halla la pregunta, cómo actores indígenas del conflicto utilizan y adaptan cada vez más los medios globales de información y comunicación para organizarse, conectarse en redes a nivel transnacional y (re)presentar estratégicamente a las imágenes e imaginarios de su identidad indígena y realidad local de vida en la resistencia contra la industria petrolera y la defensa de sus propios intereses, posiciones y proyectos de vida.

Preface Table of ContentsKeynote and Featured SpeakersMixed Media Art in Thailand: The Case Study of Vichoke Mukdamanee; V. MUKDAMANEEArt Framework for The Industrial Revolution 4.0; M. MOKHTARDigital Knowledge Improvement for Indonesian Small and Medium Enterprises: Cultural Change in Digital Mental; I. WIRASARIA. Creative Technology, Data, and Creative IndustryBoard Game as a Tool for Developing Character of Independence in Malang Regency; C.U.C. NURSYIFANI, L.T. ATMAJI, G. FEBRIANIBranding of Muslim Scuba Dress: Rizka Haristi in Bandung; S.M.B. HASWATI & S.M. RIDJANADigital Comic Design of Food Waste for Teen; S. HIDAYAT & D.E. HERYADIDesigning Verbal Message and Visual Media of Tourism Destination Curug Putri;S. NURBANI, J. HAIBA, Y.A. BARLIAN, A.R. RAMADHANMeasurement Method to Test Strength of Peg and Tie Joints Against Tensile Strength and Press on Simple Bamboo Structure; A.N.S. GUNAWAN & S. MOHAMADPeriodization of Development Local Fashion Brand in Bandung in 1994-2018; W.N.U. BASTAMAN, A.S.H. SHAFII, R. FEBRIANIB. Digital Transformation of EnvironmentPlanning Private Spaces of Design Students in Supporting Optimization of Online Learning; A. FARIDA, M.S. HANAFI, W. LIRITANTRIDigital Data Storage in Office Space Optimization for BULOG Head Office Jakarta; W. LIRITANTRI, A.D. HANDOYO, G.I. MAHODIMRedesign of Interior HVAC System in Order to Limit the Spread of COVID Virus; A.D. HANDOYO & E. WICAKSONOFinding Lighting Balance within Ecosystem of Taman Teras Cikapundung; R.H.W. ABDULHADI, M.T.M. RAJA, M. AKKAYAEffects of Early Adolescent Characteristics in Circulation Design for Junior High School Building; K. AMELIA, I. HANOM, W. LUKITO, S.N. SIREGARTemporary Spatial Transformations in Residential Area Corridors Due to the Impact of Tourism. Case Study: Jalan Jaksa, Jakarta; V. HARISTIANTI & W.D. PRATIWIData Digging for Heritage Evaluation in Indonesia Built Heritage; R. WULANDARI & W.A. RAHMYStudy of Controlling the Layout and Construction on Pedestrian Bridge Based on Regulation; N.A. HAPSORO, H.F.S. RUSYDA, C.N. BRAMIANAC. Digital Technology Transformation and Cultural Evolution in Time of PandemicDigital Technology cultural evolution: COVID-19 and digital culture -- Featured Animation Design for Cultural Respect and Understanding in Tjap Go Meh's Narration; I. WIRASARI, D.K. ADITYA, N.D. NUGRAHA, A. ERDINA, S. FATHIANIVirtual Experiences in Tourism during Covid-19 Pandemic; A. FADILLA & P. ADITIABreaking Logo's Rule: Promoting Social Distancing to Prevent COVID-19 from Spreading by Changing Brand's Logo; R.A. SISWANTO, J. DOLAH, I. RESMADIHome Interior Wall Treatment to Support Sensory Games of Toddler in Indonesia during Pandemic Situation; R. RACHMAWATI, I. HANOM, A. SIDARTALiterature Study on Ventilation and Air Conditioning (AC) Systems Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic; I. SUDARISMAN, M.B. MUSTAFA, M.H.B.M. ISA, F.A. 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The debate over work requirements for social programs is hot and heavy. I'll chime in there as I don't think even the Wall Street Journal Editorial pages have stated the issue clearly from an economic point of view.  As usual, it's getting obfuscated in a moral cloud by both sides: How could you be so heartless as to force unfortunate people to work, vs. how immoral it is to subsidize indolence, and value of the "culture" of self-sufficiency. Economics, as usual, offers a straightforward value-free way to think about the issue: Incentives. When you put all our social programs together, low income Americans face roughly 100% marginal tax rates. Earn an extra dollar, lose a dollar of benefits. It's not that simple, of course, with multiple cliffs of infinite tax rates (earn an extra cent, lose a program entirely), and depends on how many and which programs people sign up for. But the order of magnitude is right. The incentive effect is clear: don't work (legally). As Phil Gramm and Mike Solon report, Since 1967, average inflation-adjusted transfer payments to low-income households—the bottom 20%—have grown from $9,677 to $45,389. During that same period, the percentage of prime working-age adults in the bottom 20% of income earners who actually worked collapsed from 68% to 36%.36%. The latter number is my main point, we'll get to cost later. Similarly, the WSJ points to  a report by Jonathan Bain and Jonathan Ingram at the Foundation for Government Accountability thatthere are four million able-bodied adults without dependents on food stamps, and three in four don't work at all. Less than 3% work full-time.3%. Incentives are a budget constraint to government policy, hard and immutable. Your feelings about people one way or another do not move the incentives at all. A gift of money with an income phase-out leads people to work less, and to require more gifts of money.  That's just a fact. What to do? One answer is, remove the income phaseouts. Give food stamps, medicaid, housing subsidies,  earned income tax credits, and so forth, to everyone, and don't reduce them with income. Then the disincentive to work is much reduced. (There is still the "income effect," but in my judgement that's a lot smaller for most people in this category.) Rather obviously, that's impractical. Even the US, even if r<g or MMT are true, would run out of money quickly. That's the problem with Universal Basic Income. Even $20,000 x 331 million = $6.6 trillion, essentially the entire federal budget right there, and $20,000 of total support is a lot less than people with $0 income get right now. (Gramm, Ekelund and Early, and Casey Mulligan estimate about $60,000 is the right number here.)  Put another way, to eliminate the work disincentive in the social programs, we would have to jack up marginal tax rates on everyone to such stratospheric levels that nobody works. You can't escape disincentives. So, support for the unfortunate must be limited somehow. That's why we limit it to people below a certain income level. But even if each individual program maintains a reasonable marginal phaseout, they add up across programs, and next thing you know we're back to 100% phase out. Posit that work is still desirable,  to earn some money, to contribute to your fellow citizens, to reduce the need for income assistance, and to build human capital.  (Plus the more ephemeral goals all sides of the debate ascribe to work -- self reliance, life meaning, self-respect, participation in society, and so forth. I promised no moral or sociological arguments, but these values being shared by both sides of the debate, I can make a little exception. Nobody thinks that an entire lifetime of living on a government check, doing nothing but drink take drugs and play video games all day, makes for a desirable society, no matter who they vote for.)  If so, if the social safety net creates a 100% marginal tax rate on work, and if abandoning income phaseouts will bankrupt the state, then we have a problem. Work requirements are an imperfect method to try to replace the incentive to work that social programs eliminate. Our government does this sort of thing all over to transfer income but contain the disincentives: Subsidize gas, and then regulate against its use for example. It is inefficient, as you can tell from the brouhaha. It's much more efficient to get people to work by saying "if you earn a dollar, you can keep it," rather than "if you earn a dollar we'll take it away from you but we're going to force you to work." As the WSJ details here and often, the rules are complex, and people and governments game them. Just who should work? Progressives will quickly find a sick single mother taking care of elderly parents and commuting to some horrible fast food job who falls through the cracks, and they are right. Rules and bureaucracies are very rough substitutes for market incentives. More importantly, if you're working for money, you find the best job you can, you work hard, you look for better opportunities. If you're working to satisfy a bureaucratic work requirement in the face of a 100% tax rate, you find the easiest job you can, you don't care about the money and thereby the social productivity of the work, and you do as little as possible. So I'm not defending work requirements as a perfect offset to a 100% marginal tax rate. But they are there for a reason, as