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As children grow up, they expand their territorial range (Andrews, 1973). This increasing autonomy allows them for reaching new places of activities, thereby attaining further developmental tasks. However, less is known about what children and adolescents do that makes them familiar with an increasing area. Various means such as walking, riding a bicycle, taking a bus or getting a lift by car differ in the mobility and the knowledge about the environment they provide (Rissotto & Tonucci, 2002) and in the motor, perceptual, and cognitive skills required to use them. Thus, these means of transportation may not only be tools for autonomy development, but becoming able to use them might be a part of autonomy development (Bullens et al., 2010). Thus, the frequencies of walking, riding a bicycle or a bus, and of being given a lift by the parents, will be explored in two domains: transportation to school and to spare-time activities. The former focuses on the use of means of transportation to a mandatory destination whereas the latter explores the twofold autonomy to make use of a means of transportation and to access targets which might change with age. A total of 715 children (54.4% girls) attending grades 4, 6, and 9 (ages 10, 12, and 15) and 497 parents of children (51.5% girls) attending grades 2, 4, and 6 (ages 8, 10, and 12) filled out questionnaires. Both parents and children indicated on how many days of the week the child walked, cycled, took the bus, and was driven to school and to free-time activities, respectively. Multilevel analyses were used because participants were nested in 16 schools which were nested in 6 municipalities in adjacent regions of Denmark and Southern Sweden. Predictor variables were grade, gender (dummy-coded), and distance to school (four categories, recoded to approximate kilometers). In the next step, country was added into equations, in order to explain part of the variance between municipalities. Finally, theoretically meaningful interactions between grade, gender, and distance from school were added. The final model for each dependent variable was the one with the best fit (AIC, BIC). Variables had been transformed to approach normal distribution. Walking and riding the bicycle (especially in girls) were mainly used for shorter distances. In contrast, bus and the family car were used for more distant destinations. Danish children used more active, individual ways of transportation whereas Swedish children used public transport. Girls tended to use more passive means such as being driven by car or riding the bus whereas boys, at least at certain ages, walked more or rode their bicycles. Although age effects were similar on a global level, such as that children depended less of their parents' help to get somewhere, details differed. The youngest children did not any longer need the car ride to school, but it were the oldest ones who did not any longer get lifts to spare-time activities nearby. Thus, age trends in how to get to school did not explain age trends in accessing spare-time activities. On the contrary, when controlling for getting lifts to school, the absence of net age effects in parent-reported car rides turned out to be the sum of the opposite trends towards independence from parents and towards having more destinations to reach. The results show that children choose varying means of transportation according to their development of needs and skills. The differences between the age trends for the two types of destinations suggest a larger flexibility than known previously. Still, gender and cultural differences affect this facet of autonomy development. ; The project is co-financed by a grant from the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the European Union's program for Interreg IV A Oresund-Kattegat-Skagerrak. Lead Partner of the project is Skåne Regional Council. ; Oresund as a bicycle region

Full list of authors: Acharyya, A.; Adam, R.; Adams, C.; Agudo, I.; Aguirre-Santaella, A.; Alfaro, R.; Alfaro, J.; Alispach, C.; Aloisio, R.; Alves Batista, R.; Amati, L.; Ambrosi, G.; Angüner, E. O.; Antonelli, L. A.; Aramo, C.; Araudo, A.; Armstrong, T.; Arqueros, F.; Asano, K.; Ascasíbar, Y. Ashley, M.; Balazs, C.; Ballester, O.; Baquero Larriva, A.; Barbosa Martins, V.; Barkov, M.; Barres de Almeida, U.; Barrio, J. A.; Bastieri, D.; Becerra, J.; Beck, G.; Becker Tjus, J.; Benbow, W.; Benito, M.; Berge, D.; Bernardini, E.; Bernlöhr, K.; Berti, A.; Bertucci, B.; Beshley, V.; Biasuzzi, B.; Biland, A.; Bissaldi, E.; Biteau, J.; Blanch, O.; Blazek, J.; Bocchino, F.; Boisson, C.; Bonneau Arbeletche, L.; Bordas, P.; Bosnjak, Z.; Bottacini, E.; Bozhilov, V.; Bregeon, J.; Brill, A.; Bringmann, T.; Brown, A. M.; Brun, P.; Brun, F.; Bruno, P.; Bulgarelli, A.; Burton, M.; Burtovoi, A.; Buscemi, M.; Cameron, R.; Capasso, M.; Caproni, A.; Capuzzo-Dolcetta, R.; Caraveo, P.; Carosi, R.; Carosi, A.; Casanova, S.; Cascone, E.; Cassol, F.; Catalani, F.; Cauz, D.; Cerruti, M.; Chadwick, P.; Chaty, S.; Chen, A.; Chernyakova, M.; Chiaro, G.; Chiavassa, A.; Chikawa, M.; Chudoba, J.; Çolak, M.; Conforti, V.; Coniglione, R.; Conte, F.; Contreras, J. L.; Coronado-Blazquez, J.; Costa, A.; Costantini, H.; Cotter, G.; Cristofari, P.; D'Aimath, A.; D'Ammando, F.; Damone, L. A.; Daniel, M. K.; Dazzi, F.; De Angelis, A.; De Caprio, V.; de Cássia dos Anjos, R.; de Gouveia Dal Pino, E. M.; De Lotto, B.; De Martino, D.; de Oña Wilhelmi, E.; De Palma, F.; de Souza, V.; Delgado, C.; Delgado Giler, A. G.; della Volpe, D.; Depaoli, D.; Di Girolamo, T.; Di Pierro, F.; Di Venere, L.; Diebold, S.; Dmytriiev, A.; Domínguez, A.; Donini, A.; Doro, M.; Ebr, J.; Eckner, C.; Edwards, T. D. P.; Ekoume, T. R. N.; Elsässer, D.; Evoli, C.; Falceta-Goncalves, D.; Fedorova, E.; Fegan, S.; Feng, Q.; Ferrand, G.; Ferrara, G.; Fiandrini, E.; Fiasson, A.; Filipovic, M.; Fioretti, V.; Fiori, M.; Foffano, L.; Fontaine, G.; Fornieri, O.; Franco, F. J.; Fukami, S.; Fukui, Y.; Gaggero, D.; Galaz, G.; Gammaldi, V.; Garcia, E.; Garczarczyk, M.; Gascon, D.; Gent, A.; Ghalumyan, A.; Gianotti, F.; Giarrusso, M.; Giavitto, G.; Giglietto, N.; Giordano, F.; Giuliani, A.; Glicenstein, J.; Gnatyk, R.; Goldoni, P.; González, M. M.; Gourgouliatos, K.; Granot, J.; Grasso, D.; Green, J.; Grillo, A.; Gueta, O.; Gunji, S.; Halim, A.; Hassan, T.; Heller, M.; Hernández Cadena, S.; Hiroshima, N.; Hnatyk, B.; Hofmann, W.; Holder, J.; Horan, D.; Hörandel, J.; Horvath, P.; Hovatta, T.; Hrabovsky, M.; Hrupec, D.; Hughes, G.; Humensky, T. B.; Hütten, M.; Iarlori, M.; Inada, T.; Inoue, S.; Iocco, F.; Iori, M.; Jamrozy, M.; Janecek, P.; Jin, W.; Jouvin, L.; Jurysek, J.; Karukes, E.; Katarzyński, K.; Kazanas, D.; Kerszberg, D.; Kherlakian, M. C.; Kissmann, R.; Knödlseder, J.; Kobayashi, Y.; Kohri, K.; Komin, N.; Kubo, H.; Kushida, J.; Lamanna, G.; Lapington, J.; Laporte, P.; Leigui de Oliveira, M. A.; Lenain, J.; Leone, F.; Leto, G.; Lindfors, E.; Lohse, T.; Lombardi, S.; Longo, F.; Lopez, A.; López, M.; López-Coto, R.; Loporchio, S.; Luque-Escamilla, P. L.; Mach, E.; Maggio, C.; Maier, G.; Mallamaci, M.; Malta Nunes de Almeida, R.; Mandat, D.; Manganaro, M.; Mangano, S.; Manicò, G.; Marculewicz, M.; Mariotti, M.; Markoff, S.; Marquez, P.; Martí, J.; Martinez, O.; Martínez, M.; Martínez, G.; Martínez-Huerta, H.; Maurin, G.; Mazin, D.; Mbarubucyeye, J. D.; Medina