Suchergebnisse

The family is undoubtedly regarded not only as an important focus of society, but also as a basis for the upbringing of the growing generation, an element of cultural, moral, informational and economic development of society. Globalism and the transformation of social relations have also led to changes in the family model. In such circumstances, the study, becomes very important. The researchers mainly investigate the problems of individual principles of civil and family law, as well as analyze state policy in the field of protection and protection of children's rights. However, the principle of state protection of the family is not well understood.The study found that the principle of state protection of the family is enshrined both at the level of international acts and in national law. It is justified that the content of this principle is revealed due to the positive obligations of the state in the field of family protection. The article analyzes the foreign experience of defining the substantive elements of the principle of state protection of the family. The importance of the principle of state protection of the family in emergency situations, including the protection of the right to family of internally displaced persons, has been investigated.It is established that the principle of state protection of the family envisages a set of rulemaking, law enforcement, organizational, administrative, financial, ideological and educational measures on the part of the state to ensure favorable conditions for the creation and proper functioning of the family, as well as its protection. The legal mechanism of state protection of the family is a system of legal norms that establish guarantees for the realization of a person's right to the family, as well as institutions that promote the proper functioning and protection of the family, motherhood (paternity) and childhood. It is justified that the content of the principle of state protection of the family is revealed due to the positive obligations of the state in the sphere of family protection, including: to assist in the formation of families and in raising their children; take appropriate measures to ensure equality of spouses and protection of children in the event of divorce; create human conditions for motherhood (paternity), ensure protection of their rights; take special maternity protection measures within a reasonable time before and after childbirth; adopt legislation to protect a person from arbitrary or unlawful interference with family life; to give priority to family upbringing of the child and others. ; В рамках исследования установлено, что принцип государственной охраны семьи зафиксирован как на уровне международных актов, так и в национальном законодательстве. Обосновано, что сущностное содержание указанного принципа раскрывается через позитивные обязательства государства в сфере охраны семьи. Проанализирован зарубежный опыт определения на законодательном уровне содержательных элементов принципа государственной охраны семьи. Исследовано значение принципа государственной охраны семьи в чрезвычайных ситуациях, в том числе и по защите права на семью внутренне перемещенных лиц. Установлено, что принцип государственной охраны семьи предусматривает комплекс нормативных, правоприменительных, организационно-распорядительных, финансовых, идеологически-воспитательных мер со стороны государства по обеспечению благоприятных условий для создания и надлежащего функционирования семьи, а также ее защиты. ; В рамках дослідження встановлено, що принцип державної охорони сім'ї зафіксований як на рівні міжнародних актів, так і в національному законодавстві. Обґрунтовано, що сутнісний зміст вказаного принципу розкривається через позитивні зобов'язання держави в сфері охорони сім'ї. В рамках статті проаналізовано зарубіжний досвід визначення на законодавчому рівні змістовних елементів принципу державної охорони сім'ї. Досліджено значення принципу державної охорони сім'ї в надзвичайних ситуаціях, в тому числі і щодо захисту права на сім'ю внутрішньо переміщених осіб.Встановлено, що принцип державної охорони сім'ї передбачає комплекс нормотворчих, правозастосовних, організаційно-розпорядчих, фінансових, ідеологічно-виховних заходів з боку держави щодо забезпечення сприятливих умов для створення та належного функціонування сім'ї, а також її захисту. Правовий механізм державної охорони сім'ї є системою правових норм, що встановлюють гарантії реалізації особою права на сім'ю, а також інституцій, що сприяють належному функціонуванню та захисту сім'ї, материнства (батьківства) та дитинства.Обгрунтовано, що сутнісний зміст принципу державної охорони сім'ї розкривається через позитивні зобов'язання держави в сфері охорони сім'ї, в тому числі: надавати допомогу при утворенні сімей, та під час виховання ними дітей; вжити належних заходів для забезпечення рівності подружжя та захисту дітей у разі розірвання шлюбу; створити людині умови для материнства (батьківства), забезпечити охорону їх прав; вживати заходи з особливої охорони матерів протягом розумного строку до і після пологів; прийняти законодавство щодо захисту особи від свавільного чи незаконноговтручання в сімейне життя; забезпечити пріоритет сімейного виховання дитини та інші.

The relevance of the studying the functional versatility of the higher education system and its unique mission in the present world are substantiated. The aim of the article is to consider the strategies of "soft diplomacy" in the present national cultural and art education and to reveal the uniqueness of the University of culture and arts, its special role in the present social and cultural sphere. Analysing their activities, one should resort to the concept of "soft power", which was introduced into the scientific circulation by Joseph Nye (2004) and considering the prospects of international coexistence as a cultural dialogue and a dialogue of cultures. Nowadays, the cultural communication and mutual understanding is a condition for cooperation not only within the framework of nations, but also at the international level. The issues of cultural diplomacy attract the attention of philosophers, sociologists, cultural specialists, art historians, historians, linguists, and specialists in international affairs. They consider this phenomenon in global, local and national aspects, including it in the models of social, creative individual interaction and dialogue. The "strength of the strong" and the "weakness of the weak" are minimised with the recognition of the cultural uniqueness of each player in the global playing field. The value of culture as a creative process and a local-cultural sphere is becoming an important argument of subjectivity in international relations. Therefore, not only politicians, diplomats or cultural attachés are attracted to setting relations between countries, but also culture and art managers who make a strong public demand for cultural civil initiatives. The scientific novelty consists in revealing the features of the project activities of the KNUCA's specialists, aimed at making the new strategies of higher education in Ukraine. In particular, in 2018, its leading information policy specialists developed the project "Digital competence framework for Ukrainian teachers and other citizens" represented at the contest of the Erasmus + EU program. The victory of the KNUCA in this contest proves the high intellectual potential of its team and the need for international cooperation as a dialogue and exchange of experience. This experience has been acquired for many years, overcoming the resistance of the old system and perceiving new social-cultural, political and economic challenges. The main task of the University, based on the classical principles of the European tradition of "free arts" is to adhere to "soft" diplomacy, producing and testing new training strategies and brands, applying cultural and art potential as "soft power" to making great things in crating positive image of our country. ; У статті розглянуті найбільш вдалі стратегії «м'якої дипломатії» в сучасній українській культурно-мистецькій освіті, розкрито унікальність закладу вищої освіти культури і мистецтв, його особливу роль у сучасній соціокультурній сфері. Заклади вищої освіти культури і мистецтв є водночас культурними, творчими, освітніми і науковими центрами, рушіями культурного розвитку країни, формування її іміджу. Аналізуючи їх діяльність, варто вдатись до поняття «м'яка сила», яке ввів у науковий обіг Дж. Най (2004) з метою обґрунтування міжнародного співіснування як культурного діалогу і діалогу культур. У наш час культурне спілкування і взаєморозуміння стає умовою співпраці не лише в межах національних держав, а й на міжнародному рівні. До питань культурної дипломатії звертаються філософи, соціологи, культурологи, мистецтвознавці, історики, лінгвісти, фахівці-міжнародники. Вони обґрунтовують цей феномен у глобальному, локальному, національному аспектах, включаючи його в моделі соціальної, творчо-індивідуальної взаємодії, діалогу. «Сила сильних» і «слабкість слабких» нівелюється з визнанням культурної унікальності кожного гравця у глобальному ігровому полі. Цінність культури як творчого процесу і локально-культурної сфери стає важливим аргументом суб'єктності в міжнародних відносинах. Тому до налагодження відносин між країнами залучають уже не лише політиків, дипломатів чи аташе з питань культури, а культуртрегерів, арт-менеджерів, які формують сталий суспільний попит на культурні громадянські ініціативи.Розкрито особливості проєктної діяльності фахівців КНУКіМ, спрямованої на формування нових стратегій вищої культурно-мистецької освіти в Україні. Зокрема, 2018 року його провідні спеціалісти з інформаційної політики розробили проєкт «Рамка цифрових компетентностей для українських вчителів та інших громадян» («Digital competence framework for Ukrainian teachers and other citizens»), представлений на конкурс Програми Європейського Союзу «ЕРАЗМУС +». Перемога КНУКіМ у цьому конкурсі свідчить про високий інтелектуальний потенціал його колективу, про необхідність налагоджувати міжнародне співробітництво як діалог, обмін досвідом. Головне завдання Університету, заснованого на класичних засадах європейської традиції «вільних мистецтв», — дотримуватись «м'якої» дипломатії, продукуючи і апробуючи нові освітні стратегії і бренди, застосовуючи культурно-мистецький потенціал як «м'яку силу» для здійснення великих справ.

