Suchergebnisse

Debido al descenso de las capturas en los últimos años causado por la sobrepesca de la mayoría de las especies bentodemersales y pelágico-costeras, la pesquería artesanal en Gran Canaria (G. C.) está envuelta en una profunda crisis, cuyas consecuencias más visibles son el desguace de embarcaciones, el paro de parte de la flota (principalmente la de cerco) y la falta de relevo generacional en el sector. Esta situación pone en evidencia que la política pesquera, de arriba hacia abajo, que se ha venido desarrollando en el Archipiélago (particularmente en Gran Canaria) no ha sido efectiva, incluso se puede considerar que ha sido contraproducente ya que ha fomentado un incremento importante y descontrolado del poder y esfuerzo de pesca en las últimas décadas (barcos más grandes, más infraestructuras en tierra y más de 96.000 licencias de pesca deportiva sin control de captura ni esfuerzo). Por ello, se analiza en este trabajo la viabilidad de establecer un cambio significativo en la estrategia de gestión de los recursos pesqueros y el desarrollo del artículo 21 (del reparto de las posibilidades de pesca) del Decreto 182/2004 (de 21 de diciembre) que desarrolla la vigente Ley de Pesca de Canarias (Ley 17/2003 de 10 de abril). El establecer derechos de pesca surge como una solución al grave momento en el que se encuentra el sector, pero su desarrollo requiere cambios importantes en la legislación actual y en la forma de actuar de las administraciones, la sociedad y principalmente de los pescadores, ya que estos últimos se vuelven co-responsables en la gestión pesquera, tanto en la vigilancia, en la adecuación de los usos y en la aplicación de las estrategias de conservación que se establezcan, como en la obtención de información biológico-pesquera fidedigna y en la evaluación científica del estado de los stocks. Este cambio de filosofía, no sólo sugiere la implantación de estrategias de asignación adecuada y justa de los repartos de posibilidades de pesca entre las diferentes cofradías y asociaciones de pescadores deportivos, sino también un importante programa de educación y concienciación que permita que esta nueva forma de gestión tenga arraigo social y se vea como una ventaja ecológica y económica para todos, y en especial, para la generaciones futuras. ; Due to declining catches in recent years caused by overfishing of most species and pelagic bentodemersales-coastal artisanal fisheries in Gran Canaria (GC) is enveloped in a deep crisis, whose most visible are scrapping boats, unemployment of the fleet (mainly purse) and the lack of generational replacement in the sector. This shows that fisheries policy, from top to bottom, which has been developed in the archipelago (particularly in Gran Canaria) has not been effective, can even be considered to have been counterproductive because it has fostered a significant increase and uncontrolled power and fishing effort in recent decades (larger boats, more infrastructure on land and over 96,000 licenses of fishing without catching or effort control). Therefore, this paper examines the feasibility of establishing a significant shift in strategy for the management of fishery resources and the development of Article 21 (the distribution of fishing possibilities) of Decree 182/2004 (21 December) developed by the current Law on Fisheries of the Canary Islands (Law 17/2003 of 10 April). The use of fishing rights emerged as a serious solution to the time when the industry is, but its development requires major changes in current legislation and how to act in government, society and especially the fishermen, as the latter becomes co-responsible fisheries management, both in monitoring the adequacy of the uses and implementation of conservation strategies to be adopted, as in obtaining reliable information and biological-fishing in the evaluation scientific status of stocks. This change in philosophy, not only suggests the implementation of strategies for adequate and fair allocation of the distributions of fishing opportunities among the various guilds and associations of sport fishermen, but also an important education and awareness program that allows this new form of have roots in social and management is seen as an ecological and economic benefit for everyone, and especially for future generations ; Máster en Gestión Sostenible de Recursos Pesqueros, 2010-2011

Este artigo amplia o diagnóstico de Tom Slater sobre as causas da gentrificação da pesquisa recente sobre gentrificação.2 Ele argumenta que o deslocamento de denúncia para celebração da gentrificação, a elisão do deslocamento dos residentes estabelecidos e o foco eufemístico em "mesclagem social" participam de um padrão de invisibilidade da classe operária na esfera pública e na investigação social. Essa obliteração do proletariado na cidade é reforçada pela heteronomia crescente da pesquisa urbana, na medida em que ela se torna mais ligada estreitamente aos interesses dos governantes da cidade. Ambas as tendências revelam e incitam a transformação do papel do Estado, de provedor de assistência social para populações de renda mais baixa para o de fornecedor de serviços e amenidades empresariais para urbanitas de classe média – e alta –, entre os quais a limpeza, no ambiente construído e nas ruas, dos detritos físicos e humanos engendrados pela desregulação econômica e o corte de gastos de previdência social. Para construir melhores modelos do nexo em transformação entre classe e espaço na cidade neoliberal, precisamos ressituar a gentrificação numa perspectiva mais ampla, revisando a análise de classe para capturar a (de)formação do proletariado pós-industrial, resistindo às seduções das problemáticas pré-fabricadas das ações políticas e dando destaque ao Estado como produtor da desigualdade socioespacial. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: gentrificação, espaço urbano, classes, política, sociologia urbana.RELOCATING GENTRICATION: the working class, science and the state in recent urban research Loïc Wacquant This article amplifies Tom Slater's diagnosis of the causes of the gentrification of recent gentrification research. It argues that the shift from the denunciation to the celebration of gentrification, the elision of the displacement of the established residents, and the euphemistic focus on 'social mixing' partake of a broader pattern of invisibility of the working class in the public sphere and social inquiry. This effacing of the proletariat in the city is reinforced by the growing heteronomy of urban research, as the latter becomes more tightly tethered to the concerns of city rulers. Both tendencies, in turn, reveal and abet the shifting role of the state from provider of social support for lower-income populations to supplier of business services and amenities for middle – and upperclass urbanites – among them the cleansing of the built environment and the streets from the physical and human detritus wrought by economic deregulation and welfare retrenchment. To build better models of the changing nexus of class and space in the neoliberal city, we need to relocate gentrification in a broader and sturdier analytic framework by revising class analysis to capture the (de)formation of the postindustrial proletariat, resisting the seductions of the prefabricated problematics of policy, and giving pride of place to the state as producer of sociospatial inequality. KEY WORDS: gentrication, urban space, class, politics, urban sociology.MISE EN SITUATION DE L´ANOBLISSEMENT: la classe ouvrière, la science et l´État dans la recherche urbaine récente Loïc Wacquant Cet article amplifie le diagnostic de Tom Slater sur les causes de la "gentrification" des études récentes sur la "gentrification" urbaine. Le glissement de la dénonciation à l'éloge de la gentrification, l'élision du déplacement forcé des habitants établis et la focalisation euphémistique sur la "mixité sociale" s'inscrivent dans un schéma plus large d'invisibilisation de la classe ouvrière dans la sphère publique et les investigations sociologiques. Cet effacement du prolétariat des métropoles est renforcé par l'hétéronomie croissante de la recherche urbaine, plus étroitement liée que jamais aux préoccupations des dirigeants de la ville. Ces deux tendances révèlent et facilitent la mutation du rôle de l'État, de fournisseur de soutiens sociaux aux populations démunies en agence de services et d'équipements marchands pour citadins des classes moyennes et supérieures–au premier rang desquels figure le nettoyage de l'environnement bâti et des rues des détritus humains et matériels engendrés par la dérégulation de l'économie et le recul de la protection sociale. Pour construire de meilleurs modèles des rapports changeants entre classe et espace dans la ville néolibérale, il faut replacer la gentrification des quartiers populaires dans un cadre analytique élargi et renforcé en réélaborant l'analyse de classe pour saisir la (dé)formation du prolétariat post-industriel, en résistant aux séductions des problématiques préfabriquées de politique publique, et en accordant une place centrale à l'État en tant que producteur d'inégalités sociospatiales. MOTS-CLÉS: anoblissement, espace urbain, classes, politique, sociologie urbaine. Publicação Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br