Miranda, D.; Meyer, M.; Miceli, M.; Miener, T.; Minev, M.; Miranda, J. M.; Mirzoyan, R.; Mizuno, T.; Mode, B.; Moderski, R.; Mohrmann, L.; Molina, E.; Montaruli, T.; Moralejo, A.; Morcuende-Parrilla, D.; Morselli, A.; Mukherjee, R.; Mundell, C.; Nagai, A.; Nakamori, T.; Nemmen, R.; Niemiec, J.; Nieto, D.; Nikołajuk, M.; Ninci, D.; Noda, K.; Nosek, D.; Nozaki, S.; Ohira, Y.; Ohishi, M.; Ohtani, Y.; Oka, T.; Okumura, A.; Ong, R. A.; Orienti, M.; Orito, R.; Orlandini, M.; Orlando, S.; Orlando, E.; Ostrowski, M.; Oya, I.; Pagano, I.; Pagliaro, A.; Palatiello, M.; Pantaleo, F. R.; Paredes, J. M.; Pareschi, G.; Parmiggiani, N.; Patricelli, B.; Pavletić, L.; Pe'er, A.; Pecimotika, M.; Pérez-Romero, J.; Persic, M.; Petruk, O.; Pfrang, K.; Piano, G.; Piatteli, P.; Pietropaolo, E.; Pillera, R.; Pilszyk, B.; Pintore, F.; Pohl, M.; Poireau, V.; Prado, R. R.; Prandini, E.; Prast, J.; Principe, G.; Prokoph, H.; Prouza, M.; Przybilski, H.; Pühlhofer, G.; Pumo, M. L.; Queiroz, F.; Quirrenbach, A.; Rainò, S.; Rando, R.; Razzaque, S.; Recchia, S.; Reimer, O.; Reisenegger, A.; Renier, Y.; Rhode, W.; Ribeiro, D.; Ribó, M.; Richtler, T.; Rico, J.; Rieger, F.; Rinchiuso, L.; Rizi, V.; Rodriguez, J.; Rodriguez Fernandez, G.; Rodriguez Ramirez, J. C.; Rojas, G.; Romano, P.; Romeo, G.; Rosado, J.; Rowell, G.; Rudak, B.; Russo, F.; Sadeh, I.; Sæther Hatlen, E.; Safi-Harb, S.; Salesa Greus, F.; Salina, G.; Sanchez, D.; Sánchez-Conde, M.; Sangiorgi, P.; Sano, H.; Santander, M.; Santos, E. M.; Santos-Lima, R.; Sanuy, A.; Sarkar, S.; Saturni, F. G.; Sawangwit, U.; Schussler, F.; Schwanke, U.; Sciacca, E.; Scuderi, S.; Seglar-Arroyo, M.; Sergijenko, O.; Servillat, M.; Seweryn, K.; Shalchi, A.; Sharma, P.; Shellard, R. C.; Siejkowski, H.; Silk, J.; Siqueira, C.; Sliusar, V.; Słowikowska, A.; Sokolenko, A.; Sol, H.; Spencer, S.; Stamerra, A.; Stanič, S.; Starling, R.; Stolarczyk, T.; Straumann, U.; Strišković, J.; Suda, Y.; Suomijarvi, T.; Świerk, P.; Tavecchio, F.; Taylor, L.; Tejedor, L. A.; Teshima, M.; Testa, V.; Tibaldo, L.; Todero Peixoto, C. J.; Tokanai, F.; Tonev, D.; Tosti, G.; Tosti, L.; Tothill, N.; Truzzi, S.; Travnicek, P.; Vagelli, V.; Vallage, B.; Vallania, P.; van Eldik, C.; Vandenbroucke, J.; Varner, G. S.; Vassiliev, V.; Vázquez Acosta, M.; Vecchi, M.; Ventura, S.; Vercellone, S.; Vergani, S.; Verna, G.; Viana, A.; Vigorito, C. F.; Vink, J.; Vitale, V.; Vorobiov, S.; Vovk, I.; Vuillaume, T.; Wagner, S. J.; Walter, R.; Watson, J.; Weniger, C.; White, R.; White, M.; Wiemann, R.; Wierzcholska, A.; Will, M.; Williams, D. A.; Wischnewski, R.; Yanagita, S.; Yang, L.; Yoshikoshi, T.; Zacharias, M.; Zaharijas, G.; Zakaria, A. A.; Zampieri, L.; Zanin, R.; Zaric, D.; Zavrtanik, M.; Zavrtanik, D.; Zdziarski, A. A.; Zech, A.; Zechlin, H.; Zhdanov, V. I.; Živec, M.--Published by IOP Publishing Ltd on behalf of Sissa Medialab. Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. ; We provide an updated assessment of the power of the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) to search for thermally produced dark matter at the TeV scale, via the associated gamma-ray signal from pair-annihilating dark matter particles in the region around the Galactic centre. We find that CTA will open a new window of discovery potential, significantly extending the range of robustly testable models given a standard cuspy profile of the dark matter density distribution. Importantly, even for a cored profile, the projected sensitivity of CTA will be sufficient to probe various well-motivated models of thermally produced dark matter at the TeV scale. This is due to CTA's unprecedented sensitivity, angular and energy resolutions, and the planned observational strategy. The survey of the inner Galaxy will cover a much larger region than corresponding previous observational campaigns with imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes. CTA will map with unprecedented precision the large-scale diffuse emission in high-energy gamma rays, constituting a background for dark matter searches for which we adopt state-of-the-art models based on current data. Throughout our analysis, we use up-to-date event reconstruction Monte Carlo tools developed by the CTA consortium, and pay special attention to quantifying the level of instrumental systematic uncertainties, as well as background template systematic errors, required to probe thermally produced dark matter at these energies. © 2021 The Author(s). ; We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the following agencies and organisations: State Committee of Science of Armenia, Armenia; The Australian Research Council, Astronomy Australia Ltd, The University of Adelaide, Australian National University, Monash University, The University of New South Wales, The University of Sydney, Western Sydney University, Australia; Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Research, and Innsbruck University, Austria; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq), Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP), Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovations and Communications (MCTIC), and Instituto Serrapilheira, Brasil; Ministry of Education and Science, National RI Roadmap Project DO1-153/28.08.2018, Bulgaria; The Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and the Canadian Space Agency, Canada; CONICYT-Chile grants CATA AFB 170002, ANID PIA/APOYO AFB 180002, ACT 1406, FONDECYT-Chile grants, 1161463, 1170171, 1190886, 1171421, 1170345, 1201582, Gemini-ANID 32180007, Chile; Croatian Science Foundation, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, University of Osijek, University of Rijeka, University of Split, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Croatia; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports, MEYS LM2015046, LM2018105, LTT17006, EU/MEYS CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001403, CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/18_046/0016007 and CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000754, Czech Republic; Academy of Finland (grant nr.317636, 320045, 317383 and 320085), Finland; Ministry of Higher Education and Research, CNRS-INSU and CNRS-IN2P3, CEA-Irfu, ANR, Regional Council Ile de France, Labex ENIGMASS, OSUG2020, P2IO and OCEVU, France; Max Planck Society, BMBF, DESY, Helmholtz Association, Germany; Department of Atomic Energy, Department of Science and Technology, India; Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), MIUR, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF-OABRERA) Grant Fondazione Cariplo/Regione Lombardia ID 2014-1980/RST_ERC, Italy; ICRR, University of Tokyo, JSPS, MEXT, Japan; Netherlands Research School for Astronomy (NOVA), Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), Netherlands; University of Oslo, Norway; Ministry of Science and Higher Education, DIR/WK/2017/12, the National Centre for Research and Development and the National Science Centre, UMO-2016/22/M/ST9/00583, Poland; Slovenian Research Agency, grants P1-0031, P1-0385, I0-0033, J1-9146, J1-1700, N1-0111, and the Young Researcher program, Slovenia; South African Department of Science and Technology and National Research Foundation through the South African Gamma-Ray Astronomy Programme, South Africa; The Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and the Spanish Research State Agency (AEI) through grants AYA2016-79724-C4-1-P, AYA2016-80889-P, AYA2016-76012-C3-1-P, BES-2016-076342, ESP2017-87055-C2-1-P, FPA2017-82729-C6-1-R, FPA2017-82729-C6-2-R, FPA2017-82729-C6-3-R, FPA2017-82729-C6-4-R, FPA2017-82729-C6-5-R, FPA2017-82729-C6-6-R, PGC2018-095161-B-I00, PGC2018-095512-B-I00; the \Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa"program through grants no. SEV-2015-0548, SEV-2016-0597, SEV-2016-0588, SEV-2017-0709; the "Unidad de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu" program through grant no. MDM-2015-0509; the "Ramon y Cajal" programme through grants RYC-2013-14511, RyC-2013-14660, RYC-2017-22665; and the MultiDark Consolider Network FPA2017-90566-REDC. Atraccion de Talento contract no. 2016-T1/TIC-1542 granted by the Comunidad de Madrid; the "Postdoctoral Junior Leader Fellowship" programme from La Caixa Banking Foundation, grants no. LCF/BQ/LI18/11630014 and LCF/BQ/PI18/11630012; the "Programa Operativo" FEDER2014-2020, Consejeria de Economia y Conocimiento de la Junta de Andalucia (ref. 1257737), PAIDI 2020 (ref. P18-FR-1580), and Universidad de Jaen; the Spanish AEI EQC2018-005094-P FEDER 2014-2020; the European Union's "Horizon 2020" research and innovation programme under Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 665919; and the ESCAPE project with grant no. GA:824064, Spain; Swedish Research Council, Royal Physiographic Society of Lund, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, The Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) at Lunarc (Lund), Sweden; State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) and Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), Switzerland; Durham University, Leverhulme Trust, Liverpool University, University of Leicester, University of Oxford, Royal Society, Science and Technology Facilities Council, U.K.; U.S. National Science Foundation, U.S. Department of Energy, Argonne National Laboratory, Barnard College, University of California, University of Chicago, Columbia University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Institute for Nuclear and Particle Astrophysics (INPAC-MRPI program), Iowa State University, the Smithsonian Institution, Washington University McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, The University of Wisconsin and the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, U.S.A. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreements No 262053 and No 317446. This project is receiving funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programs under agreement No 676134. ; Peer reviewed

Introduction: Demarcating the field of local media and journalism / Agnes Gulyas and David Baines -- Historicising the after-life, local newspapers in the United Kingdom and the 'art of prognosis' / Rachel Matthews -- A history of the local newspaper in Japan / Anthony S. Rausch -- Local news deserts in Brazil : historical and contemporary perspectives / Carlos Eduardo Lins da Silva and Angela Pimenta -- History of local media in Norway / Eli Skogerbø -- State of play : Local media, power and society in the Caribbean / Juliette Marie Storr -- 'Peopleization' of news : the development of the American television news format / Madeleine Liseblad -- The death of broadcast localism in the United States / Christopher Ali -- Developing local media policies in sub-state nations : the case of Catalonia / Mariola Tarrega and Josep Guimerà -- Local journalism in Australia : Policy debates / Kristy Hess and Lisa Waller -- The development of community broadcasting legislation in Kenya / Rose Kimani -- Local media policies in Poland : Key issues and debates / Sylwia Mecfal -- The impact of communication policies in local television models. The cases of Catalonia and Scotland / Aida Martori Muntsant -- Local journalism in the United States : Its publics, its problems, and its potentials / C.W. Anderson -- Remediating the local through localised news making : India's booming multi-lingual press as agent in political and social change / Ursula Rao -- De-professionalization and fragmentation : challenges for local journalism in Sweden / Gunnar Nygren -- Central and local media in Russia : between central control and local initiatives / Ilya Kiriya -- The return of party journalism in China and 'Janusian' content : the case of Newspaper X / Jingrong Tong -- Strategy over substance and national in focus? Local television coverage of politics and policy in the US / Erika Franklin Fowler -- From journal of record to the 24/7 news cycle : perspectives on the changing nature of court reporting in Australia / Margaret Simons and Jason Bosland -- Business and ownership of local media : an international perspective / Bill Reader and John Hatcher -- Local media owners as saviours in the Czech Republic : they save money, not journalism / Lenka Waschková Císarová -- What can we learn from independent family-owned local media groups? Case studies from the UK / Sarah O'Hara -- Local media in France : subsidized, heavily regulated and under pressure / Matthieu Lardeau -- 'I've started a hyperlocal, so now what?' / Marco van Kerkhoven -- The hyperlocal 'renaissance' in Australia and New Zealand / Scott Downman and Richard Murray -- At the crossroads of hobby, community work and media business : Nordic and Russian hyperlocal practitioners / Jaana Hujanen, Olga Dovbysh, Carina Tenor, Mikko Grönlund, Katja Lehtisaari and Carl-Gustav Lindén -- Not all doom and gloom : the story of American small market newspapers / Christopher Ali, Damian Radcliffe and Rosalind Donald -- Local journalism in Bulgaria : trends from the Worlds of Journalism study / Vera Slavtcheva-Petkova -- Specialised training of local journalists in armed conflict : the Colombian experience / Yennue Zárate Valderrama -- From community to commerce? Analytics, audience 'engagement' and how local newspapers are renegotiating news values in the age of pageview-driven journalism in the UK / James Morrison -- Two tier tweeting : how promotional and personalised use of Twitter is shaping journalistic practices in the UK / Lily Canter -- Centralised and digitally disrupted : an ethnographic view of local journalism in New Zealand / Helen Sissons -- Situating journalistic coverage : a practice theory approach to researching local community radio production in the United Kingdom / Josephine F. Coleman -- What does the audience experience as valuable local journalism? Approaching local news quality from a user's perspective / Irene Costera Meijer -- Local journalism and at-risk communities in the United States / Philip M. Napoli and Matthew Weber -- The emerging deficit : changing local journalism and its impact on communities in Australia / Margaret Simons, Andrea Carson, Denis Muller and Jennifer Martin -- Strength in numbers : building collaborative partnerships for data-driven community news / Jan Lauren Boyles -- Bottom-up hyperlocal media in Belgium : Facebook-groups as collaborative neighborhood awareness systems / Jonas De Meulenaere, Cédric Courtois and Koen Ponnet -- Local news repertoires in a transforming Swedish media landscape / Annika Bergström -- The what, the where, and the why of local news in the United States / Angela Lee -- Local media and disaster reporting in Japan / Florian Meissner and Jun Tsukada -- Public service journalism and engagement in US hyperlocal non-profits / Patrick Ferrucci -- Local public service media in Northern Ireland : the merit goods argument / Phil Ramsey and Philip McDermott -- Participation in local radio agricultural broadcasts and message adoption among rural farmers in Northern Ghana / Adam Tanko Zakariah -- Pacific Islanders' Talanoa values and public support point the way forward / Shailendra Singh -- Alternative journalism, alternative ethics? / Tony Harcup.