a very rough offset to some of the huge disincentives that means-tested programs pose. The point today is that we should start to understand and debate work requirements in this framework. If you're going to remove market incentives, you need some replacement. By the way, supposedly socialist Europe, after its experience with "the dole" in the early 1990s, is much more heard-hearted about these sorts of incentives than we are. Progressives who think we should both emulate nordic countries and also expand our safety net should go look at nordic countries. Is there a better way? I've long played with the idea of limiting help by time rather than by income. That's how unemployment insurance works. We understand that replacing people's paycheck forever if they lose their job has bad incentive effects. Unemployment is understood as a temporary misfortune, and understanding the incentives, you get unemployment checks for a limited amount of time. Could not many other programs aimed at misfortune also be limited by time -- but then allow you to keep each extra dollar of earnings? Perhaps even unemployment should be a fixed amount of time, and you can keep receiving it for the full (normally) 26 weeks even if you get a job. The trouble with that, of course, is that some people will not get their acts together in the required time, and then you have to be heartless. But is it not just as heartless to say to a person who had been on food stamps, earned income tax credit, social security disability and housing voucher, "well, congrats on getting  a job, and a good one, that pays $60,000 per year. Now we're taking away all your benefits. Enjoy the $1?" Also, the safety net does include a detailed bureaucracy to determine who is needy. Disability, unemployment, and so forth look hard at these issues. Replicating that with a different set of rules for each program seems mighty wasteful. Another wild idea: Good economists all understand that consumption, not income, is the right measure of well being. That's why consumption taxes are a good idea, and we should measure consumption diversity not income diversity. (I don't use the word "inequality" anymore as it prejudices the right answer.) One advantage of a consumption tax is that it would be easier to condition benefits on consumption rather than income. If you work and save the results, you can keep your benefits. One last point, which maybe should be the first point. It is a bit scandalous that income phase outs in social programs take away benefits based on market income, but not social program income. If you have food stamps and earn an extra $10,000 of income, you can lose your foods stamps. If you get housing worth $10,000, you don't lose anything. Ditto in the entire social program system. This is an immense distortion towards putting effort into obtaining more social programs rather than working. Phasing out based on consumption, including cash and non cash benefits, would make a lot more sense. But one could phase out benefits based on which other benefits you receive too. Disincentives come from the social program and tax system overall, and any hope of continuing disincentives and saving money must take a similar integrated system approach. The argument also is over how much money the programs cost. That leads to "how could you be so heartless" vs. "but the country will go broke," also going nowhere. A focus on incentives offers the way out. Fix the incentives, and we end up helping people who need it a lot better, we end up with a lot fewer people who need help, and spend a lot less money. Win win win. There is no clean answer. A main lesson of economics is that there is always a tradeoff between help and disincentives, between insurance and moral hazard. We can make this tradeoff a lot more efficient than it is, but we can't totally eliminate the tradeoff. The bottom line remains, this discussion would be a lot more productive discussion if we talked about the constraint posed by incentives, rather than the usual moral mudslinging.    Update:So work requirements are a little tightened, but not if you have Medicaid. WTF? Medicaid is limited by income. The incentive spaghetti here would be fun to unravel. Of course, we have an  additional reason to stay below the income cap for Medicaid. We have an additional incentive to sign up for Medicaid, which may be the idea here. "Get a job, lose your food stamps, or sign up for this free government program." Hmm. Feel free to riff on this one in the comments...   

Sensory features of products and services affect emotions, memories, perception, choices and consumption. The creation of new emotions or emphasising of existing ones can increase the appeal of the product or service. Furthermore, it is important for the creative industries to create products and services that inspire, include and reflect consumer values. The creative industries-which include advertising, architecture, arts and crafts, design, fashion, film production, video, photography, music, the performing arts, publishing, research and development, software and computer game development, and electronic publishing, as well as TV and radio-are elements of the creative economy. Creativity is also one of the drivers of the experience economy. According to theorists of experience economics Joseph Pine and James Gilmore, the most prolific experiences are authentic, remain in the memory and change human notions by stimulating all five senses (vision, hearing, smell, taste and touch), provoking emotions and feelings, and allowing people to participate and be involved. The research question of this paper is as follows: how are senses and emotions linked with experiences, when they are used in the development of creative products and services? Therefore, this paper proposes a theoretical review of how to incorporate senses and sensory design into a more comprehensive understanding within the creative economy, as well as the experience economy. Introduction With the recent development of the creative industries, the aspects of added value and the experience provided to the consumer have become even more important than the product and service themselves; furthermore, the understanding of design has transformed from a problem-solving method into a way of creating meaningful experiences. According to Pine and Gilmore, businesses must orchestrate memorable events for their customers, and that memory itself becomes the product: the "experience" [Pine & Gilmore 1998]. The research question of the paper is: how are senses and emotions linked with experiences, when they are used in the development of creative products and services? Sensory experience, which combines all five senses-sight, smell, hearing, taste and touch-creates intense and special effects. Products and services of creative industries can also be developed using related creative industry products which are sensory-for example, storytelling, design, gastronomy, art or crafts-thus creating a special atmosphere and emotions. The process which includes these actions and strategies is called sensory marketing. Sensory marketing tends to focus on building a temporary or permanent environment specifically for conveying a message, establishing a brand, or arousing feelings and engaging the senses [Buford 2017]. Bernd Schmitt presents five types of sensory marketing approaches, referred to as "strategic experiential modules": "sense, " "feel, " "think, " "act" and "relate." [Schmitt 2010]. According to Schmitt, the first stage, "sense, " appeals to consumers' senses (sight, sound, touch, taste and smell); "feel" relates to inner feelings, moods and emotions; "think" appeals to the intellect and cognitive experiences; "act" targets physical behaviour, lifestyle and interactions; and "relate" creates experiences and involves desires. The first stage-sense-is often neglected with several messages, visual triggers and information overload. Sensory aspects also lack a systematic approach and place into the disciplines of experience economy and creative economy. The next stage-feel-is crucial for creating experiences. Emotions are subjective and affective; they are states of mind, and are created by certain events and stimuli. The manifestation of emotions is related to the fulfilment of individuals' expectations and needs. This means that emotions define levels of satisfaction and the process of decision making. The contents of the paper are structured as two sections. The first section is dedicated to the relation between emotions and experiences, thus providing a conceptual background. Then follows the second section, which addresses aspects of senses and emotions and their importance in the development of creative products and services.

