Suchergebnisse

Настоящая статья посвящена вопросам развития упаковочного производства и его роли в формировании структуры национальной экономики России. Исследуемые проблемы развития обрабатывающих отраслей в российской экономике связаны с обоснованием необходимости восстановления плановых начал в экономике на индикативной основе, нахождения оптимальной комбинации предпринимательских инноваций и государственного регулирования производства товаров конечного потребительского спроса. ; Structural reforms in Russia require efficient devices to regulate processing industry, including packaging production. Russian and foreign economic researches show four approaches to the development of packaging production. The first approach focuses on higher production quality and increased competitiveness. The key problem within the second approach is low quality of Russian packaging materials, which makes customers choose foreign production. The authors of the third approach focus on implementation of new financial and credit schemes into the production process. The fourth approach contains analysis of Russian pre-reform and foreign experience of the planned and programmed control of structural adjustment by the state. Thus, we come to the conclusion that approaches to the problem under discussion are specific for certain countries, while forms and methods of the control depend on the conditions in the country where they are used. Though these forms are determined by financial, economic and legal peculiarities of the national economic model, they have a common basis, which is the following. As the development of processing industry becomes more urgent, the countries of South-East Asia experience an increased need in state control of this process. In Russia these processes are reduced to political rent, while in foreign countries they develop efficient methods of fiscal, credit, external economic policy aimed at supporting national producers. The need in structural alterations of Russian packaging producers is triggered by quality competition on the part of western producers on the one hand and price competition on the part of southeast companies. The integration of Russian producers into the world market means equal competition with foreign producers not only in the external, but also in the domestic market. Thus, to accelerate adaptation of Russian producers to the world quality standards it is necessary to activate innovation mechanisms in packaging production. Thus, the use of packaging materials promotes efficient goods circulation, including production, transportation, storage and sales. Cost-beneficial packaging makes it possible to produce and sell the packed goods with the highest benefit. In other words, due to innovations in packaging producers can achieve the quality of production corresponding to customers' demand. So, what matters is not only the cost of packaging, but also its influence on product promotion in the market. The statistics of modern period of economic system development show the Russian packaging market to be one of the most dynamic in the world. Modern packaging production in Russia consists of four segments: metal, glass, polymers, and cardboard. According to independent experts in 2004-2005 the average of packaging production consumption fluctuated from 80 to 250 kg/year per person, or 18-23 bln. US dollars. PRADO MARKETING predicted 57-58 mln.tn (25-26 bln. US dollars) in 2006. In 2008 the consumption increased to 70 mln.tn (30 bln. US dollars). The market has been growing within the period of 2005-2009 mainly in value terms. This process will continue despite minor fluctuations in Russian macroeconomics. Thus, we come to a conclusion that the demand for packaging material in Russia is not satisfied. Development of packaging production has a great impact on the economic structure, beginning with industrial structures and goods circulation, promoting cutting-edge technologies, and finishing with the development of customers' preferences.

Рассматриваются тенденции развития российской партийной системы в последние два десятилетия и имеющиеся в отечественной политической науке подходы к периодизации этого процесса. Подчеркивается, что большинство политологов связывает развитие партий с динамикой политического режима, эволюцией законодательства, характером взаимодействия партий и государства. Приводится авторская точка зрения на периодизацию российского партогенеза. ; As any institution, political parties, and the political system in whole, institutionalise gradually, turning into a greater extent of complexity and organization. In this connection, political party genesis is closely connected with the general political process in the country and reflects its peculiarities. The modern stage of the Russian political party genesis started in late 1980s early 1990s as one of the trends of political transformation. However, the problem of its periodisation has been debatable so far. According to the majority of researchers who are engaged in the studies on the Russian multiparty system, the problem of the stages of political party genesis is connected with the most important social and political events that have cardinally changed the status and the functional purpose of the parties, in particular, the destruction of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, the collapse of the USSR, the confrontation of executive and legislative powers, federal elections and the adoption of the Federal Law On Political Parties. In this connection, they differentiate from two to five periods in political party genesis. This approach comprises rather original periodisation offered by Yu.G. Korgunyuk. He believes that, in late 1900s early 2000s, the Russian political system went through four stages or states of its development. They are as follows: fluctuating and peripheral systems, transition to a pseudo-party system and a pseudo-party system. Other researchers, for instance, V.A. Lepyokhin, used qualitative transformation of the inner structure and the functions of separate parties as the basis of periodisation of development of the Russian political party system and differentiated the stages of forming the proto-party structures, organizing the main bodies of future political parties, ending the formation of political parties and functioning and development of the political parties within the current political process. One more basis of periodisation, in the author's opinion, might be the dominating way of forming political parties. In 1990s political parties were mainly organized from below without any significant influence of the State. In 2000s the principal model of the political party formation was that of a merger of several parties in one organized with the support of the organs of government. On the whole, following the first approach to the periodisation of the Russian political party genesis and accepting the institutional and legal factor as its basis, the author divides this process into three stages: 1) late 1980s-1993: destruction of the mono-party system and transition to the situation of competition between proto-party organizations (The parties existed in the form of ideological clubs without having any possibility and desire to take part in the formation of the organs of government.); 2) 1993-2000: the parties were legislatively recognized and obtained the status of obligatory participants in the process of the formation of federal legislature (As that took place, political party genesis was without any significant interference of the State.); 3) 2001 till now: Once the Law On Political Parties had been adopted, the political parties got the distinct legal definition and significant preferences in the election process. Political party genesis was simultaneously put under the control of the State and the political parties in the country left the institution of civil society and turned into the elements in the vertical of power.

