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In Sweden, there is a growing receptivity for change to more sustainable stormwater practices using green infrastructure approaches. Unlike piped drainage systems they can have multiple benefits in use including flood control, pollutant removal and can add to the quality of urban space supporting green infrastructure through irrigation and providing cooling and an additional water source for supply. However, the change towards non-piped systems is facing many challenges: the tradition of using piped systems; a dominant environmental-technical discourse; lack of legislative, public, political and organisational support and lack of contextual conditions, all of which complicate and hinder the integration of sustainable stormwater management into planning and practice. These challenges, amongst others, are discussed in this thesis which is based on a practical approach and a change perspective. In Sweden as in many other countries, the so far only modest progress towards sustainable stormwater management requires understanding and an explanation as to how better to integrate and implement sustainable stormwater management goals into planning and practice, accelerating the change process. The main research question concerns the possibilities for influencing a shift from traditional management using pipes to one which adopts a more sustainable approach to stormwater management. The study has investigated Swedish municipal officials' experiences in stormwater planning and practice; focusing on pathways to overcome inertia to the uptake of more sustainable practices. The empirical material is based on two studies: an in-depth interview supplemented with an online questionnaire responded to by 227 from the 290 municipalities in Sweden. Increased knowledge about how to overcome change inertia has been developed by exploring aspects of urban stormwater management: the historical construction of the piped system; the urban stormwater planning process; the concept of sustainable development; a transition approach; receptivity and receptive contexts for action. These linked studies and analyses are presented in five papers. A combination of key theoretical perspectives and methods, combined with relevant stormwater management literature has been used in the interpretation of the empirical findings.The study has identified visions and supportive processes as key change conditions in the contextual situation in which the professionals have to work. Linked to these findings, a comprehensive framework with two complementary receptivity theories focusing collectively on individual or organisational receptivity and receptive contexts for change (action) is proposed. The results from this research show that the sustainable stormwater development process in Sweden continues to emerge slowly and its' continuing development lies somewhere between increased receptivity and increased innovation in practice. This study has shown that there is no ideal pathway towards change or any particularly strong signs of mainstreaming of sustainable stormwater practice in Sweden. Rather, a variety of alternatives are practiced in various municipalities where the change agenda is neither fixed nor clearly defined. Such flexibility may be useful in order to avoid 'lock-in' to fixed paradigms of practice as has happened in the past when urban water systems were originally designed and constructed. A key result from this research is that change implies a constant balancing and rebalancing between committed professional perspectives and an ability to innovate to attain a goal that is expected to be more sustainable. For a continuation of the change processes towards more sustainable stormwater management systems, at a national and international scale, the contextual conditions from where a change has the potential to emerge have to be acknowledged and realized. The best strategy to overcome inertia and support the professionals' openness and action for change is to identify and create receptive contexts that give possibilities from which sustainable stormwater management practices can emerge. ; Det finns en öppenhet i Sverige för en förändring av dagvattenhantering i riktning mot hållbara system och användande av en grön infrastruktur. En grön infrastruktur har flera fördelar, som att hantera översvämningar och föroreningar samt ger ökade upplevelser och kvalitéer i stadsmiljön med parker och grönområden. En förändring till en mer hållbar dagvattenhantering innebär att många olika utmaningar måste hanteras; det traditionella dagvattensystemet (med ledningar), brist på politiskt och organisatoriskt stöd och avsaknad av stöd från allmänheten. Alla dessa förhållanden hindrar integreringen av en hållbar dagvattenhantering i stadsplanering och praktik. Dessa utmaningar, bland många andra, diskuteras i denna avhandling med syftet att förstå hur man kan öka användningen av hållbara dagvattensystem. I Sverige, liksom i många andra länder, kräver de hittills blygsamma framstegen i förändringsprocessen mot hållbara system en förklaring för bättre integrera en hållbar dagvattenhantering i praktiken. Den viktigaste forskningsfrågan handlar om att hitta vägar för att påverka förändringen från traditionell hantering (med ledningar) till en mer hållbar dagvattenhantering. Detta har uppnåtts genom studier av svenska kommuners erfarenheter av praktiken. Det empiriska materialet är baserat på två studier: en fördjupad intervjustudie som är kompletterad med en enkätstudie, vilken besvarades av 227 av totalt 290 kommuner i Sverige. En ökad kunskap om hur man kan övervinna förändringströgheten har utvecklats genom att utforska vissa aspekter av stadens dagvattenhantering. Exempel på detta är den historiska konstruktionen av traditionella dagvattensystem, dagvatten i stadsplanering, begreppet hållbar utveckling, en förändringsstrategi och kontexter som stödjer en förändring. Dessa sammanhängande studier och analyser presenteras i fem artiklar. Föreliggande arbete har identifierat visioner och stödjande processer som viktiga förändringsvillkor i de sammanhang där kommunala tjänstemän arbetar med stadens dagvatten. Baserat på resultaten föreslås ett övergripande ramverk med två kompletterande teorier om förändring med fokus på individuell/organisatorisk receptivitet och receptiva kontexter för förändring. Resultaten visar att utvecklingen mot en hållbar dagvattenhantering i Sverige går långsamt framåt och att utvecklingen kan påverkas av stödjande organisatoriska kontexter. Denna studie pekar på att det inte finns någon ideal väg mot förändring eller några särskilt starka tecken på någon förhärskande riktning för hållbar dagvattenpraktik i Sverige. Snarare praktiseras ett antal olika alternativ i olika kommuner, där målet för förändring varken är fast eller klart definierad. Sådan flexibilitet kan vara användbar för att undvika låsta paradigm som tidigare inträffade när urbana vattensystem ursprungligen utformades och konstruerades. Ett viktigt resultat till följd av denna forskning är att förändring innebär en ständig balansgång och omfördelning mellan engagerade personers perspektiv och en förmåga att experimentera för att uppnå ett mål som förväntas bli mer hållbart. För en fortsatt förändring mot förväntade hållbara dagvattensystem, både nationellt och internationellt, måste de kontextuella villkoren varifrån förändringsprocessen kan ta fart uppmärksammas. Den bästa strategin för att övervinna trögheten/motståndet och stödja de yrkesverksammas öppenhet för en förändrad praktik är att identifiera och skapa receptiva kontexter som ger möjligheter till att realisera en hållbar dagvattenhantering. ; Godkänd; 2012; 20121113 (ysko); DISPUTATION Ämne: VA-teknik/Sanitary Engineering Opponent: Dr Sarah Bell, University College London, London, United Kingdom Ordförande: Professor Maria Viklander, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Luleå tekniska universitet Tid: Torsdag den 20 december 2012, kl 10.00 Plats: D770, Luleå tekniska universitet