General ideas. Keepers of time and guardians of space--some basic concepts of astronomy and power / Michael A. Rappenglück -- The social life of celestial bodies: the sky in cultural perspective / Stanislaw Iwaniszewski -- Astral high-fashion clothing: relations between costumes and astronomy / Michael A. Rappenglück -- Neolithic cultures. Astronomy, landscape and power in eastern Anatolia / Juan Antonio Belmonte and A. César González García -- Prehistoric sanctuaries in Daunia / Elio Antonello, Vito F. Polcaro, Anna M. Tunzi and Mariangela Lo Zupone -- Archaeoastronomical world from Romania / Iharka Szücs-Csillik, Alexandra Comṣa and Zoia Maxim -- Megalithic cultures. Equinoctial full moon models and non-gaussianity: Portuguese dolmens as a test case / Fabio Silva -- Kreisgrabenanlagen: expressions of power linked to the sky / Georg Zotti and Wolfgang Neubauer -- Re-structuring the world of Scottish megalithic sites and animating astronomical phenomena through 3D computerisation / David Fisher -- Recumbent stone circles: theory overview based on fieldwork conducted at three sites / Liz Henty -- Power of calendar and clocks. Calendars as symbols of power / Sonja Draxler and Max E. Lippitsch -- Astronomical clocks-representations of power / Gudrun Wolfschmidt -- Chalcolithic/Bronze Age/Iron Age cultures. Luni-solar symbolism in an artefact from Bulgaria / Vesselina Koleva -- Astronomy, religion and the structure of society in prehistoric Finland / Marianna Ridderstad -- Astronomy and the power: the singular building of Turó del Calvari (Vilalba del arcs, Tarragona) / Manuel Pérez Gutiérrez, DAvid Bea Castaño, Jordi Diloli Fons and Samuel Sardà Seuma -- Precise astronomical measurements of ancient Dacian sites within the Pythagorean mega-triangle Sarmizegetusa-Regia-Retezat-Parâng / Frank Kerek and Florin Stanescu -- Orientation in the landscape of open air rock art in the mountains between the Alva and Ceira Rivers: the Podomorph carvings / Fernando Pimenta, Nuno Ribeiro, Andrew Smith and Luís Tirapicos -- Total solar eclipses close to the Pleiades on the Nebra disk and Swedish rock-carvings / Göran Henriksson -- Archaeoastronomical analysis of the Karataevo Fortress Sanctuary on the northern Black Sea coast / Larisa N. Vodolazhskaya -- Egypt, Minoan culture. Stellar and solar components in ancient Egyptian mythology and royal ideology / Rolf Krauss -- The elite at Knossos as custodians of the calendar / Göran Henriksson and Mary Blomberg -- Prince P.A. Putyatin was the forerunner of Russian astronomy / N. Dmitrieva -- Cultures in Europe, Asia, Oceania, and Africa. The celestial engine at the heart of traditional Hawaiian culture / W. Bruce Masse -- Cosmic power: themes of astronomy and power within the film Cosmic Africa / Jarita C. Holbrook -- The concept of power and cosmology: manipulation of cosmology by spiritualists or native doctors (Dibia), a case study of the Igbo Society of Nigeria / Barth Chukwuezi -- Some aspects of European moon mythology / Mare Kõiva and Andres Kuperjanov -- Stars of power--astronomical objects in ancient princely insignia / Max E. Lippitsch and Sonja Draxler -- Cultures of North America, Mesoamerica and South America. Astronomy and power in Mesoamerica / Ivan Šprajc -- Possible Mesoamerican naked-eye observation of sunspots - I: evidence from the Tikal ball court marker / Richard R. Zito -- Calendric-astronomical orientation as an expression of power in Mesoamerica / Jesús Galindo Trejo -- Possible Mesoamerican naked-eye observation of Sunspots - II: evidence from the codices / Richard R. Zito -- Power, danger and liminality: moon, stars and women among the Toba of Western Formosa (Gran Chaco, Argentina) / Cecilia Paula Gómez -- A topoogy of power: sky and social space in the Argentinean Chaco / Alejandro Martín López -- Antiquity. Among the circles: a geometical analysis of the Teatro Marittimo in Villa Adriana / Marzia Monaco, Silvia Gaudenzi and Marcello Ranieri -- Medieval time in orient and occident. Astronomy and the state: time, space and power in the foundation of Baghdad / Nicholas Campion -- Astronomy and politics: three case studies on the service of astrology to society / S. Mohammad Mozaffari -- The Dustūr al-munajjimīn or does a sovereign need astronomy to structure his reign? / Petra G. Schmidl -- The orientation of pre-romanesque churches in Spain: Asturias, a case of power re-affirmation / A. César González García, Juan Antonio Belmonte and Lourdes Costa Ferrer -- Astronomical heritage in Bosnia and Herzegovina: late medieval tombstones and astral motifs / Zalkida Hadžibegović -- The star of Magi: transient astronomical events as sources of inspiration in late Medieval art / M. Incerti, F. Bònoli and V.F. Polcaro -- A social history of medieval astronomy / A. Martocchia and V.F. Polcaro -- Astronomy and politics in the modern age. Astronomy and politicians / Magda Stavinschi and Cătălin Mosoia -- Comets in political caricatures: examples from the 18th to 21st century / Barbara Rappenglück

Context. Open clusters are recognised as excellent tracers of Galactic thin-disc properties. At variance with intermediate-age and old open clusters, for which a significant number of studies is now available, clusters younger than ≲ 150 Myr have been mostly overlooked in terms of their chemical composition until recently (with few exceptions). On the other hand, previous investigations seem to indicate an anomalous behaviour of young clusters, which includes (but is not limited to) slightly sub-solar iron (Fe) abundances and extreme, unexpectedly high barium (Ba) enhancements. Aims. In a series of papers, we plan to expand our understanding of this topic and investigate whether these chemical peculiarities are instead related to abundance analysis techniques. Methods. We present a new determination of the atmospheric parameters for 23 dwarf stars observed by the Gaia-ESO survey in five young open clusters (τ < 150 Myr) and one star-forming region (NGC 2264). We exploit a new method based on titanium (Ti) lines to derive the spectroscopic surface gravity, and most importantly, the microturbulence parameter. A combination of Ti and Fe lines is used to obtain effective temperatures. We also infer the abundances of Fe » I, Fe » II, Ti » I, Ti » II, Na » I, Mg » I, Al » I, Si » I, Ca » I, Cr » I, and Ni » I. Results. Our findings are in fair agreement with Gaia-ESO iDR5 results for effective temperatures and surface gravities, but suggest that for very young stars, the microturbulence parameter is over-estimated when Fe lines are employed. This affects the derived chemical composition and causes the metal content of very young clusters to be under-estimated. Conclusions. Our clusters display a metallicity [Fe/H] between +0.04 ± 0.01 and +0.12 ± 0.02; they are not more metal poor than the Sun. Although based on a relatively small sample size, our explorative study suggests that we may not need to call for ad hoc explanations to reconcile the chemical composition of young open clusters with Galactic chemical evolution models. © ESO 2020. ; This work is based on data products from observations made with ESO Telescopes at the La Silla Paranal Observatory under programme ID 188.B-3002. These data products have been processed by the Cambridge Astronomy Survey Unit (CASU) at the Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, and by the FLAMES/UVES reduction team at INAF/Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri. These data have been obtained from the Gaia-ESO Survey Data Archive, prepared and hosted by the Wide Field Astronomy Unit, Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, which is funded by the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council. This work was partly supported by the European Union FP7 programme through ERC grant number 320360 and by the Leverhulme Trust through grant RPG-2012-541. We acknowledge the support from INAF and Ministero dell' Istruzione, dell' Universita' e della Ricerca (MIUR) in the form of the grant "Premiale VLT 2012". The results presented here benefit from discussions held during the Gaia-ESO workshops and conferences supported by the ESF (European Science Foundation) through the GREAT Research Network Programme. V.A. is supported by FCT -Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia through national funds and by FEDER through COMPETE2020 -Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalizacao by these grants: Investigador FCT contract nr. IF/00650/2015/CP1273/CT0001; UID/FIS/04434/2019; PTDC/FIS-AST/28953/2017 & POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028953 and PTDC/FIS-AST/32113/2017 & POCI-01-0145-FEDER-032113. F.J.E. acknowledges financial support from the Spanish MINECO/FEDER through grant AyA2017-84089. T.B. was supported by the project grant "The New Milky Way" from the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation. U.H. acknowledges support from the Swedish National Space Agency (SNSA/Rymdstyrelsen). S.G.S acknowledges the support by Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (FCT) through national funds and a research grant (project ref. UID/FIS/04434/2013, and PTDC/FIS-AST/7073/2014). S.G.S. also acknowledge the support from FCT through Investigador FCT contract of reference IF/00028/2014 and POPH/FSE (EC) by FEDER funding through the program -Programa Operacional de Factores de Competitividade -COMPETE. ; Peer reviewed