Este trabajo analiza la Iglesia católica española (ICE) como un grupo de interés que persigue mantener y/o aumentar su influencia política mediante la adopción de decisiones racionalmente calculadas que afectan a su statu quo y a sus objetivos declarados. El perfil político de las iglesias puede, sin embargo, ser bajo o alto. El segundo se plasma generalmente en estrategias de adversario político, como la escogida por la ICE para oponerse a dos reformas políticas del gobierno socialista de Zapatero: la del matrimonio para personas del mismo sexo y la de ampliación del aborto. Mientras que otras iglesias católicas en distintos países europeos se han abstenido de ejercer un protagonismo político similar, la ICE se ha implicado con gran intensidad en esta lucha política a través del desarrollo de campañas y la movilización social. Las teorías de la oferta del mercado religioso (basadas en la rational choice), que ponen el énfasis en la importancia de los distintos tipos de iglesia y de liderazgo religioso existentes en diversos países, pueden explicar el activismo político de inspiración religiosa en España. La ICE no solo cuenta con importantísimos recursos de todo tipo, sino que, además, opera en un mercado religioso cuasi monopolista que facilita su discurso como «la institución que representa a la gran mayoría de los españoles». Por otro lado, la aprobación de «políticas altamente sensibles» de contenido ético ha coaligado a determinados sectores sociales y partidos políticos opuestos a las mismas. Para defender los objetivos pro familia y pro vida, la ICE ha escogido una estrategia conflictiva que abarca desde la presión política y el lobby, la organización de conferencias de prensa y la publicación de comunicados, hasta el apoyo (y, en ocasiones, promoción directa) a manifestaciones organizadas primordialmente por grupos sociales de inspiración cristiana y, subsidiariamente, por partidos políticos de corte conservador ; This article analyzes the Spanish Catholic church (SCC) as an interest group which pursues to maintain and/or enhance its political influence through the adoption of rationally- calculated decisions that will impinge upon its status quo and objectives. However churches can exhibit a high or a low political profile, the former generally adopting the shape of a political adversary strategy. This role has been chosen by the SCC in order to oppose two political reforms advocated by the Socialist government of Zapatero: same-sex marriage and the liberalization of abortion. Unlike other Catholic churches in different European countries which have refrained themselves from entering politics, the SCC has decisively involved itself in this political fight by means of campaigns and social mobilization against these reforms. Supply-based and rational choice theories, which emphasize the importance of different types of existing church and religious leadership in various countries account for this religiously-inspired political activism in Spain: the SCC not only counts on important resources but it also operates in a quasi-monopolist religious market that paves the way for its discourse as «the institution which represents the great majority of Spaniards». Further, the passing of these «highly sensitive policies» has united certain social sectors and political parties which do not approve them. In the quest to defend pro-family and pro-life objectives, the SCC has opted for a conflictive strategy which goes from political pressure and lobbying, press conferences and the publication of documents, to the support (and direct promotion at times) of demonstrations, primarily organized by Christian social groups and, less visibly, conservative political parties

Objective This study describes the relationship between ambivalent sexism, authoritarianism, right wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO) in a sample of young adults in the city of Lima (N= 117). Method: A quantitative descriptive correlational study was carried out. Spanish translations were used of two scales which evaluate political ideology (RWA and SDO), together with Glick y Fiske's (1996, 1997) ambivalent sexism scale validated for the Mexican population. Results. A direct relationship was found between ambivalent sexism and both measurements of political ideology (RWA and SDO). It can be seen that men present a greater tendency towards paternalism and hostile sexism. Linear regression analyses show that only RWA exerts direct influence over the components of ambivalent sexism. No significant relationship was found between conservative political ideology and sex. Conclusion. Based on the results, it is possible to verify that the conservative political ideology is associated with ambivalent sexism. This type of sexism promotes the traditional roles of gender, not in an openly hostile way, but in benevolent ways through paternalism and complementary gender differentiation. ; Objetivo: este estudio describe la relación entre el sexismo ambivalente, el autoritarismo de derecha (RWA) y la orientación hacia la dominancia social (SDO) en una muestra de adultos jóvenes de la ciudad de Lima (N= 117). Método: se realizó un estudio cuantitativo de tipo descriptivo-correlacional. Además, se utilizaron versiones traducidas al Español de dos escalas que evalúan la ideología política (RWA y SDO), y una escala de sexismo ambivalente de Glick y Fiske (1996, 1997) validada para la población mexicana. Resultados: se encontró una relación directa entre el sexismo ambivalente y ambas medidas de ideología política (RWA y SDO). Y puede observar que los hombres presentan una mayor tendencia hacia el paternalismo y el sexismo hostil. Los análisis de regresión lineal muestran que sólo el RWA ejerce una influencia directa sobre los componentes del sexismo ambivalente. No se encontró ninguna relación significativa entre la ideología política conservadora y el sexo. Conclusión: es posible sostener, con base en los resultados, que la ideología política conservadora está asociada al sexismo ambivalente. Esta modalidad de sexismo promueve los roles de género tradicionales, no de manera abiertamente hostil, sino en formas benevolentes a través del paternalismo y la diferenciación complementaria de género. ; Objetivo. Este estudo descreve a relação entre o sexismo ambivalente, o autoritarismo da asa direita (RWA) e a orientação para o domínio social (SDO) em uma amostra de adultos jovens da cidade de Lima (Nº = 117). Método. Utilizaram-se versões traduzidas ao espanhol das escalas RWA e SDO, e uma versão da escala de sexismo ambivalente de Glick e Fiske (1996, 1997), validada para população mexicana. Resultados. Se encontraram uma relação direta entre o sexismo ambivalente e ambas as medidas de ideologia política (RWA y SDO). Se pode observar que os homens apresentam uma maior tendência ao paternalismo e o sexismo hostil. As análises de regressão linear mostram que só o RWA exerce uma influencia direta sobre os componentes do sexismo ambivalente. Não se encontrou nenhuma relação significativa entre a ideologia política conservadora e o sexo. Conclusão. É possível sustentar com base nos resultados, que a ideologia política conserva dora está associada ao sexismo ambivalente. Esta modalidade de sexismo promove os papéis de gênero tradicionais, não de maneira abertamente hostil, senão em formas benevolentes através do paternalismo e a diferenciação complementaria do gênero.

La posibilidad de la refundamentación del espacio político-jurídico (relegitimación de las instituciones del Estado y sus agencias como, también, la consolidación de una concepción pluralista del derecho a partir de la diversidad) y el empoderamiento de los colectivos glt se debe, en general a la actividad de las diferentes organizaciones gay, lésbica, trans y al trabajo constante de liderazgo y coordinación de sus integrantes. Entonces la expansión de los derechos sexuales es producto no sólo de la progresiva legitimación del discurso de los derechos humanos sino, también, de la constante movilización política de las mencionadas organizaciones. Estudiar el origen, el desarrollo y las acciones que se expresan como demandas en lo referente a las políticas públicas de la diversidad no implican conocer la búsqueda de la asimilación socio-política, en este caso se refiere al conocer las estrategias de la integración de las demandas del sector a una gestión administrativa. Se trata, entonces, de analizar las practicas de diferentes agrupamientos mas o menos estructurados (donde la expresión más compleja es la constitución, la consolidación y la proyección de organizaciones glt) desde los actores con roles destacados en la coordinación organizacional y/o que se presenten como líderes en las mismas estructuras para recatar sus objetivos con referencia a la agenda pública. Por lo tanto aquí se realiza una aproximación teórica (luego de un necesario trabajo de campo con carácter exploratorio) para poder conocer (de manera provisoria) y poder evaluar en el futuro el impacto social, cultural y político-judicial de la relación que existe entre el sujeto como activista y a su vez coordinador y/ líder de la organización, su gestión (administrativa/política) y su incidencia en la política pública (decisiones y acciones administrativas-no sólo normas- referidas a al problemática de la diversidad sexual y que son incorporadas en la agenda pública). ; The possibility of re-examining the political and legal field (i.e. in governmental agencies) as well as the establishment of an open-minded attitude in law towards Sexual Diversity) and the empowerment of Gay, Lesbian and Trans- Sexual Groups (G.L.T.), is the result of the constant work ,leadership and coordination of their members. Therefore, the extension of sexual rights is the product of not only the constant discourse of human rights, but also of the never ending political activism of their organizations. The study of the origin and the actions expressed as demands of a public policy acknowledging diversity does not involve the quest for social political assimilation, but rather the necessary "know-how", and applying the proper strategies so that the Administration meets the demands of these groups. It encompasses analysing the different procedures of more or less structured groups (where the most complex is the establishment, consolidation and future development of the G.L.T. groups including the agents with key roles in the coordination of their group and /or leaders in the same structures) to attain their goals: (The inclusion of their gender issues in the public agenda). The article, which is the result of a previous field survey, attempts to explore and evaluate impact of the social cultural political and legal aspects in the relation between the activist and at the same time coordinator and leader of the group, his political and or administrative handling of affairs and his influence in public policies (administrative decisions) independent from the passing and incorporation of laws connected with the sexual rights and gender issues in the public agenda. ; Instituto de Cultura Jurídica

Background: Nearly a million people die of malaria each year, the majority are children in rural African settings. These deaths could be reduced if children had prompt access to artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACTs), demonstrated adherence to treatment and to referral advice for severe malaria. However, health systems are weak to deliver the interventions. Although many African countries, including Tanzania, changed malaria treatment policy to ACTs in the last decade, few children reportedly get prompt access to ACTs. Main aim: To determine factors influencing prompt access to effective antimalarials; adherence to treatment schedules and to referral advice among children under five, in rural settings. Methods: Community-based studies were conducted in rural villages in Kilosa (I,II) and Mtwara rural (II,IV) districts, in Tanzania. Study I and II were prospective designed while study III and IV were nested in a community-based rectal-artesunate deployment intervention study. In study I, a total of 1,235 children from 12 randomly selected villages were followed up for six months. Caretakers of children reported to have fever were interviewed at home about the type and source of treatment using a questionnaire. In study II, all children (3918) in five selected villages were followed-up for 12 months, to determine adherence to treatment when they had malaria, diagnosed using Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) and treated with artemether-lumefantrine (ALu). In study III, 587 children who received pre-referral rectal artesunate during the deployment study were traced home and caretakers interviewed on a number of factors likely to influence adherence to referral advice, using a questionnaire. Study IV was qualitative, 12 focus group discussions were conducted in three purposively selected villages to explore reasons for non-adherence to referral advice. Results: Only one-third (37.6%) of febrile children had prompt access to ALu, the recommended ACTs in Tanzania, mainland (I). Lack of prompt access was mostly (>80 percent) attributed to receiving non-recommended drugs. Less than half of the febrile children were taken to government facilities, where they were 17-times more likely to have prompt access compared to those who went elsewhere. Less than 10% (41/607) of febrile children had access to ALu (I) from faith-based organisation facilities and accredited drug dispensing outlets, despite having subsidized ALu. Reported adherence to treatment schedules was high (>80 percent) and non-adherence was attributed mainly to untimely dosing, rather than taking a fewer number of doses (II). While social economic status influenced prompt access to ALu and adherence to treatment, basic education did not (I, II). Caretakers of children with altered consciousness and convulsion were almost 4-times more likely to adhere to referral advice than those whose children had less severe symptoms (III). They seemed to weigh child condition against obstacles to accessing care at health facilities, if the condition was less severe prior to or improved after rectal artesunate dose, caretakers were likely to be deterred from adhering to referral advice (IV). Detailed understanding of provider's advice was likely to lead to adherence to the treatment schedule (II) and to referral advice (III, IV). Conclusion: This thesis has shown that once a child had access to ALu, caretakers were likely to adhere to treatment schedule; and to referral advice, if child had severe symptoms or not improved after pre-referral treatment. More efforts should therefore be directed towards increasing access to ALu by strengthening the public health sector to reach rural remote areas. A wide coverage in prompt access to ALu will also reduce the need for the rectal artesunate strategy