The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in the area of agricultural researches has been widely embraced as a very effective tool. The application of CFD has spread to various fields due to the accuracy and realism of CFD simulations. Amongst various problems in agriculture, this study dealt with the atmospheric environmental problem, especially transport and dispersion of livestock odor in the atmosphere, which was increasing in most countries. Because many limitations in understanding and predicting the odor dispersion have been endured in field experiments, this study was started to predict the quantitative and qualitative odor dispersions over complex terrain under various weather conditions. In chapter 4, as the first step of the study, various phenomena and influence factors of odor dispersion from livestock farms were investigated in two target areas through field experiments. The odor concentration was generally decreased according to the leeward distance from the farm, however, several excessive or deficient values were found due to topographical effect, unstable weather conditions, atmospheric stability, etc. When the wind conditions were stable, the atmospheric stability was the most influential factor in odor dispersion. All measured data, including odor distributions and meteorological data, were utilized to build CFD model and to verify the accuracy of simulation results. In chapter 5, the wind tunnel experiments were conducted to determine the primary design conditions in advance of a CFD modeling. Through heat dispersion test under various turbulent inflows, the large eddy simulation (LES) model was appropriate to dispersion modeling under all turbulent flows. The grid size of 5 m was determined for modeling of wide terrain and the size up to 10 m were also supposed to be allowed in some cases. The time step size of 1 s or slightly longer proven to be appropriate considering computational cost. In chapter 6, some methodologies for terrain modeling to simplify the creation of complex topography for CFD analysis were presented. The terrain modeling method was to make triangulated irregular network (TIN) faces on the contour lines, then drape the solid surfaces over the TIN structures. This method which used various graphical tools resulted in high resolution and shorter computational time. The upper boundary was made flat to improve numerical convergence, and raised up to 2,500 m height to alleviate the effects of high mountains. In chapter 7, CFD model was developed for the atmospheric dispersion modeling of livestock odor. To model the atmospheric conditions, such as atmospheric stability, wind shear and insolation, modules for atmospheric dispersion model (MADM) was developed. The MADM automatically controlled the dynamic boundary conditions of CFD model to simulate changing wind environments as realistically as possible. The livestock odor was modeled as odorous gas parcel mixture (OGPM). The use of CFD simulation with the LES and MADM produced the accurate wind fields, which was main mechanism of dispersion phenomenon, over complex terrain, and the wind environment and odor distributions computed by CFD model were well agreed with the field measurements. From odor predictions under various weather conditions, the most critical conditions were the westerly wind with neutral or stable atmospheric stability for Cheongyang area, and the north-westerly wind with stable stability for Yesan area. In chapter 8, utilizing the CFD modeling and simulation approaches, the environmental impact of livestock odor was evaluated and quantified, and the performance of windbreaks to reduce the odor dispersion was assessed. CFD has proved to be an effective method to take preventive measures against livestock odor dispersion. Consequently, the use of CFD would help the farm holders and government employees to make quick decisions on probable odor problems and its solution. ; 전산유체역학은 다양한 농업 연구들에서 매우 효과적인 접근법으로 알려져 있으며, 특히 높은 정확도로 현실적인 구현이 가능하기 때문에 다양한 분야에서 응용되고 있다. 이 중 본 연구에서는 대기 환경 내 오염 물질 이동 문제에 접근하고자 하였으며, 그 중에서도 최근 많은 국가들에서 문제시 되고 있는 축산 악취의 확산 문제를 다루고자 하였다. 그 동안 현장 실험에 의존한 연구들에서 이러한 악취의 확산 문제를 다뤄왔으나 대부분 많은 한계에 부딪혀 왔으며, 이러한 한계를 극복하기 위하여 본 연구에서는 전산유체역학 시뮬레이션을 활용하여 다양한 기상 환경 조건과 복잡한 지형 조건에서 확산되는 악취의 분포를 정성적 및 정량적으로 예측하고자 하였다. 제 4장은 본 연구의 첫 단계로서, 축산 농가가 위치한 두 지역을 선정하여 현장실험을 수행하고, 이로부터 악취의 확산을 측정하고 다양한 영향 요인들을 분석하였다. 그 결과 악취의 농도는 전반적으로 축산 농장으로부터 풍하측으로 갈수록 감소하는 경향을 보였으나, 일부 측정 지점에서는 지형적인 요인, 불안정한 기상 요소, 대기안정도 등의 영향에 의하여 악취 농도가 지나치게 높거나 낮게 나타나기도 하였다. 이러한 영향 요인들 중, 풍향과 풍속이 일정할 경우, 대기 안정도가 악취의 확산 현상에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 본 현장실험을 통하여 측정된 악취 분포 및 기상 자료들은 모두 전산유체역학 모델을 만들고 그 정확도를 검증하는데 사용되었다. 제 5 장에서는 풍동실험을 통하여 전산유체역학 시뮬레이션의 주요 설계 인자들을 결정하였다. 다양한 난류 강도를 가진 유입기류에 대하여 열 확산 실험을 수행하고 확산 양상을 시뮬레이션과 비교한 결과, LES 모델을 사용할 경우 모든 난류 정도에 대하여 확산 현상을 가장 잘 모의하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 격자의 크기는 5m 정도에서 경우에 따라 10m 정도로 사용하고, 연산 시간간격은 1초나 10초 정도를 사용할 경우 경제적으로 적절한 계산 결과를 얻을 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 제 6 장에서는 복잡한 지형 형상을 전산유체역학 시뮬레이션에 사용하기 위한 계산 영역으로 설계하는 방법을 다루었다. 본 연구에서 제안하는 방법은 먼저 등고선 형태의 지형 정보를 불규칙 삼각망 (TIN) 면으로 변환하고, 이 위에 솔리드 형태의 면을 덮어 씌워 지형과 동일한 형상의 솔리드 면을 만드는 방법이다. 비록 몇몇 그래픽 프로그램들이 필요하지만 비교적 짧은 시간에 고해상도의 지형 모델을 설계할 수 있다. 또한 계산 영역의 윗면은 수렴성을 높이기 위하여 편평하게 만들었으며, 계산 영역 내 높은 산에서 단면 축소효과가 나타나지 않도록 약 2500m 정도의 높이로 여유있게 설계하였다. 제 7 장에서는 대기 중 축산 악취의 확산을 모의하기 위한 전산유체역학 모델을 완성하였다. 대기 안정도, 바람시어, 일사 등의 기상 효과를 구현하기 위하여 MADM 모듈을 만들었으며, MADM은 CFD 모델의 동적인 경계 조건들을 자동적으로 조정하여 현실과 유사하게 변화하는 풍환경을 모의하도록 하였다. 축산 악취는 OGPM으로 모의되었다. 바람장과 악취 확산 분포의 시뮬레이션 계산 결과를 현장 실험 결과와 비교한 결과 매우 일치하는 결과를 얻을 수 있었으며, 이로부터 MADM 과 LES 모델을 이용한 시뮬레이션 모델이 복잡 지형 내 바람장과 악취의 확산을 정확히 예측하는 것으로 판단할 수 있었다. 검증된 모델을 활용하여 다양한 기상 조건에서 악취의 확산을 모의하였으며, 그 결과 악취 문제에 가장 취약한 환경 조건은 청양 지역의 경우 서풍계열이 불고 대기 안정도가 중립 내지 안정일 경우로 나타났다. 또한 예산 지역의 경우는 북서풍 계열이 불고 대기 안정도가 안정일 경우로 나타났다. 제 8 장에서는 전산유체역학 시뮬레이션의 활용 방안을 검토하였다. 본 연구의 시뮬레이션 연구를 적용하여 두 실험 지역에 대한 축산 악취의 환경 영향을 평가하고 정량화하였다. 또한 방풍림을 설치할 시 예상되는 악취 확산의 저감을 모의하고 평가하였다. 이러한 결과들로부터 전산유체역학 시뮬레이션은 축산 악취에 대한 대책을 수립하는데 매우 효과적인 접근법을 제시할 수 있으며 또한 악취 문제들에 대한 다양한 정책결정에 능동적으로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. ; Doctor