© The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Reimer, P. J., Austin, W. E. N., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Blackwell, P. G., Ramsey, C. B., Butzin, M., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Friedrich, M., Grootes, P. M., Guilderson, T. P., Hajdas, I., Heaton, T. J., Hogg, A. G., Hughen, K. A., Kromer, B., Manning, S. W., Muscheler, R., Palmer, J. G., Pearson, C., van der Plicht, J., Reimer, R. W., Richards, D. A., Scott, E. M., Southon, J. R., Turney, C. S. M., Wacker, L., Adolphi, F., Buentgen, U., Capano, M., Fahrni, S. M., Fogtmann-Schulz, A., Friedrich, R., Koehler, P., Kudsk, S., Miyake, F., Olsen, J., Reinig, F., Sakamoto, M., Sookdeo, A., & Talamo, S. The Intcal20 Northern Hemisphere radiocarbon age calibration curve (0-55 cal kBP). Radiocarbon, 62(4), (2020): 725-757, doi:10.1017/RDC.2020.41. ; Radiocarbon (14C) ages cannot provide absolutely dated chronologies for archaeological or paleoenvironmental studies directly but must be converted to calendar age equivalents using a calibration curve compensating for fluctuations in atmospheric 14C concentration. Although calibration curves are constructed from independently dated archives, they invariably require revision as new data become available and our understanding of the Earth system improves. In this volume the international 14C calibration curves for both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, as well as for the ocean surface layer, have been updated to include a wealth of new data and extended to 55,000 cal BP. Based on tree rings, IntCal20 now extends as a fully atmospheric record to ca. 13,900 cal BP. For the older part of the timescale, IntCal20 comprises statistically integrated evidence from floating tree-ring chronologies, lacustrine and marine sediments, speleothems, and corals. We utilized improved evaluation of the timescales and location variable 14C offsets from the atmosphere (reservoir age, dead carbon fraction) for each dataset. New statistical methods have refined the structure of the calibration curves while maintaining a robust treatment of uncertainties in the 14C ages, the calendar ages and other corrections. The inclusion of modeled marine reservoir ages derived from a three-dimensional ocean circulation model has allowed us to apply more appropriate reservoir corrections to the marine 14C data rather than the previous use of constant regional offsets from the atmosphere. Here we provide an overview of the new and revised datasets and the associated methods used for the construction of the IntCal20 curve and explore potential regional offsets for tree-ring data. We discuss the main differences with respect to the previous calibration curve, IntCal13, and some of the implications for archaeology and geosciences ranging from the recent past to the time of the extinction of the Neanderthals. ; We would like to thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China grants NSFC 41888101 and NSFC 41731174, the 111 program of China (D19002), U.S. NSF Grant 1702816, and the Malcolm H. Wiener Foundation for support for research that contributed to the IntCal20 curve. The work on the Swiss and German YD trees was funded by the German Science foundation and the Swiss National Foundation (grant number: 200021L_157187). The operation in Aix-en-Provence is funded by the EQUIPEX ASTER-CEREGE, the Collège de France and the ANR project CARBOTRYDH (to EB). The work on the correlation of tree ring 14C with ice core 10Be was partially supported by the Swedish Research Council and the Knut and Alice Wallenberg foundation. M. Butzin was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) as Research for Sustainable Development (FONA; http://www.fona.de) through the PalMod project (grant number: 01LP1505B). S. Talamo and M. Friedrich are funded by the European Research Council under the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (grant agreement No. 803147-RESOLUTION, awarded to ST). CA. Turney would like to acknowledge support of the Australian Research Council (FL100100195 and DP170104665). P. Reimer and W. Austin acknowledge the support of the UKRI Natural Environment Research Council (Grant NE/M004619/1). T.J. Heaton is supported by a Leverhulme Trust Fellowship RF-2019-140\9. Other datasets and the IntCal20 database were created without external support through internal funding by the respective laboratories. We also would like to thank various institutions that provided funding or facilities for meetings.

Introduction: Helicopter pilots complain of pain originating from the neck region. The causes are still basically unknown, but the ergonomic situation when flying a helicopter, with unfavorable load caused by static neck and body positions, whole-body vibration and heavy head-worn equipment, has been suggested as a risk factor. Aim: The aim of the work reported in this thesis was to quantify the effects of external loads on helicopter pilots necks, and to evaluate different methods for measuring neck load. Methods: Thirty-nine Swedish military helicopter pilots participated in the five studies. The effects of different neck and body positions, head-worn equipment and vertical whole-body vibration were evaluated concerning neck muscle activity, induced mechanical load and seat-to-head transmissibility. Surface electromyograms (EMG) were recorded from upper and lower dorsal neck muscles, the sternocleidomastoid, and the upper trapezius. The induced load on the lower cervical spine was calculated using a sagittal, static, biomechanical model, and vibration transmissibility was calculated as the ratio of recordings from helmet-mounted accelerometers and vertical vibration acceleration measured at the seat. The neck and body positions evaluated were: neutral, neck flexion 20° (for muscle activity, induced load and transmissibility), neck rotation 30° (EMG), and trunk inclination 20° (EMG). The head-worn equipment evaluated was: helmet alone, helmet and night vision goggles (NVG), and helmet, NVG and counterweight (all evaluated using EMG, induced load and transmissibility). Vibration was evaluated at different frequencies (2.5-30 Hz) and magnitudes (0.5, 1, and 2 m/s 2) using EMG and transmissibility. For the reliability testing of a neck fatigue protocol, the pilots performed isometric contractions in neck flexion and extension for 45 s, sustaining a force representing 75 % of maximum strength in a seated position. Subjective fatigue was rated using the Borg CR-10 scale. The test was repeated twice the first day and then two additional times with one-week intervals. Variables analyzed were the slope of the median frequency change, the normalized slope, and the ratings after 15, 30 and 45 s; and also the initial median frequency (IMDF). The intra-class correlation (ICC) and the measurement error (S w), intra- and inter-day were calculated. Results: Dorsal neck muscle activity increased by 3-4 % of maximum voluntary electrical activation (MVE) as a cause of neck rotation, 2-3 % of neck flexion, and 1.5-2.5 % of trunk inclination. The use of NVG increased muscle activity in upper neck by 0.5-1.5 % and in lower neck by about 0.5 %. Results with added counterweight were about the same as with NVG. Muscle activity increased by about 0.5-1 % MVE as a function of vibration at frequencies around 4-5 Hz, with the higher levels when the neck was flexed. Muscle activity was also affected by vibration magnitude, where lower-neck-muscle and trapezius activity increased at the highest vibration level at frequencies around 4-5 Hz. The induced load was also affected by both neck flexion and NVG. The load at 20° flexion increased by about 8 % of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) compared to neutral and by about 3 % MVC when adding NVG compared to using helmet only. The load decreased somewhat when a counterweight was added. The transmissibility peak in a vertical direction was highest when the head was in neutral position and the fore-and-aft transmissibility peak was highest when the head was flexed. There were no effects of head-worn equipment concerning vertical transmissibility, but the fore-and-aft transmissibility peak level was lower with NVG. Different magnitudes of vibration gave only minor effects on transmissibility. The best reliability for the slope was found for the 45 s intra-day analysis, taking all measurements into account (ICC 0.65-0.83). Reliability after 30 s was poorer but still acceptable (ICC 0.52-0.71). For the subjective ratings, the highest reliability was found after 30 s inter-day (ICC 0.86-0.88). IMDF showed generally high reliability for the intra-day analyses (ICC 0.63-0.80). Conclusion: All three proposed risk factors caused measurable changes in muscle activity, induced load and seat-to-head transmissibility. Of the three, neck and body position caused the highest response. EMG and seat-to-head transmissibility responded somewhat different as function of vibration indicating that effects of vibration should be measured using more then one outcome measure. The protocol for measuring neck muscle fatigue can be considered reliable for use in further research. Since performing a contraction of 75 % of maximum was quite strenuous, it is recommended that the protocol period be shortened to 30 s.

