Suchergebnisse

Resumen: Este trabajo examina cómo se identifican los inmigrantes latinoamericanos en Argentina -específicamente bolivianos, paraguayos y chilenos- en términos de identidad nacional y hasta qué punto esas identificaciones impactan en sus posibilidades de participación política y social a través de sus respectivas comunidades en el país de destino. Se explorará entonces el lugar que ocupan las organizaciones civiles de latinoamericanos en la lucha por el reconocimiento de sus derechos y de su papel para la construcción de un imaginario nacional. Primeramente se describirá la emergencia de las redes sociales entre inmigrantes paraguayos, bolivianos y chilenos, focalizando en sus instituciones comunitarias y comparando perfiles de líderes y tipos de organizaciones. En segundo término, se examinarán los modos en que se construyen identidades nacionales vinculadas -tanto al país de origen como al de destino- a través del análisis de los discursos de algunos líderes de las tres comunidades en estudio. El objetivo será elaborar conclusiones respecto de las dinámicas de aceptación y rechazo de los latinoamericanos en Argentina: ¿Están siendo percibidos –o se perciben a sí mismoscomo "integrados" al proyecto e identidad nacional argentina? ¿Hasta qué punto la idea de la Argentina como "nación de inmigración" es algo más que un mito? El examen de las respuestas civiles al fenómeno migratorio –específicamente de las organizaciones comunitarias- permitirá un mejor entendimiento del impacto que están teniendo las migraciones regionales en la sociedad argentina y de las luchas por el reconocimiento que los inmigrantes latinoamericanos y sus familias están llevando a cabo en el siglo XXI. ; Abstract: This article examines how Latin American immigrants in Argentina –especially Bolivians, Paraguayans and Chileans- identify themselves in terms of national identity and to what extent those identifications impact on their possibilities of social and political participation through their communities in the destination country. It will explore then the role that Latin American migrants' organizations are playing in the struggle for the recognition of their rights and its place within the Argentine national imaginary. Firstly, it will describe the emergence of social networks among Paraguayan, Bolivian and Chilean immigrants, focusing on their institutions and comparing both leadership profiles and types of community- based organizations. Secondly, it will examine the ways in which national identities -linked not only to the place of origin but also of destination- are being created. Through the analysis of the discourses of some of their communitarian leaders, the aim will be to draw some conclusions about the dynamics of acceptance and rejection towards Latin American migrants in Argentina: Are they being perceived –or perceive themselvesas "included" into the national project and identity? To what extent the idea of Argentina as a "nation of immigration" is something more than a myth? The study of civil reactions to the migratory phenomenon –especially of communitarian organizations- will allow an understanding of how regional migrations have been impacting on argentine's national society and of how Latin American immigrants are struggling for their rights in the twenty- first century.

The aim of this thesis was to describe and analyse principals´ views of collaboration forms, staff development and leadership, as critical internal capacities for school improvement, in five more successful and four less successful Swedish secondary schools, and compare the qualitative similarities and/or differences in the principals´ views at the level of schools. A successful school is understood to be a school where pupils accomplish both the academic objectives and the social/civic objectives in the National Curriculum. The empirical materials used were collected through semi-structured interviews with the principals and deputy principals, and through general school observations in the nine schools. The perspective of principals´ views was used as the unit for analysis, in order to reflect the principals´ way of thinking about the internal capacities, as principals´ views were expected to be an important indication of how principals act and interact with teachers in their specific context. To create such a model for analysis meant creating views, generated from empirical text, that deepened the understanding of the meaning of collaboration forms, staff development, and leadership, as critical internal capacities for school improvement. These views were then interpreted with the help of two theoretical concepts; structure and culture. The creation of the model made it possible to analyse and describe the school observations and the principals´ views of the three critical internal capacities, in the same usage. The question of what is decided helped to describe and understand the structure in a school, which in educational sociology is understood as the division of labour. The question of how the decisions are realised helped to describe and understand the culture in a school, the distribution of work. By using the theoretical concepts of structure and culture it was possible to unfold the power relations and the modes of control in the schools, regarding the three internal capacities for school improvement. One part of the result was the constructed view types for collaboration forms, staff development and leadership. It was possible to construct three qualitatively different view types: A principal distributed and team-based/involving view type, a principal distributed and teacher-based/traditional view type, and a politically distributed and principal-based view type. The last view type only appears in relation to staff development. When connecting the principals´ views of the three internal capacities in the different schools to the different view types, the results show that the ´team-based` view type dominates in all of the more successful schools, as well as in one of the less successful schools. In two of the less successful schools the ´team-based´ view type has become a vision for the principals to strive for in relation to the experienced reality of the ´teacher-based´ view type. The remaining less successful school is dominated by the ´teacher-based´ view type. Principals´ views of external collaboration forms, the connections with the world outside the school-house, are interesting, as all schools no matter the level of success, are ´teacher-based´.