Chun Wei Choo – Brian Detlor – Don Turnbull. Web work: information seeking and knowledge work on the World Wide Web. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2000. 219 p. (Information science and knowledge management; 1). ISBN 0-7923-6460-0. Eur 86.Una piacevolezza da segnalare di questa nuova collana della Kluwer (che l'opera qui recensita inaugura) è che nel suo comitato editoriale internazionale è presente anche un noto membro italiano: Augusta Maria Paci dell'ISRDS del CNR. Anche gli autori sono singolarmente conosciuti nel mondo del Web e del KM e tutti e tre insieme, tutti e tre dell'Università di Toronto, Facoltà d'Information studies, hanno già collaborato per una comunicazione al congresso 1998 dell'ASIS sul medesimo argomento (che è, anzi, base scientifica di questo libro), quando presentarono un modello comportamentale della ricerca delle informazioni su Web, soprattutto centrato su che cosa fanno i manager e gli specialisti della tecnologia dell'informazione la fotografia di come ci muoviamo noi nel Web, insomma! Dei tre, Choo è l'inventore, tra l'altro e oltre al resto della sua estesa produzione, dell'ormai famosa piramide cognitiva dell'organizzazione intelligente, che lega in un tutto sinergico ingegneri, bibliotecarî e direttori generali; di Detlor forse qualcuno ha apprezzato un articolo sull'«International journal of information management» dell'aprile 2000 dedicato ai portali come tentativo/occasione per dare un'infrastruttura razionale al caos dell'informazione aziendale (un modo, insomma, per riacchiappare dalla coda la razionalità dei sistemi informativi); quanto a Turnbull, è esperto d'informetrica del data mining ed è probabilmente l'ideatore del modello matematico che qui viene utilizzato (ma in ogni caso, e per fortuna, non presentato).L'opera si rivolge a un uditorio che va dagli studenti universitarî ai professionisti impegnati nella creazione di sistemi informativi per l'Intranet, e si prefigge tre obiettivi, corrispondenti ad altrettante sezioni dell'opera:fornire una rassegna e una sintesi dei modelli teorici descrittivi dei modi con i quali avvengono, nelle organizzazioni, la ricerca dell'informazione e le correlate attività cognitive;valutare il ruolo dell'Intranet come infrastruttura per il lavoro collaborativo e proporne nuovi modelli;studiare la ricerca dell'informazione sul Web e derivarne metodi quantitativi che possano migliorarne le prestazioni.I titoli delle sezioni e dei capitoli sono espliciti:Information seeking and knowledge work (1. Information seeking; 2. The structure and dynamics of organizational knowledge);Knowledge work on Intranets (1. The Intranet as infrastructure for knowledge work; 2. Designing Intranets to support knowledge work);Information seeking on the World Wide Web (1. Models of information seeking on the word wide web; 2. Understanding organizational Web use).Partendo dal principio che l'uso del Web implica un lavoro sull'uomo e sulla società in quanto si esprimono attraverso il Web, viene proposta, al fine di coniugare il significato degli oggetti virtuali insieme con gli scopi per i quali essi esistono, l'imprescindibilità di ogni ricerca di valore dalla catenadati => informazione => conoscenza => azione => risultatirivendicando, quindi, gli intenti pragmatici di ogni forma di comunicazione, che non può cioè avvenire senza uno scopo o, almeno, un'intenzione, e che sono qui, entrambi, supposti razionali, almeno per quanto la razionalità (ma, in più, ci chiediamo: quale razionalità?) possa insistere alla base di un'azione business oriented.Poiché la trasformazione della conoscenza in azione/risultato esige l'integrazione delle categorie, rispettivamente, delle risorse conoscitive (il tacito, l'esplicito, il culturale) con quelle dei connessi processi conoscitivi (creazione, diffusione, utilizzo), gli autori pongono sotto esame due modelli di questa possibile integrazione. Nel primo, le organizzazioni generano nuove capacità mediante le "semplici" combinazione e integrazione della conoscenza attuale nei loro membri; nel secondo, è il conoscere stesso dell'organizzazione che viene posto come risultato finale emergente da una rete di processi informativi che sanno connettere la creazione della conoscenza con l'attribuzione di senso e la presa delle decisioni.La relativa staticità e "gratuità" della situazione del primo caso - che è, comunque, base del secondo - viene quindi maggiormente dinamizzata orientando il sistema, appunto, all'azione. Va da sé che la chiave della trasformazione risieda, ancora e sempre, in un accorto e "proattivo" uso della tecnologia dell'informazione, che può accelerare - e, comunque, condizionare - i processi trasformativi stessi in diversi modi: fornendo accesso rapido e diretto a una vasta gamma di risorse informative elettroniche; consentendo agli utenti non solo di consultare più fonti, ma anche di filtrarle in modo selettivo, di spiare (monitoring) le tendenze in atto e gli sviluppi in corso, di scoprire percorsi significativi nascosti in grandi insiemi di dati, di condividere, discutere, interpretare nuove informazioni; di fare da supporto, infine, all'azione mediante il governo (managing) dell'informazione e mediante la disponibilità dell'informazione appropriata per un determinato individuo o un determinato gruppo impegnati in un determinato compito o che collaborano per un determinato progetto.Il senso di tutto ciò è anche uno dei sensi del libro: il ruolo vitale ricoperto dalla tecnologia dell'informazione nel creare un'infrastruttura in grado di dar supporto (razionale, appunto) al "lavoro" della conoscenza. Fin qui, forse, nulla di nuovo o che già non sappiamo. Il suggerimento nuovo che ne discende sta, invece, da un'altra parte, e risiede nel concetto di ecologia dell'informazione che deve permeare di sé non solo ogni struttura organizzativa, ma anche ogni comportamento informativo e ogni pratica di lavoro dei membri dell'organizzazione. Qui ecologia vale, correttamente, casa cioè ambiente, cioè cultura informativa e politica - con tutti i sensi e significati che questa parola sottende - dell'informazione: un orientamento all'esterno, ai fini, ai perché esistenziali ed economici dell'organizzazione, che servono a posizionare ogni azione informativa nell'insieme di tutte le altre.Che il riferimento di base non sia la tecnologia ma, in ultima analisi, l'etica, ce lo dice un passo nel quale si sottolinea che mediante il focalizzarsi sul comportamento dell'utente, sulle sue azioni pratiche, concrete, e sulle sue percezioni, l'infrastruttura conoscitiva verrebbe progettata per promuovere un corretto uso della tecnologia piuttosto che per promuovere la tecnologia in quanto tale. A che cosa serve, infatti, la tecnologia, se non a essere docile strumento dell'agire umano? Questa prospettiva rovescia quella - ormai, tradizionale - dell'Internet-fine-a-se-stesso, orizzonte ontologico che - esso sì - darebbe senso e valore all'informazione e alla conoscenza. Il Web, sostengono gli autori, ha, infatti, trasfigurato l'ambiente dell'informazione online in una comunità d'informazione ipertestuale che non tollera confini e che è assai poco disposta a riconoscere e accettare controlli o autorità.Così, in quanto nuovo genere di mezzo informativo, il Web stimola continuamente nuovi comportamenti da parte dei suoi utenti che, a loro volta, stimolano le nuove traiettorie che il Web andrà a seguire. In questa circolarità sono i nuovi "digerati" (letterati del digitale! controllate l'anglo-neologismo sul Merriam - Webster) che diventano attori dell'evoluzione perché navigando, trovando e valutando informazione, tracciando e seguendo rotte, organizzando l'informazione personale, costringono il Web ad aver bisogno di siti che devono essere visitati e ricordati, siti correlati che devono essere raccomandati, informazione rilevante che dev'essere ritrovata automaticamente, eccetera.Basandosi su questa rassegna di come il Web viene attualmente usato, gli autori tracciano, infine, un elenco di principi (riassunti in una tabella) per potenziare l'uso efficace del Web nel contesto dell'organizzazione, che potremmo anche usare nella creazione dei nostri virtual reference desk, se non addirittura come paradigma per orientare le nostre ricerche future. Soprattutto la seconda sezione può risultare utile per chi, di noi, sta progettando, con l'incubo del dicembre 2003, Intranet aziendali, magari "solo" come ambiente nel quale far circolare i flussi documentali del protocollo e dell'archivio "corrente".