Es mehren sich die Anzeichen, dass die Ökologische Landwirtschaft (ÖLW) eine geeignete Strategie darstellt, die dazu beiträgt, den momentanen Herausforderungen im ländlichen Uganda zu begegnen, und gleichzeitig vielfältige Möglichkeiten für Millionen von KleinbäuerInnen bietet. Eine beständige Ausweitung der lw. Nutzfläche ging einher mit stagnierenden Erträgen, einer Degradation der Anbauflächen und massiven Abholzung der Wälder. Eine jährliche Bevölkerungswachstumsrate von 3% verstärkt diese Trends und kann innerhalb der nächsten zehn Jahren zu einer Erschöpfung der landwirtschaftlichen Nutzflächenreserven führen. Zusätzlich sind subsistenzorientierte KleinbäuerInnen besonders von Armut betroffen. Daher die Fragen: Was und wie kann die ÖLW zur Armutsreduktion im ruralen Uganda und zur Lösung der momentanen und zukünftigen Problemen der Landverknappung, Degradation und der Abholzung beitragen? Eine dritte Frage richtet sich an die strukturellen Rahmenbedingungen der ÖLW und deren Auswirkungen auf diese. Während die Regierung Ugandas und involvierte Organisationen, wie die Weltbank, die Reduktion der Armut durch eine Modernisierung der Lw. durch Mitteln der Grünen Revolution erwirken möchten, zielt die ÖLW auf die Nutzung von regionalen Ressourcen und die Eigenständigkeit des lw. Systems ab und der BäuerInnen ab. Ein Asset-based-model der Lw., bestehend aus fünf Arten von Kapital, erklärt den potentiellen Vorteil der ÖLW durch die Akkumulation dieser. Dadurch wird der lw. Output (Nahrungsmittel, Fasern, Energieträgern, etc.) positiv beeinflusst - die ÖLW erreicht höhere und stabilere Erträge als konvent. Lw., während die Umwelt geschont und die Degradation gestoppt wird. Nach dem Capability Approach (Befähigungsansatz) nach Sen ermöglicht die ÖLW eine Basis für die Schaffung von capabilities, welche zu versch., von den BäuerInnen erwünschten functionings führen können. In Indices, wie dem Human Development Index, kann die ÖLW unterschiedliche Bestandteile direkt oder indirekt in eine positive Richtung beeinflussen und stellt so eine Strategie dar, um die gesteckten Ziele der Intern. Gemeinschaft, wie die MDGs zu erreichen. Da die ÖLW strikten Richtlinien folgt, könnte eine Operationalisierung hinsichtlich der MDGs in kohärenten Betätigungsfeldern und Themen zu einem Erfolg führen. ; There is a growing evidence, that Organic Agriculture (OA) is a contributory tool to face current challenges of rural Uganda and to create various opportunities for millions of small scaled subsistence farmers. Challenges include a stagnation of yields, land degradation, massive deforestation and a continuous expansion of agricultural area during last 40 years. An annual population growth rate of 3% enforces these trends and may lead to a depletion of available land for agricultural expansion within the next ten years. Additionally small-scaled subsistence farmers are mostly affected by poverty in Uganda. This report examines findings on the questions of what OA may contribute to reduce poverty in rural Uganda and to solve current challenges and future problems of land scarcity and land degradation as well as deforestation? Second question is how OA possibly contributes to a solution? A third question addresses the organizational and structural environment of OA and its effects on OA. While the government of Uganda and other organisations involved like World Bank are deeply committed to reduce poverty due to a modernization of agriculture by the techniques of Green Revolution, OA is likely to concentrate on local available resources and inputs to enforce self-reliance of the agricultural system and hence of the farmers themselves. An asset-based model of agriculture with five different types of capital explains the potential benefits of OA. During the organic production process assets are accumulated, which positively affects agricultural output (such as foods, fibres, fuels, etc.). So OA ensures higher and more stable yields than conventional agricultural systems in Uganda, while environment benefits and land degradation may reversed. Following the Capability Approach from Sen, OA facilitates the creation of capabilities, leading possibly towards a range of certain functionings aspired by farmers. In indexes such as the Human Development Index, OA positively influences various compounds either directly or indirectly and is a strategy to reach objectives of the international community such as the MDG. As the implementation of OA follows strictly guidelines, an operationalization towards objectives such as the MDG maybe could follow these guidelines in coherent topics and issues to be successful. ; by Phillipp Dietrich ; Zsfassung in dt. Sprache ; Wien, Univ. für Bodenkultur, Dipl.-Arb., 2009 ; (VLID)1036620

Muslim community in Poland, in terms of their population, is much smaller than in most of the Western European countries. Demographic potential determines the strength of their political and cultural influence – which in relation to the aforementioned states, is scarce. Muslims in Poland, of both Tatar and non-Tatar origin, are still not well recognized in the area of social life. Muslim community in Poland differs from their counterparts in countries of Western Europe, not only by its demographic potential, but also by its local specifics. It consists of the oldest Polish Muslim descendants, namely Tatars, who adopted the cultural norms of Polish surrounding. Moreover, to some degree, they also identify themselves with these norms ethnically. They created the native, moderate model of Islam which can be qualified as "Tatar-European" model. The main similarities to Polish Tatars, especially regarding the acceptance of moderate version of Islam and a certain degree of identification withPolish culture, can be found among Muslim descendants, mainly economic immigrants and representatives of Muslim immigration from the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. A whole different tradition, particularly in comparison to Polish Tatars' community, is represented by the generation of Muslim immigrants from the 1990s. These Muslims are more faithful to the principles of Islam in their everyday life than their Tatar coreligionists. It is caused by the fact that their religious identity was shaped in the Muslim culture, in the countries of their origin. Contrary to earlier immigrants, they do not show assimilative attitudes and distance themselves from Muslim Religious Association which is the organization with the longest tradition among Polish Muslims. Instead, they congregate in institutions they established themselves (e.g. the Muslim League). It should be emphasized, that these people arrived in Poland mainly for educational or economic reasons (to study at the university or start their own business). Majority of them (61%) is planning to return to their homeland after achieving all the basic aims of their stay in Poland. Surely, one should not expect any significant changes among Muslim refugees' environment in Poland, as majority of them intend to emigrate further. Also Polish citizens converted to Islam often treat their new religion in superficial way, and eventually abandon it and return to their previous confession. According to the results of the research, European integration and opening of the borders did not contribute neither to the inflow of Muslims from Western Europe, nor to the diffusion of ideas which are the foundation for extreme, orthodox Islam. However, during less than last twenty years, the socio-ethnic structure of this religious minority has undergone a significant transformation. It was conditioned mainly by constitutional changes in Poland, despite the dynamics of integration processes in Europe. The research results confirm, that the changes of proportions within the local Muslim minority, shaped over several years, gradually lead to the creation of two models of Islam in Poland: "Tatar-European" – a moderate model, rooted in Poland for centuries, and "Arabic-Middle East" model – considerably more orthodox, created by those who arrived in Poland recently or have recently converted to Islam. The analyzed changes, though significant, do not efface the principal differences between the entire Muslim community in Poland and its Western counterpart. Therefore, one can quote after Smail Balica, the prominent representative of liberal Bosnian Islam, by recalling his description of Islam in the former Yugoslavia, that Islam in Poland remains in agreement with "enlightened Europe and is open to the world, liberal and tolerant in the light of General Declaration of Human Rights. This Islam belongs to Europe in a geographical, historical, ethnical and cultural sense". It still belongs to Europe.