Introduction. State revenue management stands first in the areas of government regulation, which is provided by the regulation of fiscal policy. It is achieved by optimizing the amount of nationwide taxes and their tax rates, with the least amount of tax evasion. It is also important to ensure the implementation of the budget process, which is based on budget planning and forecasting, the effectiveness criterion of which is the reliability of the forecast. The compulsory component of extrapolation of time series – the most used forecasting method – is the scenario approach, so the research of possibilities of its implementation is relevant. Aim and tasks. The aim of the article is to introduce a scenario approach in forecasting tax revenues of the state budget of Ukraine. The main tasks set to achieve this aim are: modeling the dependence of tax revenues on macroeconomic indicators; trend analysis and extrapolation of time series of macroeconomic indicators; development of forecast scenarios of state budget revenues from state taxes. Results. It is proved that comprehensive stimulation of the production of gross value added, especially in the sphere of material production, as a basis for economic growth, will have a positive impact on the growth of output of goods and services, as well as will provide an increase in the revenues from value added tax (VAT) and excise tax to the state budget. Provision at the state level of further growth of the minimum wage and the deployment of social programs, as well as stimulating the legalization of shadow incomes of individuals in order to stimulate incomes of the population will lead to revenue increase from the personal income tax to the state budget. Creating favorable conditions for doing business by creating a business environment free from corruption, legalizing the shadow income of legal entities in order to maximize the profit of gross profit, mixed income will lead to an increase in corporate income tax revenues and subsoil use fee to the state budget of Ukraine. Conclusions. Over the next 5 years, aggregate tax revenues to the state budget will increase, regardless of the forecast scenario. The largest contribution to tax revenue growth can be provided by excise tax. The dynamics of the remaining taxes will also be increasing. Because the extrapolation of time series and scenario analysis are applied and universal methods of forecasting, they can be used in forecasting tax revenues of both consolidated and local budgets of Ukraine. Prospects for further research of the author will be relevant to these areas. ; Вступ. Управління державними доходами займає провідне місце серед напрямів державного регулювання, які забезпечує реалізація фіскальної політики, яка досягається у ході оптимізації кількості загальнодержавних податків та їх податкових ставок, за яких ухиляння від сплати буде найменшим. При цьому важливо також забезпечити виконання бюджетного процесу, в основі якого лежить бюджетне планування і прогнозування, критерієм ефективності якого є достовірність прогнозу. Обов'язковою складовою екстраполяції динамічних рядів – найбільш застосовуваного методу прогнозування – є сценарний підхід, тому дослідження можливостей його впровадження актуальне. Мета і завдання. Мета статті полягає у впровадженні сценарного підходу у прогнозування податкових надходжень державного бюджету України. Основними завданнями, поставленими для досягнення мети, є: моделювання залежності податкових надходжень від макроекономічних показників; трендовий аналіз і екстраполяція динамічних рядів макроекономічних показників; розробка прогнозних сценаріїв надходжень до державного бюджету від загальнодержавних податків. Результати. Доведено, що всебічне стимулювання виробництва валової доданої вартості, насамперед у сфері матеріального виробництва, як основи економічного зростання, позитивно вплине на ріст випуску товарів і послуг, а також забезпечить збільшення надходжень від податку на додану вартість (ПДВ) і акцизного податку до державного бюджету. Забезпечення на державному рівні подальшого зростання мінімальної зарплати та розгортання соціальних програм, а також стимулювання легалізації тіньових доходів фізичних осіб з метою стимулювання доходів населення призведе до збільшення надходжень від податку на доходи фізичних осіб до державного бюджету. Створення сприятливих умов для ведення бізнесу шляхом формування бізнес-середовища, вільного від корупції, легалізація тіньових доходів юридичних осіб з метою максимізації прибутку валового прибутку, змішаного доходу призведе до збільшення надходжень від податку на прибуток підприємств та плати за користування надрами до державного бюджету України. Висновки. Упродовж найближчих 5 років сукупні податкові надходження до державного бюджету зростатимуть, не залежно від прогнозного сценарію. Найбільший внесок у зростання податкових надходжень може забезпечити акцизний податок. Динаміка решти податків теж буде зростаючою. Оскільки екстраполяція динамічних рядів та сценарний аналіз є прикладними і універсальними методами прогнозування, їх можливо застосувати у прогнозуванні податкових надходжень як зведеного, так і місцевих бюджетів України. Перспективи подальших розвідок автора стосуватимуться саме цих напрямів.

The changeover of the ruling of the modern Ukrainian territory between East and West had lasted for around 800 years beginning from the Mongol-Tatar invasion. It was that time when Batu Khan defeated Ancient Rus that the present territory of Ukraine came under complete and absolute ruling of the Tatar East. In the 16th century as a part of Lithuania Ukraine was included into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and then passed under the rule of the Polish magnates, under the yoke of the Western Polish civilization. In 1569 the Union of Lublin was signed that formalized the accession of the Ukrainian territory to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In the period from the 10th to the 19th centuries there was no such state as Ukraine on the world political map. In the 10th century some part of the territory of present Ukraine was taken by Kievan Rus, in the 13th century — by Golden Horde, in the 14th-15th centuries — by Lithuania, Golden Horde and Russia. In the next centuries the territory of Ukraine was controlled by the Ottoman Empire, Poland and Russia. And only in 1918 the state of Ukraine appeared on the political map.Single Soviet Ukraine created by Bolsheviks did not present any internal cultural and language unity as it was always shared by different empires being the hostile and irreconcilable centers of force in Europe — the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Russian Empire and Austro-Hungarian Empire.In 1917-1920 about dozens of different republics were established in the territory of Ukraine. They were isolated within the borders of their formations. Accordingly, it may be said that in 1917-1920 Ukraine presented a mosaic of different formations which were often formed due to ambitions of some scoundrels and political adventurers striving to get to power and to become the leader of a state. But only the tough policy of Bolsheviks aimed to prevent the disintegration process permitted Ukraine to preserve its territory. After its election the Supreme Council started preparation of the Draft Declaration of Ukraine State Sovereignty simultaneously with the Draft Law on Ukraine State Sovereignty. Both drafts were considered in May 1990. After their discussion it was decided to develop the Draft Declaration of State Sovereignty.On July 16, 1990 the Ukrainian Parliament after long discussions adopted the Declaration on State Sovereignty of Ukraine by majority voting. This declaration which did not change and substitute the Constitution of Ukrainian SSR became a very important document for establishment of the Ukrainian statehood having laid the basis for the future Constitution of Ukraine.The concept of the new Constitution of Ukraine envisaged the establishment of the presidential republic. As a result, in June 1991 the laws «On Establishment of the Office of President of Ukrainian SSR with Making Alterations and Additions in the Constitution», «On President of Ukrainian SSR" and "On Election of President of Ukrainian SSR». The office of president was established to strengthen the vertical of executive power and to make it in the future independent of executive power of union bodies. The law assigned broad authorities to the president. Thus, the president acquired the right to cancel the decisions of the USSR bodies of executive power in the territory of Ukrainian SSR if they contradicted its constitution.By mid-1991 the legislative base was created in Ukraine which, in fact, made it an independent state as the laws adopted in 1990 and in the first half of 1991 brought out Ukraine from subordination to the USSR powers. The single economic, political and military space of the USSR practically ceased to exist. By this time Ukraine subordinated only nominally to union authorities. On August 24 the Extraordinary Meeting of Supreme Rada passed the Act on Declaration of Independence of Ukraine. That time it was also decided to conduct on December 01 the republican referendum to confirm the Act of Independence. This was done with a view to demonstrate to the union authorities that the Ukrainian people were endeavoring to become independent, thus, making legitimate the Act of Independence. After becoming independent in 1991 Ukraine entered the new stage of its development. The regional system of Ukraine revealed two clear poles — Donbass and Galichina which determined the country's development for decades ahead.