A thesis submitted to the University of Bedfordshire, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy ; This research takes an interdisciplinary approach and includes aspects of applied geography, applied management, political economy, development studies, sociology and anthropology, in line with the tradition of progressive tourism studies. It seeks to resolve academic concern about the limited insight within existing bodies of knowledge into how sustainability and sustainable tourism development are conceptualised at a grassroots level by inhabitants and other stakeholders of tourism destinations (Redclift, 1987; Liu, 2003; Swarbrooke, 1999; Mowforth and Munt, 1998; Maida, 2007) and furthermore how these conceptualisations are shaped through expressions of political economy in a post-crisis context. The research aimed to evaluate how political economy and interpretations of sustainability affected post-disaster tourism redevelopment using the case study of Phi Phi Island in Thailand, which was devastated by the tsunami of December 2004. An interpretive philosophy informed the research design, in which primary data was gathered using an inductive mixed methodology. Methods included online research, comprising the design and operation of a tailored website to overcome geographical and access limitations; and offline methods such as visual techniques to monitor change and confirm opinions offered by participants of the research; in-depth face-to-face interviews with hand-picked stakeholders of Phi Phi's development; open-ended questionnaires with tourists; and extended answer Thai script questionnaires in order to overcome language barriers and present the 'Thai voice'. The primary data was gathered from April 2006-December 2011 including a period working at [information removed for anonymity purposes] University in Phuket (June-December 2006). Twenty-five themes emerged from the data, the most significant being the social impacts of tourism, environmental impacts of tourism, power relationships and future desires. It was found that the factor with the greatest influence over Phi Phi's development is the desire to develop the economy through tourism, and the philosophy underpinning the development is largely economic. The tsunami did not cause any significant reassessment of the tourism development trajectory, but served to uncover a range of conflicts and unlawful activity, resulting from powerful stakeholders pursuing their own interests and desired outcomes, in order to suit their own needs rather than those of the community as a whole. In terms of how sustainability is conceptualised by different stakeholder groups, it was found that the meanings attributed to sustainability in this context differ greatly to meanings elaborated within western ideological debates. Stakeholders' conceptualisations of sustainability were mapped against key debates within literature. How meanings differed between stakeholder groups was also examined and a definition for sustainable tourism development on Phi Phi was compiled encompassing a broad range of interests. The thesis provides a rare opportunity to see which political, economic and cultural factors shape the planning of tourism development and whether actual practice mirrors the principles of sustainability. For islanders, present needs are yet to be met and education was recommended to increase islanders' understanding of impacts and sustainability, as well as their skills and knowledge base to enable them to compete intellectually with the ruling elite and reduce dependence upon landowners and the mainland. Numerous authors have highlighted a relative lack of academic attention directly addressing the influence of political economy on achieving sustainability in post-disaster reconstruction (Klein, 2008; Hystad and Keller, 2008; Olsen, 2000; Bommer, 1985; Beirman, 2003; Faulkner, 2001; Glaesser, 2003; Ritchie, 2004). This work therefore extends existing academic debates and studies in a number of areas. In existing academic debates concerning the political economy of post-disaster reconstruction there is a trend towards 'disaster capitalism' (Klein, 2005: 3) or 'smash and grab capitalism' (Harvey, 2007: 32) and 'attempts to accumulate by dispossession' (Saltman, 2007a: 57). However, this did not occur on Phi Phi. Despite claims of a 'clean slate' being offered by the tsunami in developmental terms (Pleumarom, 2004; UNDP, 2005; Dodds, 2011; Ko, 2005; Nwankwo and Richardson, 1994; Argenti, 1976; Rice, 2005; Altman, 2005; Brix, 2007; Ghobarah et al., 2006; Dodds et al., 2010), this research provides evidence and explanation of why this did not and would never exist on Phi Phi, a finding that may be applied to other destinations in a post-disaster context. In response to Blaikie et al.'s (2004) concerns that vulnerability is often reconstructed following a disaster and may create the conditions for a future disaster, this work has extended discussions of disaster vulnerability through an adapted application of Turner et al.'s (2003) Vulnerability Framework. This meets Calgaro and Lloyd's (2008) recommendation that further longitudinal research is required in other tsunami-affected locations. This research refines their work to identify a detailed framework of vulnerability factors intertwined with factors of political economy, presenting a post-disaster situation that remains highly vulnerable and non-conducive to sustainability. This is in response to Hystad and Keller's (2008) recognition that there is a lack of long-term studies, which not only show how disaster has shifted the nature of the destination and tourism product, but also identify successful strategic processes and actions in disaster response. The strategic response has been analysed through an adapted Strategic Disaster Management Framework (Ritchie, 2004) to identify the shortcomings of the disaster response to comprehend how such a disaster has influenced tourism development and planning on the island, showing that this was a mirror opposite to how a disaster should be handled according to the literature (Ritchie, 2004; Adger et al., 2005; Miller et al., 2006; Olsen, 2000; Coppola, 2007; Faulkner, 2001; Baldini et al., 2012). The researcher draws on the notion of 'strategic drift' (Johnson, 1998: 179) and 'boiled frog syndrome' (Richardson, Nwankwo and Richardson, 1994: 10) to explain how host attitudes to tourism may increase vulnerability. Both these contributions can assist in identifying destination vulnerability and limitations in disaster response and recovery. Unlike the work of Dodds (2010) and Dodds et al. (2011), the aim was not to assess the practice and attainment of sustainability on Phi Phi; rather, it was to elaborate interpretations and conceptualisations of sustainability. An examination of development philosophy established how specific factors of political economy and relationships of a hegemonic nature influence the development trajectory of both Phi Phi and Thailand. Despite governmental rhetoric influenced by a strong 'sufficiency economy' hegemony led by King Bhumibol Adulyadej, the observations of dependency theorists provide a better fit for the experiences on Phi Phi and present significant challenges for the pursuit of sustainability. The thesis posits that an effective response to the disaster and pursuit of sustainability are undermined by the political economy of the destination.

Includes bibliography (p. 214-231). ; Number of sources in the bibliography: 245 ; Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Cyprus, Faculty of Social Sciences and Education, Department of Social and Political Sciences, 2008 ; The University of Cyprus Library holds the printed form of the thesis. ; Η μεγάλη ροή των μεταναστών, νόμιμων και παράνομων, που φθάνουν στην Κύπρο ψάχνοντας για εργασία και καλύτερες συνθήκες διαβίωσης, έχει προκαλέσει συγκεκριμένα κοινωνικά προβλήματα. Τα μέσα μαζικής ενημέρωσης που επισημαίνουν την ραγδαία αύξηση των παράνομων μεταναστών, τη συμμετοχή τους στο οργανωμένο έγκλημα καθώς επίσης και τον ρυθμό αύξησης της εγκληματικότητας, έχουν προκαλέσει την εχθρότητα μεταξύ του πληθυσμού έναντι των μειονοτήτων που θεωρούν ότι ανταγωνίζονται για τις θέσεις εργασίας, κατηγορώντας τους για τα εγκλήματα που διαπράττονται. Υπάρχει ανάγκη διερεύνησης εάν οι αντιλήψεις για την εγκληματικότητα των μεταναστών ανταποκρίνονται με τα πραγματικά ποσοστά φυλάκισης, διότι εάν οι αντιλήψεις είναι αρνητικές, δεν συμπίπτουν με την πραγματικότητα, αυτό θα συνιστούσε την ύπαρξη αρνητικών αισθημάτων κατά των μεταναστών. Ο κύριος στόχος της παρούσας διατριβής είναι να διευρυνθεί η δημόσια αντίληψη των σημαντικών θεμάτων που άπτονται των μεταναστών και το Κυπριακό ποινικό σύστημα. Δεν έχει διενεργηθεί καμία προηγούμενη έρευνα αναφορικά στο θέμα των μεταναστών και του εγκλήματος στην Κύπρο. Βάσει της βιβλιογραφικής επισκόπησης, οι ακόλουθες τρεις υποθέσεις έχουν εξεταστεί σχετικά με τις τοποθετήσεις των Ελληνοκυπρίων και των αλλοδαπών: α. Οι μετανάστες αυξάνουν τα ποσοστά εγκλήματος και προκαλούν επιπρόσθετα προβλήματα στην κοινωνία. β. Τα ποσοστά εγκλήματος των αλλοδαπών είναι υψηλότερα από τους Κύπριους. γ. Οι υποθέσεις (α) και (β) συνδέονται με το ρατσισμό και την ξενοφοβία. Με άλλα λόγια, η ρατσιστική/ξενόφοβη υπόθεση είναι ότι η πεποίθηση του κοινού ότι οι μετανάστες διαπράττουν εγκλήματα λειτουργεί ανεξάρτητα από την πραγματικότητα και εκφράζει στερεότυπα των μεταναστών (William, 2003:8). Έχουν συλλεχθεί τόσο ποσοτικά όσο και ποιοτικά στοιχεία σε μία προσπάθεια να απαντηθούν οι ερωτήσεις που τίθενται και για να αντιμετωπισθούν τα πρόσθετα κοινωνικο-νομικά ζητήματα. Η έρευνα περιέλαβε δύο ερωτηματολόγια. Το πρώτο χρησιμοποιήθηκε για να ερευνήσει 500 Κύπριους αναφορικά για τις αντιλήψεις και τη στάση τους απέναντι στους αλλοδαπούς και το έγκλημα. Το δεύτερο ερωτηματολόγιο χρησιμοποιήθηκε για να διερευνηθούν 100 αλλοδαποί για να εξετάσει τις αντιλήψεις σχετικά για το έγκλημα, και τη στάση τους απέναντι στους Ελληνοκυπρίους. Για την ανάλυση των στοιχείων που συλλέχθηκαν από δύο ποσοτικές έρευνες χρησιμοποιήθηκε το αναλυτικό πρόγραμμα SPSS. Επιπλέον για να ληφθούν τα ποιοτικά στοιχεία, έχουν διενεργηθεί 30 συνεντεύξεις με αλλοδαπούς (πρόσωπο με πρόσωπο) που πραγματοποιήθηκαν κυρίως στη Λευκωσία. Αυτή η διατριβή τεκμηριώνει ότι η κοινή αντίληψη για την ύπαρξη σχέσης μεταξύ των μεταναστών και του εγκλήματος, δεν είναι υπερβολή. Με άλλα λόγια, οι αλλοδαποί διαπράττουν αναλογικά περισσότερο σοβαρά αδικήματα σε σχέση με τους Κύπριους. Τα κύρια σημεία που θίγονται σε σχέση με τους μετανάστες υποδυκνείουν ότι οι άνθρωποι αισθάνονται ανασφαλείς στις κοινότητές τους. Οι περισσότεροι από αυτούς είναι προκατειλημμένοι ενάντια στους Ρωσσο-Πόντιους, καθώς επίσης και οι αλλοδαποί είναι προκατελλημένοι προς αυτούς, όπως και προς τους Κυπρίους. Η πλειοψηφία των Ελληνοκυπρίων αναγνωρίζει ότι υπάρχει ρατσισμός στην Κύπρο, λόγω της ξενοφοβίας και παραπληροφόρησης των Μέσων Ενημέρωσης. Όλοι οι ερωτηθέντες στις συνεντεύξεις (πρόσωπο με πρόσωπο), δήλωσαν ότι δεν τείνουν να