In 2007, Michael Spence, 2001 Nobel-prize-winning economist, when asked "is there a leading solution in risk management", he answered "there is an opportunity". Information Retrieval Methodology is becoming an indispensable tool to manage risk and provide support to an efficient decision making. This PhD work validates this thesis on an example of Research and Development of transgenic animal technologies. In particular we demonstrate the strength of this methodology in context of development of an early warning system focused on detection of 8 risks and lobbying actions designed to influence legislation and public opinion. A conventional bibliographic research based on keyword search tends to give a large corpus with number of irrelevant documents and documents often ranked inadequately in terms of importance. The end-user is thus forced to browse the suggested documents manually in search for relevant information. Intuitively he or she may identify non-obvious relations between the collected information and the subject based on his/her understanding of the field. However such documents would be discarded or low-ranked in a conventional search. Our search methodology automatises this natural interpretation and understanding process. In practice this challenge is addressed by adding extra metadata to structured databases including internet web sites. This metadata provide indexation of search results by means of an in-depth knowledge based on the facts and relations (i.e. understanding) between them as provided by the end user. Furthermore our approach avoids the need to master multiple indexation languages and overrides the Google search ranking system. Hence this methodology combines information retrieval with features of competitive intelligence build through close cooperation between the information scientists and end-users ; Dans une interview de 2007, Michael Spence, lauréat du prix Nobel d'économie en 2001, à la question « existe-t-il un leader du logiciel de gestion de risque ? » répond : « La place est à prendre ». Nous souhaitons démontrer qu'une méthodologie de recherche d'information basée sur la déclaration de « liaisons de connaissances », « pensée » sous la forme d'hypothèse de recherche, est capable de contribuer à anticiper une crise dans le domaine pharmaceutique. Le concept est d'anticiper les possibles dangers pour la poursuite des travaux scientifiques sur la transgénèse animale, en surveillant l'environnement de cette discipline. Pour cela nous avons identifié 8 risques potentiels, et identifié les leviers des phénomènes d'influences. Lorsqu'une des hypothèses de recherche se renforce, alors une actualisation des connaissances sur une thématique est émise, un peu à la manière des signaux d'alertes précoces. Une information qualifiée en connaissances est alors proposée aux décideurs. Le challenge à relever est de travailler simultanément sur des bases de données structurées et sur des données non structurées extraites d'Internet, de sorte de proposer un enrichissement en connaissances du document, sous la forme d'une métadonnée supplémentaire, s'affranchissant de la maîtrise des langages d'indexation, et optimisant la recherche d'information en adéquation avec les besoins, les attentes, et les liaisons de connaissances du décideur explicitées dans le profil de veille. Ce profil de veille personnalisé, qui détecte qu'une hypothèse de recherche émise devient forte, intègre le phénomène d'interprétation. Par analogie, citons la méthodologie des chercheurs lors de leurs travaux de bibliographie papier : en feuilletant des revues, ils mettent instantanément en relief l'information parce que des connexions de connaissances intuitives se sont construites. Pour transposer cette opération et l'automatiser, le profil de veille concentre un ensemble de connaissances implicites et explicites, autant d'informations, support du processus d'interprétation. Ainsi, on glisse de la veille vers l'intelligence économique, un environnement dans lequel un documentaliste peut se révéler l'acteur clé de cette méthodologie

Le contexte de privatisation a deux caractéristiques uniques. Premièrement, plusieurs études empiriques montrent que la majorité des transactions de privatisation sont partielles et le gouvernement reste un actionnaire dans la vaste majorité des firmes privatisées. Contrairement aux investisseurs privés, le gouvernent poursuit des objectifs politiques qui coincident rarement avec la maximisation des profits. Par conséquent, la privatisation nous offre un contexte unique qui nous permet d'investiguer les répercussions de l'intervention du gouvernement dans les firmes nouvellement privatisées sur leur qualité des bénéfices comptables et leur coût du capital-actions. Deuxièmement, le changement majeur dans la structure de propriété des firmes nouvellement privatisées qui est accompagné de problèmes d'asymétrie d'information sévères, nous offre aussi un cadre unique dans lequel nous pouvons investiguer les déterminants du cout du capital-actions et de la qualité des bénéfices. Dans le premier chapitre, nous examinons les déterminants politiques du cout de capital-actions. En utilisant un échantillon international de 126 entreprises en provenance de 25 pays et qui ont été privatisées durant la période 1987-2003, nous présentons des résultats suggérant que les firmes privatisées dans lesquelles le gouvernement maintient des droits de contrôle élevés enregistrent un cout du capital-actions élevé. Ce résultat a été trouvée après avoir contrôlé pour les déterminants au niveau de la firme et du pays du cout du capital-actions. Elle est cohérente avec l'hypothèse de l'interférence politique qui suggère que les actionnaires anticipent le risque d'intervention du gouvernement dans les opérations des firmes nouvellement privatisées et exigent une rémunération plus élevée pour investir dans les firmes privatisées où le risque d'expropriation par le gouvernement est élevé. Ce qui se traduit par une augmentation du cout du capital-actions. N ous trouvons aussi que le cout de capital-actions est significativement relié au système politique et à la stabilité du gouvernement. En particulier, nous trouvons que les firmes en provenance de pays plus démocratiques et de pays avec des gouvernements plus stables bénéficient d'un cout de capital-actions moins élevé. Globalement, notre étude montre que les droits de contrôle du gouvernement et ses caractéristiques politiques déterminent le cout du capital-actions des firmes nouvellement privatisées. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous examinons comment l'État, les investisseurs institutionnels locaux et les investisseurs étrangers peuvent influencer la qualité des bénéfices des firmes nouvellement privatisées. En utilisant un échantillon unique de 174 firmes en provenance de 29 pays et qui ont été privatisées durant la période 1980- 2003, nous trouvons une évidence forte et robuste qui suggère que la qualité des bénéfices est négativement reliée au contrôle et à la propriété du gouvernement. En particulier, nous trouvons plus de gestion des bénéfices et moins de prudence comptable dans les firmes privatisées où les droits de propriété du gouvernement sont élevés ou dans lesquelles le gouvernement conserve le contrôle. Ce résultat qui est cohérente avec l'hypothèse d'interférence politique suggère que le gouvernement a des fortes motivations à manipuler les bénéfices afin de cacher les bénéfices politiques du contrôle. Nous trouvons aussi un résultat qui suggère que la propriété des investisseurs institutionnels locaux est associée avec une meilleure qualité des bénéfices comptables. En effet, nous trouvons que la propriété des investisseurs institutionnels locaux est associée avec plus de prudence comptable. Ce résultat est cohérent avec le point de vue qui considère que les investisseurs institutionnels jouent un rôle actif dans la surveillance des gestionnaires. De plus, nous rapportons une certaine évidence suggérant que la propriété des investisseurs étranges est associée avec plus de prudence comptable i.e., une meilleure qualité des bénéfices. Globalement, notre étude suggère que la qualité de l'information comptable des firmes privatisées est reliée à l'identité de ses nouveaux investisseurs.