Apart from evoking accent-based stereotypes, non-native speech has been found to pose threat to intelligibility and overburden listeners with additional cognitive load which may evoke their irritation (Johansson 1975; Kelly 2000; Munro 2003; Lippi-Green 2012; Moyer 2013). The paper discusses the notion of communicative responsibility defined as speaker's effort to overcome the undesirable consequences of foreign accent for the sake of efficient conveyance of relevant message. Five religious lectures (amounting to 5hrs of audio-visual material) delivered in Polish-accented English are discussed with respect to the speaker's non-native pronunciation and his morally motivated effort to convey the message precisely despite phonetically deviant speech. The shortcomings of non-native pronunciation are anticipated and targeted by preventive strategies, such as disambiguation, frequent repetition and use of emphatic stress to highlight the most relevant information, eliciting direct feedback from the listeners, monitoring their non-verbal responses, as well as the employment of enhancing devices, such as gestures. ; agabryla@gmail.com ; Agnieszka Bryła-Cruz is an Adjunct Professor at Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, Poland. Her main research interests concern the role of linguistic and socio-linguistic factors in Second Language Acquisition, particularly pronunciation, and the perception of non-native accents by English native speakers. More recently, she has studied the role of phonetics in listening comprehension in a series of empirical studies. ; Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, Poland ; Asher, J. & García, R. 1969. The optimal age to learn a foreign language. 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The COVID-19 pandemic and associated travel restrictions have created an unprecedented challenge for the air transport industry, which before the pandemic was facing almost the exact opposite set of problems. Instead of the growing demand and need for capacity expansion warring against environmental concerns, the sector is now facing a slump in demand and the continuing uncertainty about the impacts of the pandemic on people's willingness to fly. To shed light on consumer attitudes toward air travel during and post the pandemic, this study presents an analysis that draws on recently collected survey data (April–July 2020), including both revealed and stated preference components, of 388 respondents who traveled from one of the six London, U.K., airports in 2019. Several travel scenarios considering the circumstances and attitudes related to COVID-19 are explored. The data is analyzed using a hybrid choice model to integrate latent constructs related to attitudinal characteristics. The analysis confirms the impact of consumers' health concerns on their willingness to travel, as a function of travel characteristics, that is, cost and number of transfers. It also provides insights into preference heterogeneity as a function of sociodemographic characteristics. However, no significant effects are observed concerning perceptions of safety arising from wearing a mask, or concerns over the necessity to quarantine. Results also suggest that some respondents may perceive virtual substitutes for business travel, for example video calls and similar software, as only a temporary measure, and seek to return to traveling as soon as it is possible to do so safely. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has affected air travel to an unprecedented extent, leading to the worst-ever crisis of the air transport sector (1). Airlines worldwide have faced a huge drop in demand, for example 98% drop in passengers for 6 weeks in a row over April and May 2020, as stated by the Airport Council International Europe (2). Airlines and airports face the challenging task of dealing with the constantly changing policies of governments, often lacking coordination both at the national and international levels. In this context, finding the right balance between breaking even and taking the necessary, though costly, measures to guarantee the safety of travelers is no trivial task. These measures can include social distancing at the airports and on-board the airplanes (e.g., empty middle seat, boarding by row number), providing sanitizing gels, masks and gloves, and conducting body temperature checks, or even COVID-19 tests, before departure and/or after landing. Under these new circumstances, not only is the travel experience likely to change but also the air travel itinerary might evolve in terms of the cost of the ticket and the time required at the airport before departure and after arrival. Before the pandemic, the air travel sector was experiencing sustained growth, expected to continue at the rate of 3.5% per year to reach 8.2 bn air travelers by 2037 (3). However, this ongoing growth has been also looked on with increasing environmental awareness and concern because of the associated carbon emissions, at present around 2% of all global carbon emissions (4). A particularly visible manifestation of this growing environmental concern was the emergence and spread, initially in Sweden in 2017 but subsequently globally, of the concept of "flight shaming", derived from the Swedish expression "flygskam". The concept attracted mainstream attention in the media and its effect was expected to continue, translating into a higher willingness to replace air travel with other, more sustainable alternatives, especially rail, and change of habits, for example reduction in long-distance travel, local tourism, or replacement of trips with virtual alternatives, such as videoconferencing (5). Unsurprisingly, therefore, airlines in 2019 were strongly oriented toward dealing with their environmental impacts, for example through expanding their carbon offsetting programs (6). In this environment, the rapid and unpredicted onset and scale of the COVID-19 pandemic brought a major shock to the air industry, shifting the attention toward means of survival in a post-pandemic world. The introduction of necessary measures to ensure the safety of travelers is being accompanied by adjustments in operations, for example prompting fleet reductions and early fleet retirements (e.g., Boeing 747 by British Airways and Qantas) or staff reductions (7). And yet, substantial uncertainty persists in the understanding of how air passenger preferences might have evolved as a result of the pandemic, and which measures implemented by the air industry and governments could prove the most effective in dealing with the medium-to-long term impacts of the pandemic on air travel demand. It is the objective of this paper to provide some insight into these issues, drawing on recently collected online survey data from London, U.K. The dataset is unique, as it comprises information from a revealed preference (RP) survey concerning the most recent air trip made by the respondent before January 2020, that is, before the restrictions caused by the pandemic, as well as from a stated preference (SP) survey which explored several hypothetical travel scenarios, including a specific SP exercise that took into account scenarios and attitudes related to COVID-19. In this paper, the data related to COVID-19 is analyzed using the hybrid choice modeling (HCM) approach, which makes it possible to integrate latent constructs, for example based on psychometric indicators, into the discrete choice models of air travel decisions. The paper provides a novel set of insights into how people make air travel-related decisions in the context of the pandemic, including trade-offs between cost and time, while taking into account safety perceptions and attitudes related to the pandemic. The rest of this paper is structured as follows. The next section briefly presents an overview of the challenges faced by the air transport sector before COVID-19 and summarizes the current literature on modeling air travel demand. The section after that presents the data and the methodology adopted in this research. The penultimate section presents and discusses the substantive results, and the final section concludes the paper.

The post-method reality of ESL/EFL education, in which LT is no longer perceived as a largescale enterprise based on one universal method, has encouraged theoreticians and practitioners to search for more personalised ways of L2/FL teaching. This specifically applies to pronunciation instruction, whose models, priorities and teaching procedures ought to be considered in light of the tenets of the Post-Method Era. Even though there is no disputing the fact that the influences of methodology- and globalisation-driven transformations have been generally positive in the sense that they have individualised approaches to LT and facilitated international communication respectively, they have also lowered the status of phonodidactics, which, in effect, is disparagingly referred to as "the neglected orphan" of ESL/EFL pedagogy. ; Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Poland ; Klaudia Gajewska is a PhD candidate at Maria Curie-Sklodowska University and an English teacher in a secondary school in Lublin, Poland. Her research interests centre around phonodidactics as well as technology-enhanced and mobile-assisted language learning in Polish EFL instructed settings. ; klaudia.e.gajewska@gmail.com ; 20 ; 33 (2/2021) ; 38 ; Atli, I. & Bergil, A. 2012. The effect of pronunciation instruction on students' overall speaking skills. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 46: 3665-3671. ; Binte Habib, R. 2013. 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Stansfield (eds.), 11-29, Language Aptitude Reconsidered. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc. ; Celce-Murcia, M., Brinton, D. & Goodwin, J. 1996. Teaching Pronunciation. Hong Kong: Cambridge University Press. ; Chastain, K. 1981. Native speaker evaluation of student composition errors. Modern Language Journal 65: 288-94. ; Cruttenden, A. 2008. Gimson's Pronunciation of English. (7th ed.). London: Hodder Education. ; Cunningham-Andersson, U. 1993. Stigmatized pronunciations in non-native Swedish. PERILUS 17: 81-106. ; Dalton, C. & Seidlhofer, B. 1994. Pronunciation (Language Teaching: A Scheme for Teacher Education). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ; Demirezen, M. & Kulaksiz, E. 2015. Correct pronunciation as work ethics in teacher education. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 199: 713-721. ; Deng, J., Holtby, A., Howden-Weaver, L., Nessim, L., Nicholas, B., Nickle, K., Pannekoek, C., Stephan, S. & Sun, M. 2009. 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For the high-power (HP) electronic applications the existing Si-based devices have reached the performance limits governed by the material properties. Hence the device innovation itself is unable to enhance the overall performance. GaN, a semiconductor with wide bandgap, high critical breakdown field, and high electronic saturation velocity is regarded as an alternative of Si. The material properties of GaN make it very suitable for fast-switching HP electronic devices and contribute to the fast growing of GaN technology. The state-of-the-art GaN devices operating up to 650 V have recently become commercially available. Further goal is to reach higher breakdown voltage which can be done via device engineering and material growth optimization. AlxGa1−xN is an ultrawide-bandgap (UWBG) semiconductor which is considered as a natural choice for next generation in the development of GaN-based HP electronic devices. This material attracts particular interest due to the possibility for bandgap tuning from 3.4 eV to 6 eV which allows nonlinear increase of avalanche breakdown field. Furthermore, both n- and p-type conductivity can be achieved on this material permitting variety of device design with reduced energy losses during operation. β−Ga2O3 is also a promising material for HP electronics because of its ultra-wide bandgap (4.8 eV) and a huge value of Baliga's figure of merit (FOM) exceeding by far that of GaN. More interesting feature making this material attractive is the availability of low-cost natural substrates, and then the possibility to obtain high crystal quality of device structures. For the HP electronic devices thermal conductivity is one of the key parameters determining the device's performance. The initial studies have shown that the thermal conductivity of AlxGa1−xN and β−Ga2O3 is quite low comparing with that of GaN. This is one of the biggest challenges slowing the development of these materials for HP device applications. Nevertheless, AlxGa1−xN- and β−Ga2O3-based field-effect transistors and Schottky-barrier diodes have been demonstrated showing performances superior to that of GaN. To optimize and maintain good performance and reliability, heat generated in the device active regions has to be effectively dissipated. Therefore the thermal