κοινωνικοποιούνται με Κυπρίους και δεν έχουν στενούς Κύπριους φίλους. Μερικοί από αυτούς ανέφεραν ότι υπάρχει ένα αόρατο εμπόδιο στην κοινωνική αλληλεπίδραση με τους Κυπρίους που τους καθιστά αδύνατο να έχουν στενές επαφές με τους αλλοδαπούς. Επίσης, είναι της άποψης ότι οι Κύπριοι, για τον ένα ή τον άλλο λόγο, είναι ρατσιστές. Αυτή η εύρεση δείχνει ότι η ένταξη των μεταναστών στο σώμα της Κυπριακής κοινωνίας προχωρά αργά. Η Κυπριακή κοινωνία έχει γίνει πολυπολιτισμική και θα πρέπει να ληφθούν τα κατάλληλα μέτρα, με προσοχή, για να αντιμετωπιστούν τα κοινωνικά προβλήματα, όπως το έγκλημα, αποφεύγοντας την περαιτέρω θυματοποίηση των μεταναστών, με την επένδυση περισσότερο στις φυλετικές σχέσεις. ; The recent influx of migrants, legal and illegal, arriving in Cyprus in search of work and better living conditions is perceived to have caused a variety of social problems. Media attention on the escalating numbers of undocumented migrants and their involvement in organized crime as well as the increase in crime rates, has provoked hostility among the population towards visible minorities who are perceived as competing for jobs, and the reason for the increase in crime. There is a need to see if perceptions of immigrant criminality are consistent with official criminal statistics because if perceptions are more negative than the reality, this would suggest anti-immigrant feeling. The main aim of the present thesis is to broaden public understanding of important issues in relation to migrants and the criminal justice system in the Republic of Cyprus. No previous research is available on the topic of migrants and crime in Cyprus. The literature review, led to the formulation and testing of three hypotheses regarding race-related attitudes of both Greek-Cypriots and foreigners: a. Immigrants increase crime rates and cause additional problems to society. b. The crime rates of foreigners are higher than locals. c. Hypotheses (a) and (b) are closely associated with racism and xenophobia. In other words, the racist/xenophobic hypothesis is that the public's belief that immigrants commit crimes functions independently of the actuality involved and it expresses a degrading stereotype of migrants (William, 2003:8). Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected to test the above hypotheses and to address additional socio-legal issues. The survey included two structured questionnaires. The first was used to investigate the opinions of a representative sample of 500 Greek-Cypriots, their perceptions and attitudes towards foreigners and crime. The second questionnaire was used to survey 100 foreigners regarding their opinions, crime perceptions, and attitudes towards Greek-Cypriots. Data from the two surveys was then analyzed using the SPSS package. In addition, qualitative data was also systematically collected by means of 30 face-to-face interviews with foreigners carried out mainly in Nicosia, which were transcribed and analyzed. This thesis documents that, on the basis of official criminal statistics, popular perceptions about a relationship between migrants and crime are not over-exaggerated. In other words, foreigners are found to commit proportionately more serious offences than Cypriots. The main points raised in relation to migrants suggest that people do feel unsafe in their communities. Most Greek-Cypriots are prejudiced against Russian-Pontiacs, but foreigners are also prejudiced against them, as well as against Cypriots. The majority of Greek-Cypriots recognize that there is racism in Cyprus, due to xenophobia and as a consequence of media misinformation. All the respondents in the face-to-face interviews declared that they do not tend to socialize with Cypriots and do not have close Cypriot friends. Some mentioned that there is an invisible barrier in the social interaction with Cypriots that makes it impossible for Cypriots to have close contacts with foreigners. Also, they are of the opinion that Cypriots for one reason or another are racists. This finding indicates that integration of immigrants into the body of the Cypriot society is proceeding slowly. Cypriot society has become multi-cultural and care should be taken to tackle social problems like crime, carefully avoiding further victimization of immigrants by investing more in race relations.

The thesis is concerned with the construction and application of SAGE-H, a large-scale dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the South African economy with a particular focus on HIV/AIDS. A key feature of the SAGE-H model is its detailed treatment of the labour market, with labour force participants distinguished by their labour market activity, age, gender, race and HIV status. The core theoretical structure of the SAGE-H model is based on the MONASH model (Dixon & Rimmer, 2002). SAGE-H describes the production of 28 commodities by 28 industries. It also defines factors of production, various technologies and preferences, taxes and margins, detailed descriptions of government accounts, the balance of payments accounts and net foreign liabilities. The model recognises a number of dynamic adjustment mechanisms, in particular, capital accumulation, net foreign liability accumulation and sticky wage adjustment. SAGE-H captures the structure and characteristics of the South African economy via the calibration of the model to South African Supply-Use Tables for 2002 (StatsSA, 2006c) and relevant South African parameter and elasticity values. The detailed modelling of the labour market in SAGE-H is based on that developed by Dixon and Rimmer (2009) to analyse the effects of immigration on the US economy. I adapt their theory of labour supply to enable it to treat the peculiar features of the South African labour market, particularly with respect to the influence of progressive stages of HIV on labour supply. The Dixon approach is to classify the working age population (WAP) at the start of each year into a number of labour market categories based upon their past labour market activities and end-of-year probabilities for transitioning between categories. I adopt the labour market function categories of employment (by occupation), unemployment and "permanently departed from the labour force" and add the HIV relevant additional classifications of age, gender, race and HIV status and stage. At the start of year t, people in each category decide to offer their labour to various labour market activities based upon relative wages and personal preferences/attributes. They make this decision by solving an optimisation problem. One invention of SAGE-H is that the supply of labour depends on the labour force participant's HIV status and stage. For instance, a person who is HIV negative supplies labour more strongly to employment activities than a person who is HIV positive. Equilibrium in the labour market by occupation is determined by labour demand by all industries and labour supply by all categories. I carry out two simulations with the SAGE-H model to analyse the economy wide impact of an increase in condom use over the period 2002 to 2045. The first simulation is the baseline or business-as-usual simulation. This simulation models the growth of the South African economy and the HIV epidemic over time in the absence of the policy change under consideration. The second simulation conducted with the SAGE-H model is the policy simulation. This simulation generates a second forecast that incorporates all the exogenous features of the baseline forecast, but now also includes policy-related shocks reflecting the details of the policy under consideration. The impacts of a policy are typically reported in terms of percentage deviations away from the baseline simulation. In the absence of a cure for HIV/AIDS, preventing the transmission of HIV is the only known way of curbing the spread of the virus. Prevention is also important as it affects adults' future health prospects. In this thesis, the policy under consideration is an increase in the proportion of sex acts protected by condom use via a publicly-financed program of condom distribution. More specifically, I analyse the impact of an increase in condom use on (1) the number of new HIV cases, (2) labour market adjustment via changes in the level of employment and the real wage and (3) the economy-wide impact of changes in the labour market. To get a better understanding of the impact of an increase in the proportion of sex acts protected from the HIV virus due to an increase in condom use, I first use the Actuarial Society of South Africa epidemiological model (the ASSA2003 model) (Actuarial Society of South Africa, 2005). This model suggests that an increase in the proportion of protected sex acts leads to a fall in the annual number of new HIV infections. In terms of the SAGE-H model, the prevention policy can be viewed as generating a decline in transition probabilities from HIV negative to HIV Stage 1, i.e. a fall in HIV incidence rates. In addition, I model government spending on the program via an increase in government demand which is financed by an equivalent decrease in private consumption in general. Over the simulation period, the policy leads to approximately 200,000 fewer HIV infections relative to baseline. Due to the staged transition path through the HIV stages, the results suggest that the number of people in Stage 1 falls prior to falls in Stages 2, 3 and 4. In the long run the total number of HIV positive adults is 0.82 per cent lower than baseline and the number of HIV negative adults is 0.46 per cent higher than baseline. Based on the underlying assumptions incorporated in the labour-market module, fewer people becoming HIV positive implies that labour market attachment increases i.e. labour offers to all employment activities increase. In the long run employment is 0.23 per cent higher than the baseline value and the real wage is 0.18 lower than the baseline value. The labour offers to employment activities depend largely on the age, gender and race-specific composition of these occupations. While all age, gender and race groups benefit from the prevention policy, the prevention policy has its largest initial impact on labour supply of young African adults. Hence, employment activities with a higher representation of young African adults in their labour force benefit the most from the prevention policy. In the long run the policy also generates an increase in capital stock and together with the increase in employment GDP is 0.17 per cent higher than in the baseline. Real private consumption, net of the cost of financing the program, is 0.15 percent higher than baseline in the long run. The framework presented in the thesis opens up a number of additional avenues for future research into HIV prevention programmes and treatment options. Two promising future avenues of research with the model are analysis of the labour market consequences of anti-retroviral treatment programmes, and detailed modelling of demand for and supply of finely-defined health services.