"Flowering Meadows" is a recently coined term that both designates the first result-based agri-environmental measure and a contest of agri-ecological excellence on hay meadows and pastures, which were introduced in France in 2007. This contest was initially created as a field test for the implementation of the Flowering Meadows measure in the Bauges Massif (Northern Alps). It resulted from a request made to a team of INRA researchers by the Natural Regional Park: "how can the ecological qualities of the land and the qualities of local products be reconciled?" Given the success of local contests among participants and their burgeoning popularity in the media, the Flowering Meadows scaled up to becoming a national competition between Nature Parks in2010. Eventually, it started spreading throughout France in 2014, when the Ministry of Agriculture included it into the famous "Concours Général Agricole" (Paris Agricultural Show). Various socio-economic stakeholders supported the development process analysed in this case study. It has triggered a significant change in the way of taking grasslands into account as a valuable fodder and biodiversity resource in policy making as well as in farm management. Based on an in-depth investigation, this retrospective study was carried out conjointly by a team from the Science for Action and Development division and the ASIRPA unit in compliance with the ASIRPA method standards (www.inra.fr/asirpa). The "Flowering Meadows" case study shows the congruence between a collaborative research programme and public action aimed at biodiversity conservation on grasslands. Drawing on the analysis of the congruence of socio-technical trajectories, the study sheds light on the impacts resulting from the outcomes of major research contributions. These impacts are assessed in various ways. Firstly, the relationship between farmers and the State shifted from management prescriptions to a resultbased commi ent. This was coupled with the incorporation of nonherbaceous vegetation into the definition of the 'Utilised agricultural area'. Secondly, the Flowering Meadows competition was set on the political agenda and became one of the exemplary initiatives of the "agro-ecological project for France". This demonstrated a change in the relationship between agriculture and ecology. Finally, livestock farmers that were considered as underperforming by their peers and polluters by society are now recognised and awarded as "producers of quality products and biodiversity' thanks to this competition of professional excellence. ; "Prairies fleuries" est un néologisme qui désigne à la fois les premières mesures à engagement de résultats (MAE-R) et le concours d'excellence agro-écologique sur les surfaces herbagères et pastorales en France. Inventé en 2007 pour tester les MAE-R, le concours des prairies fleuries répond à l'origine à une demande formulée par le Parc naturel régional du Massif des Bauges (Alpes du Nord) : comment concilier qualité écologique et qualité des produits sur son territoire ? Face au succès de ce concours auprès des participants et à sa notoriété naissante, il devient en 2010 un concours national pour les Parcs naturels de France puis se généralise en 2014 à tous les acteurs territoriaux lorsqu'il est labélisé Concours Général Agricole. La dynamique décrite par ce cas d'étude est portée par divers acteurs socio-économiques. Elle a induit une transformation profonde des logiques d'action politique en faveur des prairies comme ressources fourragères et de biodiversité. Son étude rétrospective est ici restituée à partir d'un travail d'enquête approfondie et organisée conjointement par une équipe du département SAD et une équipe de la cellule ASIRPA selon les standards de la méthode ASIRPA (www.inra.fr/asirpa). Ce cas d'étude établit la congruence entre un dispositif de recherche en partenariat et l'action publique en faveur de la conservation de la biodiversité sur les surfaces herbagères. A partir de l'analyse des trajectoires sociotechniques de cette congruence, il met en lumière les impacts qui sont le résultat des contributions majeures de la recherche. Ces impacts peuvent être appréhendés à plusieurs niveaux : d'abord avec la transition d'obligations de moyens à une obligation de résultats, couplée à l'intégration de végétations non herbacées dans la surface agricole utile ; dans l'agenda politique ensuite puisque le concours prairies fleuries devient une des actions modèle du projet agroécologique pour la France et atteste des transformations des relations entre agriculture et écologie ; à l'échelle des mondes de l'élevage enfin, puisque des éleveurs jugés peu performants par leurs pairs et comme des pollueurs par la société sont reconnus et distingués comme « producteurs de biodiversité et de produits de qualité» à travers un concours mettant en avant des pratiques agri-écologiques.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Energia para a Sustentabilidade apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia ; O nível de desempenho de um sistema de energia de um país, ou região, pode ser avaliado de acordo com diferentes metodologias de índices. A literatura apresenta uma grande variedade de dimensões e métricas que conseguem ser aplicadas para estimar a segurança energética. Além disso, o conceito de segurança energética aceita diferentes premissas, influenciando a definição das dimensões a serem aplicadas. Um índice de segurança energética que permita a análise detalhada de cada dimensão e premissa pode ser utilizado como uma importante ferramenta nos processos de elaboração de políticas de energia. A América do Sul possui importante papel na geração e fornecimento de energia no cenário mundial, influenciando os níveis de segurança energética globais. Estudos de segurança energética na América do Sul estão especialmente relacionados com a integração dos sistemas de transmissão e distribuição entre os países. Neste trabalho desenvolveu-se uma metodologia adaptada do Energy Trilemma Index, criado pelo World Energy Council, para classificar dez países Sul Americanos de acordo com suas pontuações no período entre 1994 e 2015. Igualmente, este estudo avaliou a evolução de cada país, comparada com seu próprio desempenho em 1994. Traçou-se uma evolução cronológica relacionada aos principais resultados, de forma a contextualizá-los ao período econômico e político. Uma segunda comparação foi realizada entre a América do Sul e os dez melhores países classificados no relatório de 2016 do Energy Trilemma Index. As diferenças entre cada dimensão da segurança energética foram identificadas e políticas de energia do melhor país foram pesquisadas para serem utilizadas como benchmark.Esta dissertação conclui que a segurança energética na região vem melhorando nos últimos anos, impulsionada principalmente pelo aumento no acesso da população à eletricidade, pela diminuição nas importações de energia e pela diversificação da matriz energética. Chile e Argentina são os países com melhores índices, enquanto a Bolívia foi o país que mais melhorou o desempenho no período. Em comparação com os dez melhores países, como esperado, a América do Sul ficou em último lugar em todos os anos, principalmente devido aos seus baixos índices de acesso à eletricidade, eficiência energética e contexto político e econômico. ; The energy system performance level of a country or region can be accessed according to different indexes' methodologies. The literature shows a wide range of dimensions and metrics that can be applied to evaluate the energy security. Also, the energy security concept accepts different assumptions, influencing the dimensions analyzed through the application of indexes. An energy security index that permits the detailed analysis of each dimension and metrics can be used as an important tool in energy policy-making processes. South America plays an important role in the energy generation and supply in world scenario, influencing global energy security levels. To the best of our knowledge, energy security studies applied to South America are specially related to the integration of transmission and distribution systems between countries.This work developed a methodology adapted from the Energy Trilemma Index, created by World Energy Council, to rank ten South American countries according to their energy security scores in the period between 1994 and 2015. Equally, this study evaluated the evolution of each country, compared to its own performance in 1994. A chronological evolution was related to the main results, in order to contextualize them to the economic and political period.A second comparison was made between South America and the ten best countries ranked by the Energy Trilemma Report 2016. The differences among each energy security dimensions were appointed and energy policies in the best country were surveyed to be used as benchmark. This dissertation concluded that the energy security in the region has been improving in the last years, driven by the increase in the electricity access, by the reduction in energy imports and by the diversification of energy mix. Chile and Argentina were the countries with the best indexes, whilst Bolivia was the country that most improved the performance. Comparing to the top ten countries, South America always ranked in the last position, as expected. It was mainly due to the low levels of electricity access, energy efficiency and country context.

Yksilöiden hyvinvointiin liittyvien tekijöiden tunteminen on tärkeää poliittisille päätöksentekijöille sekä yksilöille itselleen. Tästä johtuen monien eri tieteenalojen tutkijat ovat tarkastelleet subjektiiviseen hyvinvointiin vaikuttavia tekijöitä kyselyaineistojen avulla. Viimeisten neljän vuosikymmenen aikana yksi tutkituimmista kysymyksistä on ollut subjektiivisen hyvinvoinnin ja tulojen (makrotasolla BKT:n) välinen yhteys aikasarja-aineistoissa. Tätä kysymystä on tutkittu eri aineistoilla ja erilaisin ekonometrisin menetelmin. Eri menetelmin saadut tutkimustulokset voivat johtaa erilaisiin johtopäätöksiin ja siten erilaisiin politiikkasuosituksiin. Tämä väitöskirja koostuu johdantoluvusta sekä neljästä empiirisestä esseestä, jotka käsittelevät subjektiivista hyvinvointia. Johdantoluvussa keskustellaan empiirisistä malleista, joita on kirjallisuudessa käytetty tulojen ja subjektiivisen hyvinvoinnin välisen yhteyden mallintamiseen. Johdantoluvussa keskitytään erityisesti empiiristen mallien taustalla vallitseviin teoreettisiin implikaatioihin. Suurinta osaa johdantoluvussa käsitellyistä empiirisistä malleista hyödynnetään väitöskirjan empiirisissä esseissä. Väitöskirjan ensimmäinen essee tutkii kokonaistuotannon lyhyen aikavälin vaihteluiden ja subjektiivisen hyvinvoinnin välistä yhteyttä ajassa. Esseessä osoitetaan, että trendikomponentin ympärillä havaittavalla kokonaistuotannon vaihtelulla on parempi selitysaste kuin kokonaistuotannon tasolla. Tämä essee osallistuu myös tieteelliseen keskusteluun Easterlinin paradoksista osoittamalla, että kokonaistuotannon trendikomponentti ei ole yhteydessä subjektiivisen hyvinvoinnin kanssa ajassa. Toinen ja kolmas essee tarkastelevat hedonista adaptaatiota ja tappioiden kaihtamista tulojen ja subjektiivisen hyvinvoinnin välisessä yhteydessä. Toinen essee hyödyntää pisintä saatavilla olevaa makrotason paneeliaineistoa (Eurobarometri) tutkiakseen kuinka positiiviset ja negatiiviset muutokset kokonaistuotannossa ovat eri tavoin yhteydessä subjektiiviseen hyvinvointiin. Toinen essee esittelee myös mallin, joka sallii lyhyen ja pitkän aikavälin vaikutusten erot positiivisten ja negatiivisten kokonaistuotannon muutosten välillä. Kolmas essee hyödyntää yksilötason ja pitkittäisaineistoa ja tutkii näitä epäsymmetrioita yksilötason subjektiivisen hyvinvoinnin mallilla. Neljäs essee tarkastelee pitkän aikavälin yhteyttä varhaisaikuisuudessa koettujen talouskriisien ja myöhemmin elämässä havaitun subjektiivisen hyvinvoinnin välillä. Essee keskittyy kokemuksiin, jotka on koettu ikä-vuosina 18--25. Esseen löydökset viittaavat siihen, että tässä iässä koetut syvät makrotaloudelliset taantumat vaikuttavat myöhemmin elämässä koettuun subjektiiviseen hyvinvointiin negatiivisesti. Negatiivinen yhteys on voimakkain niillä yksilöillä, jotka kuuluvat maansa alhaisimpiin tulodesiileihin. ; Knowledge about factors associated with well-being are important for individuals and for policymakers. For this reason, researchers in many fields have studied the determinants of subjective well-being using survey data. One of the most studied questions during the last forty years has been the existence of a time series relationship between subjective well-being and income, or, at the macro-level, subjective well-being and GDP. This relationship has been studied using different data sets and econometric specifications. The conclusions from different model specifications can be conflicting and thus lead to different policy implications. This thesis consists of an introductory chapter and four empirical essays on subjective well-being. The introductory chapter discusses empirical models that are used in the literature to examine the relationship between income and subjective well-being. The main focus in the introductory chapter is to study the theoretical implications behind these empirical models. Most of the models discussed in the introductory chapter are utilised in the empirical essays. The first essay examines the relationship between output fluctuations and subjective well-being over time. It is shown that fluctuations around the trend component of output have more explanatory power than the level of output. Furthermore, this essay also contributes to the discussion about the Easterlin paradox by showing that the trend component of output is not associated with the level of subjective well-being over time. The second and third essays examine hedonic adaptation and loss aversion in the relationship between income and subjective well-being. The second essay utilises the longest continuous panel data available at the macro-level (Eurobarometer) to examine how positive and negative changes in output are differently associated with subjective well-being. Furthermore, the second essay presents a model where the long- and short-run relationships between output and subjective well-being are allowed to vary between positive and negative output changes. The third essay uses longitudinal data on individuals to incorporate these asymmetries into an individual level model of subjective well-being. The fourth essay examines the long-run relationship between macroeconomic crisis experienced in early adulthood and subjective well-being later in life. This essay focuses on the long-run effects of experiences faced at the formative ages of 18--25. Findings imply that severe macro-economic downturns experienced at this age affect subjective well-being negatively in later life. The negative association is strongest in the lower end of a country's income distribution.