In modern economic conditions, managerial decisions of managers of enterprises in the media industry and their structural subdivisions are taken at risk. Risk parameters are reduced if the guidance is based on prior experience and market information. Rapid changes in the marketing environment of the enterprise reduce the value of previous experience, which complicates forecasting and increases the risk of making managerial decisions.In modern conditions there are different approaches to the interpretation of the concept of 'media'. In our opinion, the media is a set of information tools and techniques for transmitting to a particular consumer the message (print word, musical composition, schedule, etc.) in one form or another. As a rule, the term 'media' is used not independently, but as part of a more complex word, which is its partial version. One of them is the media business. The conducted analytical review of literary sources has shown that the cluster of media industry forms the enterprises of newspaper and magazine business, book publishing; television, radio, film and video production; the recording industry; production of online content and computer games; database creation.The authors of an article have identified and summarized the current problems of information support of media industry enterprise specialists, based on analysis of the articles of the current regulatory legislation and the current state of the media industry. The main reasons for the lack of relevant information for an economic and statistical analysis of both individual companies and the industry as a whole have been identified. The main problem is that the media industry is not a solid object of statistical studies of national statistics. A large number of informal segments of media products, the opacity of the industry in general, deepens it. Separately, the authors examined the question of the need to develop and expand the concept-categorical instrument of research methodology of media business, terminological clarification of many concepts. Indeed, as shown by analysis, application of the traditional scientific methodology of economic and statistical analysis for research is almost impossible. ; Авторами статьи определены и обобщены современные проблемы информационного обеспечения специалистов предприятий медиаотрасли. На основе анализа положений действующих нормативно-законодательных актов и текущего состояния медиаотрасли определены основные причины нехватки релевантной информации для экономико-статистического анализа, как деятельности отдельных предприятий, так и отрасли в целом. ; У сучасних умовах господарювання управлінські рішення керівників підприємств медіагалузі та їх структурних підрозділів приймаються в умовах ризику. Параметри ризику зменшуються, якщо керівництво спирається на попередній досвід та ринкову інформацію. Швидкі зміни в маркетинговому середовищі підприємства зменшують значення попереднього досвіду, що ускладнює прогнозування та підвищує ступінь ризику у прийнятті управлінських рішень.У сучасних умовах існують різні підходи до трактування поняття «медіа». На нашу думку, медіа — це сукупність інформаційних засобів і прийомів для передачі конкретному споживачу повідомлення (друковане слово, музична композиція, графіка тощо) у тій чи іншій формі. Як правило, термін «медіа» використовується не самостійно, а як частина складнішого слова, яке є його частковим варіантом. Одним із них є медіабізнес. Проведений аналітичний огляд літературних джерел показав, що кластер медіагалузі формують підприємства газетного і журнального бізнесу, книговидання; теле-, радіо-, кіно- та відеовиробництва; звукозаписна галузь; виробництва онлайнового контенту та комп'ютерних ігор; створення баз даних.Авторами статті визначено та узагальнено сучасні проблеми інформаційного забезпечення спеціалістів підприємств медіагалузі. На основі аналізу положень чинних нормативно-законодавчих актів та поточного стану медіагалузі визначено основні причини нестачі релевантної інформації для економіко-статистичного аналізу як діяльності окремих підприємств, так і галузі загалом: розгалужений перелік видів економічної діяльності; відсутність чітких критеріїв ідентифікації як підприємств медіагалузі; наявність стихійного та неформалізованого сегменту медіагалузі; загальна непрозорість досліджуваної галузі тощо.Визначено, що вітчизняна медіагалузь не є цілісним об'єктом статистичних досліджень національних органів статистики, що фактично унеможливлює застосування традиційної наукової методології економіко-статистичного аналізу при вивченні стану функціонування медіагалузі загалом та окремих її підприємств.

In modern economic conditions, managerial decisions of managers of enterprises in the media industry and their structural subdivisions are taken at risk. Risk parameters are reduced if the guidance is based on prior experience and market information. Rapid changes in the marketing environment of the enterprise reduce the value of previous experience, which complicates forecasting and increases the risk of making managerial decisions.In modern conditions there are different approaches to the interpretation of the concept of 'media'. In our opinion, the media is a set of information tools and techniques for transmitting to a particular consumer the message (print word, musical composition, schedule, etc.) in one form or another. As a rule, the term 'media' is used not independently, but as part of a more complex word, which is its partial version. One of them is the media business. The conducted analytical review of literary sources has shown that the cluster of media industry forms the enterprises of newspaper and magazine business, book publishing; television, radio, film and video production; the recording industry; production of online content and computer games; database creation.The authors of an article have identified and summarized the current problems of information support of media industry enterprise specialists, based on analysis of the articles of the current regulatory legislation and the current state of the media industry. The main reasons for the lack of relevant information for an economic and statistical analysis of both individual companies and the industry as a whole have been identified. The main problem is that the media industry is not a solid object of statistical studies of national statistics. A large number of informal segments of media products, the opacity of the industry in general, deepens it. Separately, the authors examined the question of the need to develop and expand the concept-categorical instrument of research methodology of media business, terminological clarification of many concepts. Indeed, as shown by analysis, application of the traditional scientific methodology of economic and statistical analysis for research is almost impossible. ; Авторами статьи определены и обобщены современные проблемы информационного обеспечения специалистов предприятий медиаотрасли. На основе анализа положений действующих нормативно-законодательных актов и текущего состояния медиаотрасли определены основные причины нехватки релевантной информации для экономико-статистического анализа, как деятельности отдельных предприятий, так и отрасли в целом. ; У сучасних умовах господарювання управлінські рішення керівників підприємств медіагалузі та їх структурних підрозділів приймаються в умовах ризику. Параметри ризику зменшуються, якщо керівництво спирається на попередній досвід та ринкову інформацію. Швидкі зміни в маркетинговому середовищі підприємства зменшують значення попереднього досвіду, що ускладнює прогнозування та підвищує ступінь ризику у прийнятті управлінських рішень.У сучасних умовах існують різні підходи до трактування поняття «медіа». На нашу думку, медіа — це сукупність інформаційних засобів і прийомів для передачі конкретному споживачу повідомлення (друковане слово, музична композиція, графіка тощо) у тій чи іншій формі. Як правило, термін «медіа» використовується не самостійно, а як частина складнішого слова, яке є його частковим варіантом. Одним із них є медіабізнес. Проведений аналітичний огляд літературних джерел показав, що кластер медіагалузі формують підприємства газетного і журнального бізнесу, книговидання; теле-, радіо-, кіно- та відеовиробництва; звукозаписна галузь; виробництва онлайнового контенту та комп'ютерних ігор; створення баз даних.Авторами статті визначено та узагальнено сучасні проблеми інформаційного забезпечення спеціалістів підприємств медіагалузі. На основі аналізу положень чинних нормативно-законодавчих актів та поточного стану медіагалузі визначено основні причини нестачі релевантної інформації для економіко-статистичного аналізу як діяльності окремих підприємств, так і галузі загалом: розгалужений перелік видів економічної діяльності; відсутність чітких критеріїв ідентифікації як підприємств медіагалузі; наявність стихійного та неформалізованого сегменту медіагалузі; загальна непрозорість досліджуваної галузі тощо.Визначено, що вітчизняна медіагалузь не є цілісним об'єктом статистичних досліджень національних органів статистики, що фактично унеможливлює застосування традиційної наукової методології економіко-статистичного аналізу при вивченні стану функціонування медіагалузі загалом та окремих її підприємств.