In the automotive area there are ever increasing demands from legislators and customers on low emissions and good fuel economy. In the process of developing and investigating new technologies, that can meet these demands, modeling and simulation have become important as standard engineering tools. To improve the modeling process new concepts and tools are also being developed. A formulation of a differential algebraic equation (DAE) that can be used for simulation of multi-zone in-cylinder models is extended and analyzed. Special emphasis is placed on the separation between thermodynamic state equations and the thermodynamic properties. This enables implementations with easy reuse of model components and analysis of simulation results in a structured manner which gives the possibility to use the formulation in a large number of applications. The introduction and depletion of zones are handled and it is shown that the DAE formulation has a unique solution as long as the gas model fulfills a number of basic criteria. Further, an example setup is used to validate that energy, mass, and volume are preserved when using the formulation in computer simulations. In other words, the numerical solution obeys the thermodynamic state equation and the first law of thermodynamics, and the results are consistent and converge as tolerances are tightened. As example applications, the DAE formulation is used to simulate spark ignited SI and Diesel engines as well as simple control volumes and 1-dimensional pipes. It is thus shown that the DAE formulation is able to adapt to the different requirements of the SI and Diesel engine models. An interesting application is the SI engine with continuously variable cam phasing (CVCP), which is a technology that reduces the fuel consumption. It influences the amount of air and residual gases in the engine in a non trivial manner and this SI application is used to evaluate three control oriented models for cylinder air charge and residual mass fraction for a CVCP-engine both for static and transient conditions. The models are: a simple generalized flow restriction model created with physical insight and two variants of a model that is based on an energy balance at intake valve closing (IVC). The two latter models require measurement of cylinder pressure and one also requires an air mass flow measurement. Using the SI model as reference it is shown that transients in cam positions have a large impact on air charge and residual mass fraction, and the ability of the models to capture these effects is evaluated. The main advantages of the generalized flow restriction model are that it is simple and does not require measurement of the cylinder pressure but it is also the model with the largest errors for static operating points and highest sensitivity in transients. The two models that use an energy balance at IVC both handle the transient cycles well. They are, however, sensitive to the temperature at IVC. For static cycles it is therefore advantageous to use the model with air mass flow measurement since it is less sensitive to input data. During transients however, if the external measurement is delayed, it is better to use the model that does not require the air mass flow. The conclusion is that the DAE formulation is a flexible, robust, tool, and that it is well suited for multi-zone in-cylinder models as well as models for manifolds and pipes outside the cylinder.

Die Arbeit untersucht auf der Basis der Neuen Institutionenökonomik die Rolle von Immobilieninvestoren, d.h. offene und geschlossene Immobilienfonds, Real Estate Investment Trusts, Real Estate Private Equity Fonds und Lebensversicherungen, auf dem deutschen Markt für Public Private Partnership Projekte im öffentlichen Hochbau. Dafür werden Immobilienanlagevehikel als institutionelle Ausgestaltung einer Prinzipal-Agent-Beziehung aufgefasst, bei der der Anleger als Prinzipal die Kapitalanlage an den Immobilieninvestor als Agent delegiert. Die geschäftlichen Aktivitäten eines Immobilieninvestors werden durch den normierten Handlungsspielraum, d.h. die rechtlichen Vorgaben, determiniert. Daneben beeinflusst auch die Ausgestaltung der PA-Beziehung, d.h. die Rechte des Prinzipals und die Anreize für den Agenten, die geschäftlichen Aktivitäten eines Immobilieninvestors. Zusammengeführt werden diese beiden Kategorien unter dem Begriff des definierten Gestaltungsrahmens, der als Rahmen der geschäftlichen Aktivitäten eines Immobilieninvestors verstanden wird, der dessen PPP-Investitionsmöglichkeiten bestimmt. So ist die Eignung eines Immobilieninvestors für eine PPP-Investition davon abhängig, ob sein definierter Gestaltungsrahmen zum erforderlichen Gesamtgestaltungsrahmen des PPP-Projektes passt. Letzterer wird dabei durch das PPP-Vertragsmodell, die PPP-Immobilienart, die PPP-Wertschöpfungsphase sowie die gewählte Handlungsoption des Investors auf dem PPP-Markt determiniert. In der Arbeit werden theoretische PPP-Investitionsmodelle entwickelt, in denen dargelegt wird, welche Immobilieninvestoren in welche PPP-Projekte investieren sollten. Dabei werden Empfehlungen zu den geeigneten Handlungsoptionen des jeweiligen Investors auf dem PPP-Markt erarbeitet und dargelegt, in welcher PPP-Wertschöpfungsphase dieser investieren sollte und welche der PPP-Vertragsmodelle und PPP-Immobilienarten für eine Investition geeignet sind. Zudem werden Gestaltungsempfehlungen zum rechtlichen Rahmen hergeleitet. Des Weiteren werden die Immobilieninvestoren auch für die bisher schon auf dem PPP-Markt agierenden Bau- und Betreiberunternehmen, insbesondere den Mittelstand, als potentielle Kooperationspartner auf dem Erstmarkt (Primärmarkt), als Exitpartner auf dem Zweitmarkt (Sekundärmarkt) oder als Wettbewerber klassifiziert. Die Thematik ist auch für die öffentliche Hand von Interesse, da der durch den Markteintritt neuer Investoren erhöhte Wettbewerb die Konditionen der PPP-Verträge verbessern kann und die Einbindung des Mittelstandes in PPP-Projekte ausdrückliches Ziel der Bundesregierung ist. ; This thesis analyses the role of real estate investors on the German market for Public Private Partnership projects. Real estate investors are Open and Closed End Property Funds, Real Estate Investment Trusts, Real Estate Private Equity Funds and Life Insurances. The inquiry's theoretical framework draws on insights derived from New Institutional Economics. Central point is the consideration of real estate investment vehicles as institutional arrangements of principal-agent relationships that are characterised by delegation of capital investments of mostly private investors - taking on the role of principals - to institutional real estate investors as agents. The admissible business activities of the real estate investor are determined by a defined scope of action, i.e. the legal framework. Furthermore, the concrete design of the principal-agent relationship, i.e., the principal's rights and the agent's incentives, influences the possible business activities of the real estate investor. These two categories then constitute the overall defined frame of discretion. The latter sets up the frame of a real estate investor's business activities and determines its options as to PPP investments. Hence, the suitability of a real estate investor for a PPP investment depends on whether the defined frame of discretion is congruent with the necessary frame of discretion for a certain PPP project. The latter again is determined by the sort of PPP contract, the PPP sector, the phase of value creation and the investor's options for action on the PPP market. The thesis develops several theoretical PPP investment models that demonstrate which real estate investors should invest in which sort of PPP project. Moreover, recommendations are given regarding the investor's business options, it is shown in which phase of value creation a real estate investor should invest and which the suitable sorts of PPP contracts and PPP sectors are. Furthermore, design recommendations for the legal framework are derived from the analysis. Finally, real estate investors are identified as potential cooperation partners on the PPP primary market and as exit-partners for a commitment on secondary markets. Further, they may even function as competitors for construction and operation companies that already act on the PPP market, particularly small and medium sized companies. The thesis's subject matter also is of interest for public authorities and governmental institutions. One of their central goals is to foster the involvement of small and medium sized companies in the realisation of PPP projects. Moreover, the entry of alternative investors for PPP projects spurs competition in the PPP market and entails improved conditions for PPP contracts.