Contagion phenomenon, efficiency hypothesis and spillover effects are amongst the most important economic theories as they provide an overall vision of the financial stability, yet the least understood in the aftermath of the recent crises. This thesis proposes to provide policy makers, investors and broadly market participants with an updated outlook of the dynamic behavior of the global sovereign Credit Default Swaps (CDS) markets: informational efficiency, interaction with other international financial markets and systemic-risk exposure. The steadily changing dynamics of these markets combined with the constantly evolving regulatory policies have led to a shared worldwide enthusiasm regarding the behavioral study of CDS markets, in which we contribute through five interconnected essays. We first discuss, in the first essay, the statistical characteristics of the sovereign CDS data, through the estimation of 9 GARCH-class models. This chapter compares the predictability performances of several linear and non-linear volatility models taking into consideration different financial stylized facts. Application on CDS spreads of 38 countries reveals that the forecasting power of these models depends on their ability to capture sovereign CDS features while estimating the variance process. Yet, the fractionally-integrated models outperform the basic GARCH-class models due to the allowed flexibility regarding the persistence degree of the variance shocks. These results are used to jointly model returns and volatility of CDS spreads in the forthcoming essays.The second essay also investigates the financial characteristics of the international sovereign CDS markets, by giving new evidences on their efficiency degrees. Using a new framework based on a 3-step estimation of a VECM-FIGARCH model, we show that information contained in CDS spreads and bond yields are not always instantaneously and properly reflected in the current sovereign risk level. Results reveal the existence of arbitrage opportunities with a partial rejection of the randomness hypothesis in some of the 37 studied countries. While the previous essay used the conditional expectation of CDS spreads to study the market behavior, the next essays rather focus on the properties of the variance and covariance. The predictability of sovereign CDS volatility, based on the information contained in some country-specific and global macroeconomic factors, is investigated in the third chapter [etc.] ; Le phénomène de contagion, les hypothèses d'efficience et les transferts de volatilité sont parmi les théories économiques les plus importantes, car elles fournissent une vision globale sur la stabilité financière. Or, elles restent les moins comprises depuis les récentes crises récentes. Ainsi, cette thèse propose de fournir aux régulateurs économiques, aux investisseurs et aux acteurs du marché financier une vision actualisée du comportement dynamique des marchés mondiaux des Credit Default Swaps (CDS): efficacité informationnelle, interaction avec d'autres marchés financiers internationaux et exposition au risque systémique. La dynamique en constante mutation de ces marchés associée à l'évolution constante des politiques de réglementation a suscité un enthousiasme mondial pour l'étude comportementale des marchés des CDS, auquel nous contribuons à travers cinq essais interconnectés. Nous discutons, dans le premier essai, les faits stylisés des données des CDS souverains à travers l'estimation de 9 modèles de type GARCH. Ce chapitre compare les performances de plusieurs modèles prédictifs de volatilité linéaire et non linéaire et prenant en compte différentes caractéristiques financières des séries statistiques. L'application de ces modèles aux spreads de CDS de 38 pays révèle que le pouvoir prédictif de ces modèles dépend de leur capacité à capturer les faits stylisés des CDS souverains pendant l'estimation du processus de la variance. En effet, les modèles GARCH fractionnellement intégrés surpassent les modèles GARCH de base en termes de prévision, en raison de la flexibilité accordée au degré de persistance des chocs de variance. Ces résultats sont utilisés pour modéliser conjointement les rendements et la volatilité des spreads de CDS dans l'ensemble des prochains essais. Le deuxième essai examine également les caractéristiques financières des marchés internationaux des CDS souverains, en donnant de nouvelles preuves sur leurs degrés d'efficacité. En utilisant un nouveau cadre économétrique basé sur une estimation du modèle VECM-FIGARCH en trois étapes, nous montrons que les informations contenues dans les spreads de CDS et les rendements des obligations sous-jacentes ne sont pas toujours reflétées instantanément et correctement dans le niveau du risque souverain. Les résultats révèlent l'existence d'opportunités d'arbitrage avec un rejet partiel de l'hypothèse de marche au hasard dans plusieurs des 37 pays étudiés [etc.]

Contagion phenomenon, efficiency hypothesis and spillover effects are amongst the most important economic theories as they provide an overall vision of the financial stability, yet the least understood in the aftermath of the recent crises. This thesis proposes to provide policy makers, investors and broadly market participants with an updated outlook of the dynamic behavior of the global sovereign Credit Default Swaps (CDS) markets: informational efficiency, interaction with other international financial markets and systemic-risk exposure. The steadily changing dynamics of these markets combined with the constantly evolving regulatory policies have led to a shared worldwide enthusiasm regarding the behavioral study of CDS markets, in which we contribute through five interconnected essays. We first discuss, in the first essay, the statistical characteristics of the sovereign CDS data, through the estimation of 9 GARCH-class models. This chapter compares the predictability performances of several linear and non-linear volatility models taking into consideration different financial stylized facts. Application on CDS spreads of 38 countries reveals that the forecasting power of these models depends on their ability to capture sovereign CDS features while estimating the variance process. Yet, the fractionally-integrated models outperform the basic GARCH-class models due to the allowed flexibility regarding the persistence degree of the variance shocks. These results are used to jointly model returns and volatility of CDS spreads in the forthcoming essays.The second essay also investigates the financial characteristics of the international sovereign CDS markets, by giving new evidences on their efficiency degrees. Using a new framework based on a 3-step estimation of a VECM-FIGARCH model, we show that information contained in CDS spreads and bond yields are not always instantaneously and properly reflected in the current sovereign risk level. Results reveal the existence of arbitrage opportunities with a partial rejection of the randomness hypothesis in some of the 37 studied countries. While the previous essay used the conditional expectation of CDS spreads to study the market behavior, the next essays rather focus on the properties of the variance and covariance. The predictability of sovereign CDS volatility, based on the information contained in some country-specific and global macroeconomic factors, is investigated in the third chapter [etc.] ; Le phénomène de contagion, les hypothèses d'efficience et les transferts de volatilité sont parmi les théories économiques les plus importantes, car elles fournissent une vision globale sur la stabilité financière. Or, elles restent les moins comprises depuis les récentes crises récentes. Ainsi, cette thèse propose de fournir aux régulateurs économiques, aux investisseurs et aux acteurs du marché financier une vision actualisée du comportement dynamique des marchés mondiaux des Credit Default Swaps (CDS): efficacité informationnelle, interaction avec d'autres marchés financiers internationaux et exposition au risque systémique. La dynamique en constante mutation de ces marchés associée à l'évolution constante des politiques de réglementation a suscité un enthousiasme mondial pour l'étude comportementale des marchés des CDS, auquel nous contribuons à travers cinq essais interconnectés. Nous discutons, dans le premier essai, les faits stylisés des données des CDS souverains à travers l'estimation de 9 modèles de type GARCH. Ce chapitre compare les performances de plusieurs modèles prédictifs de volatilité linéaire et non linéaire et prenant en compte différentes caractéristiques financières des séries statistiques. L'application de ces modèles aux spreads de CDS de 38 pays révèle que le pouvoir prédictif de ces modèles dépend de leur capacité à capturer les faits stylisés des CDS souverains pendant l'estimation du processus de la variance. En effet, les modèles GARCH fractionnellement intégrés surpassent les modèles GARCH de base en termes de prévision, en raison de la flexibilité accordée au degré de persistance des chocs de variance. Ces résultats sont utilisés pour modéliser conjointement les rendements et la volatilité des spreads de CDS dans l'ensemble des prochains essais. Le deuxième essai examine également les caractéristiques financières des marchés internationaux des CDS souverains, en donnant de nouvelles preuves sur leurs degrés d'efficacité. En utilisant un nouveau cadre économétrique basé sur une estimation du modèle VECM-FIGARCH en trois étapes, nous montrons que les informations contenues dans les spreads de CDS et les rendements des obligations sous-jacentes ne sont pas toujours reflétées instantanément et correctement dans le niveau du risque souverain. Les résultats révèlent l'existence d'opportunités d'arbitrage avec un rejet partiel de l'hypothèse de marche au hasard dans plusieurs des 37 pays étudiés [etc.]