The purpose of this dissertation was to determine the nature and extent of supplier development policy, strategy and practices in the South African (SA) motor industry. This fills a gap in the SA motor industry literature by focusing exclusively and comprehensively on the topic of supplier development. Multiple data sources and methods were used to gain a balanced, holistic perspective of supplier development in the industry. The perspectives of both the Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) and a sample of key first-tier suppliers were obtained. This provides a dyadic study of supplier development, which is a rarity in the international supplier development literature. The views of other organisations playing a role in supplier development in the SA motor industry were sought to provide further insight. Survey data was obtained from the whole population of light passenger vehicle OEMs located in SA. This contributes comprehensive empirical data to the international supplier development research, which is predominantly case-study based. The supplier development practised by the OEMs with respect to first- and second-tier suppliers was investigated, as well as that employed by first-tier suppliers with respect to second-tier suppliers. In addition to providing an overview of supplier development in the SA motor industry as a whole, further insight is provided by a mini case study of an OEM exhibiting best practice in supplier development. OEMs and first-tier suppliers differ in their perspectives regarding the overall level of supplier development practised by the OEMs. OEMs consider the level of supplier development they provide to be high to moderate, while the first-tier suppliers perceive the supplier development received to be moderate to low. However, the research suggests that vi the level of supplier development practised by the OEMs in the SA motor industry is nevertheless likely to be more intense than that enjoyed by suppliers in most other SA industries. The level of supplier development employed by OEMs was found to be cyclical, peaking at times of new model / part introductions, thereafter moving from proactive to reactive in nature. A key finding was that the overwhelming majority of first-tier suppliers regard Toyota South Africa Motors (Pty) Ltd to be the leader in supplier development in SA. Another interesting finding was that the significant East versus West distinction found in the international supplier development literature is not applicable to the SA situation. Rather, in SA, the relevant division is between Toyota and the other SA OEMs. When sourcing locally, the OEMs prefer to source components from global first-tier suppliers situated in SA. These include SA subsidiaries of global companies, SA suppliers with foreign joint venture partners or SA suppliers with foreign technical agreement partners. The research revealed that many local first-tier suppliers believe that they receive more developmental support from their foreign head-offices or foreign partners, than from the SA OEMs. The OEMs and first-tier suppliers rarely develop foreign suppliers, who supply a significant proportion of total component requirements. The development of foreign suppliers is left to the OEM and first-tier counterparts in the foreign countries. The development of second-tier suppliers in SA is considered to be the responsibility of the first-tier suppliers, with OEMs seldom getting involved. The local first-tier suppliers engage in moderate to low supplier development with respect to local second-tier suppliers, citing a lack of resources as the primary reason. Global competition, the Motor Industry Development Plan (MIDP) and Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment (B-BBEE) are identified as key drivers of the OEMs' supplier vii development strategy in SA. There is renewed pressure being placed on the OEMs to improve their sourcing of components from B-BBEE companies. This is in turn resulting in increased pressure being placed on first-tier suppliers to improve their B-BBEE scorecards. Although most OEMs have specific supplier development policies relating to B-BBEE, and government and others have implemented initiatives to develop these suppliers, the amount of component sourcing from such companies was found to be low. The research highlighted innovative projects and institutions playing a role in supplier development in SA, such as the Durban Auto Cluster and The South African Auto Benchmarking Club. The multi-source data obtained in this dissertation provides an empirical benchmark against which to measure the success of future supplier development initiatives. The dissertation also allows industry players to identify how their supplier development policies, strategy and practices compare to the industry as a whole, as well as to best practice.

Bangladesh is facing daunting energy challenges: Security concerns over growing fuel imports, limited domestic energy resources for power generation, and projected demands for electricity that will exceed domestic supply capabilities within a few years. By acknowledging the potential of renewable energy resources, the country could possibly meet its unprecedented energy demand, thus increasing electricity accessibility for all and enhancing energy security through their advancement. The integration of renewable energy technologies in the power sector through national energy planning would, therefore, be a step in the right direction, not only for sustainable development of the country but also as part of Bangladesh's responsibility toward the global common task of environmental protection. This study estimates the potential of renewable energy sources for power generation in Bangladesh from the viewpoint of different promising available technologies. Future long-term electricity demand in Bangladesh is projected based on three economic growth scenarios. The energy planning model LEAP is applied to forecast the energy requirements from 2005 to 2035. Different policy scenarios, e.g., accelerated renewable energy production, null coal import, CO2 emission reduction targets and carbon taxes in the power sector from 2005 to 2035 are explored. The analyses are based on a long-term energy system model of Bangladesh using the MARKAL model. Prospects for the power sector development of the country are identified, which ensure energy security and mitigate environmental impacts. The technical potential of grid-connected solar photovoltaic and wind energy are estimated at 50174 MW and 4614 MW, respectively. The potential of energy from biomass and small hydro power plants is estimated at 566 MW and 125 MW, respectively. Total electricity consumption was 18 TWh in 2005 and is projected to increase about 7 times to 132 TWh by 2035 in the low GDP growth scenario. In the average and high GDP growth scenarios, the demand in 2035 shows an increase of about 11 and 16 times the base year value, respectively. The results of the MARKAL analysis show that Bangladesh will not be able to meet the future energy demand without importing energy. However, alternative policies like CO2 emission reduction by establishing a target, accelerated deployment of renewable energy technologies, or introduction of a carbon tax to promote efficient technologies reduce the burden of imported fuel, improve energy security and reduce environmental impacts. The model predicts that alternative policies will not result in significantly higher cumulative discounted total energy system costs. The system costs increase slightly over the base scenario. The alternative scenarios reduce imported fuel by up to 85 %. The analysis shows a substantially higher implementation of renewable energy technologies compared to the base scenario. Renewable energy technologies, especially solar photovoltaic, play an important role in achieving acceptable energy security. ; Bedeutung erneuerbarer Energien im Elektrizitätssektor von Bangladesch - Langfristige Planungsstrategien Im Hinblick auf seine Energieversorgung steht Bangladesch vor großen Herausforderungen: Sorgen über Energiesicherheit durch wachsende Energieimporte, zu geringe einheimische Ressourcen für die Energieerzeugung sowie ein voraussichtlicher Strombedarf, der die einheimischen Versorgungskapazitäten innerhalb der nächsten Jahre übersteigen wird. Durch das Erschließen des Potenzials für erneuerbare Energiequellen könnte das Land möglicherweise den wachsenden Energiebedarf erfüllen und damit einen besseren Zugang zu Elektrizität für alle erreichen sowie Energiesicherheit durch Entwicklung entsprechender Techniken erhöhen. Die Integration von erneuerbaren Energien in den Elektrizitätssektor durch nationale Energieplanung wäre daher ein Schritt in die richtige Richtung, nicht nur für die nachhaltige Entwicklung des Landes, sondern auch wegen der Verantwortung von Bangladesch hinsichtlich der globalen Gemeinschaftsaufgaben im Bereich Umweltschutz. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht das Potenzial erneuerbarer Energien aus der Sicht verschiedener vielversprechender und bereits vorhandener Techniken. Der zukünftige langfristige Strombedarf in Bangladesch wird auf der Grundlage von drei Wirtschaftswachstumsszenarien prognostiziert. Mit dem Energieplanungsmodell LEAP wird der Energiebedarf von 2005 bis 2035 vorhergesagt. Verschiedene Politikszenarien, z.B. Erhöhung der Produktion erneuerbarer Energie, keine Kohleimporte, CO2-Emissionsreduktionsziele sowie eine Kohlenstoffsteuer werden für die Bewertung des Energiesektors von 2005 bis 2035 untersucht. Die Analysen basieren auf einem langfristigen Energiesystemmodell für Bangladesch auf der Grundlage des MARKAL-Modells. Die Studie präsentiert eine Prognose für die zukünftige Entwicklung des Energiesektors des Landes bei gleichzeitiger Sicherung des Energiebedarfs und Reduzierung der Umweltauswirkungen. Das Potenzial solarer Fotovoltaik und Wind für die Einspeisung in das Stromnetz wird auf 50174 MW bzw. 4614 MW, das von Energie aus Biomasse und kleinen Wasserkraftwerken auf 566 MW bzw. 125 MW geschätzt. Der gesamte Stromverbrauch in 2005 betrug 18 TWh, und er wird in dem Szenario mit niedrigem Wachstum des Bruttosozialprodukts (BSP) bis 2035 um das 7-fache auf 132 TWh zunehmen. In den Szenarien mit durchschnittlichem und hohem BSP-Wachstum steigt der Bedarf bis 2035 auf das ca. 11- bzw. 16-fache des Wertes des Grundszenarios. Die MARKAL-Analyse zeigt, dass Bangladesch die zukünftige Energienachfrage ohne Energieimporte nicht erfüllen kann. Jedoch können durch politische Maßnahmen, wie z. B. die Einführung von CO2-Emissionsreduktionszielen, die verstärkte Nutzung von erneuerbaren Energien oder die Einführung von Kohlenstoffsteuern zur Förderung effizienter Technologien, die Energieimporte reduziert, die Energiesicherheit verbessert und die Umweltauswirkungen begrenzt werden. Das Modell prognostiziert, dass die politischen Maßnahmen nicht zu signifikant höheren Gesamtenergiesystemkosten führen werden. Die Systemkosten nehmen geringfügig zu verglichen mit denen im Grundszenario. Die anderen Szenarien führen zu einer Reduzierung der Energieimporte um bis zu 85 %. Die Analyse zeigt eine bedeutend höhere Nutzung von erneuerbaren Energien verglichen mit dem Grundszenario. Diese Techniken, insbesondere die Fotovoltaik, spielen eine wichtige Rolle bei der Energiesicherheit Bangladeschs.

