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The purpose of this report is to inform practitioners on gender dynamics in Bolivia as they relate to natural resource management and climate change. This is done to provide new knowledge for mainstreaming gender into rural development projects. The aim is to go beyond general gender assumptions and provide more detailed empirical knowledge on differentiated gender roles and the relative access of women and men to resources. The report will demonstrate that women and men in rural Bolivia have many different roles and opportunities, which are not equally distributed. The paper will also show that these roles are changing as a result of both general development trends and climate change. Further, evidence demonstrates that women and men experience vulnerability and adapt to climate change differently. As a result, rural development and adaptation strategies should integrate the relative capacities of women and men and respond to their particular needs. This will help avoid counterproductive out comes that widen gender gaps and allow for more sustainable, pro-poor rural development. This report will begin by introducing the methodology and case study regions. It will then examine in detail the specific roles of women and men in rural Bolivia. Next it will look at the gendered access to and control over resources and how gender roles, access and control are changing as a result of climate change. The report will finish with some general conclusions and specific recommendations for development practitioners in rural Bolivia.

International Journal of Innovation - IJI completes 7 yearsInternational Journal of Innovation - IJI has now 7 years old! In this editorial comment, we not only want to talk about our evolution but get even closer to the IJI community. It is our first editorial comment, a new IJI's communication channel. Some of the changes are already described on our website.IJI is an innovation-focused journal that was created to support scientific research and thereby contribute to practice. Also, IJI was born internationally, receiving and supporting research from around the world. We welcome articles in Portuguese, English, and Spanish.We have published eight volumes in IJI since 2013, totaling 131 articles. Our journal is indexed in: Dialnet and Red Iberoamericana de Innovación y Conocimiento Científico; Ebsco Host; Erih Plus; Gale - Cengage Learning; Latindex; Proquest; Redalyc; Web of Science Core Collection (Emerging Sources Citation Index), among others. We provide free access "open access" to all its content. Articles can be read, downloaded, copied, distributed, printed and / or searched.We want to emphasize that none of this would be possible without the authors that recognized in IJI a relevant journal to publicize their work. Nor can we fail to mention the tireless and voluntary action of the reviewers, always contributing to the articles' improvement and skilling up our journal, more and more.All editors who passed through IJI have a fundamental role in this trajectory. And, none of this would be possible without the editorial team of Uninove. Everyone who passed and the current team. We want to express that our work as current editors of IJI would not be possible without you. Changes in the Intenational Journal of Innovation – IJIAs we mentioned earlier, IJI was born in 2013. And, over time, we are improving its structure always to improve it. In this section, we want to show some changes we made. We intend that editorial comments become a communication channel and that they can help our readers, authors, and reviewers to keep up with these changes.Although IJI is a comprehensive Innovation journal, one of the changes we want to inform you is that now, at the time of submission, the author will choose one of the available topics that best suit your article. The themes are: Innovative Entrepreneurship; Innovation and Learning; Innovation and Sustainability; Internationalization of Innovation; Innovation Systems; Emerging Innovation Themes and; Digital Transformation. Below, we present each theme so that everyone can get to know them:Innovative Entrepreneurship: emerging markets provided dynamic advantages for small businesses and their entrepreneurs to exploit the supply flows of resources, capacities, and knowledge-based on strategies oriented to the management of innovation. Topics covered in this theme include, for example: resources and capabilities that support innovative entrepreneurship; innovation habitats (Universities, Science and Technology Parks, Incubators and Accelerators) and their influences on the development of knowledge-intensive spin-offs and start-ups; open innovation, triple/quadruple helix, knowledge transfer, effectuation, bricolage and co-creation of value in knowledge-intensive entrepreneurship ecosystems; and adequate public policies to support innovative entrepreneurship.Innovation and Learning: discussions on this topic focus on the relationship between learning and innovation as topics with the potential to improve teaching and learning. They also focus on ways in which we acquire knowledge through innovation and how knowledge encourages new forms of innovation. Topics covered in this theme include, for example: innovative projects for learning; innovation-oriented learning; absorptive capacity; innovation in organizational learning and knowledge creation; unlearning and learning for technological innovation; new learning models; dynamics of innovation and learning; skills and innovation.Innovation and Sustainability: discussions on this topic seek to promote the development of innovation with a focus on sustainability, encouraging new ways of thinking about sustainable development issues. Topics covered in this theme include, for example: development of new sustainable products; circular economy; reverse logistic; smart cities; technological changes for sustainable development; innovation and health in the scope of sustainability; sustainable innovation and policies; innovation and education in sustainability and social innovation.Internationalization of Innovation: the rise of developing countries as an innovation center and their new nomenclature for emerging markets have occupied an important place in the international research agenda on global innovation and Research and Development (RD) strategies. Topics covered in this theme include, for example: resources and capabilities that support the internationalization of innovation and RD; global and local innovation and RD strategies; reverse innovation; internationalization of start-ups and digital companies; development of low-cost products, processes and services with a high-value offer internationalized to foreign markets; innovations at the base of the pyramid, disruptive and/or frugal developed and adopted in emerging markets and replicated in international markets; institutional factors that affect firms' innovation efforts in emerging markets.Innovation Systems: regulation and public policies define the institutional environment to drive innovation. Topics include industrial policy, technological trends and macroeconomic performance; investment ecosystem for the development and commercialization of new products, based on government and private investments; investment strategies related to new companies based on science or technology; Technology transfer to, from and between developing countries; technological innovation in all forms of business, political and economic systems. Topics such as triple helix, incubators, and other structures for cooperation, fostering and mobilizing innovation are expected in this section.Emerging Themes: from the applied themes, many emerging problems have a significant impact on management, such as industry 4.0, the internet of things, artificial intelligence or social innovations, or non-economic benefits. Intellectual property is treated as a cognitive database and can be understood as a technological library with the registration of the product of human creativity and invention. Social network analysis reveals the relationships between transforming agents and other elements; therefore, encouraged to be used in research and submitted in this section. The theoretical field not fully developed is not a barrier to explore any theme or question in this section.Digital Transformation: this interdisciplinary theme covers all the antecedents, intervening, and consequent effects of digital transformation in the field of technology-based companies and technology-based business ventures. The technological innovator (human side of innovation) as an entrepreneur, team member, manager, or employee is considered an object of study either as an agent of innovation or an element of the innovation process. Digital change or transformation is considered as a process that moves from the initial status to the new digital status, anchored in the theories of innovation, such as adoption, diffusion, push / pull of technology, innovation management, service innovation, disruptive innovation, innovation frugal innovation economy, organizational behavior, context of innovation, capabilities and transaction costs. Authors who submit to IJI will realize that they now need to make a structured summary at the time of submission. The summary must include the following information:(maximum of 250 words + title + keywords = Portuguese, English and Spanish).Title.Objective of the study (mandatory): Indicate the objective of the work, that is, what you want to demonstrate or describe.Methodology / approach (mandatory): Indicate the scientific method used in carrying out the study. In the case of theoretical essays, it is recommended that the authors indicate the theoretical approach adopted.Originality / Relevance (mandatory): Indicate the theoretical gap in which the study is inserted, also presenting the academic relevance of the discipline.Main results (mandatory): briefly indicate the main results achieved.Theoretical-methodological contributions (mandatory): Indicate the main theoretical and / or methodological implications that have been achieved with the results of the study.Social / managerial contributions (mandatory): Indicate the main managerial and / or social implications obtained through the results of the study.Keywords: between three and five keywords that characterize the work. Another change regarding the organization of the IJI concerns the types of work. In addition to the Editorial Comment and Articles, the journal will include Technological Articles, Perspectives, and Reviews. Thus, when submitting a study, authors will be able to choose from the available options for types of work. Throughout the next issues of the IJI, in the editorial comments, we will pass on pertinent information about every kind of work, to assist the authors in their submissions.Currently, the IJI is available to readers with new works three times a year (January-April; May-August; September-December) with publications in English, Portuguese and Spanish. From what comes next, we will have some changes in the periodicity. Next stepsAs editors, we want the IJI to continue with a national and international impact and increase its relevance in the indexing bases. For this, we will work together with the entire editorial team, reviewers, and authors to improve the work. We will do our best to give full support to the evaluators who are so dedicated to making constructive evaluations to the authors. We will also support authors with all the necessary information.With editorial comments, we intend to pass on knowledge to readers, authors, and reviewers to improve the articles gradually. We also aim to support classroom activities and content.Even with the changes reported here, we continue to accept all types of work, as long as they have an appropriate methodology. We also maintain our scope and continue to publish all topics involving innovation. We want to support academic events on fast tracks increasingly. About the articles in this edition of IJIThis issue is the first we consider the new organization of the International Journal of Innovation - IJI. We started with this editorial comment talking about the changes and improvements that we are making at IJI—as an example, showing the reader, reviewer, and author that the scope remains the same. However, at the time of submission, the author has to choose one of the proposed themes and have a mandatory abstract structured in three languages (English, Portuguese, and Spanish).In this issue, we have a section of perspectives that addresses the "Fake Agile" phenomenon. This phenomenon is related to the difficulties that companies face throughout the agile transformation, causing companies not to reach full agility and not return to their previous management model.Next, we publish the traditional section with scientific articles. The article "Critical success factors of the incubation network of enterprises of the IFES" brings critical success factors as the determining variables to keep business incubators competitive, improving their organizational processes, and ensuring their survival. Another published article, "The sharing economy dilemma: the response of incumbent firms to the rise of the sharing economy", addresses the sharing economy in terms of innovation. The results of the study suggest that the current response to the sharing economy so far is moderate and limited. The article "Analysis of the provision for implementation of reverse logistics in the supermarket retail" made it possible to observe that through the variables that define retail characteristics, it is not possible to say whether a supermarket will implement the reverse logistics process. And the article "Capability building in fuzzy front end management in a high technology services company", whose main objective was to assess the adherence among Fuzzy Front End (FFE) facilitators, was reported in the literature its application in the innovation process of a company, an innovative multinational high-tech services company.We also published the article "The evolution of triple helix movement: an analysis of scientific communications through bibliometric technique". The study is a bibliometric review that brings essential contributions to the area. This issue also includes a literature review entitled "Service innovation tools: a literature review" that aimed to systematically review the frameworks proposed and applied by the literature on service innovation.The technological article "A model to adopt Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) and Business Intelligence (BI) among Saudi SMEs", in a new IJI publication section, addresses the main issues related to the intention to use ERPBI in the Saudi private sector.As we mentioned earlier in this editorial, IJI has a slightly different organization. With the new format, we intend to contribute to the promotion of knowledge in innovation. Also, we aim to increasingly present researchers and students with possibilities of themes and gaps for their research and bring insights to professionals in the field.Again, we thank the reviewers who dedicate their time and knowledge in the evaluations, always helping the authors. We wish you, readers, to enjoy the articles in this issue and feel encouraged to send your studies in innovation to the International Journal of Innovation - IJI.

How Chile became home to the world's most radical free-market experiment—and what its downfall suggests about the fate of neoliberalism around the globeIn The Chile Project, Sebastian Edwards tells the remarkable story of how the neoliberal economic model—installed in Chile during the Pinochet dictatorship and deepened during three decades of left-of-center governments—came to an end in 2021, when Gabriel Boric, a young former student activist, was elected president, vowing that "If Chile was the cradle of neoliberalism, it will also be its grave." More than a story about one Latin American country, The Chile Project is a behind-the-scenes history of the spread and consequences of the free-market thinking that dominated economic policymaking around the world in the second half of the twentieth century—but is now on the retreat.In 1955, the U.S. State Department launched the "Chile Project" to train Chilean economists at the University of Chicago, home of the libertarian Milton Friedman. After General Augusto Pinochet overthrew socialist president Salvador Allende in 1973, Chile's "Chicago Boys" implemented the purest neoliberal model in the world for the next seventeen years, undertaking a sweeping package of privatization and deregulation, creating a modern capitalist economy, and sparking talk of a "Chilean miracle." But under the veneer of success, a profound dissatisfaction with the vast inequalities caused by neoliberalism was growing. In 2019, protests erupted throughout the country, and in 2022 Boric began his presidency with a clear mandate: to end neoliberalismo.In telling the fascinating story of the Chicago Boys and Chile's free-market revolution, The Chile Project provides an important new perspective on the history of neoliberalism and its global decline today

This paper provides a tool to build climate change scenarios to forecast Gross Domestic Product (GDP), modelling both GDP damage due to climate change and the GDP impact of mitigating measures. It adopts a supply-side, long-term view, with 2060 and 2100 horizons. It is a global projection tool (30 countries / regions), with assumptions and results both at the world and the country / regional level. Five different types of energy inputs are taken into account according to their CO2 emission factors. Full calibration is possible at each stage, with estimated or literature-based default parameters. In particular, Total Factor Productivity (TFP), which is a major source of uncertainty on future growth and hence on CO2 emissions, is endogenously determined, with a rich modeling encompassing energy prices, investment prices, education, structural reforms and decreasing return to the employment rate. We present four scenarios: Business As Usual (BAU), with stable energy prices relative to GDP price; Decrease of Renewable Energy relative Price (DREP), with the relative price of non CO2 emitting electricity decreasing by 2% a year; Low Carbon Tax (LCT) scenario with CO2 emitting energy relative prices increasing by 1% per year; High Carbon Tax (HCT) scenario with CO2 emitting energy relative prices increasing by 3% per year. At the 2100 horizon, global GDP incurs a loss of 12% in the BAU, 10% in the DREP, 8% in the Low Carbon Tax scenario and 7% in the High Carbon Tax scenario. This scenario exercise illustrates both the "tragedy of the horizon", as gains from avoided climate change damage net of damage from mitigating policies are negative in the medium-term and positive in the long-term, and the "tragedy of the commons", as climate change damage is widely dispersed and particularly severe in developing economies, while mitigating policies should be implemented in all countries, especially in advanced countries modestly affected by climate change but with large CO2 emission contributions.

This paper provides a tool to build climate change scenarios to forecast Gross Domestic Product (GDP), modelling both GDP damage due to climate change and the GDP impact of mitigating measures. It adopts a supply-side, long-term view, with 2060 and 2100 horizons. It is a global projection tool (30 countries / regions), with assumptions and results both at the world and the country / regional level. Five different types of energy inputs are taken into account according to their CO2 emission factors. Full calibration is possible at each stage, with estimated or literature-based default parameters. In particular, Total Factor Productivity (TFP), which is a major source of uncertainty on future growth and hence on CO2 emissions, is endogenously determined, with a rich modeling encompassing energy prices, investment prices, education, structural reforms and decreasing return to the employment rate. We present four scenarios: Business As Usual (BAU), with stable energy prices relative to GDP price; Decrease of Renewable Energy relative Price (DREP), with the relative price of non CO2 emitting electricity decreasing by 2% a year; Low Carbon Tax (LCT) scenario with CO2 emitting energy relative prices increasing by 1% per year; High Carbon Tax (HCT) scenario with CO2 emitting energy relative prices increasing by 3% per year. At the 2100 horizon, global GDP incurs a loss of 12% in the BAU, 10% in the DREP, 8% in the Low Carbon Tax scenario and 7% in the High Carbon Tax scenario. This scenario exercise illustrates both the "tragedy of the horizon", as gains from avoided climate change damage net of damage from mitigating policies are negative in the medium-term and positive in the long-term, and the "tragedy of the commons", as climate change damage is widely dispersed and particularly severe in developing economies, while mitigating policies should be implemented in all countries, especially in advanced countries modestly affected by climate change but with large CO2 emission contributions.

The post-2015 development agenda is being shaped as we speak. The role of identity and identification and its importance to development outcomes places it within the new Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) agenda—specifically as one of the proposed SDG targets (#16.9), but also as a key enabler of the efficacy of many other SDG targets. Although there is no one model for providing legal identity, this SDG would urge states to ensure that all have free or low-cost access to widely accepted, robust identity credentials. Regardless of the modalities to achieve it, the recognition of legal identity – together with its associated rights – is becoming a priority for governments around the world. Political will is central, and the SDGs – unwieldy as they may seem today – provide a useful reference point for accountability. But new approaches expand the horizon of what is possible, and should serve as a stimulus to development ambition. Seizing these opportunities requires strong leadership, a supportive legal framework, mobilization of financial and human resources, and – critically – the trust of each country's residents. Incentives, technology, foreign assistance and reforms will all be critical in achieving tangible results. Equally important is coordination at the global, regional and national levels, to ensure inclusive oversight and concerted global action. Support from donors and other development partners is widely diffused. It could focus more strategically on building core systems for registration and – equally important – ensuring that these extend into effective and inclusive systems to support development.

The Country Opinion Survey in Albania assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in gaining a better understanding of how stakeholders in Albania perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Albania on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Albania; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Albania; 3) overall impressions of the WBGs effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Albania; and 4) their perceptions of the WBGs future role in Albania.

International audience ; The central thesis of the essay is that a successful process of national capitalist development in a world market characterized by the existence of multiple national currencies and divided in the hegemonic developed countries of the First World and the underdeveloped dependent countries of the Third World (and the Second World) requires a mercantilist strategy of economic development in conformity with the monetary logic of capitalism. The thesis rests on the context of the heterodox monetary-keynesian conception of capitalism in so far as a monetary production economy. ; La tesis central de este trabajo es que un proceso exitoso de desarrollo capitalista nacional, en el contexto de un mercado mundial caracterizado por la existencia de múltiples monedas nacionales y dividido en países desarrollados hegemónicos del Primer Mundo y países subdesarrollados dependientes del Tercer Mundo (y el Segundo Mundo), exige una estrategia mercantilista de desarrollo económico en función de la lógica monetaria del capitalismo. La tesis se fundamenta en la concepción heterodoxa keynesiano-monetaria del capitalismo, en tanto que economía monetaria de producción.

International audience The central thesis of the essay is that a successful process of national capitalist development in a world market characterized by the existence of multiple national currencies and divided in the hegemonic developed countries of the First World and the underdeveloped dependent countries of the Third World (and the Second World) requires a mercantilist strategy of economic development in conformity with the monetary logic of capitalism. The thesis rests on the context of the heterodox monetary-keynesian conception of capitalism in so far as a monetary production economy. ; La tesis central de este trabajo es que un proceso exitoso de desarrollo capitalista nacional, en el contexto de un mercado mundial caracterizado por la existencia de múltiples monedas nacionales y dividido en países desarrollados hegemónicos del Primer Mundo y países subdesarrollados dependientes del Tercer Mundo (y el Segundo Mundo), exige una estrategia mercantilista de desarrollo económico en función de la lógica monetaria del capitalismo. La tesis se fundamenta en la concepción heterodoxa keynesiano-monetaria del capitalismo, en tanto que economía monetaria de producción.

Doing Business in Indonesia 2010 is the first country-specific sub national report of the doing business series in Indonesia and the third in East Asia, following the reports on China and the Philippines. It measures business regulations and their enforcement in 14 Indonesian cities: Balikpapan, Banda Aceh, Bandung, Denpasar, Jakarta, Makassar, Manado, Palangka Raya, Palembang, Pekanbaru, Semarang, Surabaya, Surakarta and Yogyakarta. The cities can be compared against each other, and with economies worldwide. This project is endorsed by the Government of Indonesia through the Ministry for Administrative Reforms (Menpan) and it is the result of cooperation between the International Finance Corporation and the Regional Autonomy Watch. The indicators analyzed in doing business in Indonesia 2010 are based on standardized case scenarios with specific assumptions, such as that the business is located in one of the 14 cities benchmarked in the report. Economic indicators commonly make limiting assumptions of this kind. Inflation statistics, for example, are often based on prices of consumer goods in a few urban areas. Such assumptions allow global coverage and enhance comparability, but they inevitably come at the expense of generality. In defining the indicators, doing business in Indonesia 2010 assumes that entrepreneurs are knowledgeable about all regulations in place and comply with them. In practice, entrepreneurs may spend considerable time finding out where to go and what documents to submit.

Die Beiträge [dieses Tagungsbandes] stellen innovative Konzepte für mediengestütztes Lehren und Lernen vor, indem sie eLearning aus mehreren Perspektiven beleuchten: Sie entwerfen neue Lernszenarien, die auf Ideen für partizipatives Lernen beruhen, sie diskutieren deren Einbettung in die Prozesse und Prinzipien der Hochschul- und Personalentwicklung, sie erörtern die Konsequenzen für die Kompetenzenentwicklung der Lehrenden und stellen Open Educational Resources (OER) als zukünftige Strategie für Hochschulen vor. Die Beiträge dieses Bandes geben einen facettenreichen Einblick in (neue) Möglichkeiten für das aktuelle und zukünftige Lehren und Lernen an Hochschulen im Zuge des Bologna-Prozesses. (DIPF/Verlag)

Ali E. Abbas (" Decomposing the Cross Derivatives of a Multiattribute Utility Function into Risk Attitude and Value ") received the M.S. degree in electrical engineering, the M.S. degree in engineering economic systems and operations research, the Ph.D. degree in management science and engineering, and the Ph.D. (minor) degree in electrical engineering, all from Stanford University, Stanford, California. He was a lecturer in the Department of Management Science and Engineering at Stanford. He previously worked for Schlumberger Oilfield Services, where he held several international positions in wireline logging, operations management, and international training. He was also involved with several consulting projects for mergers and acquisitions in California, and was a co-teacher of several executive seminars on decision analysis at Strategic Decisions Group, Menlo Park, California. He is currently an associate professor in the Department of Industrial and Enterprise Systems Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign. His research interests include utility theory, decision making with incomplete information and preferences, dynamic programming, and information theory. Dr. Abbas is a member of INFORMS, a senior member of the IEEE, an associate editor for Decision Analysis and Operations Research, and an editor of the DA column in education for Decision Analysis Today. Address: Department of Industrial and Enterprise Systems Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, 117 Transportation Building, MC-238, 104 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801; e-mail: aliabbas@uiuc.edu . Vicki M. Bier (" Deterring the Smuggling of Nuclear Weapons in Container Freight Through Detection and Retaliation ") holds a joint appointment as professor in the Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering and the Department of Engineering Physics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where she chairs the Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering. She has directed the Center for Human Performance and Risk Analysis (formerly the Center for Human Performance in Complex Systems) since 1995. She has more than 20 years of experience in risk analysis for the nuclear power, chemical, petrochemical, and aerospace industries. Before returning to academia, she spent seven years as a consultant at Pickard, Lowe and Garrick, Inc. While there, her clients included the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, the U.S. Department of Energy, and a number of nuclear utilities, and she prepared testimony for Atomic Safety and Licensing Board hearings on the safety of the Indian Point nuclear power plants. Dr. Bier's current research focuses on applications of risk analysis and related methods to problems of security and critical infrastructure protection, under support from the Department of Homeland Security. She is also currently serving as a special term appointee for the Infrastructure Assurance Center at Argonne National Laboratory. Address: Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, 1513 University Avenue, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706; e-mail: bier@engr.wisc.edu . Robert F. Bordley (" Using Bayes' Rule to Update an Event's Probabilities Based on the Outcomes of Partially Similar Events ") is an INFORMS Fellow and a winner of the best publication award from the Decision Analysis Society as well as five major application awards from General Motors. He is a General Motors Technical Fellow with experience in research, planning, quality, marketing, corporate strategy, and procurement. He is also an adjunct professor at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, and was formerly program director of Decision, Risk and Management Sciences at the National Science Foundation. Dr. Bordley has published 75 papers in decision analysis, marketing, and operations management. He has also served as chair of the American Statistical Association's Risk Analysis Section (which now has 1000 members), vice president of the Production and Operations Management Society, and a member of the INFORMS Board and the Decision Analysis Society Council. He earned a Ph.D. and M.S. in operations research and an M.B.A. in finance from the University of California, Berkeley. His primary interests have been in theoretical developments enabling high-impact application of decision analysis in a wide variety of corporate contexts (e.g., engineering design, corporate strategy, procurement, program management, etc.). Address: General Motors, Pontiac Centerpoint Campus North, 585 South Boulevard, Pontiac, MI 48341; e-mail: robert.bordley@gm.com , rbordley@umich.edu . Heidi M. Crane (" Whether to Retest the Lipids of HIV-Infected Patients: How Much Does Fasting Bias Matter? ") is an assistant professor of medicine at the University of Washington (UW) School of Medicine and the associate director of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Services Research at the UW Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), which promotes research comparing the effectiveness of management strategies for HIV-infected patients in routine clinical practice. She is co–principal investigator (PI) of a PROMIS (Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information Systems) National Institutes of Health Roadmap initiative U01 on measuring patient reported outcomes in clinical care for HIV-infected patients and PI of a National Institute of Mental Health R01 project on measuring and improving adherence for HIV-infected patients in clinical care. She is also medical director of the Madison HIV Metabolic clinic, PI of an American Heart Association grant on myocardial infarction and metabolic complications among patients with HIV, and PI of an Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality grant on comparative effectiveness of antihypertensive and lipid-lowering medication among HIV-infected patients. She provides care and training in the clinical care of HIV-infected individuals, and she also mentors junior investigators in HIV research in the UW Division of Infectious Diseases. Dr. Crane is a member of the Data Management Centers for the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases–funded CFAR Network of Integrated Clinical Systems (CNICS) research platform of real-time electronic health record data for 22,000 patients from eight CFARs across the United States, and the International Epidemiological Databases to Evaluate AIDS project's North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design (NA-ACCORD), which merges data on 110,000 HIV-infected individuals in care at 60 sites across the United States and Canada. Dr. Crane leads the CNICS Patient Reported Outcomes Committee and the CNICS and NA-ACCORD myocardial infarction event adjudication teams. Dr. Crane's research focuses on methods to improve clinical care for HIV-infected individuals as well as metabolic and other chronic comorbidities of HIV. She received her internal medicine residency training from Barnes and Jewish Hospitals, and her B.A., B.S., M.D., M.P.H. and Infectious Disease Fellowship training from the UW. Address: Harborview Medical Center, 325 9th Avenue, Box 359931, Seattle, WA 98104; e-mail: hcrane@u.washington.edu . Naraphorn Haphuriwat (" Deterring the Smuggling of Nuclear Weapons in Container Freight Through Detection and Retaliation ") is a researcher at the National Metal and Materials Technology Center in Thailand. She applies tools including optimization, decision analysis, and process simulation to improve production processes and operations for small and medium enterprises. She earned her Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in the Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering in August 2010. During her doctoral study, she was supported by the Center for Risk and Economic Analysis of Terrorism Events (CREATE) at the University of Southern California, where she conducted game-theoretic studies in the applications of security. She also received an honorable mention in the 2004–2005 University Book Store Academic Excellence Award Competition for a project related to computer security. Address: 114 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand; e-mail: naraphoh@mtec.or.th . Joseph B. Kadane (" Whether to Retest the Lipids of HIV-Infected Patients: How Much Does Fasting Bias Matter? ") is Leonard J. Savage University Professor of Statistics and Social Sciences, Emeritus, at Carnegie Mellon University. His research focus is on both foundational issues of Bayesian analysis and applications in many settings. These currently include physics, phylogenetics, air pollution, Internet security, law, and medicine, as well as Internet auctions. He also serves as an expert witness in legal matters. Address: Tepper School of Business, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; e-mail: kadane@andrew.cmu.edu . L. Robin Keller (" From the Editors: Deterrence, Multiattribute Utility, and Probability and Bayes' Updating ") is a professor of operations and decision technologies in the Merage School of Business at the University of California, Irvine. She received her Ph.D. and M.B.A. in management science and her B.A. in mathematics from the University of California, Los Angeles. She has served as a program director for the Decision, Risk, and Management Science Program of the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF). Her research is on decision analysis and risk analysis for business and policy decisions and has been funded by NSF and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Her research interests cover multiple-attribute decision making, riskiness, fairness, probability judgments, ambiguity of probabilities or outcomes, risk analysis (for terrorism, environmental, health, and safety risks), time preferences, problem structuring, cross-cultural decisions, and medical decision making. She is currently Editor-in-Chief of Decision Analysis, published by the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS). She is a Fellow of INFORMS and has held numerous roles in INFORMS, including board member and chair of the INFORMS Decision Analysis Society. She is a recipient of the George F. Kimball Medal from INFORMS. She has served as the decision analyst on three National Academy of Sciences committees. Address: The Paul Merage School of Business, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3125; e-mail: lrkeller@uci.edu . Mari M. Kitahata (" Whether to Retest the Lipids of HIV-Infected Patients: How Much Does Fasting Bias Matter? ") is professor of medicine at the University of Washington (UW) School of Medicine, director of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Services Research at the Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), and principal investigator of the UW HIV Cohort. She has provided care and training in the clinical management of HIV-infected individuals for two decades, and she mentors investigators in HIV research in the UW Division of Infectious Diseases. Dr. Kitahata studies the outcomes of care for persons with HIV infection, and her research has elucidated key determinants of increased survival, including care managed by physicians with HIV expertise and earlier initiation of antiretroviral treatment. The need for observational research to complement the invaluable information provided by randomized controlled trials has grown tremendously, which is why she established the CFAR Clinical Epidemiology and Health Services Research program at UW in 1995 and was among the first CFARs in the United States to do so. Dr. Kitahata developed the structure and methods to merge comprehensive HIV patient data and biological specimens from multiple settings into a powerful resource for researchers conducting basic, translational, clinical outcomes/comparative effectiveness, and behavioral/prevention research. She has led efforts to establish networks of national and international HIV research collaborations to address the most pressing questions regarding treatment and outcomes for HIV-infected individuals that cannot be answered through smaller cohort studies. Dr. Kitahata directs the Data Management Centers for the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases–funded CFAR Network of Integrated Clinical Systems (CNICS) research platform of real-time electronic health record (EHR) data for 22,000 patients from eight CFARs across the United States, and the International Epidemiological Databases to Evaluate AIDS project's North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design (NA-ACCORD), which merges data on 110,000 HIV-infected individuals in care at 60 sites across the United States and Canada. Dr. Kitahata serves on the Board of Directors for the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) HIV Medicine Association, the U.S. Public Health Service/IDSA Guidelines Committee for Prevention of Opportunistic Infections, and the International Training and Education Center on HIV (I-TECH), where she developed a national EHR system for the Haitian Ministry of Health. Dr. Kitahata received her B.S. from Yale University, M.D. from the University of Pennsylvania, internal medicine residency training at the University of California, San Francisco, and M.P.H. and Fellowship training at the University of Washington, where she was a Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholar. Address: University of Washington Medical Center, 1959 NE Pacific Street, UW Box 356423, Seattle, WA 98195-6423; e-mail: kitahata@u.washington.edu . Sanjeev R. Kulkarni (" Aggregating Large Sets of Probabilistic Forecasts by Weighted Coherent Adjustment ") is a professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering at Princeton University. He is also an affiliated faculty member in the Department of Operations Research and Financial Engineering and the Department of Philosophy. Prior to joining Princeton, he was a member of the technical staff at MIT Lincoln Laboratory. During his time at Princeton, he has held visiting or consulting positions with Australian National University, Susquehanna International Group, and Flarion Technologies. Professor Kulkarni has served as an associate editor for the IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, and he is a Fellow of the IEEE. His research interests include statistical pattern recognition, nonparametric statistics, learning and adaptive systems, information theory, wireless networks, and image/video processing. Address: School of Engineering and Applied Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544; e-mail: kulkarni@princeton.edu . Daniel N. Osherson (" Aggregating Large Sets of Probabilistic Forecasts by Weighted Coherent Adjustment ") earned his Ph.D. in psychology at the University of Pennsylvania in 1973. Since then he has taught at Stanford University, the University of Pennsylvania, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Università San Raffael, Rice University, and Princeton University. His work centers on probability judgment and learning. Address: Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544; e-mail: osherson@princeton.edu . H. Vincent Poor (" Aggregating Large Sets of Probabilistic Forecasts by Weighted Coherent Adjustment ") is dean of the School of Engineering and Applied Science at Princeton University, where he is also the Michael Henry Strater University Professor of Electrical Engineering. He holds a Ph.D. from Princeton. His research interests are in the areas of statistical signal processing, stochastic analysis, and information theory, and their applications to wireless networks and related fields. Among his publications in these areas are the recent books Quickest Detection (Cambridge University Press, 2009) and Information Theoretic Security (NOW Publishers, 2009). Dean Poor is a member of the U.S. National Academy of Engineering and the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, and he is a Fellow of the IEEE, the Institute of Mathematical Statistics, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the Royal Academy of Engineering of the United Kingdom. A former Guggenheim Fellow, recent recognition of his work included the Institution of Engineering and Technology Ambrose Fleming Medal, the IEEE Eric E. Sumner Award, and an honorary D.Sc. from the University of Edinburgh. Address: School of Engineering and Applied Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544; e-mail: poor@princeton.edu . Guanchun Wang (" Aggregating Large Sets of Probabilistic Forecasts by Weighted Coherent Adjustment ") received an undergraduate degree in electrical engineering at Shanghai Jiao Tong University. He is currently a Ph.D. student in the Department of Electrical Engineering at Princeton University. His research interests include statistical learning, information retrieval, and judgment aggregation. He also worked as a summer associate for McKinsey's technology practice. Address: School of Engineering and Applied Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544; e-mail: guanchun@princeton.edu . Henry H. Willis (" Deterring the Smuggling of Nuclear Weapons in Container Freight Through Detection and Retaliation ") is a professor of policy analysis at the Pardee RAND Graduate School and the associate director of the RAND Homeland Security and Defense Center. His research has applied risk analysis tools to resource allocation and risk management decisions in the areas of public health and emergency preparedness, terrorism and national security policy, energy and environmental policy, and transportation planning. Dr. Willis serves on the editorial board of the journal Risk Analysis and served on the National Academies of Science Committee on Evaluating Testing, Costs, and Benefits of Advanced Spectroscopic Portals. He earned his Ph.D. from the Department of Engineering and Public Policy at Carnegie Mellon University and holds degrees in chemistry and environmental studies from the University of Pennsylvania (B.A.) and in environmental science from the University of Cincinnati (M.A.). Address: RAND Corporation, 4570 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; e-mail: hwillis@rand.org . Xiting (Cindy) Yang (" Whether to Retest the Lipids of HIV-Infected Patients: How Much Does Fasting Bias Matter? ") completed her Ph.D. from Carnegie Mellon University in the area of elicitation, specifically focusing on elicitation of expert knowledge on phylogenies in the format of rooted trees. She is currently a statistical reviewer at the Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Her current research focuses on clinical trials and elicitation. Address: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Building 66, Room 2223, Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002; e-mail: xiting.yang@fda.hhs.gov .

A relação entre água, energia e alimento é um tema que tem recebido atenção no meio acadêmico. Diante da escassez dos recursos naturais, da degradação que tem ocorrido não somente no Brasil, mas no mundo todo, os recursos naturais têm sérios riscos de esgotarem. E há que se pensar em uma gestão que possibilite a recuperação do meio ambiente de forma eficiente e sustentável. Compreendendo que o debate de nexo envolve um conjunto de inter-relações entre os recursos naturais utilizados como insumo para os serviços básicos da vida humana, neste sentido, a presente pesquisa objetivou analisar se há possibilidade de integrar a floresta ao nexo água-energia-alimentos, com vistas a não comprometer as demandas futuras e como isso pode contribuir para alcançar os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS). Os objetivos específicos são identificar a interligação entre água, energia, alimento e floresta; apontar a necessidade de integrar a floresta ao nexo tradicional visando alcançar um desenvolvimento mais sustentável e controlar, prevenir as consequências dos impactos ambientais. A metodologia da revisão literária ocorreu com o levantamento por termos previamente identificados nas bases de dados Scopus, Web of Science e Periódico Capes, sendo a pesquisa classificada com abordagem qualitativa e método dedutivo. Os resultados apontaram que a floresta possui relação direta com os elementos água-energia-alimentos, sendo possível contribuir com as seguranças hídrica, energética e alimentar. Concluiu-se que vincular as florestas ao nexo existente, proporcionará uma maior preocupação para garantir a sustentabilidade e o equilíbrio ambiental.

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Die Würzburger Stadtgemeinde wurde in den Jahren von 1921-1933 sowie von 1946-1948 von Oberbürgermeister Dr. Hans Löffler geleitet. Wenngleich Löffler auch von zentraler Bedeutung für die Geschichte Würzburgs im 20. Jahrhundert war, wurde er dennoch von der geschichtlichen Wissenschaft bislang nicht vertieft berücksichtigt, weil das öffentliche Archivmaterial viel zu knapp ist und seine "Tagebücher" als verschollen galten. Dem Verfasser der vorliegenden Studie gelang es, den Verbleib dieser Tagebücher zu eruieren. Die Politik Hans Löfflers fundierte wie sich alsbald ergab unter anderem auf drei durchgängigen Persönlichkeitsstrukturen und Verhaltensmustern: Der Bürgerlichkeit, dem Liberalismus und der Religiosität. Keines dieser drei Merkmale lässt sich aus den öffentlichen Archivbeständen charakterisieren. Deswegen kam der Auswertung von Hans Löfflers Chronik eine besondere Bedeutung zu. Die spezifischen Schwierigkeiten der "(auto-)biografischen Illusion" (Pierre Bourdieu) waren gleichwohl zu berücksichtigen. Deshalb wurde vom Verfasser als Arbeitshypothese der "Biographisch-Kritische Methodenpluralismus" eingeführt. Aus Löfflers Egodokumenten ergaben sich zugleich auch aussagekräftige Datenquellen, nämlich die Entwicklung seines Einkommens in funktionaler Abhängigkeit zum Preisindex, des weiteren der quantitative Quellenverlauf, der einerseits interessante Hinweise darauf liefert, wann Löffler schreibt und in welchem Umfang - und wann die Arbeit an seiner Chronik ruht. Zugleich liefert der quantitative Quellenverlauf auch überaus interessante Erkenntnisse zur Relation von Erzählzeitpunkt und erzählter Zeit. Hans Löffler, dessen Familie aus dem Würzburgischen Amtsstädtchen Karlsstadt stammte, vollzog mit dem für die untere Mittelschicht typischen Ehrgeiz eine Juristenkarriere, die als solche typisch für das späte 19. Jahrhundert war. Der Umzug seiner Familie nach Würzburg, der Beitritt zum traditions- und einflussreichen Corps Bavaria und schließlich auch die Eheschließung mit einer Tochter aus der ebenso alten und wie wohlhabenden Würzburger Kaufmannsfamilie Held förderten den sozialen Aufstieg. Die politische Gesinnung Hans Löfflers lässt sich erst im Verlauf des Ersten Weltkriegs sowie während der anschließenden Doppelrevolution anhand des Quellenmaterials schärfer zeichnen. Dessen ungeachtet zeigte sich schon in frühen Jahren, hart an der Grenze zum 20. Jahrhundert, die Verehrung Löfflers für den Reichsgründer Otto von Bismarck und die Verachtung für Kaiser Wilhelm II. Schlussendlich vollzog Hans Löffler einen nahezu mühelosen Übergang von der Monarchie zur parlamentarischen Demokratie. Löffler schloss sich der Deutschen Demokratischen Partei (DDP), der Partei Max Webers, Thomas Manns und Albert Einsteins an. Nachdem sein Vorgänger Andreas Grieser in die Berliner Ministerialbürokratie gerufen worden war, wurde Hans Löffler 1921 ohne Gegenstimme vom Stadtrat zu dessen Nachfolger bestimmt. Während im Vergleichszeitraum insgesamt 11 Reichskanzler regierten, blieb Hans Löffler bis zu seiner Entlassung durch die Nationalsozialisten Oberbürgermeister von Würzburg. Seine restriktive Finanzpolitik, die als seine bedeutendste Leistung in Zeiten weltweiter wirtschaftlicher Rezession gelten muss, ermöglichte zugleich stadtpolitische Projekte, die Würzburg bis heute prägen. Dazu zählen neben der Fertigstellung der Universitätsklinik Luitpoldkrankenhaus die Etablierung des Mozartfests, die Eingemeindung der Stadt Heidingsfeld oder auch der Beginn der Besiedelung der heutigen Sieboldshöhe. Nachdem auch in Würzburg die Nationalsozialisten im Verlauf der 1920er Jahre begonnen hatten gegen den jüdischen Teil der Bevölkerung zu hetzen, stellt sich Hans Löffler unerschrocken vor seine Mitbürger und wurde von den Nationalsozialisten deshalb pejorativ als "Judenbürgermeister" bezeichnet. Bei der Reichspräsidentenwahl 1932 kam es auch in Würzburg zu einem letzten Aufbäumen bürgerlicher Kräfte im Rahmen einer sogenannten "Hindenburgfront". Die Existenz dieser Hindenburgfront in Würzburg wurde in der vorliegenden Studie erstmals aufgezeigt. Als 1933 auch im katholischen Würzburg die Nationalsozialisten die Macht übernahmen, musste Dr. Hans Löffler auf sein Oberbürgermeisteramt verzichten, kaufte sich ein kleines Anwesen am Chiemsee und ging in die Innere Emigration. Unmittelbarer Auslöser dieses Umzugs war der Umstand, dass Löffler wiederholt hinterbracht wurde, Würzburger Bürger, die bei der Stadtverwaltung mit ihrem Anliegen nicht durchdringen konnten, hätten sich mit Bemerkungen beschwert, zu Löfflers Zeiten sei alles besser gewesen. Diese Konfliktlage wurde Löffler zu gefährlich. Während der gesamten nationalsozialistischen Zeit war Löffler in Chieming und besuchte nur ab und an Würzburg. Löffler pflegte in Chieming den Gartenbau und las unter anderem Dissidenten-Literatur. Nach dem Einmarsch der US Army bekannte Löffler in schonungsloser Offenheit, dass er die in den Konzentrationslagern verübten Verbrechen all die Jahre geahnt habe. Zugleich verspürte Dr. Hans Löffler den Wunsch, wieder Oberbürger-meister des zu 90 % zerstörten Würzburgs zu werden, scheute sich aber, sich selbst ins Gespräch zu bringen. Nachdem sich in Bayern ein erheblicher Teil der Liberalen aus der Zeit vor 1933 der neu gegründeten CSU angeschlossen hatten, wurde Löffler für diese neue Partei von 1946-1948 nochmals Oberbürgermeister von Würzburg. Über seine Rolle bei der Gründung der CSU und innerhalb der CSU gibt es nicht den geringsten Hinweis. 1948 schied Löffler aus Altersgründen aus dem Amt und verbrachte die verbleibenden Jahre bis zu seinem Tod 1955 in seinem Haus an der Keesburgstraße. Am Ende stand die Erkenntnis, dass nur allzu wenige die Ehre für sich in Anspruch nehmen konnten, sich während des schwärzesten Kapitels der deutschen Geschichte wie Hans Löffler verhalten zu haben. Und in der Tat: Matthias Matussek hat nach dem Tod von Joachim Fest über diesen geschrieben, was auch bei Hans Löffler festzustellen ist: "… das Gerade enthält immer einen stillen Vorwurf." Insofern ist Löfflers Lebensgang Anklage und Aufforderung gleichermaßen. Dass Löffler entschieden bürgerlich und zugleich ein linksliberaler Corpsstudent war, entspricht nicht jedermanns Geschichtsbild – aber der Lebenswirklichkeit. Hans Löffler dekliniert auf seine Weise einen jener Lebenswege, denen zufolge Leistung (nicht Abstammung) den sozialen Aufstieg innerhalb der "open society" ermöglicht. Löffler selbst sprach von der "Ethik des Bürgertums". Thomas Nipperdey hatte für das ausgehende lange 19. Jahrhundert festgestellt, die Zukunft sei belastet und umschattet, wie immer verhängt, letztlich aber offen gewesen. Die Person Hans Löfflers zeigt gerade für diese Epoche, dass verbreitete nationalistische oder antisemitische Anfechtungen nicht notwendigerweise und unausweichlich im Wahnsinn des Nationalsozialismus hätten enden müssen. Und schließlich: Karl Popper hatte postuliert, dass es dem kritischen Ra-tionalismus entsprechend zwingendes Merkmal einer wissenschaftlichen Aussage ist, dass diese sich dem Grunde nach falsifizieren lässt. Dementsprechend wäre es das ungünstigste, was Hans Löffler zuteilwerden könnte, wenn sein Wirken weiterhin im Schatten wissenschaftlicher Aus-einandersetzung bliebe. Eine Verifizierung, aber auch eine Falsifikation der vorliegenden Studie freilich wäre genau das, was Dr. Hans Löffler - einer Zentralfigur der Würzburger Zeitgeschichte - zweifellos zustünde. Aus den nun erstmals erschlossenen Quellenbeständen wurde diagnostiziert, dass Löffler für sein eigenes Leben verlässliche Konstanten hatte und gerade dadurch selbst zu einer verlässlichen Konstanten für die Stadtgemeinde Würzburg wurde. In diesem Sinne will die vorliegende Untersuchung die so dringend angezeigte Löffler-Forschung weder abschließen noch determinieren, sondern den notwendigen Anfang einer vertieften kommunalgeschichtlichen Auseinandersetzung mit einem bedeutenden deutschen Oberbürgermeister bilden - auf dass sich besser noch erhellt wie es denn eigentlich gewesen. ; The borough of Wuerzburg was run by the Mayor Dr. Hans Löffler during the years from 1921-1933 as well as from 1946-1948. Although he was also of central importance for the history of Wuerzburg in the 20th century he has nevertheless not been considered by history yet as the public archive material is far too scarce and his "diaries" were thought to have been lost. The author of the present study succeeded in finding the whereabout of these diaries. It soon became evident that Hans Löffler's policy, inter alia, was based on three general personality structures and behaviour patterns: the bourgeois way of life, liberalism and religiousity. None of these three features can be profoundly characterised through the public archive holdings. The analysis of Hans Löffler's chronicle was therefore of particular importance. The particular difficulties of the "(au-to-)biographical illusion" (Pierre Bourdieu) had to be taken into conside-ration conscientiously. Hence, the "biographical critical pluralism of methods" was introduced by the author as a working hypothesis. At the same time, significant data sources arose from Löffler's ego documents, namely the development of his income in functional dependence on the price index, furthermore the quantitative course of sources as well as finally the relationship between the time of the narration and the narrated time being very meaningful for the historical-critical hermeneutics of sources. Hans Löffler, whose family came from the small district town of Karlstadt near Wuerzburg, pursued a legal career with middle-class cha-racteristic ambition which was as such typical for the late 19th century. The relocation of his family to Wuerzburg, the accession to the influential Corps Bavaria and eventually also the marriage with a daughter from the equally old as well as wealthy merchant family Held were conducive to his social advancement. Hans Löffler's political conviction cannot be submitted to a more profound observation until in the course of the First World War as well as the subsequent double revolution. Nevertheless, Löffler's admiration for the founder of the German Reich Otto von Bismarck and his contempt for Emperor Wilhelm II already appeared in his early years, very close to the turn of the 20th century. At the end, Hans Löffler made a virtually effortless transition from monarchy to par-liamentary democracy. Löffler joined the German Democratic Party (DDP), the party of Max Weber, Thomas Mann and Albert Einstein. In 1921, after his predecessor Andreas Grieser had been assigned to the Berlin ministerial bureaucracy, Hans Löffler was appointed his successor by the city council without a dissenting vote. While a total of 11 Reich Chancellors governed the country during the reference period, Hans Löffler remained Mayor of Wuerzburg until his dismissal by the National Socialists. His restrictive financial policy, which has to be considered his major achievement in times of worldwide economic recession, at the same time paved the way for municipal projects which shape the character of Wuerzburg to this day. These include among the completion of the University Hospital Luitpoldkrankenhaus the establishment of the Mozart festivals, the incorporation of the town of Heidingsfeld or also the beginning of the settlement of the present day Sieboldshöhe. When the National Socialists also began to stir up hatred against the Jewish part of the population in Wuerzburg in the course of the 1920s Hans Löffler boldly defended his fellow citizens and was therefore called "Mayor of the Jews" by the National Socialists. At the Reich presidential election in 1932 there was also a last rise up of bourgeois forces in Wuerzburg within the framework of a socalled "Hindenburgfront". The existence of this Hindenburgfront in Wuerz-burg has been proven for the first time in the present study. When the National Socialists also took over Catholic Wuerzburg in 1933, Dr. Hans Löffler had to resign as a Mayor, bought a small estate at the Chiemsee and went into inward emigration. The immediate cause of his relocation was that Löffler was informed several times that Wuerzburg citizens who were not able to succeed with their concern at the municipal administration were said to have complained with the remark that everything had been better in Löffler's days. This conflict situation became too dangerous to Löffler. During the whole National Socialist area Löffler was in Chieming and only visited Wuerzburg now and then. Löffler focused on horticulture and among others read dissident literature. After the march-in of the US Army Löffler confessed in relentless openness that he had anticipated the crimes committed in the concentra-tion camps all those years. At the same time, Dr. Hans Löffler had the desire to become mayor of Wuerzburg, which was destroyed up to 90 % , but was reluctant to become a topic of conversation. After a considerable part of the liberals in Bavaria had joined the newly founded CSU, Löffler became Mayor of Wuerzburg for this new party again from 1946 to 1948. There is not the slightest reference to his role in the foundation of the CSU and within the CSU. In 1948, Löffler retired for reasons of age and spent his remaining days until his death in 1955 at his residence at Keesburgstraße. At the end, there was the painful truth that just a few could claim the honor of having been an Hans Löffler during the darkest chapter of German history. And indeed: Matthias Matussek has written about Joachim Fest after his death what must also be stated about Hans Löffler: "… the straight always contains a silent reproach." Löffler's path of life is thus an accusation and a request at the same time. That Löffler was a decidedly bourgeois, left-wing liberal Corps student may not be in accordance with everyone's historical perception, but with life's reality. Hans Löffler points out those paths of life according to which achievement (not descent) allow social advancement within the "open society" in his own way. This is in Löffler´s own words the "ethics of bourgeoisie". With regard to the long late 19th century, Thomas Nipperdey has pointed out that the future had been strained and shadowed, overcast as always, but ultimately open. Concerning this epoch, the person of Hans Löffler particularly shows that nationalist or anti-Semitic animosities needn't have led to the madness of National Socialism necessarily and inevitably. And ultimately: Karl Popper had postulated that, in accordance with critical rationalism, it is a mandatory attribute of a scientific statement, that it can basically be falsified. Consequently, it would be the worst that could happen to Hans Löffler if his work remained in the shadow of scientific consideration. A verification, but all the same a falsification of this study would of course be just what Dr. Hans Löffler – a central figure of Wuerzburg's contemporary history – should be entitled to without doubt. From the source material which was revealed for the first time it was diagnosed that Löffler had reliable constants for his own life and that this is exactly what made him a reliable constant for the borough of Wuerzburg. With this in mind, the present study neither wants to conclude nor determine the urgently needed Löffler research but instead be the beginning of a profound communal historical debate on a great German Mayor – so that more light is shed on what actually happened.