Val Weathers, June 26, 2014 ; The Weber State College Oral History Program was created in the early 1970s to "record and document, through personal reminiscences, the history, growth and development of Weber State College." Through interviews with administrators, faculty and students, the program's goal was to expand the documentary holdings on Weber State College and its predecessor entities. From 1970 to 1976, the program conducted some fifteen interviews, under the direction of, and generally conducted by Harold C. Bateman, an emeritus professor of history. In 1979, under the direction of archivist John Sillito, the program was reestablished and six interviews were conducted between 1979 and 1983, with additional interviews being conducted by members of the Weber State community. In 2013 the campus prepared to celebrate the 125th Anniversary of Weber State University in 2014. In order to document the student experience, interviews were conducted with Weber State College Alumni on an ongoing basis. ; The following is an oral history interview with Val Weathers, conducted on June 26, 2014 by Jamie J. Weeks. During the interview, Val discusses his time spent at Weber State College as a student from 1958 to 1959 and then again in 1962. ; 34p.; 29cm.; 2 bound transcripts; 4 file folders. 1 videodisc: digital; 4 3/4 in. ; Oral History Program Val Weathers Interviewed by Jamie J. Weeks 26 June 2014 i Oral History Program Weber State University Stewart Library Ogden, Utah Val Weathers Interviewed by Jamie J. Weeks 26 June 2014 Copyright © 2014 by Weber State University, Stewart Library ii Mission Statement The Oral History Program of the Stewart Library was created to preserve the institutional history of Weber State University and the Davis, Ogden and Weber County communities. By conducting carefully researched, recorded, and transcribed interviews, the Oral History Program creates archival oral histories intended for the widest possible use. Interviews are conducted with the goal of eliciting from each participant a full and accurate account of events. The interviews are transcribed, edited for accuracy and clarity, and reviewed by the interviewees (as available), who are encouraged to augment or correct their spoken words. The reviewed and corrected transcripts are indexed, printed, and bound with photographs and illustrative materials as available. Archival copies are placed in University Archives. The Stewart Library also houses the original recording so researchers can gain a sense of the interviewee's voice and intonations. Project Description The Weber State College Oral History Program was created in the early 1970s to "record and document, through personal reminiscences, the history, growth and development of Weber State College." Through interviews with administrators, faculty and students, the program's goal was to expand the documentary holdings on Weber State College and its predecessor entities. From 1970 to 1976, the program conducted some fifteen interviews, under the direction of, and generally conducted by Harold C. Bateman, an emeritus professor of history. In 1979, under the direction of archivist John Sillito, the program was reestablished and six interviews were conducted between 1979 and 1983, with additional interviews being conducted by members of the Weber State community. In 2013 the campus prepared to celebrate the 125th Anniversary of Weber State University in 2014. In order to document the student experience, interviews were conducted with Weber State College Alumni on an ongoing basis. ____________________________________ Oral history is a method of collecting historical information through recorded interviews between a narrator with firsthand knowledge of historically significant events and a well-informed interviewer, with the goal of preserving substantive additions to the historical record. Because it is primary material, oral history is not intended to present the final, verified, or complete narrative of events. It is a spoken account. It reflects personal opinion offered by the interviewee in response to questioning, and as such it is partisan, deeply involved, and irreplaceable. ____________________________________ Rights Management All literary rights in the manuscript, including the right to publish, are reserved to the Stewart Library of Weber State University. No part of the manuscript may be published without the written permission of the University Librarian. Requests for permission to publish should be addressed to the Administration Office, Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, Utah, 84408. The request should include identification of the specific item and identification of the user. It is recommended that this oral history be cited as follows: Weathers, Val, an oral history by Jamie J. Weeks, 26 June 2014, WSU Stewart Library Oral History Program, University Archives, Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, UT. iii Val Weathers June 26, 2014 Abstract: The following is an oral history interview with Val Weathers, conducted on June 26, 2014 by Jamie J. Weeks. During the interview, Val discusses his time spent at Weber State College as a student from 1958 to 1959 and then again in 1962. JW: This is an oral history interview with Val Weathers. It is being conducted on June 26, 2014 in his home in Ogden, Utah. The interviewer is Jamie Weeks. The subject of this interview is Val's time spent at Weber State College as a student from 1958 to 1959 and then again in 1962. Also present is Stacie Gallagher, our video technician. JW: To begin with, I'd just like to ask you about your early life, when and where you were born, and some of your background as much or as brief as you'd like it to be. VW: I was born, raised, and lived on Harrison Boulevard. I started out as a bat boy for the Ogden Reds, and played basketball and baseball in junior high, at Ogden High School and then at Weber Junior College. I knew that I was going to, for sure, play baseball in college (Appendix pg. 1). I had scholarships from all the schools, but I got a call from this magnificent man, Bruce Larson. He wanted me to go play golf with him, and at the end of the day, I had a scholarship to play basketball and baseball and it was just an incredible blessing in my life. JW: Was the scholarship for both baseball and basketball? VW: Right. 1 JW: Was he the coach of the basketball team at the time or was he the head of the athletic department? What was his tie to Weber? VW: No, Bruce Larson—everyone needs to be very clear on this—was a junior college coach in Arizona. Reed Swenson retired the same year that I graduated from high school. Therefore, they hired Bruce Larson to come to Weber. We were out on the golf course and he says, "I'm bringing with me one of the best players in the nation—Alan Holmes." That was really an absolute truism. Bruce Larson was—I was closer to Bruce Larson than my father. He was a great man. So, we got beat in the finals in 1958, which no one would ever dream that we would go to the finals, and then we won the whole enchilada in 1959 (Appendix pg. 2). JW: You probably already have copies of these, but here are some of the newspaper articles from 1958 and 1959 about the team. VW: I have some of these. My wife does a good job of keeping scrapbooks, but we were honored here a year or two ago, and one of the things that really never came out that the whole world needs to know about is this—I was watching TV last night and there's going to be a special on the sixties on CNN tonight on segregation. We had Alan Holmes in 1958, and we had Alan Holmes and Joe Carter in 1959. Alan's out of Arizona and Joe's out of Wyoming. The incredible thing about Weber Junior College is that we had someone in the community—I mean, Weber didn't have any dorms. We could give you tuition and books, but that's all we've got. So, the Porters and Waiters Club on lower 25th street gave them free room 2 and board. The purpose of the Porters and Waiters Club was that, when the railroad was crazy in Ogden and robust with trains going in and out, when the Porters and Waiters got off the train they had a place to eat, because they couldn't buy a meal in town. So, I actually played semi-pro baseball in the summer for the Porters and Waiters Club. It was an incredible opportunity for Joe and Stretch to be able to come and play. When we would go out on the road—no one has ever said a word about this, but we'd go into a restaurant and they'd say, "You can't come in, or those two have to come in the back door." Our response was always, "If they can't come in the same door as us, we will look for another restaurant." The same thing happened when we were driving around in these two cars going back to Kansas or California or whatever to play, and several times we were denied housing. They wouldn't let us in the motel with Joe and Stretch. We had some of the greatest baseball players in the history of baseball start here in Ogden. Frank Robinson was only 17 years old when he played here. The same thing happened to him; he had a very difficult time finding a place to buy a meal. JW: Even here? VW: Here in Ogden. JW: I wondered if it was different for players here in Ogden than maybe it was in the south or when you would travel to other cities to play? VW: It was a little different, but there were still barriers in Ogden. Maybe not for Alan Holmes, he could walk in any door of any color, but when I saw some of these 3 professional baseball players come in and not be able to buy a meal—it was an interesting time. I didn't realize, you know, until I get old and start thinking about these things, the pressure the coach must have felt to try and make his way through that and make us all feel comfortable. We didn't know they were black. We went everywhere together—Bruce Larson made a huge jump in Weber Junior College. He was here for only two years, the two years that I played, and then he was offered the head job at the University of Arizona. JW: Are you still in contact with any of the men you played with? VW: A lot of them have passed away surprisingly, and I understand Alan Holmes isn't doing very well. To be able to go to Kansas and play in the national championship we had to go to Phoenix and play against some of his old teammates that were playing for a junior college down there. When Alan Holmes and Bruce Larson walked into Ogden, it made a big difference. JW: It must have been an exciting time for the whole town. VW: It was enormous. I think at that time I knew seriously everyone in town and everyone knew me. The little gym down there would be just packed on 25th Street. People were upset that they couldn't get into the games. So, we would play our games at different high schools. We'd go to Weber High School when it was on 12th and Washington, or we'd play a game up at Ben Lomond and Ogden High because the stands would hold more, but regardless of where we played, it was sold out—packed. 