This thesis is registered in the perspective of a strategic diagnosis of the Transport sector Intercity Road of travellers (TRIV) in West Africa (case of Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger). The transport organization and the functioning of enterprises of the sector to the yardstick of globalization and the modernization is still inadequate. There are many difficulties identified at various levels of the system thus hindering the economic development of the sector. For West Africa, many studies and research have already been carried out on the system of urban transport and on the transport of goods with diagnostics and recommendations. However, the sub-sector of TRIV also has its importance and it should be taken into account in the schema of sub-regional integration in Africa. Our research shows that the analysis of TRIV must not be limited to its aspects regulatory and institutional and that it must integrate the companies as the key elements of the development of the sector. These are now faced the challenge of competition on the markets both the domestic that sub-regional passenger transport. The modernization of the sector and its subsequent development involve adjustments of craft businesses, changes in the organization and the conditions of operation of this activity. Our approach addresses in the first time, the current configuration of the market of TRIV The analysis highlights the indispensable complementarity of the offer of transport companies and craftsmen carriers. From this finding, models of potential strategies are developed for firms forced to competitiveness. However, in light of the organization of the market of TRIV in Niger, of the multiplicity of enterprises and absence of data, we defined groups contrasting of enterprises, the consolidation at from the technical characteristics, organizational (types of vehicles used, organization of the services) and the geographical (lines served). This approach has allowed us to highlight the specificities of links in the market but also the major imbalances existing in the field of service in the main areas. Through the models of strategies developed, our ambition is to give a reference framework for companies from which and taking into account their internal resources, they organize their strategy. These companies should be able to achieve in the framework of a public policy of transport taking into account the expectations of key actors. ; Cette thèse s'inscrit dans la perspective d'un diagnostic stratégique du secteur de Transport Routier Interurbain des Voyageurs (TRIV) en Afrique de l'Ouest (Cas du Burkina Faso, du Mali et du Niger).L'organisation du transport et le fonctionnement des entreprises dudit secteur à l'aune de la mondialisation et de la modernisation laissent encore à désirer. Nombreuses sont les difficultés recensées à divers niveaux du système entravant ainsi le développement économique du secteur. Pour l'Afrique de l'Ouest, de nombreuses études et recherches ont déjà été réalisées sur le système de transport urbain et sur le transport des marchandises avec diagnostics et préconisations. Cependant le sous-secteur du TRIV a aussi son importance et il convient de le prendre en compte dans le schéma d'intégration sous régionale en Afrique. Notre recherche démontre que l'analyse du TRIV ne doit pas se limiter à ses aspects réglementaires et institutionnels et qu'elle doit intégrer les entreprises comme éléments clés du développement du secteur. Celles-ci sont désormais confrontées au défi de la concurrence sur les marchés tant intérieurs que sous-régionaux du transport des voyageurs. La modernisation du secteur et son développement ultérieur impliquent des adaptations des entreprises artisanales, des changements dans l'organisation et les conditions de fonctionnement de cette activité. Notre démarche aborde dans un premier temps, la configuration actuelle du marché de TRIV. L'analyse met en évidence l'indispensable complémentarité de l'offre des sociétés de transport et des artisans transporteurs. A partir de ce constat, des modèles de stratégies potentielles sont élaborés pour les entreprises contraintes à la compétitivité. Cependant, compte tenu de l'organisation du marché de TRIV au Niger, de la multiplicité des entreprises et de l'absence des données, nous avons défini des groupes contrastés d'entreprises, le regroupement se faisant à partir des caractéristiques techniques, organisationnelles (types de véhicules utilisés, organisation des services) et géographique (lignes desservies).Cette approche nous a permis de mettre en lumière les spécificités des maillons du marché mais aussi les grands déséquilibres existants en matière de desserte dans les principales zones. A travers les modèles de stratégies développés, notre ambition est de donner un cadre de référence aux entreprises à partir duquel et compte tenu de leurs ressources internes, elles organiseront leur stratégie. Ces entreprises devraient pouvoir y parvenir dans le cadre d'une politique publique des transports prenant en compte les attentes des principaux acteurs.

This thesis is registered in the perspective of a strategic diagnosis of the Transport sector Intercity Road of travellers (TRIV) in West Africa (case of Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger). The transport organization and the functioning of enterprises of the sector to the yardstick of globalization and the modernization is still inadequate. There are many difficulties identified at various levels of the system thus hindering the economic development of the sector. For West Africa, many studies and research have already been carried out on the system of urban transport and on the transport of goods with diagnostics and recommendations. However, the sub-sector of TRIV also has its importance and it should be taken into account in the schema of sub-regional integration in Africa. Our research shows that the analysis of TRIV must not be limited to its aspects regulatory and institutional and that it must integrate the companies as the key elements of the development of the sector. These are now faced the challenge of competition on the markets both the domestic that sub-regional passenger transport. The modernization of the sector and its subsequent development involve adjustments of craft businesses, changes in the organization and the conditions of operation of this activity. Our approach addresses in the first time, the current configuration of the market of TRIV The analysis highlights the indispensable complementarity of the offer of transport companies and craftsmen carriers. From this finding, models of potential strategies are developed for firms forced to competitiveness. However, in light of the organization of the market of TRIV in Niger, of the multiplicity of enterprises and absence of data, we defined groups contrasting of enterprises, the consolidation at from the technical characteristics, organizational (types of vehicles used, organization of the services) and the geographical (lines served). This approach has allowed us to highlight the specificities of links in the market but also the major imbalances existing in the field of service in the main areas. Through the models of strategies developed, our ambition is to give a reference framework for companies from which and taking into account their internal resources, they organize their strategy. These companies should be able to achieve in the framework of a public policy of transport taking into account the expectations of key actors. ; Cette thèse s'inscrit dans la perspective d'un diagnostic stratégique du secteur de Transport Routier Interurbain des Voyageurs (TRIV) en Afrique de l'Ouest (Cas du Burkina Faso, du Mali et du Niger).L'organisation du transport et le fonctionnement des entreprises dudit secteur à l'aune de la mondialisation et de la modernisation laissent encore à désirer. Nombreuses sont les difficultés recensées à divers niveaux du système entravant ainsi le développement économique du secteur. Pour l'Afrique de l'Ouest, de nombreuses études et recherches ont déjà été réalisées sur le système de transport urbain et sur le transport des marchandises avec diagnostics et préconisations. Cependant le sous-secteur du TRIV a aussi son importance et il convient de le prendre en compte dans le schéma d'intégration sous régionale en Afrique. Notre recherche démontre que l'analyse du TRIV ne doit pas se limiter à ses aspects réglementaires et institutionnels et qu'elle doit intégrer les entreprises comme éléments clés du développement du secteur. Celles-ci sont désormais confrontées au défi de la concurrence sur les marchés tant intérieurs que sous-régionaux du transport des voyageurs. La modernisation du secteur et son développement ultérieur impliquent des adaptations des entreprises artisanales, des changements dans l'organisation et les conditions de fonctionnement de cette activité. Notre démarche aborde dans un premier temps, la configuration actuelle du marché de TRIV. L'analyse met en évidence l'indispensable complémentarité de l'offre des sociétés de transport et des artisans transporteurs. A partir de ce constat, des modèles de stratégies potentielles sont élaborés pour les entreprises contraintes à la compétitivité. Cependant, compte tenu de l'organisation du marché de TRIV au Niger, de la multiplicité des entreprises et de l'absence des données, nous avons défini des groupes contrastés d'entreprises, le regroupement se faisant à partir des caractéristiques techniques, organisationnelles (types de véhicules utilisés, organisation des services) et géographique (lignes desservies).Cette approche nous a permis de mettre en lumière les spécificités des maillons du marché mais aussi les grands déséquilibres existants en matière de desserte dans les principales zones. A travers les modèles de stratégies développés, notre ambition est de donner un cadre de référence aux entreprises à partir duquel et compte tenu de leurs ressources internes, elles organiseront leur stratégie. Ces entreprises devraient pouvoir y parvenir dans le cadre d'une politique publique des transports prenant en compte les attentes des principaux acteurs.