Проаналізовано патології в системі державного управління за роки відновлення незалежності Української держави. Запропоновано підходи щодо підвищення дієвості реалізації державного управління в Україні за умов прояву зовнішніх та внутрішніх загроз і викликів сучасності. ; Problem setting. After regaining its independence in 1991, Ukraine embarked on a legal, socially oriented, democratic state with a developed civil society. However, on the way, in addition to its achievements, significant losses of domestic statehood were revealed, due not only to the complexity and historical long-term nature of the process of building the Ukrainian state, but also to the lack of a coherent strategy for its radical reform program, but also to the deviant performance and deficiencies of public administration in solving the vital problems of public life.Recent research and publications analysis. According to historical experience, at the stage of development of states, pathologies in public administration are often found, which are systematic deviations in the performance of state authorities and ultimately lead to failures in achieving the declared goals and objectives. Consideration of deviations and consequences of these deviations, namely pathologies in public administration in general and in certain areas of it in particular, was the subject of the research made by either domestic scientists and by foreign scientists.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. Despite the considerable scientific achievements in this area, the issue of the exposure of possible pathologies in public administration of modern Ukraine is still insufficiently studied in Ukrainian science.The paper objective is to analyze the factors of pathologies in public administration and to find ways of eliminating their influence both on socio-political, socio-economic relations in our country, and on the state policy, which subordinates all spheres of public life to its goals.Paper main body. The author's determination of the definition of deviations in public administration is suggested: "pathologies in public administration – are the causes of chronic failure to achieve the set goals or their achievement with significant resource losses that pose a special danger for the development of the state and social communities" and presents the own integrated classification of these pathologies, which is composed of five groups of factors.The first in the suggested classification are dysfunctions of public administration, in the concept of which there is usually invested the understanding of the incorrect (or incomplete) implementation of a specific function, or a functional violation of the qualitative nature of the action of any body of public authorities. Dysfunctional factors include: technical ineffectiveness of performers; bureaucracy; corruption; lobbyism; the stagnation of administrative activity; application of the technology of "soft", "reasonable" and "hard" force.The second group of factors includes a defect of public administration, i.e. ineffective, false, as well as untimely adopted managerial decisions of the state, the execution or non-fulfilment of which is caused by crises and conflicts in the state. In addition to these decisions, we add to the defects of public administration the influence of external management on our state and the types of managerial paradigms.To the third group of factors of the imbalances in public administration refer difficulties with the implementation by the system of government authorities of its standard functions in the complicated and rapidly changing conditions of the present; insufficient flexibility of public administration mechanisms; appearance in the part of society of the states of anomy and nihilism; significant budget deficit; inadequate logical implementation (or realization) of the declared and promised reforms to the society.The next group of factors includes the risks in public administration, which have a significant potential impact on the entire system as a whole and its subsystems in particular. The risks include not only the role of reputation risks but also the unprofessional nature of the managerial elite and performers as well as the level of their patriotism.The last component of the government's pathologies in this classification is its uncertainty, which should be understood as the objective individual limitations of human capabilities to fully cover and perceive the points of origin of bifurcations and the further development of probable scenarios of this management. These include: the lack of sufficient information, populism and the state of the "choice without a choice."Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Specific approaches are suggested for increasing the effectiveness of the implementation of public administration in Ukraine in the conditions of the appearance of external and internal threats and challenges of our time.

This research describes and analyzes the process of implementing a restorative justice system within the juvenile justice system. The project is part of the general policy of the ministry of justice and particularly that of the Direction territorial de la protection judiciaire de la jeunesse (DTPJJ). He is one of the first to be experimented at the national level with the aim of holding restorative conferences, in face to face meetings between offenders and victims, accompanied by their relatives and in the presence of a facilitator or mediator. The expert appraisal involved two entities of the ministry of justice, the hight court of Caen and the Service territorial éducatif de milieu ouvert (STEMO) and three associations that are Association de contrôle judiciaire et médiation (ACJM), Centre d'informations sur les droits des femmes et des familles (CIDFF) which are victim support and Association de thérapie familiale et systémique (ATFS).The experiment was only able to stop at a single restorative conference between a young person who had broken into a school and the director of that school. It led to the conclusion of a repair plan proposed by minor and accepted by the victim then recorded in a report and validated by the mediator.The present work presents the lessons of an immersion through active participation in the various phases of the project from the signing of the initial protocol to the various review meeting of the process. This involvement based on the lessons learned from my previous participation in the program of restorative justice in Côte d'Ivoire allowed me to carry out an in depth ethnographic survey.After having located the socio-political issues related to the international implementation of practices of restorative justice and restituted the lessons of my Ivorian experience, I analyze the unfolding of the Caen experience in an open theoretical framework refered to the sociology of translation and economic of greatness.This set comes in my opinion to document the following question: Can one despite the delays and difficulties inherent in the establishment of a social innovation such as restorative justice bet on the beneficial effects of a mediated meeting between the protagonists of offense? ; Cette recherche décrit et analyse le processus de mise en œuvre d'un dispositif de justice restaurative au sein du système de justice des mineurs. Le projet s'inscrit dans la politique générale du Ministère de la justice et particulièrement de celle de la Direction territoriale de la protection judiciaire de la jeunesse (DTPJJ). Il est l'un des premiers à être expérimenté sur le plan national avec pour objectif la tenue de conférences restauratives, c'est-à-dire des rencontres en face à face entre infracteurs et victimes, accompagnés de leurs proches et en présence d'un facilitateur ou médiateur. L'expérimentation a associé deux entités du Ministère de la justice, le tribunal de grande instance de Caen et le Service Territorial éducatif de milieu ouvert (STEMO) et trois entités du milieu associatif que sont l'ACJM, le CIDFF qui sont des services d'aide aux victimes et l'Association de thérapie familiale systémique (ATFS).L'expérimentation n'a pu déboucher que sur une seule conférence restaurative entre un jeune, auteur d'un vol avec effraction dans une école et la directrice de cet établissement. Elle a abouti à la conclusion d'un plan de réparation proposé par le mineur et accepté par la victime puis consigné dans un rapport et validé par le médiateur.Le présent travail restitue les enseignements d'une immersion par participation active aux différentes phases du projet, depuis la signature du protocole initial jusqu'aux différentes réunions de bilan du processus. Cette implication, assise sur les enseignements tirés de ma participation antérieure à un programme de justice restaurative en Côte d'Ivoire, m'a permis d'effectuer une enquête ethnographique approfondie.Après avoir situé les enjeux socio-politiques liés à l'implantation internationale de pratiques de justice restaurative et restitué les enseignements de mon expérience Ivoirienne, j'analyse le déroulement de l'expérience caennaise dans un cadre théorique ouvert référé à la sociologie de la traduction et aux économies de la grandeur.Cet ensemble vient selon moi documenter la question suivante : peut-on, malgré les lenteurs et difficultés inhérentes à l'instauration d'une innovation sociale telle que la justice restaurative parier sur les effets bénéfiques d'une rencontre médiée entre les protagonistes d'une infraction ?

Цель. Целью статьи является изучение младенческой смертности на Южном Урале в 1930-е годы и установление её причин. Актуальность исследуемой проблемы связана с трудностями решения демографических проблем в стране и с политикой государства по защите материнства и детства.Метод и методология проведения работы. Основу исследования составляют историко-сравнительный и историко-системный методы, а также критический анализ.Результаты. Младенческая смертность является самым существенным признаком демографического спада среди населения. Рассматриваемый период стал одним из самых сложных в истории нашего народа, так как сопровождался крупными экономическими, социальными и политическими процессами, повлиявшими на снижение естественного прироста среди населения. На основе анализа материалов центральных и местных архивов, статистических сведений смертности 1930-х гг. в регионе авторы составили погодную динамику численности смертей среди детей до 1 года и пришли к выводу, что причинами высокой смертности в начале 1930-х гг. стали не только политические процессы в обществе, а в первую очередь голод 1932–1933 гг. Авторами доказано, что для населения Южного Урала в 1930-е гг. уровень смертности детей до 1 года был высоким не только по отношению к численности населения региона, но и для страны в целом. По количеству младенческих смертей в рассматриваемом регионе лидировала Челябинская область, особенно среди городского населения. Это было связано с высоким уровнем численности населения, преобладанием городского населения над сельским, потребностями индустриализации, т.е. тяжелым физическим трудом женщин, недостаточно развитой системой здравоохранения.В результате исследования установлены и раскрыты основные причины высокой младенческой смертности в 1930-е гг. на Южном Урале. Несмотря на меры, предпринятые государством по поддержке материнства и детства, младенческая смертность на Южном Урале продолжает оставаться на высоком уровне, растет количество нелегальных абортов, инфекционных заболеваний в летние месяцы, не хватает медицинских специалистов.Область применения результатов. Результаты исследования могут быть применены при решении современных проблем младенческой смертности, органами учета и статистики. ; Purpose. The purpose of this paper is to study infant mortality in the southern Urals in the 1930 years and the establishment of its causes. The relevance of the researched problem is connected with difficulties of solving demographic problems in the country and the policy of the state to protect motherhood and childhood.Methodology. Basis of research is historical and comparative and historical and systematic methods and critical analysis.Results. Infant mortality is the most significant symptom of demographic decline among the population. This period has been one of the most difficult in the history of our nation, as it was accompanied by major economic, social and political processes that influenced the decline of natural increase among the population. Based on the analysis of Central and local archives, statistical information of mortality of the 1930 years in the region, the authors made the weather dynamics of the number of deaths among children under 1 year and came to the conclusion that the causes of high mortality in the early 1930 years were not only the political processes in society, and especially the famine of 1932–1933 years. The authors have proved that the population of the southern Urals in the 1930 years the mortality rate of children under 1 year was high, not only in relation to the population of the region but for the country as a whole. The number of child deaths in the region was the leader Chelyabinsk region, especially among the urban population. This was due to the high level of population, the predominance of urban population over the rural, the needs of industrialization, that is heavy physical labour of women, weak health care system. By the middle of the period under review, despite the measures taken by the state for the support of motherhood and childhood, the infant mortality rate in the southern Urals remains at a high level, increasing the number of illegal abortions, infectious diseases in the summer months, not enough health care professionals.The study established and revealed the main reasons for high infant mortality in the 1930 years in the southern Urals. Despite the measures taken by the state for the support of motherhood and childhood, the infant mortality rate in the southern Urals remains at a high level, increasing the number of illegal abortions, infectious diseases in the summer months, not enough health care professionals.Practical implications. The results of the study can be applied in solving contemporary problems of infant mortality, bodies of accounting and statistics.