4 JW: Where was the game played in 1959 when you won the championship? VW: At the National Junior College Championship in Hutchison, Kansas. It still is held there every year. I can remember when we won the championship we had the pallbearer car from a funeral, that was one of our cars, and then we had a station wagon. We would travel two or three hundred miles, play a game, eat, sleep, and travel another two or three hundred miles. JW: That sounds so miserable for tall basketball players to sit in. VW: We became incredibly close. When we won the national championship, we drove home and came down Weber Canyon right out here, and there was no freeway then just a little two lane road, and at the mouth of the canyon was just a service station. But we came down the canyon and all of Ogden was there to greet us. They took us out of those cars and put us in convertibles and took us around and down Washington Boulevard and the people in Buehler and Bingham [Utah Tailoring Mills] were coming out with shirts and sweaters, just tossing them in our car. Then they had a welcome home on the steps of the city and county building. A couple of times a week we would go to dinner as guests of the social clubs—the Chamber and all those entities. So, we ate well for a couple of weeks. JW: Town champions. Here is a picture from your yearbook and one from the old Signpost newspaper. It looks like you also played baseball? VW: It was fun. One year on our semi-pro Porters and Waiters team, we were going to Helper to play in a tournament, and not everyone on here [yearbook picture] 5 was on the Porters and Waiters team. Our catcher couldn't go. Bruce Larson was a catcher in college, and he says, "I'll go." So, he went down and played in the tournament with us, and that was a lot of fun. JW: Well, you weren't very old to be traveling all over. Your parents were fine with you just going and doing that? VW: Yeah. Really. JW: It was a different time period. VW: It was. As you think back on that, when we were playing semi-pro we would meet at the Porters and Waiters Club at ten o'clock on a Friday night You know, I had the green light from my mom and dad from day one. I think about when I was ten years old and I went on the road with the professional baseball team. Now I wouldn't recommend that for all ten year olds to say the least! We would travel and meet there at 10:00 p.m. and go to play in a tournament somewhere—Colorado, Wyoming, Nevada. We would travel all night, we would play a game Saturday, play maybe two on Sunday, and then travel home all night so we could go to work on Monday. You can only do that when you're young. JW: That's true. VW: One of the highlights of my life also, was the opportunity to go to Argentina on a mission. When I played two years at Weber, I went to Argentina for two and a half years. 6 JW: I wondered if that's what was happening during the two years you took off of school. VW: Well, it was only a two year school, so I came home after two and a half years with a baseball scholarship to BYU and Utah. However, I was number one on the draft board [Vietnam War], and I was getting called within 30 days. So, I joined the Air Force Reserve and served active duty out here at the base and then I went and started negotiating my scholarship and they said they wanted me to red shirt a year, and I said, "You know what, I've been out for almost three years, I want to get through college and I don't want to be sitting around red shirting." So, I didn't play anymore, I just went to school. JW: It seems like you still had a presence at Weber in 1962, because you were still writing stories for the Signpost. There are several Val Weathers stories in the Signpost in 1962. VW: Well, if you looked in the Standard Examiner in 1962, there was a lot of stuff there also. This is what happened: the sports editor of the Standard Examiner traveled in our two cars—one or the other car to go cover the games, because everyone in Ogden was concerned about the game, and I became very close to the sports editor. So, when I got back from Argentina he said, "I want you to write for the Standard and cover all of Weber's games." I said, "Rich, I flunked out of all my English classes, you can't be asking me to do that." "No, Val, you'll do great." So, I covered Weber when Dick Motta was a coach here a couple of years. I could write a book on that. JW: That was a big deal. 7 VW: So, I had good seats at the game and I had to really knuckle down and go down to the newspaper and try to write something appropriate, and if Dick Motta didn't like it, he'd call me at home. He ended up being the coach of the Chicago Bulls in the NBA. JW: Let's talk about some other things you were involved in while at Weber. You were involved in Excelsior, right? (Appendix pg. 3) VW: One of the things that I'll just put in because you probably didn't pick it up, but the Moench building down on the lower campus is where the theater is and H.E.D. Redford was in charge of the theater at Weber. He wanted the basketball team to be in a play. JW: Taming of the Shrew. VW: Yes, it was. So, that was a fun experience too. JW: I wondered because it's your only performance. Is that right? VW: Yes. A one-time deal. Well, you know, everyone at the college was a big basketball fan—the staff, the faculty, everyone. The treatment we received I won't talk about the treatment except to say that I had friends standing in line to get classes and we would just walk in a week early to the registrar's office and say, "This is the classes that we need." My time at Weber could not have been any better. JW: Here is a picture of you as Mr. Collegiate (Appendix pg. 4). It reads, "Mr. Collegiate, voted on by the fellow students." 8 VW: Yeah, this was voted on by all the students and I was always to a game and wasn't at the dance to be able to receive it, but it was a thrill to be able to win. JW: I did find this awesome quote in the Signpost. It's from 1959 and it's about Sleeping Beauty. Did they call you Sleeping Beauty? VW: They called me a lot of things. JW: "Val Weathers is an Ogden High graduate. He lettered in basketball and baseball and he is very sharp in the latter. Val played guard for Weber last year and was an extremely valuable player this year. Val is a business major. According to Loren Burton, Val likes to sleep. Probably trying to catch some sleep in between games?" VW: One of the things you can do in those cars to cut the journey is to get some sleep, and at that age you never have enough sleep. One time, we'd been out late. We were supposed to meet at the gym at six and we were leaving to go to Colorado to play a couple of games. So, I was tired and I said, "Is it okay if I get in the back and sleep?" Alan Holmes said, "I'll drive." JW: The students took turns driving? VW: Oh yeah. Basically, I always drove and the coach would drive the other car. So, we'd take Redwood Road because this freeway wasn't in, and it would go the furthest south. We failed to negotiate a turn and ended up in the middle of a plowed field with Alan Holmes driving, and we were lucky we didn't get killed— very, very lucky. So, they came back and we called home and asked them to 9 send another car to us and they sent a car down and Bruce said, "Val, please stay behind the wheel." So, that was a scary escapade. Another story that was fun—we played home and home. We'd drive to Boise, play Friday night, and then drive to Ogden and play Saturday night. So we drove up to Idaho, won the game and Saturday morning we were starting back, and one of the cars goes out, the engine burned out. So, the coach came back, and of course he took Alan Holmes and Joe Carter and he picked a total of six guys, and they went home to play the game. To the rest of us he said, "Get home any way that you can." There were some that hopped a freight train into Ogden and rode it all the way in from Idaho. I came in, in the bed of a pick-up truck. JW: You hitch-hiked? VW: Yeah, in a snowstorm. They had their pregame meal at Keely's which was a little restaurant on Washington Boulevard and we walked into Keely's right in time for the meal. So we got there in time for the meal and we played the game. JW: We talked about the diversity on campus, what about the political atmosphere, what was that like on campus? Was it politically active or really the only thing you're seeing is the beginning of Civil Rights? Or did you even know? You were involved in basketball. VW: No, I think Civil Rights was the strongest issue, but I think we were oblivious to the system. 