Fiscal federalism has been an important topic among public finance theorists in the last four decades. There is a series of arguments that decentralization of governments enhances growth by improving allocation efficiency. However, the empirical studies have shown mixed results for industrialized and developing countries and some of them have demonstrated that there might be a threshold level of economic development below which decentralization is not effective. Developing and transition countries have developed a variety of forms of fiscal decentralization as a possible strategy to achieve effective and efficient governmental structures. A generalized principle of decentralization due to the country specific circumstances does not exist. Therefore, decentralization has taken place in different forms in various countries at different times, and even exactly the same extent of decentralization may have had different impacts under different conditions. The purpose of this study is to investigate the current state of the fiscal decentralization in Mongolia and to develop policy recommendations for the efficient and effective intergovernmental fiscal relations system for Mongolia. Within this perspective the analysis concentrates on the scope and structure of the public sector, the expenditure and revenue assignment as well as on the design of the intergovernmental transfer and sub-national borrowing. The study is based on data for twenty-one provinces and the capital city of Mongolia for the period from 2000 to 2009. As a former socialist country Mongolia has had a highly centralized governmental sector. The result of the analysis below revealed that the Mongolia has introduced a number of decentralization measures, which followed a top down approach and were slowly implemented without any integrated decentralization strategy in the last decade. As a result Mongolia became de-concentrated state with fiscal centralization. The revenue assignment is lacking a very important element, for instance significant revenue autonomy given to sub-national governments, which is vital for the efficient service delivery at the local level. According to the current assignments of the expenditure and revenue responsibilities most of the provinces are unable to provide a certain national standard of public goods supply. Hence, intergovernmental transfers from the central jurisdiction to the sub-national jurisdictions play an important role for the equalization of the vertical and horizontal imbalances in Mongolia. The critical problem associated with intergovernmental transfers is that there is not a stable, predictable and transparent system of transfer allocation. The amount of transfers to sub-national governments is determined largely by political decisions on ad hoc basis and disregards local differences in needs and fiscal capacity. Thus a fiscal equalization system based on the fiscal needs of the provinces should be implemented. The equalization transfers will at least partly offset the regional disparities in revenues and enable the sub-national governments to provide a national minimum standard of local public goods. ; Der Fiskalische Föderalismus ist in den letzten vier Dekaden eines der wichtigsten Themen der finanzwissenschaftlichen Theorie. Dabei wird häufig argumentiert, dass eine Dezentralisierung der öffentlichen Aufgaben nicht nur die Wachstumschancen eines Landes erhöhen kann, sondern darüber hinaus auch der Allokationseffizienz förderlich ist. Allerdings zeigen empirische Untersuchungen für die Industrie- und Entwicklungsländern keine einheitlichen Ergebnisse; es wird aber deutlich, dass es einen Schwellenwert in Bezug auf den Entwicklungsstand gibt, unterhalb dessen eine Dezentralisierung erst wirksam wird. So haben einige Entwicklungs- und Schwellenländer eine Vielzahl von Formen der steuerlichen Dezentralisierung als eine mögliche Strategie gewählt, um wirksame und effiziente dezentrale staatliche Strukturen zu entwickeln, wobei es einen allgemeinen Lösungsansatz hinsichtlich der Dezentralisierung allerdings nicht gibt. Vielmehr sind die besonderen kulturellen, wirtschaftlichen und geografischen Bedingungen des einzelnen Landes in angemessener Weise zu berücksichtigen. Die gefundenen Lösungen weisen daher eine relativ große Variationsbreite auf. Ziel dieser Studie ist es, den aktuellen Stand der steuerlichen Dezentralisierung in der Mongolei zu untersuchen und Empfehlungen für ein effizientes und effektives System der zwischenstaatlichen Finanzbeziehungen in der Mongolei zu entwickeln. Dabei konzentriert sich die Analyse auf Umfang und Struktur des öffentlichen Sektors, also die Aufgaben und Ausgaben sowie die öffentlichen Einnahmen. Außerdem wird auf die Zuordnung von Aufgaben und Einnahmen sowie auf die Gestaltung der zwischenstaatlichen Transfer und die subnationale Kreditaufnahme eingegangen. Die Studie basiert auf Daten der zwanzig Provinzen und der Hauptstadt der Mongolei für den Zeitraum 2000 bis 2009. Als ehemals sozialistisches Land verfügt die Mongolei über einen stark zentralisierten staatlichen Sektor. Aus der detaillierten Analyse folgt, dass die Mongolei eine Reihe von Maßnahmen zur Neustrukturierung der gebietskörperschaftlichen Ebenen ohne eine klare Dezentralisierungsstrategie durchgesetzt hat, die einen Top-Down-Ansatz verfolgten. Im Ergebnis wurde die Mongolei zu einem Staat mit einer starken Konzentration des Steueraufkommens auf der zentralstaatlichen Ebene. Dabei fehlt der Einnahmenzuordnung vor allem ein sehr wichtiges Element, nämlich eine Einnahmenautonomie auf der Ebene der untergeordneten Gebietskörperschaften, welche zum einen die Aufkommenssituation der lokalen und regionalen Gebietskörperschaften verbessert und ihnen damit erst eine eigenständige Aufgabenerfüllung ermöglicht. Bei der derzeitigen Aufgaben- und Steuerverteilung sind die meisten Provinzen nicht in der Lage, einen bestimmten nationalen Mindeststandard an öffentlichen Güter und Dienstleistungen bereitzustellen. Die Staatstätigkeit auf den untergeordneten Ebenen folgt überwiegend der Auftragsverwaltung und wird folglich im Wesentlichen über Finanzhilfen des Zentralstaats finanziert. Das entscheidende Problem der zwischenstaatlichen Transfers liegt darin begründet, dass es für die zentralstaatlichen Finanzhilfen an die untergeordneten Gebietskörperschaften kein stabiles, berechenbares und transparentes System der Steuerverteilung gibt. Die Höhe der Transferzahlungen an die sub-nationalen Regierungen ist weitgehend von politischen ad hoc Entscheidungen abhängig, welche in der Regel die lokalen und regionalen Finanzbedarfe missachten. Damit werden die Unterschiede zwischen Finanzbedarf und Finanzkraft auf der Ebene der untergeordneten Gebietskörperschaften nicht angemessen ausgeglichen. Es wird daher eine formelbasierte Steuerverteilung vorgeschlagen, welche die starken Schwankungen der Transferhöhe im Zeitverlauf vermeidet und die es den untergeordneten Gebietskörperschaften ermöglicht, einen vorgegebenen Mindeststandard an öffentlichen Gütern und Dienstleistungen ihren Bürgerinnen und Bürgern auch anbieten zu können.