In der Dissertation mit dem Titel Die Auswirkungen der NS-Doktrin auf Homöopathie und Phytotherapie konnte an Hand der Zeitschriftenanalyse einer homöopathischen und zwei pharmazeutischen Fachzeitschriften von 1927 bis 1952 gezeigt werden, wie sich die Akzeptanz gegenüber Homöopathie und Phytotherapie unter dem Einfluss der nationalsozialistischen Doktrin veränderte. Die verschiedenartigen Konflikte unter den Angehörigen der einzelnen Heilberufe, die in der Zeit nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg ersichtlich waren, sollten durch die Gleichschaltung der Standesorganisationen behoben werden, außerdem sollte mit der Proklamation des Vierjahresplans Autarkie im Bereich von Grundnahrungsmitteln und Rohstoffen erreicht werden. Reichsärzteführer Gerhard Wagner gründete am 25. Mai 1935 die Reichsarbeitsgemeinschaft für eine Neue Deutsche Heilkunde, um sämtliche Richtungen der Medizin zu vereinen. Da das Fundament dieser neuen Heilkunde nicht mehr die exakte Naturwissenschaft, sondern die nationalsozialistische Weltanschauung von den natürlichen, biologischen Grundgesetzen des Lebens sein sollte, war es einfach, auch die Außenseitermethoden der Medizin zu integrieren. Die drei Zeitschriften, die sich in der Zeit der Weimarer Republik politisch vollkommen neutral verhalten hatten, begannen nach erfolgter Gleichschaltung die politischen Forderungen, besonders auch die Berichte gegenüber nichtarischen Mitbürgern, zu übernehmen. Die Allgemeine Homöopathische Zeitung stellte sich bereits mit der Machtübernahme als Mitarbeiter zur Verfügung, während die abwartende Haltung der pharmazeutischen Zeitschriften die Ablösung der Chefredakteure bewirkte. Die bisher ambivalente Haltung der Pharmazeuten gegenüber der Homöopathie wurde aufgegeben, Reichsapothekerführer Schmierer bezeichnete alle bisherigen Konflikte für beendet. Die Akzeptanz von Homöopathie und Phytotherapie wurde durch Berichte über besondere Ereignisse wie die Einführung des Homöopathischen Arzneibuchs 1934, die Ausrichtung des Internationalen Homöopathischen Kongresses 1937 in Berlin, die Einrichtung verschiedener homöopathischer und naturheilkundlicher Lehranstalten und den Neubau des Robert-Bosch-Krankenhauses in Stuttgart in allen drei Zeitschriften bestätigt. ; In the dissertation titled The effects of the NS doctrine on homeopathy and phytotherapy, it could be shown, using a magazine analysis of a homeopathic and two pharmaceutical specialist magazines from 1927 to 1952, how the acceptance of homeopathy and phytotherapy has changed under the influence of national socialist doctrine. The diverse conflicts amongst the members of the individual medical professions which were apparent at the time after the First World War were to be remedied by the Gleichschaltung, or coordination, of the professional associations. Additionally, autarky was be achieved by the proclamation of a four-year plan regarding staple foods and raw materials Reichsärzteführer Gerhard Wagner founded the Reichsarbeitsgemeinschaft für eine Neue Deutsche Heilkunde, in order to unify all the branches of medicine. As the foundation of this new alternative medicine was no longer natural science, but rather the national socialist world view of natural, biological basic laws of life, it was easy to integrate even the outsider methods of medicine. The three magazines, which at the time of the Weimar Republic stayed completely politically neutral, began to take on the political stance after the Gleichschaltung, including reports about non-Aryan citizens. The Allgemeine Homöopathische Zeitung offered its collaboration straight after the takeover of power, while the observant attitude of the pharmaceutical magazines brought about the removal of their editors in chief. The ambivalent attitude of the pharmacists toward homeopathy until then was abandoned; Reichsapothekerführer Schmierer declared all previous conflicts as concluded. The acceptance of homeopathy and phythotherapy was confirmed in all three magazines by reports about special events such as the introduction of homeopathic pharmacopoeias in 1934, the organisation of the International Homeopathic Conference in 1937 in Berlin, the opening of various homeopathy and naturopathy schools and the building of the Robert Bosch Hospital in Stuttgart. The new direction of medicine, the thoughts of self-sufficiency and the shortage of drugs during the war also had an effect on the cultivation of medical plants. The crop areas for medicinal plants and spice plants were drastically increased. By building green houses it was possible to grow foreign plants in Germany. The campaigns for the collection and production of medical herbs effected a change in the perception of medical plants, and herbal remedies became recognised therapies. This is proven also by the turnover figures of manufacturers of allopathic, homeopathic and biological medications in the period from 1930 to 1945. In spite of innovations in medicine such as insulin isolation, the discovery of sulphonamides and penicillin there was no significant increase in the turnover of allopathic medication. From these figures and the fact that even allopathic medication manufacturers also produced natural medications, it can be concluded that the demand for natural products was indeed higher than before.