10 JW: Later on, the campus looks like it is pretty active, especially as we move forward with the continuation of Vietnam, there were a lot of political things happening on campus, and I didn't know politically if it was very active during the late 50s. VW: No, it wasn't. We had veterans that were going to school with us at Weber. I think LeRoy Overstreet may have been a veteran when he showed up here. Alan Holmes—have you ever heard of Billy "the hill" McGill? JW: I have not. VW: All-American ball player for the University of Utah (Appendix pg. 5). In the time that I was in Argentina, he and Alan Holmes were up at the Porters and Waiters Club and driving back to the University of Utah they got in an automobile accident. To save Holmes' leg, they had to cut muscle out of it. He was an absolute, dead-certain NBA player, but now he's only got one good leg. He went down to the University of Utah and he was an all-conference player with just one good leg. The thing that I have enjoyed about having played with him is, that if I had a better shot than Holmes did, I had the ball. He'd give it to me every time. He was a ten times better shooter than I was, but he shared the ball. When we went back to the nationals, they would always pick the toughest player on the other team and Holmes would say, "I've got him." So, he played on both ends of the floor. JW: These are great stories. Switching gears, who was the college president when you were at Weber? VW: Dr. Miller. 11 JW: I've heard great things about President Miller and how involved he was with the students. VW: He was great. He had a daughter my age that ended up marrying Dick Connelly, who was the captain of the 1959 team. All we had on the campus up here were buildings one, two, three and four. Then there was a government type shed that served as the Union Building. So when the car burned out, coming home from Boise, and I'm walking down the hallway, I feel an arm around my shoulder as we were walking and it is President Miller. He said, "Val, what happened to the car?" Like I was directly responsible. JW: Well, you were the driver. VW: Yeah. But he was very involved. Everyone was involved. It was just a great opportunity. JW: Other than your coaches, who were some of your favorite professors while you were at Weber? VW: Dr. Smart got a lot of guys into dental and medical school, but it was always fun to go to his class. O.M. Clark was an economics professor. I really didn't have a class that I didn't enjoy. We'd go in, "We're leaving town, I want to make sure I don't miss anything, what am I supposed to be studying while I'm gone. What do I need to be reading?" They were always helpful. JW: That's interesting that they were so patient with your schedules. 12 VW: Well, I don't think there was one of them that ever missed a game. It was a very exciting time because, you know, I'd pay to go watch Alan Holmes, and yet I got to play alongside him. JW: Is there anything else you want to cover as a student? I know you were also involved in the Wildcat Club. You were on the board for a while. VW: Yes. JW: I think that's the greatest thing about Weber, the students that attended and had such a great experience are willing to give back their time later on. VW: Yes, I don't know how many years I served on the Wildcat Club, but it was quite a few years. The one thing that no one knows is that Claudia and I have been season ticket holders for 48 years at the basketball games. It was a question of whether we were going to have a T.V. or whether we were going to have basketball tickets at the inception. We also went on a Mormon mission to Puerto Rico and while we were gone, I kept my seats and gave them to clients. Then when the Dee Events Center was built, I was the first one in line to pick the seat that I wanted. I didn't take the front row right behind the team, and I didn't take the front row because I wanted to be at the same level as the basket so I could see if someone would jump over the rim. Now, they all jump over the rim. So, we are on the third row. JW: Right behind the team? VW: Yes. I've heard some really bad coaches come through and heard some really good coaches, but I can hear pretty much all they're saying. 13 JW: Well, you've seen some incredible players come through then. VW: Yes. For a few years, my two oldest grandsons would go and that was a tradition. We would go to the Texas Roadhouse for dinner and then we would go to the game. They loved to go to the game. They're now in junior high and high school and I have a hard time getting a date with them and when I do, we do that, but it's tougher than it used to be. We'll have the tickets until they put me in a box because there are plenty of people that we've given the tickets to and they love to go if we're not available. Randy Rahe does a great job and we're lucky to have him here right now. JW: Is there anything you'd like to add that we haven't covered? VW: I wanted to mention that there was more going on in the sixties color-wise than people realize. One of the players on the Porters and Waiters baseball team was an ex-pro baseball player, and I can remember us traveling to a game and he had just got home from Georgia. He drove straight through, and he got picked up three times. He went to courts in the back of the grocery store, and it cost him all he had in his wallet all three times. So, we've come a long ways, but we've got a long ways to go. As a kid I'd go sit up in the balcony and watch Reed Swenson because I didn't miss a ball game anywhere. I'd find a ride to take me. I'd always go to Utah, BYU or Utah State games. I thought Bruce really shifted gears for the school and in my personal life. He just had a whole lot to do with what direction I was heading in. JW: Were you able to stay in touch with him even when he went back down to Arizona? 14 VW: Yes. He was a young man when he came here, and I'm 75, so he's got to be in his early 80's. I don't know really what our age difference was. JW: In the picture he doesn't look much older than the boys. VW: He still plays handball five days a week. He has one daughter whose husband is stationed at the base, and he rents a place up in the valley here and takes his whole family, which is spread out all over the place, skiing every year. He also holds a basketball camp for all his grandkids. JW: That's awesome. VW: We chat quite a bit. My son went for an interview at one of the hospitals down there in Tucson and I called and told him, "He'd taken care of me it seems like my whole life now, so it's his responsibility to take care of my son." Every time I talk to him, he always says, "Is Stretch okay? Will you check on Stretch?" When he said he was bringing a really big player to town and we are going to win a lot of games, he really meant it. JW: Where is Alan now? VW: He's in Salt Lake. They've got some kind of diversity thing over at the college that Jim Hurst is involved with that has Alan Holmes' name on it, and we donated a little money to that. JW: I'm sure it's this way with other universities, but being in the position I'm in, I see it more here in Ogden. I just think it's great to see the give-back to the university. It makes all the difference when the community stays close. 15 VW: My two years at Weber were euphoric. I was not worried about, "What am I going to do for a living? What am I going to graduate in?" The difference in that though is that when I got back from Argentina the gears had shifted in my life because now I was serious and I had to figure out what I wanted to major in, what I would be happy doing. The fact of the matter is, when I got back, I graduated from college in one year, so a total of three. I took one class when I got back from Argentina in the 1963 or 1964. I was ready to graduate from the U, but I needed to take math 101. I couldn't talk my way through that and they said, "Well, if you want to take it at home and transfer it down, you can." When I talk to people today, I still am trying to decide what I want to major in when I grow up. We had really just a great time and were treated very well by the whole world, and we didn't ever wear out that welcome. I see a lot of people that do that and they want more. JW: I don't think students have the freedom anymore of just going to school for two years and really living and enjoying. There's so much pressure to get through and make a decision as to what you're going to do with the rest of your life. You don't get to just go to school and have fun. VW: Well, I don't know, maybe I should have been thinking more about it because I never dreamed that I was going on a mission. It wasn't in my plan at all, but I am eternally grateful that I did. It taught me more than ten Weber Colleges. So, I feel like I've gotten about ten doctorate degrees. I watch my son and they have two other little boys. He went on a mission out of high school and came home and he's been going to school for 13 years straight. He's in the operating room almost 16 all day long. Our two oldest are adopted, and then we have a daughter and a son, a doctor, that passed away. JW: Is your daughter still around here? VW: Yes, she lives out in Syracuse, she works for a company up in Ogden Valley that has a facility up there for about 35 boys with anxiety issues, and it's a registered high school. They have dormitories and the whole