Fiscal federalism has been an important topic among public finance theorists in the last four decades. There is a series of arguments that decentralization of governments enhances growth by improving allocation efficiency. However, the empirical studies have shown mixed results for industrialized and developing countries and some of them have demonstrated that there might be a threshold level of economic development below which decentralization is not effective. Developing and transition countries have developed a variety of forms of fiscal decentralization as a possible strategy to achieve effective and efficient governmental structures. A generalized principle of decentralization due to the country specific circumstances does not exist. Therefore, decentralization has taken place in different forms in various countries at different times, and even exactly the same extent of decentralization may have had different impacts under different conditions. The purpose of this study is to investigate the current state of the fiscal decentralization in Mongolia and to develop policy recommendations for the efficient and effective intergovernmental fiscal relations system for Mongolia. Within this perspective the analysis concentrates on the scope and structure of the public sector, the expenditure and revenue assignment as well as on the design of the intergovernmental transfer and sub-national borrowing. The study is based on data for twenty-one provinces and the capital city of Mongolia for the period from 2000 to 2009. As a former socialist country Mongolia has had a highly centralized governmental sector. The result of the analysis below revealed that the Mongolia has introduced a number of decentralization measures, which followed a top down approach and were slowly implemented without any integrated decentralization strategy in the last decade. As a result Mongolia became de-concentrated state with fiscal centralization. The revenue assignment is lacking a very important element, for instance significant revenue autonomy given to sub-national governments, which is vital for the efficient service delivery at the local level. According to the current assignments of the expenditure and revenue responsibilities most of the provinces are unable to provide a certain national standard of public goods supply. Hence, intergovernmental transfers from the central jurisdiction to the sub-national jurisdictions play an important role for the equalization of the vertical and horizontal imbalances in Mongolia. The critical problem associated with intergovernmental transfers is that there is not a stable, predictable and transparent system of transfer allocation. The amount of transfers to sub-national governments is determined largely by political decisions on ad hoc basis and disregards local differences in needs and fiscal capacity. Thus a fiscal equalization system based on the fiscal needs of the provinces should be implemented. The equalization transfers will at least partly offset the regional disparities in revenues and enable the sub-national governments to provide a national minimum standard of local public goods. ; Der Fiskalische Föderalismus ist in den letzten vier Dekaden eines der wichtigsten Themen der finanzwissenschaftlichen Theorie. Dabei wird häufig argumentiert, dass eine Dezentralisierung der öffentlichen Aufgaben nicht nur die Wachstumschancen eines Landes erhöhen kann, sondern darüber hinaus auch der Allokationseffizienz förderlich ist. Allerdings zeigen empirische Untersuchungen für die Industrie- und Entwicklungsländern keine einheitlichen Ergebnisse; es wird aber deutlich, dass es einen Schwellenwert in Bezug auf den Entwicklungsstand gibt, unterhalb dessen eine Dezentralisierung erst wirksam wird. So haben einige Entwicklungs- und Schwellenländer eine Vielzahl von Formen der steuerlichen Dezentralisierung als eine mögliche Strategie gewählt, um wirksame und effiziente dezentrale staatliche Strukturen zu entwickeln, wobei es einen allgemeinen Lösungsansatz hinsichtlich der Dezentralisierung allerdings nicht gibt. Vielmehr sind die besonderen kulturellen, wirtschaftlichen und geografischen Bedingungen des einzelnen Landes in angemessener Weise zu berücksichtigen. Die gefundenen Lösungen weisen daher eine relativ große Variationsbreite auf. Ziel dieser Studie ist es, den aktuellen Stand der steuerlichen Dezentralisierung in der Mongolei zu untersuchen und Empfehlungen für ein effizientes und effektives System der zwischenstaatlichen Finanzbeziehungen in der Mongolei zu entwickeln. Dabei konzentriert sich die Analyse auf Umfang und Struktur des öffentlichen Sektors, also die Aufgaben und Ausgaben sowie die öffentlichen Einnahmen. Außerdem wird auf die Zuordnung von Aufgaben und Einnahmen sowie auf die Gestaltung der zwischenstaatlichen Transfer und die subnationale Kreditaufnahme eingegangen. Die Studie basiert auf Daten der zwanzig Provinzen und der Hauptstadt der Mongolei für den Zeitraum 2000 bis 2009. Als ehemals sozialistisches Land verfügt die Mongolei über einen stark zentralisierten staatlichen Sektor. Aus der detaillierten Analyse folgt, dass die Mongolei eine Reihe von Maßnahmen zur Neustrukturierung der gebietskörperschaftlichen Ebenen ohne eine klare Dezentralisierungsstrategie durchgesetzt hat, die einen Top-Down-Ansatz verfolgten. Im Ergebnis wurde die Mongolei zu einem Staat mit einer starken Konzentration des Steueraufkommens auf der zentralstaatlichen Ebene. Dabei fehlt der Einnahmenzuordnung vor allem ein sehr wichtiges Element, nämlich eine Einnahmenautonomie auf der Ebene der untergeordneten Gebietskörperschaften, welche zum einen die Aufkommenssituation der lokalen und regionalen Gebietskörperschaften verbessert und ihnen damit erst eine eigenständige Aufgabenerfüllung ermöglicht. Bei der derzeitigen Aufgaben- und Steuerverteilung sind die meisten Provinzen nicht in der Lage, einen bestimmten nationalen Mindeststandard an öffentlichen Güter und Dienstleistungen bereitzustellen. Die Staatstätigkeit auf den untergeordneten Ebenen folgt überwiegend der Auftragsverwaltung und wird folglich im Wesentlichen über Finanzhilfen des Zentralstaats finanziert. Das entscheidende Problem der zwischenstaatlichen Transfers liegt darin begründet, dass es für die zentralstaatlichen Finanzhilfen an die untergeordneten Gebietskörperschaften kein stabiles, berechenbares und transparentes System der Steuerverteilung gibt. Die Höhe der Transferzahlungen an die sub-nationalen Regierungen ist weitgehend von politischen ad hoc Entscheidungen abhängig, welche in der Regel die lokalen und regionalen Finanzbedarfe missachten. Damit werden die Unterschiede zwischen Finanzbedarf und Finanzkraft auf der Ebene der untergeordneten Gebietskörperschaften nicht angemessen ausgeglichen. Es wird daher eine formelbasierte Steuerverteilung vorgeschlagen, welche die starken Schwankungen der Transferhöhe im Zeitverlauf vermeidet und die es den untergeordneten Gebietskörperschaften ermöglicht, einen vorgegebenen Mindeststandard an öffentlichen Gütern und Dienstleistungen ihren Bürgerinnen und Bürgern auch anbieten zu können.

2007/2008 ; Traffic accidents cause high material and human losses, what is reflected in society. The logical result is the need for efficient road safety in designing a new and the existing road system. Slovenia is, like other new EU Member States, aware of its tasks for improving traffic safety. In accordance with very clear demands of European transport policy about road safety – that is an EU recommendation of halving the number of road accident victims in the European Union by 2010 – Slovenia has also put into its national program a decision to halve the number of dead casualties on Slovenian roads. Unfortunately, the current situation in the field of road safety in Slovenia is - despite the highly ambitious plans - still not satisfactory. It has to be admitted that traffic safety in Slovenia has been improved during the last years but we still have not achieved the objectives of reducing road accidents, injured participants or dead casualties. One of the "steps" to achieved desired level is also to improve existent road infrastructure. Road infrastructure improvement supposed to be applied to "black spots" first. For safety management it is well known, that we have three main motives for safety management: economic effectiveness, professional and institutional responsibility, and fairness. Survey among 25 EU states about estimating the most effective short, medium, and long term measures - both at national level and at EU level - shown, that measures related to infrastructure safety management (such as high-risk site management - black spot management), road safety audit and road safety inspection, are generally recognized as a high priority. While high-risk site management is a short-term measure, other infrastructure safety management measures make their impact in the medium to long term. One of the possible approaches to identification of "safety problems" (safety deficiencies: accident frequency, accident rate, accident severity) is also use of accident prediction models (APM). With those models and use of various criteria we can detect not only "black spots" but also "larger targets". A large number of "statistical predictive safety models" are described in the literature. Many attempts were done to use those models to establish a relationship between various traffic parameters and the number of accidents at road sections or road intersections. For statistical safety prediction models it is often suggested that accident occurrences are discrete, sporadic and random in nature. Thereby it is suggested to use Poisson regression models. The variation in accident occurrence is also considered to be due in part to the systematic variation in identified traffic measures such is traffic flow rates, measures of speed and intersection design parameters. Discrete, Poisson or negative binomial distributions are usefully applied to estimate the number of accidents that occur at road sections / intersections over a particular period of time. For accident prediction modeling the "generalized linear modeling" approach has been found to be particularly useful. This approach accounts for the fact that the dependent variable (e.g. number of accidents) does not need to be normally distributed (as is often the approach to describe the relationship between accident frequency and traffic flows on major and minor roads at intersections). For the purpose of this work I collect different types of data for 60 level intersections on state road network in Slovenia. I divide those intersections into four different groups: 3-leg without left turn lanes on major road, 3-leg with left turn lanes on major road, 4-leg without left turn lanes on major road and 4-leg with left turn lanes on major road. All intersections were in rural area - outside urban area - with limited influence (or no influence at all) of pedestrians or / and cyclists. For observed intersections I collect different types of needed data: data about traffic accident for last 5 years (from 2002 - 2006), data about traffic (AADT on major and minor road), data about geometrical elements of the intersections, alignment of legs and other needed data (lane / shoulder width, speed limit, lighting, present of left / right turn lanes, type of terrain etc.) After study of relevant literature I consider two different types of APM, which seemed to be correct and useful for my research work. I evaluate those different types of APM and made calculation for data which I obtained. At the end I made the correlation between those models with use of an empirical Bayesin method for calculating adjusted accident frequency. ; XXI Ciclo ; 1973