Проаналізовано патології в системі державного управління за роки відновлення незалежності Української держави. Запропоновано підходи щодо підвищення дієвості реалізації державного управління в Україні за умов прояву зовнішніх та внутрішніх загроз і викликів сучасності. ; Problem setting. After regaining its independence in 1991, Ukraine embarked on a legal, socially oriented, democratic state with a developed civil society. However, on the way, in addition to its achievements, significant losses of domestic statehood were revealed, due not only to the complexity and historical long-term nature of the process of building the Ukrainian state, but also to the lack of a coherent strategy for its radical reform program, but also to the deviant performance and deficiencies of public administration in solving the vital problems of public life.Recent research and publications analysis. According to historical experience, at the stage of development of states, pathologies in public administration are often found, which are systematic deviations in the performance of state authorities and ultimately lead to failures in achieving the declared goals and objectives. Consideration of deviations and consequences of these deviations, namely pathologies in public administration in general and in certain areas of it in particular, was the subject of the research made by either domestic scientists and by foreign scientists.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. Despite the considerable scientific achievements in this area, the issue of the exposure of possible pathologies in public administration of modern Ukraine is still insufficiently studied in Ukrainian science.The paper objective is to analyze the factors of pathologies in public administration and to find ways of eliminating their influence both on socio-political, socio-economic relations in our country, and on the state policy, which subordinates all spheres of public life to its goals.Paper main body. The author's determination of the definition of deviations in public administration is suggested: "pathologies in public administration – are the causes of chronic failure to achieve the set goals or their achievement with significant resource losses that pose a special danger for the development of the state and social communities" and presents the own integrated classification of these pathologies, which is composed of five groups of factors.The first in the suggested classification are dysfunctions of public administration, in the concept of which there is usually invested the understanding of the incorrect (or incomplete) implementation of a specific function, or a functional violation of the qualitative nature of the action of any body of public authorities. Dysfunctional factors include: technical ineffectiveness of performers; bureaucracy; corruption; lobbyism; the stagnation of administrative activity; application of the technology of "soft", "reasonable" and "hard" force.The second group of factors includes a defect of public administration, i.e. ineffective, false, as well as untimely adopted managerial decisions of the state, the execution or non-fulfilment of which is caused by crises and conflicts in the state. In addition to these decisions, we add to the defects of public administration the influence of external management on our state and the types of managerial paradigms.To the third group of factors of the imbalances in public administration refer difficulties with the implementation by the system of government authorities of its standard functions in the complicated and rapidly changing conditions of the present; insufficient flexibility of public administration mechanisms; appearance in the part of society of the states of anomy and nihilism; significant budget deficit; inadequate logical implementation (or realization) of the declared and promised reforms to the society.The next group of factors includes the risks in public administration, which have a significant potential impact on the entire system as a whole and its subsystems in particular. The risks include not only the role of reputation risks but also the unprofessional nature of the managerial elite and performers as well as the level of their patriotism.The last component of the government's pathologies in this classification is its uncertainty, which should be understood as the objective individual limitations of human capabilities to fully cover and perceive the points of origin of bifurcations and the further development of probable scenarios of this management. These include: the lack of sufficient information, populism and the state of the "choice without a choice."Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Specific approaches are suggested for increasing the effectiveness of the implementation of public administration in Ukraine in the conditions of the appearance of external and internal threats and challenges of our time.

Die Anbindehaltung von Rindern wird von der Gesellschaft kritisch gesehen und stellt gemäß dem Stand der wissenschaftlichen Beurteilung kein tiergerechtes Haltungsverfahren dar. Als besonders problematisch gilt die ganzjährige Anbindehaltung, bei der die Tiere das gesamte Jahr über im Anbindestand stehen und keinen Zugang zur Weide oder einem Auslauf haben. Das Thünen-Institut für Betriebswirtschaft wurde vom BMEL beauftragt, die Folgen eines Verbots der ganzjährigen Anbindehaltung von Milchkühen (bei gesetzter 10-jähriger Übergangsfrist) abzuschätzen. Aufgrund des Strukturwandels würde sich die Zahl der ganzjährigen Anbindehaltungen von den für das Jahr 2010 ermittelten Werten (31.500 Betriebe, 650.000 Kühe) bis zum Jahr 2027 auf 13.500 Betriebe mit rund 270.000 Milchkühen reduzieren. Diese Betriebe wären von einem Verbot betroffen. In der Struktur sind sie vergleichsweise klein, auf die Milchviehhaltung spezialisiert und verfügen oftmals über andere Einkommen neben der Landwirtschaft. Besonders hohe Anteile ganzjähriger Anbindehaltungen sind in Bayern und Baden-Württemberg zu finden. Betriebe mit ganzjähriger Anbindehaltung haben verschiedene Möglichkeiten, ihr Haltungsverfahren tiergerechter zu gestalten: Angebot von Weidegang, Bau eines Laufhofes, Umbau des Anbindestalls zum Laufstall und Neubau eines Laufstalls. Die Umsetzbarkeit dieser Maßnahmen hängt in einem hohen Maße von den standortspezifischen Bedingungen und betrieblichen Bedin-gungen ab. Dementsprechend variieren die Kosten je Kuhplatz für diese Maßnahmen. Bei einer Berechnung der Kostenänderungen in Cent/kg Milch wurden Kostenerhöhungen eines Ausstiegs aus der ganzjährigen Anbindehaltung von 0,26 bis 13,42 ct/kg Milch für die betroffenen Betriebe ermittelt. Bei einem durchschnittlichen Auszahlungspreis der Molkereien von 27,2 ct/kg Milch im Jahr 2016 und 36,6 ct/kg im Jahr 2017 kann ein Verbot der ganzjährigen Anbindehaltung für die betroffenen Betriebe somit erhebliche Auswirkungen auf die Rentabilität haben. Um die negativen Auswirkungen eines Verbots der ganzjährigen Anbindehaltung auf die Wirtschaftlichkeit der Betriebe zu reduzieren, können verschiedene Fördermaßnahmen eingesetzt werden. Insbesondere das Agrarinvestitionsförderungsprogramm (AFP), tierbezogene Weideprämien sowie Beratungsmaßnahmen kommen hierfür in Frage. Die öffentlichen Mittel für eine flankierende Förderung innerhalb des Übergangszeitraums von 10 Jahren wurden auf insgesamt 222 bzw. 287 Mio. Euro geschätzt Diese Ausgaben ließen sich grundsätzlich mit den im Rahmen der zweiten Säule der EU-Agrarpolitik zur Verfügung stehenden Mittel finanzieren. Es ist zu erwarten, dass ein Verbot der ganzjährigen Anbindehaltung auch mit einer flankierenden Förderung zu einer Beschleunigung des Strukturwandels führt. Ein sozialverträgliches Verbot der ganzjährigen Anbindehaltung setzt voraus, dass eine ausreichende Übergangszeit zur Anpassung der Betriebe gewährt wird, das Verbot mit attraktiven Fördermaßnahmen flankiert wird und ggf. Härtefallregeln für auslaufende Betriebe angewendet werden. ; Tethering of cattle is viewed critically by society and, according to scientific assessment, does not constitute a welfare-friendly husbandry method. Permanent tethering, with the animals standing tied up in their stalls the entire year without access to pasture