thing, and then she has a private practice in South Ogden. She pretty much runs out of hours every day. A friend walked up to me in church and handed me a card and said, "I want you and your wife to go see this doctor." I said, "Why?" We'd never ever talked about anything. I looked and it's a fertility specialist. I'd never had a conversation with this guy, but we went to the appointment and the doctor was at the U, and he wanted to do a medical procedure on my wife and found out she had endometriosis really bad and cleaned her out and the next thing you know, Dr. Weathers shows up. So, I had several of my friends say, "You know if you hurry I think the window is open." I was forty-something when he was born. I said, "I'm going to be on social security when he gets home from his mission. JW: It has been interesting to hear stories about Weber sports and the diversity issues during the late 50's. VW: Well, that club was owned by Annabelle Weekly, a black lady, and she swung a big stick in Ogden. I don't know how many athletes from Weber Junior College have gone through that facility, but a lot of them that didn't have a dormitory or anything else; they had a place to stay. 17 JW: I think it's interesting that they didn't put them in homes with local families. VW: I don't know that it ever came up. It was just taken care of. The black players at the P&W were treated like kings. It was really a big bonus for Weber. We had the Carter boys, Joe and his brother, Louie, played baseball. They worked in the coal mines in Wyoming their whole lives and they're both gone now because of that atmosphere and what it does to your lungs. JW: How many people were able to stay in the Porters & Waiters Club? It seems like there would have been a lot of them, but I don't know how many rooms they had available. VW: I don't know how many we had at one time, but they still had to make room for porters and waiters. So, I think maybe there might have been 15 rooms or so. They'd eat anywhere, but I don't know whether they got any money for food. We were given jobs on the campus. My job was to sweep the welding room, so I don't know what everyone else had to do. I made a mistake. I was offered a very attractive job at Weber to come back and get my degree there with a full-ride and I turned it down because I wanted a degree from the University of Utah. I had some fabulous classes down there. I learned a lot, but I think when it was all said and done, a degree is a degree and the world out there—I was ready for professional life when I got through with doing this. So, the degree was the frosting on the cake. I learned a lot, but I thought it had to be from a specific school and in retrospect, it didn't. My life would have been a lot different. They wanted me involved in journalism and athletics and I ended up being a banker 18 and a real estate developer, so my life would have gone in a much different avenue. JW: Thank you and I appreciate you letting us come into your home. It's been so interesting. These great stories fill a void for us. VW: Thank you for coming. 19 1 Appendix 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

From Point to Pixel:A Genealogy of Digital AestheticsbyMeredith Anne HoyDoctor of Philosophy in RhetoricUniversity of California, BerkeleyProfessor Whitney Davis, Co-chairProfessor Jeffrey Skoller, Co-chairWhen we say, in response to a still or moving picture, that it has a digital "look" about it, what exactly do we mean? How can the slick, color-saturated photographs of Jeff Wall and Andreas Gursky signal digitality, while the flattened, pixelated lanscapes of video games such as Super Mario Brothers convey ostensibly the same characteristic of "being digital," but in a completely different manner? In my dissertation, From Point to Pixel: A Genealogy of Digital Aesthetics, I argue for a definition of a "digital method" that can be articulated without reference to the technicalities of contemporary hardware and software. I allow, however, the possibility that this digital method can acquire new characteristics when it is performed by computational technology. I therefore treat the artworks covered in my dissertation as sensuous artifacts that are subject to change based on the constraints and affordances of the tools used in their making. But insofar as it describes a series of technological operations, the word digital often references the tool used to make the art but does not help a viewer/user relate to the art as a sensorially apprehensible artifact. Consequently, I gather together artworks that disclose visible evidence of their digital construction in order to identify the perceptible characteristics of digitally processed artifacts. I foreground not the hidden operations of computers--the intricacies of binary code and programming languages--but rather the surface qualities of digital graphics. While acknowledging that internal processes govern the aesthetic properties of these surfaces, I investigate the extent to which it is possible to encounter digitality at the level of the interface. Taking into account that the sensuous object will be informed by an underlying conceptual and technological framework or genotype, I set out to discover whether certain phenotypic aspects of digitality will be inherently accessible at a phenomenological level. Much of the best scholarship in media studies has offered cogent analyses of the political, social, and economic formations that emerge alongside digital technologies. These readings of "networked culture" focus on the systems of power/knowledge that arise from the Web 2.0 and a globalized world economy. Although this research proves invaluable to the understanding of a culture shaped by ubiquitous computing, a well-developed methodology for interpreting the role of digital technology in art practice must also situate digital artifacts in a specifically art historical and theoretical context. When do digital artifacts overcome their dubious status as mere demonstrations of technical novelty, and become artworks worthy of serious consideration? What is the importance of digital technology as an artistic medium, and how do affordances and constraints and technical parameters of digital processing influence the sensible configurations of computationally generated artifacts?Despite its foundation in immaterial electronic pulses, digital technology produces material effects on culture and communication. The assessment of digital images is often based on their "reality quotient"--the degree to which they accurately reproduce the optical and haptic conditions of external world. The fascination in digital cultural studies with virtual reality, second life, and other such practices supports this view, and also leans dangerously towards the notion that progress in art is achieved by producing ever more sophisticated techniques for rendering illusions of spatial depth. This concentration on the immersive capacities of digital graphics runs the risk of assuming a teleological progression in art towards "accurate" spatialization and virtualization. But this is not a tenable model for art historical investigation, given that the evaluation of art objects based on culturally determined signifiers of naturalism is exclusionary of alternate visual models and historical traditions. It is therefore imperative to consider depictions that exhibit visible evidence of digital construction--digital aesthetic characteristics--independently of the virtualizing capability of computational technology. My dissertation examines a subset of digital image-making practices that suppress virtualization in order to examine the structural principles undergirding digital graphics. In parsing these often abstract, highly formalized pictorial strategies, I conclude that they convey a different aesthetic and architectonic sensibility than analog depictions. Over the course of five chapters, my argument moves between theoretical analysis and case studies of artworks produced both with and without the aid of computers. Chapter One outlines the theoretical models used to differentiate digital and analog properties, and illustrates how and why art historical discourse has accorded value to artworks based on analog principles, such as fineness of color, texture, and line. It argues that discrete, particulate digital artifacts are constructed according to different principles than analog artifacts, which are relatively smooth and continuous with no absolute division between parts. My review of the formal characteristics of digital systems sets the stage for my argument that an observable model of digital facture--a digital method--preexists electronic, binary computers and that this digital process results in a digital aesthetic. Understanding this aesthetic is useful for theorizing the genealogy of contemporary computational graphics. Additionally, it provides for alternate theorizations of artifacts that have not traditionally found a secure place in the artistic canon, and it affords a new interpretive schema with which to examine artists and artworks whose position in the art historical demands renegotiation. In my second chapter, I support the claims of the preceding chapter by evaluating the extent to which the work of several modernist painters, including Paul Cezanne, Georges Seurat, and Paul Klee, exhibits constitutive features of a digital system. I use my findings to argue that understanding these artists' roles as experimenters with a digital method adds a new dimension to the theoretical, aesthetic, and historical significance of their work. The following two chapters provide