Das globale Tendenz der Urbanisierung spiegelt sich auch in Mexiko wider, da sich das Stadtwachstum seit den 70er Jahren nicht mehr nur auf die Metropolen Mexiko-Stadt, Monterrey und Guadalajara beschränkt, sondern eine große Anzahl sogenannter Mittelstädte bzw. heutiger urbaner Agglomerationen mit 100.000 bis 1 Million Einwohner betrifft. Durch die Dezentralitätsbemühungen der Landesregierung gestürzt und gefördert, veränderten viele ehemalige mexikanische Provinzstädte ihren städtischen Charakter radikal. Die Dissertation beschreibt anhand der Fallstudie Querétaro den räumlich-stadtstrukturellen Wandel einer dieser (schnell-)wachsenden urbanen Agglomerationen und konzentriert sich auf den Zeitraum von 1990 bis 2005. Es zeigte sich ein anhaltendes sowohl physisches als auch demografisches Wachstum: So expandierte die aus den vier Gemeinden Santiago de Querétaro, Corregidora, El Marqués und Huimilpan gebildete Stadt Querétaro von 6.429,53 ha 1990 binnen 15 Jahren auf 17.240,92 ha, während die Einwohnerzahl von 552.470 auf 950.828 Einwohnern anstieg. Ein Vergleich der Einwohnerzahlen mit der Flächenausdehnung ergibt, dass die Siedlungsdichte von 86 Einwohner/ ha auf 55 Einwohner/ ha abnahm. Dies lässt sich neben den flächenintensiven Industrieansiedlungen auch auf einen allgemeinen Anstieg der Lebensqualität zurückführen, welcher sich im Bau öffentlicher Einrichtungen wie Universitäten und Krankenhäuser ausdrückt. Darüber hinaus begründen auch die Abnahme der durchschnittlichen Familiengrößen sowie der unaufhaltsame Einzug des Autos in die mexikanische Gesellschaft den Wandel der Stadtstruktur, da erst durch das Auto größere Entfernungen innerhalb einer Stadt mühelos überbrückt werden können. Allerdings impliziert der Dichteverlust wie auch die Fragmentierung des Stadtkörpers eine relative Unwirtschaftlichkeit, d.h. lange Infrastrukturstränge bzw. Anfahrtswege. Zudem bewirkt die auf den wirtschaftlichen Fortschritt bedachte Politik des Neoliberalismus enorme Umweltbeeinträchtigungen, im Falle Querétaros insbesondere das dramatische Absinken des Grundwasserspiegels. So verlief Querétaros Wandel von einem einst beschaulichen Landwirtschaftzentrum in eine urbane Agglomeration mit Metropolcharakter nicht ohne negative Nebenwirkungen. Stattdessen repräsentiert Querétaro heute eine typische Industriestadt des beginnenden 21. Jahrhunderts, in welcher Tradition, moderner Fortschritt und Armut oftmals unvermittelt aufeinander prallen. Die Auswertung der Entwicklungsdynamik zwischen 1990 und 2005 mündet in einer schematischen Darstellung Querétaros, welche die wichtigsten stadtstrukturellen Merkmale der Transformationsprozesse beschreibt. Die Arbeit schließt mit Kurzstudien der urbanen Agglomerationen Aguascalientes und Veracruz, deren städtebauliche Entwicklung zwischen 1990 und 2005 ähnlich wie Queretaro durch eine 'explosive' Expansion, Dispersion, sozialräumliche Segregation, Privatisierung öffentlicher Räume, den starken Kontrast zwischen dem In- und dem Formellen sowie die Problematik steigender Umweltbeeinträchtigungen gekennzeichnet wurde. ; The global tendency of urbanization is also reflected in Mexico where the urban expansion since the 70s has not only be restricted to the metropolises Mexico-City, Monterrey and Guadalajara, but to an enormous number of so called middle sized cities respectively urban agglomerations with 100,000 to 1 million inhabitants which have likewise been affected. Supported and promoted by the efforts of decentralization by the state government plenty of former Mexican provincial towns have been transformed in their urban character radically. On the basis of the case study Querétaro the dissertation describes the spatial urban-structural transformation of one of these (fast) growing urban agglomerations and concentrates on the period from 1990 to 2005. Even presently a physical and demographical expansion is notable. Thus the city of Querétaro, which consists of the four municipalities Santiago de Querétaro, Corregidora, El Marqués and Huimilpan, has grown from 6,429.53 hectares in 1990 to 17,240.92 hectares within fifteen years, while the number of inhabitants has increased from 552,470 to 950,828. A comparison between the number of inhabitants and the spatial expansion shows that the density of the urbanization has been reduced from 86 inhabitants/ hectares to 55 inhabitants/ hectares. This can be explained by large industrial areas as well as by the improvement of the quality of life in general which is expressed by the construction of new public facilities like universities and hospitals. Furthermore, the diminishing size of the average family and the overwhelming ownership of cars in the Mexican society has caused a transformation in the urban structure because only through the cars bigger distances within a city can be covered without problems. But the lack of density as well as the fragmentation of the urbanized areas implicate also a relatively uneconomic system which means long stretches of infrastructure and traveling. Additionally, the neo-liberalistic policy which is focused on the economic progress affects enormously the environment especially in the case of Querétaro where the level of ground water is sinking dramatically. So the transformation of Querétaro from a former agricultural center to an urban agglomeration with a metropolitan character is not without secondary effects. Alternatively, today Querétaro represents a typical industrial city of the beginning 21st century in which tradition, modern progress and poverty often clash abruptly with one another. The evaluation of the dynamic development between 1990 and 2005 leads to a schematic illustration of Querétaro, which describes the most important features of the transformation processes. The dissertation ends with short studies of the urban agglomerations Aguascalientes and Veracruz whose development from 1990 to 2005 was characterized like in Querétaro by an 'explosive' expansion, dispersion, social-spatial segregation, privatization of public space, the huge contrast between the informal and the formal as well as the growth of environmental issues.

Large mining systems evolve within large cities, along some axis of development or in the zones where certain natural resources exist as well as raw materials as a basis for production. From the aspect of the even regional developmental policy, more significant are those productive systems which are located outside the zones of high urban concentration. A relatively large capital investment following up construction and development of these systems allow that a part of the financial resources can be used for the communal and infrastructural systems of settlements, development of services, population employment, that improve the living standard both in urban settlements and rural surroundings. Beside some positive effects, the development of these mining systems, particularly those ones as the mines, electric power plans and basic chemistry, during their exploitation and raw material processing create a number of conflicts with surroundings (spatial, ecological, social etc). Spatial planning within such conditions has a very important role in the identification and relativization of the above mentioned conflicts reconciliation of opponent's interests in the use of space and reduction of other negative influences of large productive systems on surroundings. Large scale exploitation of mineral resources, based on the use of heavy mechanization for surface mining has as a consequences numerous structural changes in the immediate surroundings, such as use of land /agricultural disbalance of ecosystems, the changes in water resources systems relocation/resettlement and changes of socio - economic population structure relocation of traffic networks and other infrastructural objects/networks industrial premises etc. Management of these changes requires operationalization of a specific developmental planning system revitalization and territorial organization in the large mining basins, in fact in the areas under the impacts of large scale exploitation of mineral resources. Revitalization and territorial organization is in fact the final phase in the research and developmental planning process related to areas of surface mining of mineral resources. The large scale, intensity and the territorial dispersal of land and space degradation requires a relevant planned intervention for the revitalization and territorial organization. That is a complex process which has a several aspects such as: recultivation of degraded soil/land, the regulation of hydrological systems, landscape planning, construction of traffic networks and other technical infrastructures, construction and arrangement of settlements etc. Revitalization and arrangements of the areas of large scale exploitation of mineral resources is a dynamic process, otherwise dictated by dynamics of surface mining itself. ; Veliki proizvodni sistemi se razvijaju u okviru velikih gradova, duž osovina razvoja ili u zonama obimne eksploatacije mineralnih sirovina. Sa stanovišta politike ravnomernijeg regionalnog razvoja, značajniji su oni proizvodni sistemi koji su locirani van zona visoke urbane koncentracije. Relativno velika kapitalna ulaganja koja prate izgradnju i razvoj ovih sistema omogućuju da se deo finansijskih sredstava može usmeriti na razvoj komunalnih, infrastrukturnih sistema naselja, na razvoj usluga, zapošljavanje stanovništva, unapređuju tako životni standard gradskih, ali i ruralnih naselja u okruženju. Uz neke pozitivne efekte, razvoj ovih rudarskih sistema a pre svega onih koji se tiču kopova, elektrana i bazične hemijske industrije, stvara tokom eksploatacije i obrade sirovina niz konflikata u okruženju (prostorni, ekološki, socijalni i dr). U takvim uslovima prostorno planiranje ima veoma važnu ulogu za identifikaciju i ublažavanje navedenih konflikata, usaglašavanje suprotstavljenih interesa korisnika prostora i smanjenje ostalih negativnih uticaja na okruženje. Obimna eksploatacija mineralnih resursa koja se bazira na upotrebi teške mehanizacije na površinskim kopovima, dovodi do brojnih strukturnih promena u neposrednom okruženju, kao što su: poremećaj ekosistema, degradacija /poljoprivrednog/ zemljišta, promene u vodnim sistemima premeštanje/preseljenje stanovništva i promene socioekonomske populacione strukture, premeštanje saobraćajne mreže i ostalih infrastrukturnih objekata/mreža, industrijskih postrojenja, itd. Upravljanje ovakvim promenama zahteva operacionalizaciju posebnih razvojnih planskih sistema revitalizaciju i prostornu organizaciju u velikim rudarskim basenima odnosno, u područjima koja su pod uticajem obimne eksploatacije mineralnih sirovina. Revitalizacija i uređenje prostora su u stvari, finalna faza istraživanja i razvojnog planskog procesa koja se odnosi na područja površinskih kopova mineralnih sirovina. Veliki obim, intenzitet i teritorijalnaraširenost degradacije prostora zahteva odgovarajuće planske intervencije u revitalizaciji i teritorijalnoj organizaciji. To je složen proces sa nizom aspekata, poput rekultivacije degradiranog zemljišta regulacije vodoprivrednih sistema, planiranja pejzaža, izgradnje saobraćajnih mreža i druge tehničke infrastrukture, izgradnje i uređenja naselja, itd. Revitalizacija i uređenje područja obimne eksploatacije mineralnih sirovina je dinamičan proces koji je diktiran dinamikom razvoja rudarskih radova.