or an outdoor yard, is particularly problematic. The Thünen Institute of Farm Economics was commissioned by the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL) to assess the consequences of a ban on the year-round tethering of dairy cows (with a 10-year transitional period) for Germany. Due to structural changes, permanent tethering of dairy cows would be reduced from 2010 esti-mates (31,500 farms; 650,000 cows) to 13,500 farms with around 270,000 dairy cows by the year 2027. These are the farms which would be affected by a potential ban. They are comparatively small, specialised in dairy farming and often have other income sources besides agriculture. Par-ticularly high shares of farms with permanent tethering can be found in Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg. Farms with year-round tethering have various options to improve animal welfare: provision of pasture access, construction of an outdoor yard, conversion of the tie-stall to loose housing and construction of a new loose housing. The feasibility of these measures depends to a large extent on site-specific conditions and the situation on the farm. Accordingly, the costs per cow for these measures vary. In a calculation of cost changes in cents per kg milk, cost increases of 0.26 to 13.42 ct/kg milk to cease permanent tethering were determined for the farms concerned. With an average price paid out by dairies of 27.2 ct/kg milk in 2016 and 36.6 ct/kg in 2017, a ban on year-round tethering can therefore have a significant impact on profitability for the holdings con-cerned. A number of support measures can be used in order to reduce the negative effects of such ban on the economic profitability of farms. In particular, farm investment support ('modernisation of agricultural holdings'), animal-welfare grazing premiums and advisory measures are suitable. The public funding necessary for support during the transitional period of 10 years was estimated at 222 to 287 million Euros, respectively. These expenditures could in principle be financed by means of the second pillar (the Rural Development Programmes) of the EU's Common Agricultur-al Policy. It is to be expected that even with accompanying support, a ban on permanent tethering will accelerate structural change. A socially acceptable prohibition of permanent tethering requires an adequate transitional period, attractive support measures for the restructuring of the affected dairy farms and, if applicable, that hardship rules be applied to farms that are being phased out.

The importance of the research, science and innovation as the key factors in prosperity is becoming increasingly relevant because humanity is on the verge of a new wave of transformational innovations, a new era in which digital technology is ever closer to the physical world. There is an urgent need to prioritize investments and to fill the gap with breakthrough innovations. It is important to formulate regulatory frameworks that will encourage, but not interfere innovation, and promote business innovation and business environments. A better understanding of the changes inthedynamics of science, research and innovation and their impact on the country will strengthen the response toarapidly changing world, providing timely interference in the formation of innovation policy. The article presents themain features of nature of innovation changing: speed, complexity, concentration of benefits, consumers, costs. Identified and noted the most influential problems that hamper innovation development: hardware frameworks, blocked problems, inefficient multilevel governance. The advantages of introducing the concept of smart specialization intheregions are highlighted: the study of new market opportunities, the formation of easy knowledge sharing between different fields of knowledge, the use of appropriate diversity in the fields of knowledge, incentives for structural adjustment of the economy through the introduction of innovative practices in the economy and society. The innovation management model based on the interaction of Triple Helix, as synergy between all the innovation-related areas ofsocial activity: research institutions, business, and government on regional level is presented. Social innovations asan instrument for implementing complex inter-sectorial interactions within the framework of strategies for sustainable development and economic growth of the region are noted. ; Важность исследования, науки и инноваций в качестве ключевых факторов процветания приобретает все большую актуальность из-за того, что человечество находится на пороге новой волны трансформационных нововведений, новой эпохи, где цифровые технологии все больше сближаются с физическим миром. Существует острая необходимость в определении приоритетов в инвестициях и заполнении пробелов, связанных спрорывными инновациями. Важно сформировать регуляторные рамки, поощрять, а не мешать инновациям, атакже способствовать инновационной и деловой средам бизнеса. Лучшее понимание изменения динамики науки, исследований и инноваций и их влияния на страну позволит усилить реакцию набыстроизменяющийся мир, обеспечивая своевременное вмешательство в формирование инновационной политики. В статье обозначены современные тенденции и представлены основные черты изменения характера инноваций: скорость, сложность, концентрация преимуществ, потребители, расходы. Выявлены и раскрыты проблемы с наибольшим влиянием, которые сдерживают инновационное развитие: аппаратные рамки, заблокированность проблем, неэффективное многоуровневое управление. Сформированы преимущества внедрения концепции смарт-специализации врегионах: исследование новых рынков возможностей, формирование легкого обмена знаниями между различными сферами знаний, использования соответствующим разнообразием в областях знаний, побуждение к структурной перестройке экономики путем внедрения инновационных практик в экономике и обществе. Раскрыты особенности применения внедрения модели управления инновационным развитием на основе взаимодействия Triple Helix, то есть синергии между всеми, связанными с инновациями сферами общественной деятельности – исследовательскими учреждениями, бизнесом, государственными институтами на региональном уровне. Представлены социальные инновации как инструмент реализации сложных межсекторальных взаимодействий в рамках стратегий устойчивого развития и экономического роста региона. ; Важливість дослідження, науки та інновацій, як ключових чинників процвітання, набуває все більшої актуальності через те, що людство знаходиться на порозі нової хвилі трансформаційних нововведень, нової епохи, де цифрові технології все більше зближаються з фізичним світом. Існує гостра необхідність у визначенні пріоритетів у інвестиціях та заповненні прогалин у зв'язку з проривними інноваціями. Важливо сформувати регуляторні рамки, які заохочуватимуть, а не заважатимуть інноваціям, а також сприятимуть інноваційному та діловому середовищам бізнесу. Краще розуміння зміни динаміки науки, досліджень та інновацій та їх впливу накраїну дозволить посилити реакцію на швидкозмінний світ, забезпечуючи цим своєчасне втручання уформування інноваційної політики. У статті окреслені сучасні тенденції та представлені основні риси зміни характеру інновацій: швидкість, складність, концентрація переваг, споживачі, витрати. Виявлені та розкриті найвпливовіші проблеми, що стримують інноваційний розвиток: апаратні рамки, заблоковані проблеми, неефективне багаторівневе управління. Сформовані переваги впровадження концепції смарт-спеціалізації урегіонах: дослідження нових ринків можливостей, формування легкого обміну знаннями між різними сферами знань, використання відповідним розмаїттям у сферах знань, спонукання до структурної перебудови економіки шляхом запровадження інноваційних практик в економіці та суспільстві. Розкриті особливості застосування впровадження моделі управління інноваційним розвитком на основі взаємодії Triple Helix, тобто синергії між усіма, пов'язаними з інноваціями сферами суспільної діяльності – дослідницькими установами, бізнесом, державними інститутами на регіональному рівні. Представлені соціальні інновації як інструмент реалізації складних міжсекторальних взаємодій у межах стратегій сталого розвитку та економічного зростаннярегіону.