In the thesis transformation of the international organizations will be analyzed. Nation-state foreign policy approach will be applied to the analysis, because international organizations are a peculiar kind of political systems. This leads to the general key research question: how and why do international organizations change? The methodological purpose of the thesis is too show the limits of existing scholarship on international organizations, because they neglect the external factors behind actual change within international organizations. The organizations NATO and the UN were chosen as cases. The UN from an international law point of view is undeniably the most important IO and the only truly system-wide IO; whereas NATO is seen by many as simply the strongest IO due to its combined military strength. In the thesis it will be argued that the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 served as an external shock and had an empirical effect on NATO and the UN. The main empirical aim of the analysis is to explore 9/11 effect upon two cases of IOs, namely the UN and NATO, in an attempt to gain better understanding of their transformation processes. The intention is also to explore the further effect of this change upon the security policy situation of small states. The research question of the thesis: how and why were the United Nations and North Atlantic Treaty Organization affected by the events of 9/11? Therefore the following tasks are set in the analysis: 1. to construct an approach to the study of change within international organizations applying nation-state foreign policy approach; 2. to analyse the effect of the end of the Cold War upon NATO and the UN; 3. to elaborate on the UN and NATO policy change following to 9/11 terrorist attacks upon the United States and evaluate the strength of NATO and the UN in terms of their commonality, specificity and autonomy; 4. to explore the further effect of the change in the UN and NATO upon the security policy situation of small states. Analysis confirmed that paradigmatic and radical changes in IOs are due to the external dynamics: external shocks, that is. The analysis showed that the influence of the external shocks significantly depends on how it challenges the original purpose and activities of the organizations. Applying Charles Hermann's (1990) external shock framework showed that the end of the Cold War and the events of 9/11 had bigger impact on NATO than the UN. However, the UN experienced minor adjustment as it had to deal with slight program (after the Cold War) and goal (after 9/11) changes. As predicted, the shift from regional issues to global area is not effects small countries negatively. The de-regionalization of both IOs cases makes small member states feel left behind and less solidarity. Although Denmark and Lithuania declare full support to the NATO and UN activities and understand that changes are necessary for the organizations, they are deeply concerned about the global shift of the organizations as the change effects their security policy. In the analysis the comparative and descriptive analytical method is being used.

Contradictory forces of urban concentration and sprawl and of spatial segregation dominate metropolitan dynamics. Segregation as a mechanism of separation/aggregation leading to unequal and homogenous spaces produces new socioeconomic inequalities through neighbourhood effects. The fight against spatial segregation is a prior goal of urban policies and a prominent element of sustainability. Thus, increasing socio-spatial inequalities lead me to enquire about the underlying reasons of segregation, and more particularly, about those related to the urban growth form. The aim of this thesis is to produce some answers to this question by analysing the impact of the urban form on segregation in the 100 largest French urban areas. Firstly, I propose to measure segregation and to analyse its evolutions during the last 20 years by using indexes and income data at different spatial scales (1984 to 2004 data from Internal Revenue and 2001 data from National Statistical Institute of Economic Studies- Internal Revenue). Secondly, I analyse residential migrations of socio-professional categories in Lyon, Marseille and Lille at the municipality level (1982, 1990 and 1999 General Population Census data). Finally, I test the effect of density and polycentrism through inter-unit disparity and intra-unit homogeneity in urban areas. Results do not show a consistent effect and confirm the ambiguity of the relation between density and segregation. They equally reject the hypothesis of polycentrism as a factor to hinder segregation. This analysis contributes to a better understanding of segregation mechanisms and leads to broad the research agenda in this field. ; Les dynamiques métropolitaines sont marquées par des mouvements contradictoires de concentration et d'étalement urbain mais aussi de ségrégation spatiale. À travers des mécanismes de séparation/agrégation de population conduisant à des espaces homogènes et inégalitaires, la ségrégation produit, par le biais des effets de quartier, de nouvelles inégalités socio-économiques. La lutte contre la ségrégation spatiale est un objectif des politiques urbaines, affirmé par le cadre du développement durable. Cependant, la croissance des inégalités socio-spatiales nous interroge sur les causes du phénomène et particulièrement celles liées à la forme de la croissance urbaine. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'apporter une première réponse, en analysant l'impact de la forme urbaine sur la ségrégation dans les 100 plus grandes aires urbaines françaises. D'abord, nous proposons de mesurer la ségrégation et d'analyser ses évolutions depuis une vingtaine d'années à partir d'indicateurs et des données de revenu, à plusieurs échelles spatiales (Direction Générale des Impôts 1984-2004, INSEE-DGI 2001). Nous analysons ensuite les mobilités résidentielles des catégories socioprofessionnelles à Lyon, Lille et Marseille, à l'échelle communale (RGP 1982, 1990 et 1999). Nous testons enfin l'effet de la densité et du polycentrisme sur la disparité inter-zones et l'homogénéité intra-zones des aires urbaines étudiées. Les résultats confirment l'ambiguïté du lien entre densité et ségrégation en montrant l'absence d'effet et rejettent l'hypothèse d'un polycentrisme moins ségrégatif. Notre analyse contribue ainsi à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes ségrégatifs et nous permet de proposer des pistes de recherche.