comparisons between artists who apply a digital method without electronic computation and artists whose digital aesthetic is computationally driven. Chapter 3 attempts to recuperate the value and relevance of Op-Artist Victor Vasarely. Through an inspection of his writings and his algorithmic painting practices, I trace Vasarely's lifelong goal to develop a programmable visual language, and demonstrate how, without ever touching a computer, he was attempting in his practice to adopt a visual model of a digital system. In the second half of the chapter, I introduce the example of Marius Watz's computationally-generated homage to Vasarely's work in order to ascertain whether the use of a computer alters the visible qualities of Vasarely's plastic language. In Chapter 4, I examine Casey Reas's fraught and often contradictory response to the legacy of conceptual art in programming-based practices. Through a comparison between Reas and Sol LeWitt, I maintain that Reas occupies an oscillatory position with respect to the values traditionally attached to analog aesthetics, such as immediacy and uniqueness/irreproducibility. By mobilizing algorithmically encoded instructions to automate artistic production, Reas reinforces the turn away from the cult of the artist achieved in conceptual art. But at the same time, Reas's fascination with handmadeness and organicism preserves a link to analog aesthetic principles. Finally, my conclusion shifts away from direct comparison between computationally and non-computationally digital art, and instead assays the discursive resonances between Jason Salavon's software-based computational "paintings" and the increasingly widespread use of information visualization as primary mode of mapping the vast amounts of data produced by the mechanisms of the "culture industry".The works under consideration in my dissertation cohere around questions and problems related to painting. Part of the difficulty in defining "digital art" as a singular medium or genre is that the range of artifacts potentially contained under the rubric of digital art is massive and therefore resistant to canonization. A concentration on painting initially allowed me to refine my analytic method. However, the broader rationale behind this constraint grows out of the fact that the screen-based computational pictorialization analogizes painting. I contend that painting, despite, or perhaps due to its status as a two-dimensional mode of depiction, is deeply concerned with spatial and material architectonics. Painting is invested not only in the problem of how to graphically render volume and depth, but also the dynamic spatial relationship between bodies and concrete objects. Similarly, digital rendering must cope with the question of how to present the relationship between objects and spaces in two, three, or multiple dimensions. My goal is to discover whether the technical parameters of computation affect the way pictures are constructed, the kinds of subjects for which computers have the greatest representational facility, and by extension, the way digital pictures--the graphical index of digital technesis--will ultimately look. Overall, my dissertation offers a methodology for speaking about and contextualizing digital practices within the history of art and visual culture. While programming literacy is important for many scholars, producers, and users of digital hardware and software, if artifacts made using computational technology remain inaccessible to all viewers except those with a background in programming or engineering, we are faced with an art practice that is technically dexterous but phenomenologically bankrupt. Unless the possibility of translation between two languages is realized, a communicative gap will continue to yawn between art history and "media studies," which makes more urgent than ever the need to grant digital artifacts and processes the possibility of making a significant intervention into and contribution to the artistic canon.

Historically, the global society has viewed females as naturally weak, powerless and dependent on males. False medical myths such as development of masculine and unfeminine bodies, harmful effects on the menstrual cycle and prejudice about women who participate in sport activities have been spread which have discouraged active participation of females in different parts of the world, especially in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries1. In this paper, a Scenario Analysis methodology recommended by Spaniol and Rowland2 was used; a process of analysing possible future events by considering alternative possible outcomes from the society. The UAE Vision 2021 was developed to make the nation among the best countries in the world by the Golden Jubilee of the union. This vision was utilised to provide references to the analysis and application of the methods CATWOE, PESTLE and SWOT; also used to complement the scenario description. The discussion revolved around the overall engagement of women representing the Muslim community in the sports sector with a heavy focus on the United Arab Emirates (UAE) sporting scene. In addition, the outlook of the UAE government on women in sports and the various strategies and reforms adopted by the local government to promote women participation in sports was discussed. The conclusion reflects on the possibilities of a behavioural change in the contemporary local society which could lead to more opportunities for women in sports even after the imposition of barriers. References 1 Myths surrounding gender and sports [Internet]. Kentucky: Northern Kentucky University [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.nku.edu/~lipping/PHE125/ Myths%20Surrounding%20Gender%20and%20S ports.doc. 2 Rowland NJ, Spaniol MJ, Public understanding of futures & foresight science: A reply to Chermack's response. 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Available from https://stillmed.olympic.org/ Documents/Olympic_Agenda_2020/Olympic_Agenda_2020-20-20_Recommendations-ENG.pdf. 71 Lauper C. Cyndi Lauper - Girls just want to have fun (Official Video) [Internet]. YouTube; 2009 Oct 25 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PIb6AZdTr-A. ; La sociedad global ha visto a las mujeres como naturalmente débiles, impotentes y dependientes de los hombres durante muchos años. Históricamente, falsos mitos médicos, tales como el desarrollo de cuerpos masculinos y no femeninos, efectos nocivos sobre el ciclo menstrual y el perjuicio del embarazo de mujeres que participan en actividades deportivas, se esparcieron y desalentaron la participación del género femenino en todas partes del mundo y de manera muy impactante, en los países del Golfo1. En este artículo, se utilizó la metodología de Análisis de Escenario recomendada por Spaniol y Rowland2, que se define como el análisis del proceso en un escenario futuro considerando otros posibles resultados de la sociedad en el presente. La Visión 2021 de los Emiratos Ãrabes Unidos (EAU) fue desarrollada para convertir a la nación entre los mejores países del mundo por el Jubileo de Oro desde su origen. Esta visión fue utilizada para desarrollar análisis con los métodos PESTLE, SWOT y CATWOE para complementar la descripción del escenario. La discusión giró en torno al compromiso general de mujeres representando a la comunidad musulmana en el sector deportivo, con gran foco en la escena deportiva de los EAU. Además, se discutieron las perspectivas del gobierno de los Emiratos Ãrabes Unidos sobre las mujeres en los deportes y las diferentes estrategias y reformas adoptadas por el gobierno local para promover la participación de las mujeres en el deporte. 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Historicamente, falsos mitos médicos, tais como o desenvolvimento de corpos masculinos e não femininos, efeitos nocivos sobre o ciclo menstrual e o prejuízo da gravidez de mulheres que participam de atividades esportivas, se espalharam e desencorajaram a participação ativa do gênero feminino em todas as partes do mundo e de maneira bem impactante, nos países do Golfo1. Neste artigo, utilizou-se a metodologia de Análise de Cenário recomendada por Spaniol e Rowland2, que se define como a análise do processo em um cenário futuro considerando outros possíveis resultados da sociedade no presente. A Visão 2021 dos Emirados Ãrabes Unidos (EAU) foi desenvolvida para converter a nação entre os melhores países do mundo em seu Jubileu de Ouro. Esta visão foi utilizada para realizar as análises com os métodos PESTLE, SWOT e CATWOE para complementar a descrição do cenário. A discussão girou em torno do engajamento geral de mulheres representando a comunidade muçulmana no setor esportivo, com grande foco na cena esportiva dos EAU. Além disso, foram discutidas as perspectivas do governo dos Emirados Ãrabes Unidos sobre as mulheres nos esportes e as diferentes estratégias e reformas adotadas pelas autoridades locais para promover a participação das mulheres no esporte. Como conclusão, é possível encontrar uma mudança de comportamento na sociedade contemporânea local que reflete em mais oportunidades no futuro para as mulheres no esporte, ainda que existam muitas barreiras e pré-conceitos. Referências 1 Myths surrounding gender and sports [Internet]. Kentucky: Northern Kentucky University [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.nku.edu/~lipping/PHE125/ Myths%20Surrounding%20Gender%20and%20S ports.doc. 2 Rowland NJ, Spaniol MJ, Public understanding of futures & foresight science: A reply to Chermack's response. 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