Suchergebnisse

BACKGROUND: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) remains a major public health issue and research has shown that large regional variation in outcomes exists. Of the interventions associated with survival, the provision of bystander CPR is one of the most important modifiable factors. The aim of this study is to identify census areas with high incidence of OHCA and low rates of bystander CPR in Victoria, Australia. METHODS: We conducted an observational study using prospectively collected population-based OHCA data from the state of Victoria in Australia. Using ArcGIS (ArcMap 10.0), we linked the location of the arrest using the dispatch coordinates (longitude and latitude) to Victorian Local Government Areas (LGAs). We used Bayesian hierarchical models with random effects on each LGA to provide shrunken estimates of the rates of bystander CPR and the incidence rates. RESULTS: Over the study period there were 31,019 adult OHCA attended, of which 21,436 (69.1 ) cases were of presumed cardiac etiology. Significant variation in the incidence of OHCA among LGAs was observed. There was a 3 fold difference in the incidence rate between the lowest and highest LGAs, ranging from 38.5 to 115.1 cases per 100,000 person-years. The overall rate of bystander CPR for bystander witnessed OHCAs was 62.4 , with the rate increasing from 56.4 in 2008-2010 to 68.6 in 2010-2013. There was a 25.1 absolute difference in bystander CPR rates between the highest and lowest LGAs. CONCLUSION: Significant regional variation in OHCA incidence and bystander CPR rates exists throughout Victoria. Regions with high incidence and low bystander CPR participation can be identified and would make suitable targets for interventions to improve CPR participation rates.

Abstract
As part of recent years' efforts at reaching a more context- and diversity-sensitive study of international relations, the nexus between fields of IR and Area Studies (AS) has received a renewed attention. While AS is usually presented as the "contextualizer" of the disciplines, this forum reverses the perspective by suggesting that an awareness of both diversity and context is also relevant when it comes to understanding the evolution of the field of AS and its relations to IR. In this forum, a selection of scholars with diverse backgrounds (US, Middle East, Europe, Latin America, Africa, and Central Asia), different (inter)disciplinary trainings and regional orientations examines how various fields of AS and its relations to the disciplines vary, and what follows from a stronger attention to such kind of diversity. By contextualizing the contextualizers, the forum brings attention to how a context-sensitive field can also suffer from its own provincialism. While the US-centric narrative about AS might have been almost "hegemonic," at closer inspection, it turns out that AS in different (sub)disciplinary and geographical settings have evolved differently, and in some places the so-called Area Studies controversy (ASC) has been almost absent. A broadening of the perspective also reveals how the challenges to a successful cross-fertilization are not limited to those outlined in the "classic" ASC, but the forum does simultaneously offer encouraging lessons on how dialogues between area specialists and discipline-oriented scholars can help to overcome epistemological, theoretical, or methodological blind spots. Rather than presenting the IR/AS nexus as a panacea per se, the aim of the forum is therefore to invite to a broader and more self-reflective discussion on some of the opportunities as well as challenges associated with this strategy for making the study of international relations more context-sensitive and attentive to different forms of diversity.

Introduction: Political reconfigurations in the wake of Marikana / Prishani Naidoo. - PART 1: NEW POLITICAL DIRECTIONS?. - CHAPTER 1: Reconstituting and re-imagining the left after Marikana / Noor Nieftagodien. - CHAPTER 2: Labour and community struggles 1994-2014 / Marcel Paret. - CHAPTER 3: Half full or half empty? The Numsa moments a ad the prospects of left revitalisation / Devan Pillay. - PART 2: ECONOMY, ECOLOGY AND LABOUR. - Introduction to Part 2 / Devan Pillay. - CHAPTER 4: The South African economy: The minerals-energy-finance complex redubbed? / Samantha Ashman. - CHAPTER 5: Between a rock and a hard place: State-business relations in the mining sector / Ross Harvey. - CHAPTER 6: The platinum belt strike wave: Breakdown in the institutionalisation of industrial conflict / Crispen Chinguno. - CHAPTER 7: When gold mining ends: An environmental catastrophe for Johannesburg? / Anthony Turton. - PART 3: STATE AND SOCIETY. - Introduction to Part 3 / Roger Southall. - CHAPTER 8: Constitutionalism: An 'unqualified human good'? / Pierre de Vos. - CHAPTER 9: People's Parliament? Do citizens influence South Africa's legislatures? / Samantha Waterhouse. - CHAPTER 10: Corruption / Ivor Sarakinsky. - CHAPTER 11: Marikana and the politics of public order policing / Monique Marks and David Bruce. - CHAPTER 12: 'In December we are rich, in January we are poor': Consumption, saving, stealing and insecurity in the kasi / David Dickinson. - PART 4: SOUTH AFRICA IN THE INTERNATIONAL ARENA. - Introduction to Part 4 / Gilbert M Khadiagala. - CHAPTER 13: The evolution of South Africa's foreign policy / Garth le Pere. - CHAPTER 14: South Africa, the BRICS and human rights: In bad company? / Karen Smith. - CHAPTER 15: Trading with the frenemy: How South Africa depends on African trade / Rod Alence