This postgraduate studies final work analyses theoretical counterculture concepts and the rise of counterculture. It also reveals the reasons for the rise of counterculture, the evolution of counterculture, and how the counterculture influences society and the political system. The counterculture is described from three directions: radicals-activists counterculture "propagates forms and requires new obligations"; communal utopian counterculture are formed of ascetic hermetic communes supported by unique values; and mystical counterculture, which are "looking for the right thing in themselves, are introverts and seeking deliberately to preserve their original values." These three separate forms of counterculture are not appointed descriptions of counterculture groups; they are predominated forms of counterculture according to their characteristics and tendencies. The second theoretical theme of this postgraduate studies final work is examined through culture connection with trademark and the controlled consumption prism. This final work reveals the meanings of trademark, elements, and functions, where culture is identified as one of the important subjects. Described are modern and postmodern trademark production and destruction aspects in the culture trajectory, and the differences are emphasised between those currents. There is also a great importance attached to the estimation of the styles of the decisions taken by modern consumers in the cultural influential context. This study also analyses consumers' decisions reception and cultural integration, in which the expressive and influential role of culture is revealed in decisions reception and understanding. The two significant sub-themes – culture and trademark with controlled consumption – unite trademarks and controlled consumption aspects analysis in the counterculture and cultural dimensions and the consumers' taken decisions integration model. This model is depicted as a foundation for the practical formation of a model for different societal groups. In these Master's theses, according to analysed theoretical counterculture, the decisions' reception styles and cultural dimensions, there is a model formed of the Kaunas town counterculture trademark and controlled reception. The model formed will help market specialists control counterculture resistance in the market. It will also help to weaken negative influence, to encourage the usage of certain goods, or to choose previously rejected trademarks. These theses offer the use of this model of the Kaunas counterculture trademark and controlled consumption in the absolute theoretical and practical likeness. The work object is to theoretically reveal certain features of trademark and controlled consumption, and to form the model of counterculture trademark and controlled consumption. For this purpose, these problems were formed: 1. To elucidate the reason for counterculture development, evolution, counterculture movements in the social context, and the main dimensions of this phenomenon. 2. To reveal trademark's development tendencies in the cultural context and review modern and postmodern paradigms of trademark production and destruction. 3. To reveal the methodologies of the consumers' decisions reception in the cultural context. 4. To reveal the integration of the methodologies of the culture and consumers' decisions reception. 5. After researching the phenomenon of counterculture influence in Kaunas, there was a model to be made of counterculture trademark and controlled consumption. Key words: counterculture, counterculture of Kaunas, styles of consumers' decisions reception, cultural dimensions, trademark, controlled consumption.

The purpose of this master's thesis is to analyse how the EU enlargement to Turkey is justified with security arguments. Historically, security has been an essential reason for EU enlargement and European integration in general and there is a reason to believe that security justifications exists also when it comes to further enlargement. This study focuses on security argumentation of the European Commission which is examined by analysing the speeches of European Commissioner for Enlargement Mr Olli Rehn. The theoretical framework of this study is based on constructive understanding of security according to which security gets its meaning through a linguistic process of securitization. Something becomes a security issue only after it is labelled as such by the political elite. This study focuses on the securitization process regarding the EU enlargement to Turkey and analyses what kinds of issues are raised to the agenda of security. Research data which consists of the speeches by EU Commissioner for Enlargement is analysed with speech act analysis that is based on the theory developed by J.L. Austin. This study illustrates that peace and security are still important justifications for EU enlargement. In post-Cold War era European integration and EU enlargement have been justified with the threat of fragmentation of Europe and even with the possibility of recurrence of Europe's warlike past. In the case of Turkey the security justifications for enlargement derive from the changed European and international security environment, not from the past. Based on the analysis there are three main security related justifications to the EU enlargement to Turkey articulated by the Commissioner for Enlargement. Firstly, the enlargement is justified with the need to promote intercultural relations and prevent the clash of civilizations. Secondly, the enlargement is presented as a necessity because of its stabilizing effect on Europe and its neighbouring regions. Thirdly, the enlargement is justified with its positive effect on the EU's role as a global security actor. The results of the analysis indicate that the European Union is taking a 'next step' in its European peace project and thus in its enlargement policy as well. The accession of the Central and Eastern European countries in 2004 and 2007 finally ended the division of Europe into the East and the West and finalized the project of creating durable peace in Europe. With the enlargement to Turkey the EU aims to continue the peace project by extending the European security community into new area. Equally important for the EU is to promote security and stability in its neighbourhood just outside EU borders as well as in the global scale. Turkey is considered to be a key factor in that project. Turkey as a Muslim country inside the EU would enhance the relationship between the West and Islam and it would be a benchmark of democracy to the rest of the Middle Eastern states. Finally, the enlargement would make the EU a more capable actor to take greater responsibilities in security matters that relate not only to Europe but the whole international community.