Premi extraordinari doctorat curs 2011-2012, àmbit d'Enginyeria Civil ; El impacto de la contaminación del aire es un tema crítico para el medioambiente y el clima. Una mala calidad del aire es un tema de importancia para la salud pública, especialmente en ambientes urbanos. El material particulado (PM), el ozono (O3) y el dióxido de nitrógeno (NO2) son los contaminantes más problemáticos en Europa y España. La Comisión Europea ha mostrado una gran preocupación por desarrollar técnicas que permitan incrementar el conocimiento sobre la dinámica de los contaminantes atmosféricos para asegurar el cumplimiento de la legislación y para informar a la población acerca de sus niveles. Además, la directiva europea 2008/50/CE establece la posibilidad de usar técnicas de modelización para informar sobre calidad del aire. Esta tesis doctoral está desarrollada en el marco de dos proyectos: El proyecto CALIOPE y el proyecto CICYT CGL2006-08903, ambos basados en la necesidad de desarrollar un sistema de calidad del aire que permita informar y entender los niveles de contaminación en Europa y España, con el objetivo de obtener un preciso pronóstico de la calidad del aire. Con ese propósito, el sistema de modelización CALIOPE se ha desarrollado con alta resolución espacial y temporal sobre Europa (12 km x 12 km y 15 capas, 1 hora), dominio madre, y España (4 km x 4 km y 15 capas, 1 hora), dominio anidado. CALIOPE consiste en un conjunto de modelos que tienen en cuenta la contaminación tanto antropogénica como natural. La disponibilidad del supercomputador MareNostrum, alojado en el Barcelona Supercomputer Center- Centro Nacional de Supercomputación, ha permitido trabajar a tan alta resolución. El objetivo principal de esta tesis es aumentar la confianza científica en el sistema CALIOPE, identificando sus puntos fuertes y débiles con un nivel de detalle que contribuya a establecer necesidades de mejora en el proceso de modelización. Por tanto, el presente trabajo ha evaluado espacial y temporalmente las simulaciones de calidad del aire sobre Europa y España en términos de O3, NO2, SO2, PM2.5 y PM10 en superficie sobre el año completo 2004. Para identificar el origen de las incertidumbres en la modelización del PM, su composición química ha sido también evaluada en ambos dominios. Las evaluaciones han sido realizadas sobre más de 150 estaciones de calidad del aire (más de 2 millones de datos experimentales). Además, esta tesis ha usado el sistema CALIOPE para analizar los patrones de calidad del aire sobre 2004, identificando claramente las áreas de contaminación. Las ideas más importantes que se desprenden de esta tesis son tres. Primero, las condiciones de contorno químicas basadas en un modelo global, como el LMDz-INCA2, son esenciales para modelizar el O3 troposférico sobre los dominios de estudio. Segundo, para simular la concentración de PM en el sur de Europa, tanto a escala rural como urbana, la contribución de polvo procedente del desierto del Sahara deber ser considerada debido a la proximidad al continente africano. La contribución del polvo del desierto a través del modelo BSC-DREAM8b ayuda satisfactoriamente a modelizar los picos de PM10 observados. Tercero, para ser capaz de modelizar la calidad del aire a escala urbana sobre España es esencial (1) una alta resolución espacial y temporal que permita describir fenómenos mesoescalares en áreas de topografía compleja , (2) un modelo de emisiones altamente desagregado como HERMES; (3) unos modelos que representen el estado actual del conocimiento en meteorología y química atmosférica ; The impact of air pollution is a critical topic in environment and climate. Poor air quality is an important public health issue, especially in urban environments. Particulate matter (PM), tropospheric ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are the main problematic pollutants in Europe and Spain. The European Commission has shown a great concern for developing actions that allow increasing the knowledge on dynamics of atmospheric pollutants to assure the accomplishment of legislation and to inform the population about their levels. The European directive 2008/50/EC establishes the possibility of using modelling techniques to assess air quality. This Ph.D. thesis is developed in the framework of two projects: the CALIOPE project and the CGL2006-08903 CICYT project, both based on the necessity to develop an air quality modelling system that allows assessing and understanding the air pollution levels in Europe and Spain, with the aim of obtaining a precise air quality forecast. For that purpose, the CALIOPE air quality modelling system has been developed with high spatial and temporal resolution over Europe (12 km x 12 km, 1 h), as a mother domain; and Spain (4 km x 4 km, 1 h), as the nested domain. The CALIOPE system consists in a set of models that take into account both anthropogenic and natural pollution. The availability of the MareNostrum supercomputer, held in Barcelona Supercomputing Center- Centro Nacional de Supercomputación, has allowed such configuration of the CALIOPE system. The main objective of the present Ph.D. thesis is to increase the scientific confidence on the CALIOPE system, identifying skills and weakness with a degree of detail that contributes to establish necessities of improvements in the modelling process. Therefore, the present work has spatially and temporally evaluated CALIOPE air quality simulations over Europe and Spain in terms of O3, NO2, SO2, PM2.5, PM10 concentrations over the full year 2004. In order to identify the origin of uncertainties in PM modelling, PM chemical composition has been also evaluated in both target domains. Evaluations have been performed across more than 150 air quality-monitoring stations and over more than 2 million of experimental data. Furthermore, this Ph.D. thesis has used the CALIOPE system to assess air quality pattern over the year 2004, identifying clearly the areas of air pollution. There are three major thrusts of the present Ph.D. thesis. First, chemical boundary condition based on a global model, such as LMDz-INCA2, becomes essential to model O3 background concentrations in the target domains. Second, to simulate PM concentration in southern Europe, both regional and urban scales, the contribution of dust from the Saharan desert should be taken into account, since that region is frequently affected by dust outbreaks due to its proximity to the African continent. The contribution of desert dust through the BSC-DREAM8b helps to satisfactory model the observed episodic PM10 concentration peaks. Even more, the contribution of sea-salt aerosol is especially important over coastal areas. Third, to be able to model the air quality in urban scale over Spain it is essential (1) a high spatial (4 km x 4 km and 15 layers) and temporal (1h) resolution that allows describing mesoscale phenomena in very complex terrains; (2) a high disaggregated emission model to describe the sources, such as HERMES; and (3) an state-of-the-science meteorological and chemical models. This Ph.D. thesis has demonstrated that CALIOPE system applied over Europe and Spain is a useful tool which may contribute to (1) forecast air pollution in urban/suburban areas with a pervasive influence of anthropogenic emissions on a local scale and over very complex terrains and meteorology patterns; (2) assess about air pollution, discriminating between anthropogenic and natural episodes; and (3) manage air pollution, by means of modification of urban strategies or requirements of the legislation. ; Award-winning ; Postprint (published version)