Maģistra darbā "Diskriminācijas uz vecuma pamata attīstība starptautiskajās cilvēktiesībās", apzinot starptautisko cilvēktiesību dokumentus, ir atspoguļots tajos ietvertais diskriminācijas aizlieguma normu katalogs, īpaši izceļot atšķirīgas attieksmes aizliegto kategoriju - diskrimināciju uz vecuma pamata. Plašais informācijas apkopojums ļauj identificēt nepilnības diskriminācijas regulējumā un apzināt trūkumus un problēmjautājumus diskriminācijas uz vecuma pamata novēršanā. Ņemot vērā diskriminācijas aizliegto pamatu dinamisko attīstību, kas vēsturiski saistīta ar dažādu sociālo grupu politisko emancipāciju un sociālo integrāciju, maģistra darbā ir izpētīts, ka saskaņā ar ANO Cilvēktiesību Komitejas judikatūru vecumu ANO cilvēktiesību aizsardzības sistēmas ietvaros, kaut arī tieši neminētu starp diskriminācijas aizliegtajām kategorijām, aizsargā Starptautiskā pakta par pilsoniskajām un politiskajām tiesībām 2. un 26.pants un saskaņā ar Starptautiskā pakta par ekonomiskajām, sociālajām un kultūras tiesībām vispārīgajos komentāros sniegtajām atziņām paktā ietvertais tiesību katalogs. Izvērtējot Eiropas Padomes ietvaros regulēto diskriminācijas aizlieguma īstenošanu Eiropas cilvēktiesību un pamatbrīvību aizsardzības konvencijas un tās 12.protokola kontekstā, secināts, ka ir radīta hierarhija starp nosauktajiem diskriminācijas aizlieguma pamatiem un nenosauktajiem, tostarp, vecumu, tādējādi radot diferenciāciju starp diskriminācijas pamatiem. Tāpat darbā ir izvērtēts arī Eiropas Savienības diskriminācijas novēršanas politikas pamats, proti, uz Eiropas Kopienas dibināšanas līguma 13.panta pamata īstenotie diskriminācijas uz vecuma pamata novēršanas pasākumi, akcentējot nozīmīgas nepilnības tiesiskajā aizsardzībā attiecībā uz piekļuves precēm un pakalpojumiem, sociālās aizsardzības, veselības aprūpes, izglītības jomu. Kā nozīmīga, taču šobrīd juridiski vēl nesaistoša, darbā ir norādīta Eiropas Savienības Pamattiesību harta, kas ir vienīgais starptautiskais cilvēktiesību dokuments, kas diskrimināciju uz vecuma pamata nosauc tieši kā aizsargājamu atšķirīgas attieksmes aizliegto kategoriju. Darbā ir atzīts, ka Latvijā vecums ir uzskatāms par aizliegto diskriminācijas pamatu LR Satversmes 91.panta 2.teikuma izpratnē, un norādīts uz problēmjautājumu - diskriminācijas klauzulas nesistemātiskās dabas LR Satversmei pakārtotajos normatīvajos aktos sakārtošanu, veicamo grozījumu nepieciešamību. Maģistra darbs tika veikts pamatojoties uz starptautisko tiesību aktu, literatūras, starptautisko tīmekļu resursu, publikāciju un citu informācijas resursu analīzi. ; The Master's work "The Development of the Basis for Discrimination Based on Age in the International Human Rights" results from the study of international documents pertaining to human rights and the catalogue of acts prohibiting discrimination included there, paying particular attention to different attitudes to the prohibited category – discrimination based on age. Comprehensive generalisation of information has allowed to identify shortcomings in the regulatory acts pertaining to discrimination and to identify shortcomings and problems in the elimination of discrimination based on age. Taking into consideration the dynamic development of the basis for the prohibition of discrimination, which is historically associated with the political emancipation and social integration of different social groups, it has been studied in the Master's work how, in compliance with the decisions of the UN Human Rights Committee, age within the framework of the UN system of the protection of human rights, although not mentioned directly among the categories for which discrimination is prohibited, is protected in Articles 2 and 26 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and in compliance with the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, in the catalogue of human rights in the comments to the pact. Evaluating the implementation of the prohibition of discrimination as regulated by the European Council in the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and in the context of its 12th Protocol, it has been concluded that there is a hierarchy between the aforementioned basis for the elimination of discrimination and the basis, which is not mentioned, including age, thus producing differentiation between different kinds of basis for discrimination. The work also contains evaluation of the basis for the EU policy aimed at the elimination of discrimination, that is the measures mentioned in Article 13 of the EEC Foundation Treaty aimed at the elimination of discrimination based on age, stressing important shortcomings in the legal protection in relation to the access to goods and services, the spheres of social protection, health services and education. The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights is mentioned in the work as an important, although legally non-binding document, which is the only document pertaining to human rights, which mentions discrimination based on age directly as a protected category for which a different attitude is prohibited. It is recognised in the Master's work that age in Latvia shall be considered the basis for the prohibition of discrimination as understood in the second sentence of Article 91 of the Constitution of the Republic of Latvia, and a problem is singled out – the necessity of the improvement and amending the legal and administrative acts, which are secondary to the Constitution of the Republic of Latvia that lack consistency.