SUMMARY:
The article is based on the author's research in different archival collections containing documents in Russian and various Oriental languages relating to North Caucasian Muslims. The paper presents an attempt to critically rethink the advantages and disadvantages of the so-called Archival Revolution in the post-Communist period. More than fifteen years have passed since the opening of the archives of the post-Soviet space, yet these years did not produce a serious shift in understanding of Islam and Muslim communities under Russian rule. This situation points to a methodological crisis in Russian Islamic Studies. This crisis arises from the continued domination of misleading approaches of the Cold War period. Most scholars still concentrate on official Russian-language sources featuring a hostile attitude toward Islam and viewing Muslims as eternal enemies of the Russian state. The voices of Russia's Muslims are fundamentally neglected or misunderstood by contemporary historians, who rely on sources produced by tsarist and Soviet officials. In order to capture these voices scholars should turn to Arabic sources and evidence emanating from local Muslim communities in imperial and early Soviet Russia. These sources may be found in central state and private archival collections. They comprise a vast body of official documents and narrative materials that shed light on the inner life of Muslim communities and their relationship with the state. In view of these variegated archival collections, it appears that the history of Islam and Muslim communities in Russia should be represented through the model of entangled history. Knowledge of written Islamic sources in the Arabic language or script is essential to this entangled history. Yet, Arabic was just one medium in an intricate and constantly changing hierarchy of oral and written languages used by Muslim subjects in the Caucasian borderland of the Russian Empire and Soviet Union. Various types of first-hand sources present conflicting stories, yet also complement each other. Their comparative synchronic analysis allows for a more complicated, more credible and more dynamic picture of Muslim life at a local or micro-historical level. Bobrovnikov also points out that the archival sources dealing with nineteenth and twentieth century Russian Muslims of the Caucasus borderland are scattered all over the world. This article presents archival findings from the collections of Dagestan and Bulgaria. In Sofia there is a rich collection of Ottoman legal records and financial documents many of which pertain to the history of the nineteenth century Muslim emigration ( muhajirun ) from the Caucasus and other regions the Russian Empire. Drawing on these sources, Bobrovnikov shows the importance of further studies on a variety of themes: the conceptual languages of state documentation of Islam; the construction and/or perversion of social and political meaning in the process of translating official documents pertaining to Islam in a multilingual milieu; authors and actors of Islamic discourse and activism in the Russian Caucasus; the criteria and underlying ideological messages of statistics; and the role of oral histories in local Muslim discourse concerning Islam and the Empire.

Executive summary: The first phase of LIFE (Lifecycle Information For E-Literature) made a major contribution to understanding the long-term costs of digital preservation; an essential step in helping institutions plan for the future. The LIFE work models the digital lifecycle and calculates the costs of preserving digital information for future years. Organisations can apply this process in order to understand costs and plan effectively for the preservation of their digital collections The second phase of the LIFE Project, LIFE2, has refined the LIFE Model adding three new exemplar Case Studies to further build upon LIFE1. LIFE2 is an 18-month JISC-funded project between UCL (University College London) and The British Library (BL), supported by the LIBER Access and Preservation Divisions. LIFE2 began in March 2007, and completed in August 2008. The LIFE approach has been validated by a full independent economic review and has successfully produced an updated lifecycle costing model (LIFE Model v2) and digital preservation costing model (GPM v1.1). The LIFE Model has been tested with three further Case Studies including institutional repositories (SHERPA-LEAP), digital preservation services (SHERPA DP) and a comparison of analogue and digital collections (British Library Newspapers). These Case Studies were useful for scenario building and have fed back into both the LIFE Model and the LIFE Methodology. The experiences of implementing the Case Studies indicated that enhancements made to the LIFE Methodology, Model and associated tools have simplified the costing process. Mapping a specific lifecycle to the LIFE Model isn't always a straightforward process. The revised and more detailed Model has reduced ambiguity. The costing templates, which were refined throughout the process of developing the Case Studies, ensure clear articulation of both working and cost figures, and facilitate comparative analysis between different lifecycles. The LIFE work has been successfully disseminated throughout the digital preservation and HE communities. Early adopters of the work include the Royal Danish Library, State Archives and the State and University Library, Denmark as well as the LIFE2 Project partners. Furthermore, interest in the LIFE work has not been limited to these sectors, with interest in LIFE expressed by local government, records offices, and private industry. LIFE has also provided input into the LC-JISC Blue Ribbon Task Force on the Economic Sustainability of Digital Preservation. Moving forward our ability to cost the digital preservation lifecycle will require further investment in costing tools and models. Developments in estimative models will be needed to support planning activities, both at a collection management level and at a later preservation planning level once a collection has been acquired. In order to support these developments a greater volume of raw cost data will be required to inform and test new cost models. This volume of data cannot be supported via the Case Study approach, and the LIFE team would suggest that a software tool would provide the volume of costing data necessary to provide a truly accurate predictive model.