This dissertation, Not To Repeat History: Racialization and Combinatory Textuality in Contemporary Asian American and African American Experimental Writing , examines the relationship between textual strategies and political imagination at work in Asian American and African American experimental writers Nathaniel Mackey, Myung Mi Kim, and Ed Roberson. Providing one of the first cross-cultural studies of contemporary Asian American and African American experimental writing, I contend that these writers pit two aspects of literary form against each other so as to stage a confrontation between the experience of racism and the possibility of escaping its logic. I argue that all of these writers turn to serial literary forms as a way of imitating what they take to be the power of racism to make individuals merely identical. At the same time these writers imagine the building blocks of textuality as sites of provisional abundance, either because of the traditionally combinatory possibilities of texts, or because those possibilities are made evident anew once texts are brought into relation with other media (for example in relation to music). I call this relation between serial literary forms and combinatory textual possibilities "racial constructivism." In other words, I argue that the poets share an understanding of racialized identities as both interchangeable and discontinuous, and so counterpose a combinatorial textuality which imagines both space and time for grief, renewal, or repair. My dissertation argues that inasmuch as these imaginings of the resources of textuality for poetry are pitted against an experience of racism as departicularizing, the poets help us to move beyond the antinomy of a postmodern "poetics of form" and a postnationalist "politics of cultural difference." My first chapter, entitled "An Axiomatic Chorus: Improvisation and Imagined Identities in Nathaniel Mackey's From A Broken Bottle Traces of Perfume Still Emanate ," argues that Nathaniel Mackey's interest in musical improvisation pushes past texts in order to return to them with a renewed sense of combinatory possibilities. By utilizing the epistolary novel form, and refusing linear narrative development in favor of oblique chains of association, and taking jazz improvisation as a model for black experimental literary practice, Mackey not only produces a restless variety of figures for expressive force but also invents a digressive form spacious enough to hold them all in tension. In Mackey's epistolary novel series, From a Broken Bottle Traces of Perfume Still Emanate , the protagonist N. writes letters to an interlocutor known only as "The Angel of Dust," whose responses are alluded to but absent from the texts. In these letters, N. chronicles the performances of an imagined group of avant-garde jazz musicians, the "Molimo m'Atet," and searches for linguistic analogues to musical improvisation. While readers are kept guessing as to whether the anonymity or pseudonymity of the "Angel of Dust" names an imagined muse, an addiction, or perhaps Mackey himself, the combination of the particulate metaphor of dust with the implicit animating power of "angel" provides a compact description of the novels' assemblage of figures out of permutable textual building blocks. I argue that the novel series both embodies and diagnoses the limits of such a constructivist impulse by revealing how such combinatory literary strategies mime racialization processes in order to overcome them. I argue that at key moments in the novel series, this racial constructivism is problematized by the protagonists' immobilizing experiences of contingency and automaticity In my second chapter, "`What is nearest is destroyed': Myung Mi Kim's `Thirty and Five Books' and Racial Comparison," I show how Myung Mi Kim's interest in the "recombinatory power of language" (Kim, Statement 251) functions both as a metaphor for cultural hybridization and as a set of formal strategies capable of representing interracial conflict and the dissolution of intercultural social bonds. In this chapter, I analyze an underexamined feature of the poet's works in a poem entitled "Thirty and Five Books" from a more recent volume, Dura --the essential political ambiguity of the poem's use of "recombinatory" or serial forms, the problem of the comparability of nonwhite communities during the 1992 Los Angeles riots, and finally the significance of the systems of counting, accounting, and measurement which permeate the poem. "Thirty And Five Books" takes this interest in "accounts and recounting" and interrogates the hierarchical racial schemas which structured media representations of interracial conflict between African American and Asian American communities during the Los Angeles riots in 1992 in the wake of the acquittal of four police officers accused of beating black motorist Rodney King. I contend that the systems of measurement and classification which organize so much of the poem are inseparable from the poem's vision of non-hierarchical social relations modeled after the linguistic hybridity of what the poet calls a "A banter English."My third chapter, "Infinite Regressions: Ed Roberson, Serial Identities, and the 1960s Civil Rights Movement Lunch Counter Sit-Ins," performs an extended close reading of Roberson's poem "Sit In What City We're In," from the author's 2006 book City Eclogue. Roberson's poem reimagines the waves of 1960s lunch counter sit-in's as an opportunity to pose fundamental questions about the nature of racial representation in the post-civil rights era. Roberson does this by reconfiguring the sit-ins in space and in time: spatially, by tracking how mirrors behind a lunch counter create an infinite regress of reflected images of protestors and counterprotestors alike; and temporally, by reconnecting the evanescent figure of the city to the earth and enduring cyclical geological processes. Roberson's poem "Sit In What City We're In" commemorates the lunch counter sit-in movement which swept the south in the 1960s by dilating the moment and the movement in space and time and by refusing the kind of distanced, spectatorial historical framing which would safely consign the antiracist ideals of the civil right movement to the past. Instead, Roberson reimagines the scene of the sit-ins as what I want to call a failed dialectic of racial recognition in which the promise of formal equality, desegregation, and equal protection gives way to a meditation on the homogenizing force of such ideals. I argue that Roberson stages the civil rights sit-ins as a moment of conflict between an integrationist politics in pursuit of equal citizenship rights and a later pluralist multicultural politics of recognition which emphasize cultural difference rather than similarity. As a result, the poem, and I would argue the City Eclogue as a whole, pioneers a novel mode of historical recollection which reveals both the appearance of the past in the present, and vice-versa. Finally I argue that Roberson's interest in the figure of the city, and the anonymity of urban life, allows the poem to represent the promise of formal equality as fundamentally compatible with segregated social relations.

Premi extraordinari doctorat curs 2011-2012, àmbit d'Enginyeria Civil ; El impacto de la contaminación del aire es un tema crítico para el medioambiente y el clima. Una mala calidad del aire es un tema de importancia para la salud pública, especialmente en ambientes urbanos. El material particulado (PM), el ozono (O3) y el dióxido de nitrógeno (NO2) son los contaminantes más problemáticos en Europa y España. La Comisión Europea ha mostrado una gran preocupación por desarrollar técnicas que permitan incrementar el conocimiento sobre la dinámica de los contaminantes atmosféricos para asegurar el cumplimiento de la legislación y para informar a la población acerca de sus niveles. Además, la directiva europea 2008/50/CE establece la posibilidad de usar técnicas de modelización para informar sobre calidad del aire. Esta tesis doctoral está desarrollada en el marco de dos proyectos: El proyecto CALIOPE y el proyecto CICYT CGL2006-08903, ambos basados en la necesidad de desarrollar un sistema de calidad del aire que permita informar y entender los niveles de contaminación en Europa y España, con el objetivo de obtener un preciso pronóstico de la calidad del aire. Con ese propósito, el sistema de modelización CALIOPE se ha desarrollado con alta resolución espacial y temporal sobre Europa (12 km x 12 km y 15 capas, 1 hora), dominio madre, y España (4 km x 4 km y 15 capas, 1 hora), dominio anidado. CALIOPE consiste en un conjunto de modelos que tienen en cuenta la contaminación tanto antropogénica como natural. La disponibilidad del supercomputador MareNostrum, alojado en el Barcelona Supercomputer Center- Centro Nacional de Supercomputación, ha permitido trabajar a tan alta resolución. El objetivo principal de esta tesis es aumentar la confianza científica en el sistema CALIOPE, identificando sus puntos fuertes y débiles con un nivel de detalle que contribuya a establecer necesidades de mejora en el proceso de modelización. Por tanto, el presente trabajo ha evaluado espacial y temporalmente las simulaciones de calidad del aire sobre Europa y España en términos de O3, NO2, SO2, PM2.5 y PM10 en superficie sobre el año completo 2004. Para identificar el origen de las incertidumbres en la modelización del PM, su composición química ha sido también evaluada en ambos dominios. Las evaluaciones han sido realizadas sobre más de 150 estaciones de calidad del aire (más de 2 millones de datos experimentales). Además, esta tesis ha usado el sistema CALIOPE para analizar los patrones de calidad del aire sobre 2004, identificando claramente las áreas de contaminación. Las ideas más importantes que se desprenden de esta tesis son tres. Primero, las condiciones de contorno químicas basadas en un modelo global, como el LMDz-INCA2, son esenciales para modelizar el O3 troposférico sobre los dominios de estudio. Segundo, para simular la concentración de PM en el sur de Europa, tanto a escala rural como urbana, la