In her dissertation, Children, Parents, Media and Risk Society: Are Content Ratings Making Media Regulation Possible?, Sophie Jehel examines the role of television and videogame ratings, involved in the content regulation system. In the first section, the author shows how in the family and social environment, debates involving childhood protection are regularly avoided for fear of provoking the issue of "censorship"; this idea completely misses the point of the current legal and economic states of the mass media. Today, television and radio, like "new media" such as internet and social networking applications, are a key element of the "Risk Society." (U. Beck). Similar to other industries, the media grow using the « social production of risk » in many ways, like broadcasting violent or shocking content. Therefore the media needs to regulate content to protect children. In theory, the co-regulation system advocated by the European Union, which involves citizen and user control, is meant to counterbalance the auto-regulation system of the rating process. In the second section, the author, drawing from a survey which examined 1142 children in their final year of elementary school (5th grade in France), or in their first year of junior high school (6th grade in France), and 781 of their parents, analyzes the utilization of content ratings. Today, the risks produced by the media are everywhere in the media environment, and affect people of every social background, but boys and particularly children from working class backgrounds–especially the ones who study in schools ZEP (Priority Education Zone)– are more exposed to situations of "risk". In general, parents and children widely consider the rating system good, but at this point, because of a lack of understanding, they cannot effectively counterbalance the influence of media. Therefore, successful co-regulation remains a long shot. ; Dans sa thèse, Enfants, parents, médias et société du risque. Les classifications de contenu permettent-elles une régulation des médias ? Sophie Jehel pose la question de la place des signalétiques (TV, jeu vidéo) dans le cadre de la régulation des contenus tant familiale que sociale. Dans une première partie, l'auteur montre comment les débats sur la protection de l'enfance sont régulièrement enterrés en France par crainte de faire ressurgir la « censure », en décalage complet avec la situation juridique et économique des médias de masse. Les médias audiovisuels comme les nouveaux médias sont aujourd'hui au cœur de la « société du risque » (U. Beck). Comme les autres industries, ils développent leur croissance sur la « production sociale de risque » de multiples façons, la diffusion de contenus violents ou crus fait partie de cette économie. Les médias sont donc tenus de fournir aussi des outils de protection pour les enfants. Le système de corégulation prôné par l'Union Européenne doit en principe contrebalancer le développement de l'autorégulation des procédures de classification par un contrôle des citoyens utilisateurs. Dans une seconde partie, l'auteure s'appuyant sur une enquête auprès de 1142 enfants de CM2 et de sixième et 781 de leurs parents analyse les usages des classifications de contenu. Si les risques médiatiques sont aujourd'hui très dispersés tant dans l'environnement médiatique que dans les différents espaces sociaux, les garçons et les enfants des milieux populaires, particulièrement ceux fréquentant des établissements ZEP, sont confrontés à des situations de risque renforcé. Si les parents et les enfants adhèrent massivement aux systèmes de classification, ils ne peuvent pour le moment jouer de rôle de contrepouvoir car ils en comprennent mal les procédures. La corégulation reste aujourd'hui un horizon lointain.

A Diateichisma is part of a city´s fortification system. Unlike a city wall it was built within the urban area dividing a city in two parts. This study focuses on two aspects. On the one hand, the phenomenon of diateichismata is considered as part of fortification architecture, on the other hand the influence of diateichism on the organisation of the urban space is pointed out. Furthermore, the reasons, why diateichismata were build are considered as a focal point of the study. The settlement are displayed in a catalogue, technical data is in charts. Written sources mentioning diatechisma are put together including relevant passages of the text. In scientific research diateichismata have been regarded as mere functional buildings, however, they have been studied systematically. In this study, the significance of diateichismata is analysed beyond the aspects of fortification; in particular, the impact of diateichismata on the development and utilisation of urban space is a spezial interest. A comparative analysis of settlements with diateichisma has needs of comparable criteria. The most applicable term, after which settlements with diateichisma can be discerned and put in order, is the chronological relation of diateichisma and city wall, because here chronology is the only variable giving valuable information on settlement development. Hence three variations of settlements with diateichisma can be discerned: 1. Settlements with diateichisma built together with the enceinte. 2. Settlements with secondarily but diateichisma. 3. Settlements with diateichisma which originate after expansion of walled urban space. Most of the studied settlements have diateichismata which were built after the enceinte (23 examples) or which origins from expansion of walled city space (19 settlements). Contemporaneous diateichismate are rare (14 settlements), only in a few cities the relation between diateichisma and city wall remains unclear. The earliest diateichismata be dated in late 7th cent. B.C., the latest was build in the middle of the 2nd cent. B.C. Within this chronological frame the highest concentration of diateichismata can be traced in classical and hellenistic times. The distriution of cities is spead from the Iberian Peninsula to Greek parts of modern Afghanistan (Graeco-bactria). Only any regions do show concentrations of settlements with diateichisma. In the Western Mediterranean there are more cities with secondarily built diateichisma, in the area of north-western Greek in a lot of cities the walled urban space was enlarged establishind diateichismata between the original city area and the newly acquired space. Generally, diateichismata serve as obstacles to enemies which conquered the enceinte already or as barrier wall for hostile parties fighting within the boundaries of the city wall. Despite of the clear military function only cities of military character have a diateichisma; there it always serves as a barrier wall protecting free space Meant to host soldiers when attacked. The predominate group of settlements with dateichisma are free poleis. Concerning poleis in Greek cities in a non-Greek environment, the significance of diateichismata gains more interest, envolving the conflicts of different ethnical groups. In these cities ("colonies") one can detect mostly enlargement of urban space with covers the period of the 5th to the middle 3rd centuries B.C. Probably this process is conneted with the moving of large groups of people by the Western Greek tyrants in late archaic classical times and with the renewed founding of cities in the 4th cent. B.C. Contrary of the processs of enlargement of city space, in some areas of the Western Mediterranean cities were diminished insize. Diateichismata have a deep impact on the organisation of the urban space and also have representative and determine function. In most cities diateichismata remain standing as a ruin, detached from their original function of a barrier wall, or they int