It is essential that young people's interest in science is captured and maintained through schooling so that they become scientifically literate and more students continue with their studies of science at university level in order to address the strong need for science, technology, engineering and mathematics skills. The purpose of science in primary schools is to provide opportunities for students to know science as a body of knowledge, as a way to know the world and as a human endeavour, and to develop students' scientific literacy (MCEETYA, 2006). The Australian Academy of Science recognised the need to support primary teachers to teach science in ways that engage students. The Academy gained the support of all states and territories and the Australian government to develop a teacher professional learning program supported with curriculum resources designed to improve science teaching in primary schools. The main activities of Stage 3 (2006 – 2008) included: (1) the development of professional learning resources and the training of professional learning facilitators, curriculum leaders and tertiary pre-service teacher science educators (teacher educators) (2) the development, trial, revision and publication of curriculum resources, and (3) the provision of ongoing support to trial teachers. Research studies in Stage 3 (2006 – 2008) focused on: (1) evaluating the professional learning provided for teacher educators, professional learning facilitators and curriculum leaders (2) monitoring the activities of professional learning facilitators and the implementation of Primary Connections in trial schools, and (3) a major study of the impact of Primary Connections on students' learning. This report provides an overview of 17 research studies conducted during Stage 3 of the Primary Connections program, summarises the research findings and identifies implications for further action. The research and evaluation studies undertaken for Stage 3 have established that Primary Connections has had positive impacts on schools, teachers and students. Principals of trial schools have reported that the program has enhanced the status of science in their schools, improved teachers' confidence with teaching science and has enhanced students' attitudes towards science. Where Primary Connections has been implemented on a whole-of-school basis this has led to a more collegial approach to professional learning and science and literacy teaching, and an increased amount of science has been taught. The program has had positive impacts on teachers' confidence with science and literacy teaching, enhanced teachers' beliefs in their self-efficacy, the amount of time devoted to science teaching and their teaching practice, and consequently has increased students' opportunities for learning science. Primary Connections has had a substantial positive impact on students' development of conceptual understandings, science processes, literacies of science and attitudes towards science - the key components of scientific literacy. The training of professional learning facilitators, curriculum leaders and teacher educators has given Australia a substantially increased capacity to provide high quality science professional learning for primary school teachers. The high quality professional learning and innovative curriculum resources of Primary Connections have the potential to make a significant contribution to developing the scientifically literate community needed by Australia.

The field of colonial studies has gone through tremendous theoretical upheavals in the past three decades. Yet something is still too often missing in the study of 17th, 18th and 19th century situations of colonial or imperial "encounter", namely this vernacular domain of thought and actions that was kept out of reach of the colonizer's power and knowledge tools, and that was not geared toward the (whether coerced or not) commercial, political or military interaction with the Europeans. Nevertheless, it is only by focusing on this vernacular (rather than "native" or "indigenous") hors-champ of the colonial situation that one can achieve a better understanding of the multi-layered historicity of extraeuropean societies. This perspective indeed allows us to make sense of the "colonial moment" of these societies with regards not only to their encounter with Europe, but also to their own long-term ideological and political trajectories (trajectories that began long before the arrival of the Europeans and that never can be wholly equated with the effects and consequences of the latter). This research agenda moreover helps us to get back to a more nuanced and historically accurate view of the initial precariousness and "leopard-skin" style dissemination of European colonial power. Lastly, it enables us to get beyond the now dominant paradigm of the "indigenous appropriation of colonial/European modernity" and its old-fashioned utilitarian language of "native agency" by investigating the local, vernacular visions of the self and of history that were put to use in the tactical engagement with, or avoidance of, colonial rule. ; Malgré un récent retour en force des études du " fait colonial ", accompli au sortir d'une période d'innovations théoriques majeures, il est encore souvent un point aveugle de l'analyse des situations de " rencontre " impériale ou coloniale des 17e, 18e et 19e siècles : le domaine des pratiques et des entendements ''indigènes'' (nous dirons plutôt : vernaculaires) peu ou pas finalisés par le rapport, contraint ou volontaire, aux Européens. Or, la prise en compte de ce ''hors-champ indigène'' du monde colonial - pensé ici comme une configuration de situations régies par des " régimes d'historicité " distincts - autorise une compréhension renouvelée de l'historicité des sociétés politiques asiatiques, océaniennes ou africaines. Elle implique en particulier d'interpréter le moment colonial de ces sociétés à l'aune de leurs propres trajectoires au long cours, déployées sur des siècles, et donc entamées bien avant " la venue des Européens " (laquelle ne fit pas toujours, loin s'en faut, ''événement'' parmi les lettrés locaux). Cette perspective de recherche oblige également à repenser à sa juste mesure l'enracinement toujours partiel et précaire des dominations coloniales, et ce faisant à renoncer à faire de la rencontre avec l'Europe l'axe unique des chronologies extraeuropéennes. Elle permet, enfin, à rebours des commodités trompeuses du paradigme désormais dominant de " l'appropriation indigène de la modernité coloniale/européenne ", de pousser l'analyse au-delà de la simple assignation d'une agency (capacité individualisée d'action) aux Indigènes, et notamment d'interroger les constructions locales, vernaculaires, de l'intentionnalité et du rapport au temps.