The primary concern of this research is to enhance the understanding regarding inverse relation of governance and corruption in transitional societies of the developing world, while exploring the possibilities to seize the upward surge of corruption and concomitant downward slide of governance, through institutional restructuring with a special focus on Pakistan. Hoping, en route to the above stated destination, to unravel the riddle of the 'cultural embeddedness of corruption', this research demonstrate that: institutional restructuring can be instrumental in controlling corruption; and the institutional culture, rather than the culture of transitional societies, is responsible for the rampant corruption and decaying governance in transitional societies and developing states. This research builds it genesis in the rational choice neo institutional theory of political science and the agency theory of economics, and maintains that agents are rational actors and are predisposed to optimization of possible benefits, while making decisions; further, agents are inclined to be malleable with the changes in the institutional structures. This research takes corruption as an indicator of the level of governance and maintains that structured institutions, developed on the lines of Weberian bureaucratic model, are bound to be more efficient and comparably less prone to corruption. During the course of this research these assertions have been analyzed in the context of civil bureaucracy of Pakistan, where defying the rules of conduct is a normal behavior among the public servants; concurrently within the Motorway Police agents are collectively inclined to abide by the rules, despite functioning in the same socio-economic setting of a traditional society and a developing state. The results show that structured institutional settings help agents to follow the rules irrespective of their socio-cultural background, past experiences and habits. Apart from being the first exhaustive study of Pakistan, the seminal feature of this research is the employment of real stakeholders' perceptions for investigating the causes of bureaucratic corruption and the measures assisting in controlling this malady. These questions have been empirically explored with the help of qualitative and quantitative data, obtained from both primary and secondary sources. Major source of primary data was a survey, conducted by the author, in which 250 civil servants of 32 different departments of Government of Pakistan, including the Motorway Police, were surveyed. Results of this research divulge that the agent's perception, regarding corruption in bureaucracy, corresponds with the perceptions of general public. This study also establishes the authenticity of perceptions as a reasonably good indicator of corruption. Results of this research reveal that agents' perception regarding prevalence of corruption in bureaucracy and Pakistan is in congruence with the perceptions of the local public as well as the international experts of the region. Data analysis shows a significant negative correlation between the age and experience of the respondents and his perception of corruption in the country. Moreover, variables like gender, marital status, number of dependents, or the geographical origin do not have any significant impact on the agents' perception of corruption in the country. Agents rated Police, Land Revenue and Income Tax as three most corrupt institutions, while the Motorway Police was rated as the least corrupt institution in the country. Result shows that in agents' view insufficient financial remunerations is the primary most cause of widespread corruption, along with lack of accountability, greater opportunities, weaker system of check & balances, corrupt leadership, and discretionary powers. Further analysis of MP establishes that reasonable salaries, good leadership, effective accountability, and strong checks & balances are the three most effective tools in enhancing efficiency and reducing corruption in any institution. Results of this research also reveal that strict accountability and reward for honesty are considered, as the major indigenous tools, while, social disapproval and institutional restructuring are viewed, as primary exogenous tools for controlling corruption. After analyzing the functionalist and the moralist approach, this study concludes that both of these approaches suffer from inherent deficiencies. This study also investigates the evolution of corruption in South Asia with a focus on Pakistan. The study concludes with practical recommendations for the policy makers of the developing world, emphasizing on the need for inculcating the idea of social responsibility among the masses; giving due attention to petty corruption; limiting the perception of corruption in the society; prioritising efforts according to the potential cost of corruption; and efficient utilization of honest human resource.

Public service reform in Russia is inevitable, otherwise the problems will continue to pile up for public service and this may result in further public administration deterioration. But how to tackle these problems and how to conduct public service reform? Should the world experience be applied or not? It seems that the Russian experience of the past decade gave the answer. The initial attempts to reform public service in Russia are already based on the world experience, with parts of it applicable to Russian practices being used. To stabilize the reforming process it is imperative to give due consideration to the risks of reform, based on their historical analysis, a thorough study of their roots and a search for possible ways to eliminate these risks. It seems, it is true not only for Russia but it also applies to every country conducting public service reform. Speaking of Russia, it is public administration incompetence to launch and conduct such researches, and, especially, to take the achieved results into account, that puts the current public service reform at risk. Neither "lessons of the past", nor modern negative trends, changes in the structural and functional profiles of public service (ageing staff, gender discrimination, low payment, lack of continuity and etc.) receive adequate consideration in the course of reform. Inattention to the risks of public service reform along with the existent political, social and economic, organizational and legal risks is likely to set back a reforming process. Frequent local initiatives can serve as an example for spontaneous reforms being carried out under the existing circumstances with simultaneous federal initiatives. It means that a number of local or even municipal bodies set up working groups to launch their own programs on modernization of the state apparatus without federal center coordination and timely and systematic control by the expert community preparing reforming initiatives at the federal level. These facts signify a lot. The positive side includes the emergence of civil society and social responsibility, with grass-root pressure making the government improve itself, but on the other hand, it may result in the loss of control, the disintegrated and fragmented public service, including legislation. In addition, due to the neglected risks, systemic top-down reform initiatives face serious challenges and as a result the pace of the reform is very slow. The Concept of Civil Service Reform of the Russian Federation, ratified by the President of the Russian Federation in 2001, appears to be the legal regulation that reflects the expert community consensus on the goals and the course of the reform. But, at the same time, public service reform, as a process of complex and structural changes, confronts substantial risks. The protection of vested bureaucratic interests at any time may jeopardize the activity of the large expert groups, including highranking officials, deeply involved in the reforming process. Thus, the main idea of the reform is featured in the Program. The basic goals of the reform may be formulated as follows: to optimize the federal public servant headcount; to define powers and responsibilities of public servants; to create conditions for openness and accountability of state bodies administrations and public servants to civil society; to develop public service resources; to improve the efficiency of personnel policy and the quality of employee structure of the federal public service; to implement mechanisms for identifying and solving public service-related conflicts of interests, to introduce a legal regulation of professional ethics of public servants; to develop a public service administration system. It is almost impossible to predict the outcome of the reform in terms of ideals of a democratic society, as the Program lacks definite criteria for matching the goals and the results. Only in the process of the Program implementation it is envisaged to establish such criteria. However, the permanent social and expert monitoring of the process is crucial to achieve it. Evidently, there is a good chance of the risk of turning public service reform into a technocratic project. In order to avoid it the following is essential: 1) to apply positive foreign experience by introducing a kind of political patronage over public service reform; 2) to ensure openness (publicity) of the reforming process which is imperative for the positive outcome of public service reform.

Central Asia is currently a hot item on the global agenda. It is not every decade that the world finds itself embracing a new region with the alluring appeal of mass hydrocarbon production and export, large investments, and promising cooperation in the military sphere. What is more, other phenomena adding to Central Asia's renown are intensifying the glow of the geopolitical theme. They include the local governments' opposition to the extremist movements, the West's accusations of authoritarianism and violations of democratic rights and freedoms, the Islamic renaissance, the Color Revolutions, and so on. In addition, it is obvious that the West is keeping a sharp eye on the region's republics, which is shown by its immediate reaction to the events going on in Central Asia, whereby this attention continues to increase all the time. Emissaries not only from Western, but also from many other large countries are actively working in the region. There must obviously be extremely good reasons why even the most distant centers of power are showing such an intense interest in Central Asia. And the answers lie deeper than they appear to at first glance. The domestic sociopolitical evolution of the Central Asian states is of little interest to most foreign observers. As paradoxical as it may seem, the problem of drug trafficking, which is pertinent to the Central Asian Region (CAR) and urgent for the whole world, is being studied even less. In this case, the priority topics for political analysis—apart from big business issues (read: the production of natural resources)—are the Big Game being waged among the leading present-day nations over the region, Russia's strategy in Central Asia, and the spread of China's influence there, which are all closely associated with CAR. In short, we are talking about geopolitical rivalry in the region. It is clear to many that oil and gas cannot be the only reason for this excitement. For as long as hydrocarbons are being produced and are in demand, they will always reach their consumer, whereby these resources will be transported via profitable, and not politically advantageous, routes—this is a law of economics, the violation of which is fraught with serious consequences, primarily for the exporter state. It stands to reason that it is not Kazakhstan that needs new pipelines, but other states that need guaranteed oil deliveries. The Central Asian Region was and largely remains dependent on Russia—essentially 100% of the strategic hydrocarbon resources produced here are transported through the Russian Federation. Only Kazakhstan, which is also linked to Moscow by a pipeline system, retains relative independence over its energy policy. It is likely that the development of the southern and trans-Caspian vectors of energy resource deliveries from Central Asia may indeed prove more profitable compared with the existing ones. However, this will not happen in the foreseeable future while chaos reigns in Afghanistan, Pakistan is being shaken from the inside, and the Caucasus is under permanent threat due to the absence of a normal dialog between Iran and the West. What is more, the current level of scientific developments will not permit putting the Caspian ecosystem at risk. Even if they are implemented soon, the numerous new transportation projects—those already carried out and only just being developed (West Kazakhstan-China, Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan, Turkmenistan-China, Uzbekistan-China, Nabucco)—will nevertheless be incapable of radically changing the situation in the mid term with respect to energy deliveries from the region. In all likelihood, the insistent attempts to diversify energy export from Central Asia are simply aimed at undermining Russia's domination in the region. Possible annual deliveries of energy resources in amounts of up to several tens of thousands of tons or millions of cubic meters bypassing the Russian Federation may be detrimental not so much to Russia's economic, as to its strategic interests. On the whole, the questions relating to the production and transportation of energy resources are only partially raising the veil to reveal what is hidden behind the geopolitical game in Central Asia, what its rules are, and what prize the winner will receive. In our opinion, raising of the problem of international regionalization could provide a more in-depth explanation of the current situation in Central Asia.