Abstract
This forum urges international relations (IR) practitioners to rethink the nature of both failure and success, and their own responsibility in building an academy that enables scholars of all backgrounds to thrive. Reflecting on their own experiences, the contributors detail factors that commonly stymie promising work in IR. These range from the quotidian—rejections during peer review and frustrations around network-building—to more serious impediments, including the growing neoliberalization of the academy, employment precarity, illness and disability, and limits on academic freedom. The forum offers four central insights: First, we must recognize the difference between constructive and non-constructive research failure and create greater space for the former. Second, we must work harder to identify and address those contributors to research failure that should not be tolerated. This includes a recognition of privilege and positionality and an understanding of failure as fundamentally situational. Concurrently, third, we must also resist narratives that fetishize meritocracy and individual resilience, and render invisible structural barriers to success. Finally, we must better distinguish researcher failure from research failure. The barriers that slow or foreclose promising research harm not only our intellectual community but also our discipline, limiting its potential to address the most significant challenges of the present moment.

The public's need for timely and trusted COVID-19 information remains high. Governments and global health agencies such as the WHO have sought to disseminate accurate and timely information to counteract misinformation and disinformation that has arisen as part of an 'infodemic'—the overabundance of information on COVID-19—some accurate and some not. In early 2020, WHO began a collaboration with Google to run online public service announcements on COVID-19, in the form of search ads displayed above results of Google Search queries. Web-based text ads can drive online searchers of COVID-19 information to authoritative COVID-19 content but determining what message is most effective is a challenge. WHO wanted to understand which message framing, that is, the way in which ad information is worded for the public, leads searchers to click through to WHO content. WHO tested 71 text ads in English across four COVID-19 topics using a mix of message frames: descriptive, collective, gain, loss, appeals to values and emphasising reasons. Between 11 September 2020 and 23 November 2020, there were 13 million views of the experimental WHO text ads leading to 1.4 million click-throughs to the WHO website. Within the set of 71 ads, there was a large spread between the most effective and least effective messages; for messages on COVID-19, the best performing framings were more than twice as effective as the worst performing framings (18.7% vs 8.5% engagement rate). Health practitioners can apply the messaging tactics WHO found to be successful to rapidly optimise messages for their own public health campaigns and better reach the public with authoritative information. Similar collaboration between big technology companies and governments and global health agencies has the potential to advance public health.

1. Introduction: The EU as a Diplomatic Actor; Joachim A. Koops and Gjovalin Macaj 1. - 2. The EU as a Diplomatic Actor in the Post-Lisbon Era: Robust or Rootless Hybrid?; Michael H. Smith 11. - 3. EU Diplomacy in Global Governance: The Role of the EEAS; Knud Erik Jørgensen 31. - 4. Evaluating the Impact of EU Diplomacy: Pitfalls and Challenges; Yvonne Kleistra and Niels van Willigen 52 . - 5. EU Diplomacy at the Individual Level: The Role and Impact of the EU Special Representatives; Dominik Tolksdorf 69. - 6. Speak Up! Getting the EU a Voice at the UN General Assembly; Fernando Andresen Guimaraes 88. - 7. The EU as a Coercive Diplomatic Actor? The EU-3 Initiative Towards Iran; Tom Sauer 103. - 8. The EU's Role and Performance within the G20 in the Area of Finance and Development; Peter Debaere 120. - 9. The EU as an International Trade Negotiator; Frank Hoffmeister 138. - 10. The EU as a Diplomatic Actor in the Field of Human Rights ; Karen E. Smith 155. - 11. The European Union's Climate Change Diplomacy; Simon Schunz 178

Acknowledgements MDW, TA and AAS acknowledge support from the NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre. With thanks to NHS Scotland Support for Science for supporting the trial, and to the NIHR Ageing Clinical Research Network and the NIHR Primary Care Research Network for their assistance with site identification and participant recruitment. The authors of this manuscript certify that they comply with the ethical guidelines for authorship and publishing in the Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle [28]. Funding The LACE trial (project reference 13/53/03) is funded by the Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation (EME) Programme, an MRC and NIHR partnership. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the MRC, NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. The Health Services Research Unit at the University of Aberdeen is funded by the Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorates ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF