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The merger of the American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations entailed a substantial alteration in the concepts of union autonomy that animated S. Gompers & the other founders of the AFL. The constitutional powers granted to the central federation in such fields as the eradication of corrupt influence, Communism, & racial discrimination, have put meaningful curbs on the freedom of affiliates to exercise their sovereignty in ways that bring discredit on all labor. The problem for labor now is to find ways, through increased authority for the AFL-CIO, to overcome the lag in org'al activities. This need transcends such issues as the availability of money,& manpower. It requires changes in union structure to parallel the rapid changes created by technology & corporate mergers. It also means new types of union involvement in pol & in bargaining strategy, through the assignment of more power to the central body. AA.

To describe the scope, nature, & trends of criminality in any country, it is necessary to rely upon criminal statistics. The task is made difficult in the US by the multiplicity & diversity of jurisdictions, each state as well as the federal system having its own criminal legislation, its own police, courts, & correctional agencies, & its own methods of compiling & publishing criminal statistics. The most important national series of criminal statistics is published by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. It was claimed that 89% of the US pop resided in the areas covered by those reports in 1959. There exists the general limitation that statistics are based on crimes known to the police. Also, the picture of criminality will depend on the stage in the law enforcement process at which statistics are gathered, because a process of selection operates at each stage between offense & sentence. As traditionally constructed & published, criminal statistics are deficient in a number of respects. They do not, for example, reveal occup, employment status, or SC of offenders, nor do they show the existence of organized crime or gang, even juvenile gang, activity. The soc & financial costs of criminality are great enough to warrant information sufficiently detailed to provide an improved basis for preventive action & repressive measures. AA.

Early laws of crimes against property clearly identified the forms of property necessary to the survival & prosperity of the community. Commercial & industrial developments in the modern era have made new & difficult demands upon the law as forms of property & means to offend have gained in number & complexity. The modern US law of theft derives directly from the common law & from supplementary English legislation. Larceny, the basic theft offense, is distinguished by trespassory taking & includes larceny by servant & by trick. Personal goods & chattels are larcenable. False pretenses, embezzlement, & receiving stolen property also fall under the laws of theft. There are trends & proposals toward consolidated theft statutes defining a single offense composed of the elements of several theft offenses. Certain offenses against property also contain elements of peril to life & limb. These offenses include robbery & extortion, arson & related offenses, & burglary. The states with their police power are equipped to legislate directly on offenses against property. The federal gov chiefly acts under its powers in connection with foreign & interstate commerce, revenue, war, & the postal system. Although Anglo-US law has developed in response to new demands, revision has not generally kept pace with underlying econ changes. Deficiencies exist, & fundamental legislative reconstruction is required. AA.

Laws covering crimes of violence against the person, in statute & in decision, although they vary among jurisdictions, have been signif'ly influenced by the common law of England. The 4 categories of common law homicides, except for the occasional combination of justifiable and excusable homicides, are used in every jurisdiction. Malice aforethought & felony murder doctrines are retained. Assault, battery, & mayhem remain in the law, & the Model Penal Code proposes a complete revision based on bodily injury. Common law definition of rape prevails, & for common law & for statutory rape, penalties, although varied, are severe. Mistake of fact as to age adds an interesting dimension to the problem of statutory rape. False imprisonment, a misdemeanor at common law, is retained in only 14 jurisdictions; in extreme cases, it falls under kidnapping statutes. Kidnapping, a misdemeanor at common law, is treated with far greater severity in the US than in Europe. The factor of brief detention or asportation makes it possible to prosecute other crimes, for which there are imprisonment penalties, as kidnapping, a crime for which there is a possible death penalty. US criminal law has sometimes retained archaic common law concepts that should have been discarded, & it tends to ad hoc change more in response to emotion than to reason. Recodifications, much needed, are rarely attempted. The MPC, however, does exist as a beacon & guide. AA.

Industrialism & the rise of labor in the US produced a conservative ideology which sought to defend the existing politicoecon system along generally laissez-faire lines. The constitutional legitimization of this ideology confined rather rigidly pol'al attempts to adjust labor policy to industrialism. The liberal attack upon this ideological & constitutional edifice was accepted pol'ay with the legislation of the New Deal era. The result was the final repudiation of laissezfaire constitutionalism & the commitment of labor policy completely to the pol'al processes. It is this framework within which have been fought recent liberal-conservative conflicts on such issues as union security, labor & pol, & the issue of labor & inflation. This liberal-conservative conflict, however, has often concealed the essential conservatism of Amer labor & its basic commitment to the existing econ & pol'al system. The advent of technological change may more signif'ly affect the labor movement than the policy issues which at present constitute the cleavage between liberals & conservatives. AA.

Automation & increased productivity must be encouraged in the US to the fullest extent if its econ growth & position in the world is to be maintained. Evidence is mounting, however, that the private sector of the economy, particularly manag, labor, & educ, cannot successfully cope with all the complex problems that technological change & automation have been causing. It is vital to minimize the effects of this growing technology on the individual & upon the established means of production. For the individual, the effect has tended to be unemployment, caused by lack of skills & training. For the physical means of production, the effect has tended to be decreasing industrial productivity, caused by obsolete & obsolescent technology & admin'ive concepts. High employment & full production & purchasing power cannot be achieved in the US today without special & co-ordinating assistance on a nat'l scale. Only gov can provide the final impetus & over-all impact necessary to accomplish this. Initial steps have been taken. AA.