Раздел "Международное право" - рубрика "Вопросы миграции и беженцев" ; Среди многообразия подходов к изучению правового регулирования труда иностранных граждан в теории трудового права концепция эффективного формирования и развития правового регулирования субъектов внешней трудовой миграции по-прежнему остается недостаточно разработанной. Эта проблема ни с научной, ни с методологической стороны белорусскими учеными и практиками комплексно не рассматривалась. В этой связи одним из приоритетных направлений совершенствования правоустановительной деятельности государства в социально-трудовой сфере является создание эффективной правовой базы, регулирующей труд работников отдельных отраслей экономики и профессий в целом и регламентирующей трудовые отношения с участием трудящихся-мигрантов в частности. В этой связи в статье исследована сложившаяся практика привлечения в Республику Беларусь иностранной рабочей силы, изучена согласованность правовых терминов белорусского национального законодательства в области внешней трудовой миграции с международно-правовыми определениями, предложены научно обоснованные рекомендации по совершенствованию правовой основы регулирования труда с иностранным участием, выделены характерные особенности заключения трудовых договоров с трудящимися-мигрантами. В целях совершенствования правового регулирования труда с иностранным участием авторы предлагают, во-первых, пересмотреть подход к законодательному пониманию термина «внешняя трудовая миграция» Закона «О внешней трудовой миграции» в сторону дозволения субъектам внешней трудовой миграции осуществления трудовой деятельности по трудовому или гражданско-правовому договору, во-вторых, дополнить статью 1 Трудового кодекса определением «работник-мигрант». В частности, по мнению авторов статьи, работник-мигрант — это иностранный гражданин или лицо без гражданства, постоянно проживающие вне пределов Республики Беларусь, состоящие в трудовых отношениях с нанимателем на территории Республики Беларусь на основании заключенного трудового договора. = With various approaches proliferating in the research into legal regulation of foreign citizens' labour in the labour law theory, the concept of efficient formation and development of legal regulation of the subjects of labour migration from abroad remains not sufficiently studied. This issue has not been researched by Belarusian scholars either theoretically or methodologically. Given that, in further development of the state legislative base priority should be given to the effective legal base to regulate the labour in various sectors of national economy and in various professions, as well as to regulate the labour relations involving labour migrants in particular. In connection with this the article explores the current practice of attracting labour force from abroad into the Republic of Belarus. It studies the conformity of the Belarusian national legislation on foreign labour migration with international legal definitions, suggests scientifically grounded recommendations on further developing the legal basis to regulate labour relations involving foreign workers and outlines the main peculiarities in concluding labour contracts with migrant workers. To elaborate further legal regulations of labour involving foreign workers the authors make several proposals: firstly, to revise the approach to legislative understanding of the term «foreign labour migration» of the law «On Foreign Labour Migration» towards permitting the subjects of foreign labour migration to work on labour or civil legal contract; secondly, to supplement Article 1 of the Labour Code with the definition of «the migrant worker». In particular, as the authors believe, the migrant worker is a foreign citizen or a stateless person permanently residing outside the Republic of Belarus and maintaining labour relations with an employer on the Belarusian territory according to a labour contract concluded.

Teaching history in multicultural societies – Case study Malmo (Sweden) German Minister of Education and Research, Annette Schavan recently presented a proposal concerning a common European History Book. According to Deutsche Welle she underlined that "education is essential for shaping identity and for social cohesion in Europe". Therefore it is possible to conclude that the content of history as a subject in schools is and will continue to be an important issue. In the light of these words it is of importance to discuss what the common historical knowledge is according to college pupils, because they are directly effected by the political decisions. The emphasis of my research project is to determine through interviews what according to the teenagers, who live in the multicultural city of Malmö (Sweden), is regarded as a relevant historical knowledge. According to the official statistics 43 percents of teenagers living in Malmö have an immigrant background. For this reason Malmö is an excellent place to carry out studies that are both related to the questions of teaching history within multicultural societies and the young pupils' complex social and cultural experiences and their construction of identities. Consequently it is significant to emphasize that, before one is to discuss what the content of history as a school subject should be, we should try to critically analyze the meaning of word "common history and identity" within multifaceted societies. My opinion is that people leaving in multicultural societies have multitude of socio-cultural backgrounds, identities and experiences, which makes this field of study significant. The paper will be based on interviews with 25 college pupils who have different cultural, social, and ethnic backgrounds. It is my belief that by getting closer to the historical consciences of the above mentioned individuals I can depict young people's opinions concerning the future of history in multicultural societies, such as Sweden. The focuses of my deconstructive perspective are gender and ethnicity, as well as the importance of gender and ethnicity for understanding of the national and regional historical writings and therefore the creation of common identity. Consequently the main focus of this project will be the question of identity as well as my interest in what kind of historical knowledge is regarded as relevant for the development of their ethnic and gender identities. The preliminary studies have indicated that the ethnic identity is more significant for the youngsters who have a foreign background. On the other hand female pupils have shown a greater interest in the history of gender relations. As the result of these words it could be concluded that I will try to answer the following questions: • What is according to the interviewees regarded as a relevant historical knowledge? How can we understand the relation between the taught historical knowledge and the power to decide what the "essential" historical knowledge is? How are their opinions related to their gender and ethnic identities? What are the potential consequences of the taught historical knowledge from gender and ethnic perspective on the formation of individual's identities?

