Suchergebnisse

I take issue with Bernard Gert's interpretation of Hobbes on two main points. First, I argue that Hobbes's moral theory reduces to a sophisticated form of consequentialism. Second, I argue that Hobbes's moral theory is more demanding than Gert's interpretation, and some of Hobbes's own remarks, make it appear. I focus on Gert's reading of Hobbes's second law of nature, and argue that the law presents us with a Hobson's choice—that is, the appearance of a choice of how much liberty to relinquish when really there is none.

International audience ; L'article interroge à travers le prisme de la Finance islamique les relations entre discours financier et idéologie. Travaillant à partir d'un corpus français-arabe non exclusivement médiatique, l'auteure montre comment les économistes, mais aussi les hommes politiques français, s'approprient à travers des mots nouveaux, les principaux concepts de cette approche de la finance qui commence à pénétrer les marchés occidentaux. Dépassant la problématique exclusivement terminologique des correspondances entre les langues, elle démontre à travers une analyse des processus mis en œuvre, comment le discours sur la Finance islamique est traversé de présupposés éminemment idéologiques.

Optimal fiscal policy depends on the marginal benefits of public spending. In developing countries corrupt officials often embezzle funds, so optimal policy should reflect marginal corruption. We analyze marginal corruption in the context of a statutory wage increase in India's employment guarantee scheme. Strikingly, workers received none of the increase even though initially they were on average overpaid. The data are inconsistent with theories of \voice" in which the threat of complaints limits corruption, but consistent with "greasing the wheels" theories in which (a) corruption undoes price interventions and (b) the market bounds how much rent officials can extract.

National audience ; Le diplomate André François-Poncet (1887-1977) reste célèbre pour avoir agi au coeur de l 'affrontement franco-allemand pendant les années du xx" siècle où celui-ci fut terrible. Non issu de la Carrière, il avait été promu ambassadeur de France suite à un parcours déjà riche et politiquement engagé.L'Allemagne l'avait saisi dès son plus jeune âge, et l'Europe le prit après l'expérience cruelle de la Première Guerre mondiale.Normalien de formation, il garda toute sa vie le goût des lettres et de l'écriture, l'ironie facile et l'exigence implacable - toutes deux redoutables pour ses collaborateurs.

This article examines neighbourhood policy of the European Union in the context of European identity. The goal of the article is to analyze the role and interpretations of the normative dimension in the European neighbourhood policy. The article is based on scientific literature, analysis of the documents and the empirical research which was made in EU institutions, Lithuania's and Belarus state universities in 2011. According to the empirical research, it is stated that the EU and European identity involve norms, values and features which were similarly recognized by the EU and non-EU (Belarus) citizens.

Exploración sobre elementos teóricos posibles de explicación de la explotación capitalista de formas no capitalistas de producción, o acerca de cómo entender una producción campesina inserta en el desarrollo histórico de un mercado capitalista de exportación como es el caso de la producción cafetalera en Costa Rica. ; Possible theoretical elements are explored explaining capitalist exploitation of non-capitalist forms of production. This paper also points out how to understand peasant production inserted into the historical development of a capitalist export market as is the case of the coffee production in Costa Rica.

This article examines neighbourhood policy of the European Union in the context of European identity. The goal of the article is to analyze the role and interpretations of the normative dimension in the European neighbourhood policy. The article is based on scientific literature, analysis of the documents and the empirical research which was made in EU institutions, Lithuania's and Belarus state universities in 2011. According to the empirical research, it is stated that the EU and European identity involve norms, values and features which were similarly recognized by the EU and non-EU (Belarus) citizens.

International audience ; Dans le cadre de la stabilisation institutionnelle consécutive à l'instauration du régime républicain en novembre-décembre 1494, la permanence des prêteurs juifs à Florence se trouve remise en cause dès lors qu'est placée au coeur du débat politique, sous l'influence de Savonarole, la question de la création du Mont-de-Piété. L'expulsion des juifs de la cité, décidée le 28 décembre 1495, doit ainsi être analysée non seulement dans le contexte de la crise financière aiguë et endémique qui fragilise Florence, mais également dans le cadre du rapport de forces politique entre Savonaroliens et factions adverses.

Adopting a governmentality perspective, this article explores the multiconceptuality of family in Finnish and Canadian immigration and refugee policy domains by analyzing official and political discourse. Contestation is found to typically manifest as conflict between Western 'nuclear' and non-Western 'extended' understandings of family. We argue that family is persistent in immigration and refugee policies of both countries because it continues to be thought of as an effective tool for biopolitical governance of national populations. A closer reading of the contestation over family also reveals competing neoliberal and neoconservative governmental rationalities situated within broader integration assemblages.

In the academic literature there seems to be consensus on irregular migration being a marginal phenomenon in the Scandinavian countries. The reason for this is found in the highly regulated labour markets and strict control migration regimes both internally and externally. The article addresses the 'myth' of the non-presence of irregular migration in Scandinavia. Firstly, we look at how irregular migration is framed academically; secondly, we analyze how irregular migration is conceptualized more broadly in the three countries, looking at the different political strategies relating to this conceptualization such as normalization, regularization and criminalization.

To assess the general impact of endemic countries on the re-emergence of brucellosis in non-endemic regions of the European Union, the genetic fingerprints of Brucella melitensis strains imported to Germany were compared to ovine strains from Turkey in a molecular epidemiological study. Genotyping of 66 Brucella strains (based on Multiple Locus of Variable number of tan-dem repeats Analysis) isolated from German travellers and Turkish immigrants living in Germany revealed epidemiological concordance with 20 sheep isolates originating from Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. In summary, cross-border molecular tracing confirmed brucellosis being a zoonosis of concern for European public health.

The paper contends that the ongoing controversy surrounding the creation of a contagious H5N1 influenza virus has already exposed the severe limitations of the possibility of preventing the hostile misuse of the life sciences by dint of oversight of proposals and publications. It further argues that in order to prevent the potential wholesale militarisation of the life sciences, it is essential that life scientists become aware of their responsibilities within the context of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC) and actively contribute their expertise to strengthening the biological weapons non-proliferation regime .

The study and practice of conservation biology is inherently interdisciplinary, addresses short and long time-scales and occurs within complex human–natural interfaces. Zoos and aquaria, in partnership with researchers, other non-government organizations, government, industry and educators, are combining knowledge of species and ecosystems with economics, psychology and law to create solutions for conserving biodiversity. From 22 to 25 May, the Conservation Forum of the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria was a venue for discussing conservation research, education and interventions, from the scale of villages to global policy.

The aim of this paper is to provide a general overview of the convergence of choice of law rules, belonging to the private international law, within the European Union. During the last decade the European Union has undertaken a broad process of harmonisation of choice of law rules. So far, there were adopted common conflict of law rules applicable to contractual obligations, non-contractual obligations, divorce and legal separation and maintenance obligations. In addition, some other legal documents are under negotiation, for instance, in the fields of succession and matrimonial property.

в рамках данной статьи анализируется законодательство в сфере занятости двух экономически развитых стран Соединенных Штатов Америки и Федеративной Республики Германии, в том числе с учетом последних изменений, связанных с мировым кризисом и высоким уровнем безработицы во всем мире. ; in the framework of this article analyses the legislation in the sphere of employment of the two economically developed countries the United States of America and the Federal Republic of Germany, including in the light of recent changes, connected with the world crisis and the high level of non-unemployment around the world.