conductivity of the materials in the device structures needs to be systematically studied and accurately determined. This information is critically important for the thermal management of the devices. Transient thermoreflectance (TTR) is a contactless nondestructive method for measuring of the thermal conductivity of materials. TTR, which is based on a pump-probe technique, has shown its potential in evaluation of the thermal conductivity in bulk crystals as well as in thin layers in hetero-epitaxial structures. The method requires an analysis of experimental data based on the fit of thermoreflectance transients with the solution of the one-dimensional heat transport equations by a least-square minimization of the fitting parameters. Such a procedure allows to extract not only the thermal conductivity of the constituent materials in the structures, but also the thermal boundary resistance at different hetero-interfaces. The main research results of the graduate studies presented in this licentiate thesis are summarized in three scientific papers. Paper I. In this paper thermal conductivity of β−Ga2O3 and high Al-content AlxGa1−xN thin layers was studied. For β−Ga2O3 the the effects of Sn doping and phonon-bondary scattering on the reduction of thermal conductivity were discussed. For the AlxGa1−xN we studied the effect of Al-Ga alloying which gives rise to phonon-alloy scattering. It was found that this scattering process accounts for low thermal conductivity of this material. Finally, a comparison for the thermal conductivity of the two materials was made. Paper II. In this paper the effect of layer thickness on the thermal conductivity of AlxGa1−xN layers grown by HVPE were investigated. Due to Al alloying the thermal conductivity of this material is degraded and reduced by more than one order of magnitude. On top of that we also observed further reduction of thermal conductivity when the layer thickness goes thinner. The mechanism of this phenomenon has been revealed by studying the phonon transport properties in bulk crystal and thin layer. Paper III. This study emphasizes the role of defects in GaN and AlxGa1−xN to the thermal conductivity of these materials. The dislocations, impurities, free carries, and random alloying have been separately studied and discussed. Thermal conductivity of samples containing these defects with various concentrations was measured and the results were interpreted by a theoretical model based on relaxation time approximation (RTA). ; Additional funding agencies: the Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Functional Materials at Linköping University, Faculty Grant SFO Mat LiU No. 2009 − 00971

The invariant differential cross section of inclusive ω(782) meson production at midrapidity (|y| < 0.5) in pp collisions at √s = 7 TeV was measured with the ALICE detector at the LHC over a transverse momentum range of 2 < pT < 17 GeV/c. The ω meson was reconstructed via its ω → π+π−π0 decay channel. The measured ω production cross section is compared to various calculations: PYTHIA 8.2 Monash 2013 describes the data, while PYTHIA 8.2 Tune 4C overestimates the data by about 50%. A recent NLO calculation, which includes a model describing the fragmentation of the whole vector-meson nonet, describes the data within uncertainties below 6 GeV/c, while it overestimates the data by up to 50% for higher pT. The ω/π0 ratio is in agreement with previous measurements at lower collision energies and the PYTHIA calculations. In addition, the measurement is compatible with transverse mass scaling within the measured pT range and the ratio is constant with C^(ω/π0) = 0.67±0.03 (stat) ±0.04 (sys) above a transverse momentum of 2.5 GeV/c. ; A. I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation (ANSL), State Committee of Science and World Federation of Scientists (WFS), Armenia; Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austrian Science Fund (FWF): [M 2467-N36] and Nationalstiftung für Forschung, Technologie und Entwicklung, Austria; Ministry of Communications and High Technologies, National Nuclear Research Center, Azerbaijan; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (Finep), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil; Ministry of Education of China (MOEC) , Ministry of Science & Technology of China (MSTC) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), China; Ministry of Science and Education and Croatian Science Foundation, Croatia; Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Cubaenergía, Cuba; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic; The Danish Council for Independent Research | Natural Sciences, the VILLUM FONDEN and Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF), Denmark; Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), Finland; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA) and Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3) and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), France; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) and GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Germany; General Secretariat for Research and Technology, Ministry of Education, Research and Religions, Greece; National Research, Development and Innovation Office, Hungary; Department of Atomic Energy Government of India (DAE), Department of Science and Technology, Government of India (DST), University Grants Commission, Government of India (UGC) and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India; Indonesian Institute of Science, Indonesia; Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Italy; Institute for Innovative Science and Technology , Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science (IIST), Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) and Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI, Japan; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia (CONACYT) y Tecnología, through Fondo de Cooperación Internacional en Ciencia y Tecnología (FONCICYT) and Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Academico (DGAPA), Mexico; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), Netherlands; The Research Council of Norway, Norway; Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South (COMSATS), Pakistan; Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Peru; Ministry of Science and Higher Education, National Science Centre and WUT ID-UB, Poland; Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information and National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), Republic of Korea; Ministry of Education and Scientific Research, Institute of Atomic Physics and Ministry of Research and Innovation and Institute of Atomic Physics, Romania; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Russian Science Foundation and Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Russia; Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic, Slovakia; National Research Foundation of South Africa, South Africa; Swedish Research Council (VR) and Knut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation (KAW), Sweden; European Organization for Nuclear Research, Switzerland; Suranaree University of Technology (SUT), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSDTA) and Office of the Higher Education Commission under NRU project of Thailand, Thailand; Turkish Atomic Energy Agency (TAEK), Turkey; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine; Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), United Kingdom; National Science Foundation of the United States of America (NSF) and United States Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics (DOE NP), United States of America.

The first measurements of dielectron production at midrapidity (|η_e| < 0.8) in proton–proton and proton–lead collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV at the LHC are presented. The dielectron cross section is measured with the ALICE detector as a function of the invariant mass m_ee and the pair transverse momentum p_T,ee in the ranges m_ee < 3.5 GeV/c^2 and p_T,ee < 8 GeV/c, in both collision systems. In proton–proton collisions, the charm and beauty cross sections are determined at midrapidity from a fit to the data with two different event generators. This complements the existing dielectron measurements performed at √s = 7 and 13 TeV. The slope of the √s dependence of the three measurements is described by FONLL calculations. The dielectron cross section measured in proton–lead collisions is in agreement, within the current precision, with the expected dielectron production without any nuclear matter effects for e+e− pairs from open heavy-flavor hadron decays. For the first time at LHC energies, the dielectron production in proton–lead and proton–proton collisions are directly compared at the same √sNN via the dielectron nuclear modification factor RpPb. The measurements are compared to model calculations including cold nuclear matter effects, or additional sources of dielectrons from thermal radiation. ; A. I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation (ANSL), State Committee of Science and World Federation of Scientists (WFS), Armenia; Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austrian Science Fund (FWF): [M 2467-N36] and Nationalstiftung für Forschung, Technologie und Entwicklung, Austria; Ministry of Communications and High Technologies, National Nuclear Research Center, Azerbaijan; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (Finep), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil; Ministry of Education of China (MOEC), Ministry of Science & Technology of China (MSTC) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), China; Ministry of Science and Education and Croatian Science Foundation, Croatia; Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Cubaenergía, Cuba; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic; The Danish Council for Independent Research | Natural Sciences, the VILLUM FONDEN and Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF), Denmark; Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), Finland; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA) and Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3) and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), France; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) and GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Germany; General Secretariat for Research and Technology, Ministry of Education, Research and Religions, Greece; National Research, Development and Innovation Office, Hungary; Department of Atomic Energy Government of India (DAE), Department of Science and Technology, Government of India (DST), University Grants Commission, Government of India (UGC) and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India; Indonesian Institute of Science, Indonesia; Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Italy; Institute for Innovative Science and Technology, Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science (IIST), Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) and Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI, Japan; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia (CONACYT) y Tecnología, through Fondo de Coop- eración Internacional en Ciencia y Tecnología (FONCICYT) and Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Academico (DGAPA), Mexico; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), Netherlands; The Research Council of Norway, Norway; Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South (COM- SATS), Pakistan; Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Peru; Ministry of Science and Higher Education, National Science Centre and WUT ID-UB, Poland; Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information and National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), Republic of Korea; Ministry of Education and Scientific Research, Institute of Atomic Physics and Ministry of Research and Innovation and Institute of Atomic Physics, Romania; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Russian Science Foundation and Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Russia; Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic, Slovakia; National Research Foundation of South Africa, South Africa; Swedish Research Council (VR) and Knut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation (KAW), Sweden; European Organization for Nuclear Research, Switzerland; Suranaree University of Technology (SUT), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSDTA) and Office of the Higher Edu- cation Commission under NRU project of Thailand, Thailand; Turkish Atomic Energy Agency (TAEK), Turkey; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine; Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), United Kingdom; National Science Foundation of the USA (NSF) and United States Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics (DOE NP), USA.

Comprehensive results on the production of unidentified charged particles, π±, K±, K0S, K∗(892)0, p, p̅, ϕ(1020), Λ, Λ̅, Ξ−, Ξ̅+, Ω−, and Ω̅+ hadrons in proton-proton (pp) collisions at √s = 7 TeV at midrapidity (|y|<0.5) as a function of charged-particle multiplicity density are presented. In order to avoid autocorrelation biases, the actual transverse momentum (pT) spectra of the particles under study and the event activity are measured in different rapidity windows. In the highest multiplicity class, the charged-particle density reaches about 3.5 times the value measured in inelastic collisions. While the yield of protons normalized to pions remains approximately constant as a function of multiplicity, the corresponding ratios of strange hadrons to pions show a significant enhancement that increases with increasing strangeness content. Furthermore, all identified particle-to-pion ratios are shown to depend solely on charged-particle multiplicity density, regardless of system type and collision energy. The evolution of the spectral shapes with multiplicity and hadron mass shows patterns that are similar to those observed in p-Pb and Pb-Pb collisions at Large Hadron Collider energies. The obtained pT distributions and yields are compared to expectations from QCD-based pp event generators as well as to predictions from thermal and hydrodynamic models. These comparisons indicate that traces of a collective, equilibrated system are already present in high-multiplicity pp collisions. ; A. I. Alikhanyan National Science Labo- ratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation (ANSL), State Committee of Science and World Federation of Scientists (WFS), Armenia; Austrian Academy of Sciences and Na- tionalstiftung für Forschung, Technologie und Entwicklung, Austria; Ministry of Communications and High Technologies, National Nuclear Research Center, Azerbaijan; Conselho Na- cional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Fi- nanciadora de Estudos e Projetos (Finep), and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), Brazil; Ministry of Science and Technology of China (MSTC), Na- tional Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), and Ministry of Education of China (MOEC), China; Ministry of Science and Education, Croatia; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic; the Danish Council for Independent Research | Natural Sciences, the Carlsberg Foundation, and Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF), Denmark; Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), Finland; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3), and Centre National de la Recherche Scentifique (CNRS), France; Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung, und Technologie (BMBF) and GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Ger- many; General Secretariat for Research and Technology, Min- istry of Education, Research, and Religions, Greece; National Research, Development, and Innovation Office, Hungary; De- partment of Atomic Energy Government of India (DAE), Department of Science and Technology, Government of India (DST), University Grants Commission, Government of India (UGC), and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India; Indonesian Institute of Science, Indonesia; Centro Fermi–Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucle- are (INFN), Italy; Institute for Innovative Science and Tech- nology, Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science (IIST), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI, and Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Sci- ence, and Technology (MEXT), Japan; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia (CONACYT) y Tecnología, through Fondo de Coop- eración Internacional en Ciencia y Tecnología (FONCICYT) and Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Academico (DGAPA), Mexico; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Weten- schappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), Netherlands; the Research Council of Norway, Norway; Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South (COM- SATS), Pakistan; Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Peru; Ministry of Science and Higher Education and National Science Centre, Poland; Korea Institute of Science and Tech- nology Information and National Research Foundation of Ko- rea (NRF), Republic of Korea; Ministry of Education and Sci- entific Research, Institute of Atomic Physics and Romanian National Agency for Science, Technology, and Innovation, Romania; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Min- istry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation and National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Russia; Min- istry of Education, Science, Research, and Sport of the Slovak Republic, Slovakia; National Research Foundation of South Africa, South Africa; Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Cubaenergía, Cuba, and Cen- tro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tec- nológicas (CIEMAT), Spain; Swedish Research Council (VR) and Knut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation (KAW), Sweden; European Organization for Nuclear Research, Switzerland; National Science and Technology Development Agency (NS- DTA), Suranaree University of Technology (SUT), and Office of the Higher Education Commission under NRU project of Thailand, Thailand; Turkish Atomic Energy Agency (TAEK), Turkey; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine; Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), United Kingdom; and National Science Foundation of the United States of America (NSF) and U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics (DOE NP), USA.

First results on the longitudinal asymmetry and its effect on the pseudorapidity distributions in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV at the Large Hadron Collider are obtained with the ALICE detector. The longitudinal asymmetry arises because of an unequal number of participating nucleons from the two colliding nuclei, and is estimated for each event by measuring the energy in the forward neutron-Zero-Degree-Calorimeters (ZNs). The effect of the longitudinal asymmetry is measured on the pseudorapidity distributions of charged particles in the regions |η|<0.9, 2.8 < η < 5.1 and -3.7 < η < 1.7 by taking the ratio of the pseudorapidity distributions from events corresponding to different regions of asymmetry. The coefficients of a polynomial fit to the ratio characterise the effect of the asymmetry. A Monte Carlo simulation using a Glauber model for the colliding nuclei is tuned to reproduce the spectrum in the ZNs and provides a relation between the measurable longitudinal asymmetry and the shift in the rapidity (y0) of the participant zone formed by the unequal number of participating nucleons. The dependence of the coefficient of the linear term in the polynomial expansion, c1, on the mean value of y0 is investigated. ; A.I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation (ANSL), State Committee of Science and World Federation of Scientists (WFS), Armenia; Austrian Academy of Sciences and Nationalstiftung für Forschung, Technologie und Entwicklung, Austria; Ministry of Communications and High Technologies, National Nuclear Research Center, Azerbaijan; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (Finep) and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), Brazil; Ministry of Science & Technology of China (MSTC), National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) and Ministry of Education of China (MOEC), China; Ministry of Science, Education and Sport and Croatian Science Foundation, Croatia; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic; The Danish Council for Independent Research | Natural Sciences, the Carlsberg Foundation and Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF), Denmark; Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), Finland; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA) and Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3) and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), France; Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie (BMBF) and GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Germany; General Secretariat for Research and Technology, Ministry of Education, Research and Religions, Greece; National Research, Development and Innovation Office, Hungary; Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India (DAE), Department of Science and Technology, Government of India (DST), University Grants Commission, Government of India (UGC) and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India; Indonesian Institute of Science, Indonesia; Centro Fermi – Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Italy; Institute for Innovative Science and Technology, Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science (IIST), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI and Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia (CONACYT) y Tecnología, through Fondo de Cooperación Internacional en Ciencia y Tecnología (FONCICYT) and Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Academico (DGAPA), Mexico; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), Netherlands; The Research Council of Norway, Norway; Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South (COMSATS), Pakistan; Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Peru; Ministry of Science and Higher Education and National Science Centre, Poland; Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information and National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), Republic of Korea; Ministry of Education and Scientific Research, Institute of Atomic Physics and Romanian National Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation, Romania; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation and National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Russia; Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic, Slovakia; National Research Foundation of South Africa, South Africa; Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Cubaenergía, Cuba, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion and Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Spain; Swedish Research Council (VR) and Knut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation (KAW), Sweden; European Organization for Nuclear Research, Switzerland; National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSDTA), Suranaree University of Technology (SUT) and Office of the Higher Education Commission under NRU project of Thailand, Thailand; Turkish Atomic Energy Agency (TAEK), Turkey; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine; Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), United Kingdom; National Science Foundation of the United States of America (NSF) and United States Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics (DOE NP), United States of America.