This study on land transactions in rural Cambodia is based on a twofold observation. On the one hand, Cambodian land policy, basically organized around a large-scale land titling program (LMAP) funded by the World Bank, ignores the land tenure relations that do not tally with the individual private ownership model, namely derived rights and indirect access to land. On the other hand, research on land tenure in Cambodia has mainly focused on purchase and sale markets and not on the transactions that are precisely the ones public policy neglect. The study, carried out by CEDAC with GRET methodological support, has relied on a qualitative approach on research sites located in four provinces: Siem Reap, Sihanoukville, Kompong Thom, Rotanak Kiri. The empirical fieldwork has made possible the identification and analysis of the transactions as social processes and of the actors involved, and thus the understanding of « real » land rights markets. Were highlighted the importance of land brokers in the transactions, the informal functioning on local authorities, the weight of urban stakeholders, and the influence of power relations on so-called « market » mechanisms, resulting in the eviction of smallholders from peri-urban areas and in the emergence of a class of landless farmers. The contradictions between land titling policy and the concession policy were also underscored. The study was funded by the Solidarity priority fund (FSP) of the French ministry of foreign affairs « Supporting agricultural policy » lodged at the Cambodian ministry of agriculture, forests and fisheries. ; Cette étude sur les transactions foncières dans les campagnes cambodgiennes part d'un double constat. D'une part, la politique foncière cambodgienne, essentiellement structurée par un grand programme de cadastrage et d'immatriculation foncière (LMAP) financé par la Banque mondiale, ignore les relations foncières ne correspondant pas au modèle de la propriété privée individuelle, à savoir les droits délégués et les modes de faire-valoir indirect. D'autre part, les recherches foncières au Cambodge se sont essentiellement intéressées aux marchés de l'achat/vente et très peu aux formes qui précisément sont celles que négligent les politiques publiques. L'étude, menée par le CEDAC avec l'appui méthodologique du GRET, a privilégié une approche qualitative dans 4 provinces du pays : Siem Reap, Sihanoukville, Kompong Thom, Rotanak Kiri. Ce travail empirique a permis d'identifier et d'analyser les transactions en tant que processus sociaux et les acteurs impliqués et ainsi de mieux comprendre comment fonctionnent les marchés « réels » des droits fonciers. On a en particulier mis en lumière l'importance des intermédiaires et courtiers dans les transactions, les fonctions informelles des autorités locales, le poids des acteurs urbains et l'influence des rapports de forces sur les mécanismes marchands, aboutissant entre autres à l'éviction des petits paysans des zones périurbaines et à l'émergence d'une couche de paysans sans terre. Les contradictions entre politiques d'immatriculation foncière et politiques de concessions ont également été mises en lumière. L'étude a été financée par le Fonds de solidarité prioritaire (FSP) du ministère français des Affaires étrangères « Appui aux politiques agricoles » basé au ministère cambodgien de l'Agriculture, des Forêts et de la Pêche.

Dalam rangka mendukung peningkatan kapasitas aparat pemerintah daerah dalam melaksanakan peran dan fungsi setelah penerapan kebijakan desentralisasi, Unit Desentralisasi Departemen Kesehatan telah menyusun beberapa rencana strategis yang bertujuan mengantisipasi transisi desentralisasi, diantaranya adalah membangun organisasi pembelajar. Melihat bagaimana peranan pelatihan berpengaruh pada perubahan individu dan institusi pada lingkungan birokrasi yang lebih ketat pada tingkat pemerintah daerah. Penelitian ini adalah sebuah penelitian quasi-eksperimental dengan pre- dan post- intervensi, pengukuran yang berulang kali, dan kontrol yang tidak merata. Kelompok pertama akan menerima pelatihan SLLO (Xa) dan pendampingan (Xb). Kelompok kedua hanya akan berfungsi sebagai kelompok pengontrol. Penelitian ini menemukan: (1) Pelatihan LO efektif untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan, dan pemahaman peserta dalam perspektif kerja, masalah, keinginan mempebaiki diri dan menyebarkan kepada teman kerja. (2) Perubahan tingkat individu meliputi; keinginan memperbaiki perilaku kerja; keterbukaan dan kesiapan pencatatan perilaku; kesediaan menyediakan waktu; lebih banyak mempergunakan analisis penyebab masalah; lebih banyak dialog dan tidak terjebak dengan gejala; keinginan dan upaya menyebarkan LO dalam seminar dan pelatihan. (3) Bentuk perubahan kelompok dan institusi belum terlihat, berupa upaya untuk menyampaikan informasi pelatihan LO kepada peserta lintas sektor yang lebih luas. (4) Pengaruh lingkungan birokrasi pemerintah tingkat kabupaten mengakibatkan; perubahan individu berpengaruh pada perubahan kelompok sedikit; komunikasi membutuhkan waktu banyak; Sulit melakukan dialog antar anggota tim. Pada tingkat kecamatan keadaan berubah lebih baik; Perubahan individu yang berpengaruh pada perubahan kelompok lebih banyak; komunikasi antar anggota lebih cepat; dialog lebih mudah .Kata kunci : Pelatihan pembelajaran organisasi , perubahan individu dan institusiAbstractIn order to support local government capacity to implement their role and capacity after the implementation of decentralization policy, The Decentralization Unit of Ministry of Health RI has developed several strategic plans which directed to anticipate decentralization transition, such as learning organization. To objective of this study is to understand the effect of training program on individual and institutional changes in a more strict bureocratic environment. This study is a quasi-experimental study with pre and post intervention study design, several times measurements, and unequally distributed control. The first group receive SLLO training (Xa) and assistance (Xb). The second group is a control group. The study result show that: (1) the LO training is efective to increase knowledge and understanding of the trainees on job perspective, problem solving, self improvement need and distribution to group member (2) The individual level changes include the need to job behavioral improvement, the openness and readiness to record behaviour, more problem analysis, more dialogue and not trapped in surface symptoms, want and need to distribute LO in seminar and training (3) the group and institutional changes has not been seen yet (4) only small effect of individual changes to group level changes, communication needs plenty of time, difficult to conduct dialogue among team members. In sub-district level situation has chenged to a better situation, more effect of individual level cahnges to group level changes, faster communication between group members and easier dialogue.Keywords: Learning organization training, individual and institutional changes

This is an author pre-print (ie final draft before peer review) of the paper published in 'Public Understanding of Science, July 2008, Volume 17, No. 3., pages 349-367. The original publication is available at http://pus.sagepub.com[http://pus.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/17/3/349] ; [EN] This paper investigates what motivates scientists to communicate science and technology in a science event involving a direct relationship and interaction with the public. A structured questionnaire survey was administered through face-to-face interviews to 167 research practitioners (researchers, technicians, support staff and fellows) at the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC) who participated in the Madrid Science Fair in the years 2001 to 2004. The motivations of members in each professional category are discussed. The most important motivations have to do with the desire to increase the public's interest in and enthusiasm for science, the public's scientific culture, and public awareness and appreciation of science and scientists. Senior researchers were also highly motivated by a sense of duty. Personal satisfaction and enjoyment were important motivations for younger scientists. This research will help to understand the mechanisms of scientists' motivation, and thus foster and encourage greater and better participation in events of this kind. ; [ES] Se analizan cuáles son las motivaciones de los científicos para comunicar la ciencia y la tecnología en un evento científico en el que se produce una interacción directa con el público. Para ello se entrevistó, utilizando un cuestionario estructurado, a personal del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) que habían participado en la Feria Madrid por la Ciencia en sus ediciones de 2001 a 2004, ambos inclusive. Se realizaron un total de 167 entrevistas a investigadores, técnicos, personal de apoyo y becarios. Se discuten aquí las motivaciones para partcipar en la Feria, de los individuos de cada una de estas categorías. Las motivaciones más importantes tienen que ver con el deseo de despertar e incrementar el interés y entusiasmo del público por la ciencia, incrementar la cultura científica del público, e incrementar el conocimiento y reconocimiento de la ciencia y de los científicos. Además, los investigadores "senior" señalaron senstirse motivados por el sentido del deber, mientras que para los investigadores más jóvenes la satisfacción personal y la diversión fueron factores motivadores importantes. Este estudio pretende contribuir a comprender las motivaciones que inducen a los científicos a participar en la Feria, así como los mecanismos de esta motivación, con el fin de aprovecharlos, potenciarlos y canalizarlos adecuadamente para una mayor y mejor participación en este tipo de eventos ; The project 'Scientific Culture and Communication of Science in the Community of Madrid. A study to encourage participation of scientists in PCST activities' has been funded by the General Directorate for Universities and Research of the Regional Government of Madrid. Este trabajo se ha realizado en el marco del proyecto de investigación "Cultura Científica y Comunicación de la Ciencia en la Comunidad de Madrid. Un estudio para inventivar la participación de los científicos en las actividades de divulgación científica", financiado por la Dirección General de Investigación de la Comunidad de Madrid (Proyecto 06/0076/2003)