contribución de polvo procedente del desierto del Sahara deber ser considerada debido a la proximidad al continente africano. La contribución del polvo del desierto a través del modelo BSC-DREAM8b ayuda satisfactoriamente a modelizar los picos de PM10 observados. Tercero, para ser capaz de modelizar la calidad del aire a escala urbana sobre España es esencial (1) una alta resolución espacial y temporal que permita describir fenómenos mesoescalares en áreas de topografía compleja , (2) un modelo de emisiones altamente desagregado como HERMES; (3) unos modelos que representen el estado actual del conocimiento en meteorología y química atmosférica ; The impact of air pollution is a critical topic in environment and climate. Poor air quality is an important public health issue, especially in urban environments. Particulate matter (PM), tropospheric ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are the main problematic pollutants in Europe and Spain. The European Commission has shown a great concern for developing actions that allow increasing the knowledge on dynamics of atmospheric pollutants to assure the accomplishment of legislation and to inform the population about their levels. The European directive 2008/50/EC establishes the possibility of using modelling techniques to assess air quality. This Ph.D. thesis is developed in the framework of two projects: the CALIOPE project and the CGL2006-08903 CICYT project, both based on the necessity to develop an air quality modelling system that allows assessing and understanding the air pollution levels in Europe and Spain, with the aim of obtaining a precise air quality forecast. For that purpose, the CALIOPE air quality modelling system has been developed with high spatial and temporal resolution over Europe (12 km x 12 km, 1 h), as a mother domain; and Spain (4 km x 4 km, 1 h), as the nested domain. The CALIOPE system consists in a set of models that take into account both anthropogenic and natural pollution. The availability of the MareNostrum supercomputer, held in Barcelona Supercomputing Center- Centro Nacional de Supercomputación, has allowed such configuration of the CALIOPE system. The main objective of the present Ph.D. thesis is to increase the scientific confidence on the CALIOPE system, identifying skills and weakness with a degree of detail that contributes to establish necessities of improvements in the modelling process. Therefore, the present work has spatially and temporally evaluated CALIOPE air quality simulations over Europe and Spain in terms of O3, NO2, SO2, PM2.5, PM10 concentrations over the full year 2004. In order to identify the origin of uncertainties in PM modelling, PM chemical composition has been also evaluated in both target domains. Evaluations have been performed across more than 150 air quality-monitoring stations and over more than 2 million of experimental data. Furthermore, this Ph.D. thesis has used the CALIOPE system to assess air quality pattern over the year 2004, identifying clearly the areas of air pollution. There are three major thrusts of the present Ph.D. thesis. First, chemical boundary condition based on a global model, such as LMDz-INCA2, becomes essential to model O3 background concentrations in the target domains. Second, to simulate PM concentration in southern Europe, both regional and urban scales, the contribution of dust from the Saharan desert should be taken into account, since that region is frequently affected by dust outbreaks due to its proximity to the African continent. The contribution of desert dust through the BSC-DREAM8b helps to satisfactory model the observed episodic PM10 concentration peaks. Even more, the contribution of sea-salt aerosol is especially important over coastal areas. Third, to be able to model the air quality in urban scale over Spain it is essential (1) a high spatial (4 km x 4 km and 15 layers) and temporal (1h) resolution that allows describing mesoscale phenomena in very complex terrains; (2) a high disaggregated emission model to describe the sources, such as HERMES; and (3) an state-of-the-science meteorological and chemical models. This Ph.D. thesis has demonstrated that CALIOPE system applied over Europe and Spain is a useful tool which may contribute to (1) forecast air pollution in urban/suburban areas with a pervasive influence of anthropogenic emissions on a local scale and over very complex terrains and meteorology patterns; (2) assess about air pollution, discriminating between anthropogenic and natural episodes; and (3) manage air pollution, by means of modification of urban strategies or requirements of the legislation. ; Award-winning ; Postprint (published version)

Diese Studie untersucht die Textentwicklung bei indigenen Kindern in der Primarschule der kleinbäuerlichen Lenca-Gemeinden in Honduras. Zahlreiche Kinder in Honduras scheitern beim Lesen- und Schreibenlernen: 1996 fielen 26% der Schüler der ersten und 17% der zweiten Klassen in Spanisch durch. Einer der Gründe ist die unzureichende Ausbildung der Primarschullehrer. Ein grundlegendes didaktisches Problem ist die Trennung zwischen der Aneignung der kulturellen Technik des Schreibens und die Vermittlung der Schriftnorm einerseits und der Bildung einer autonomen Schrift andererseits. FRAGESTELLUNGEN 1. Inwieweit haben die Lenca-Gemeinden eine elementare Literalität entwickelt, die es ihnen erlaubt an einer Schrifttradition teilzuhaben, so dass die in der Schule erlernten Lese- und Schreibkenntnisse genutzt und damit erhalten bleiben? 2. Wie entwickelt sich der geschriebene Text bei Kindern einer Kultur, die nur eine elementare Literalität entwickelt hat? METHODIK Für die Bearbeitung der ersten Frage wurde die teilnehmende Beobachtung bei literalen Ereignissen, z.B. Versammlungen, benutzt. Es wurden 19 semi-strukturierte Interviews mit repräsentativen Mitgliedern dieser Gemeinde geführt; außerdem wurde eine Auswahl aus den 163 geschriebenen und 43 gelesenen Texten in der Gemeinde gesammelt, die die Existenz einer elementaren Literalität in dieser Gemeinde belegen. Zur Beantwortung der zweiten und zentralen Frage wurde eine Quasi-Longitudinalstudie anhand von vier Fallstudien durchgeführt. Die 15 analysierten narrativen Texte, die im Rahmen eines GTZ-Bildungsprojektes im Spanischunterricht entstanden, wurden regelmäßig über zwei Jahre hinweg jeweils im Abstand von etwa sechs Monaten gesammelt. Zudem wurden offene Einzelinterviews über Kohärenz und Orthographie der Texte und das Konzept der Schrift durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse der Fallstudien aus der urbanen Lenca-Gemeinde wurden mit 216 Schülertexten einer durchschnittlichen städtischen Schule in der Hauptstadt des Landes verglichen. ERGEBNISSE Zu Frage 1: Die Gemeinde gehört zwar zu einer vorwiegend oralen Kultur, aber sie hat in Interaktion mit politischen Bewegungen, der katholischen Kirche, Regierungsstellen, nationalen und internationalen Organisationen und NGOs ein gewisses literales Bewusstsein und eine elementare Literalität entwickelt. Die Mitglieder der Lenca-Gemeinde kennen verschiedene Textsorten und deren Funktion, d. h. sie unterscheiden, wann und welche Textsorte, z. B. ein Protokoll, geschrieben wird. Sie nutzen sie bei den literalen Praktiken und Ereignissen im Rahmen von organisatorischen, religiösen sowie Aus- und Fortbildungsveranstaltungen der Gemeinde. Auch Lenca, die nicht schreiben können, verfügen über eine Vorstellung von Schrift. Das belegt das Vorhandensein einer elementaren, spezifischen Literalität, die eine soziale und pragmatische Funktion erfüllt, insbesondere um die organisatorischen Ziele der Gemeinde zu erreichen. Zu Frage 2: Der entscheidende Zeitpunkt bei der Textentwicklung der Kinder der Fallstudien ist das dritte Schuljahr. Neben der Konsolidierung der narrativen Struktur entwickeln sich zu diesem Zeitpunkt verstärkt die für textliche Homogenität und Expansion des Textes wichtigen Elemente: die Einführung und Aufrechterhaltung der Referenz, die Einführung neuer Personen und/oder Eigenschaften und ihre Verbindung mit den bereits vorhandenen sowie die Explikation der für das Textverständnis nötigen Informationen. Insgesamt ähnelt die Textentwicklung der untersuchten Fälle hinsichtlich Kohärenz und textlicher Homogenität derjenigen in der städtischen Vergleichsschule. Auf der Syntaxebene treten drei Typen von untergeordneten Konstruktionen in den analysierten Texten auf: 1. Nebensätze mit que (dass) und si (ob) und Adverbialsätze (46%); 2. Infinitiv-konstruktionen oder untergeordneten Finalsätze (30%) und 3. Relativsätze (24,1%). In den Texten der Lenca-Kinder finden sich jedoch häufig linguistische Varietäten, z. B. Ersetzungen des la (sie) durch lo (ihn) beim direkten Objekt. DISKUSSION Die Analyse der Fallstudien zeigt, dass Desymptomatisierung und Kontextualisierung ein langer und nicht linearer Prozess ist. Er hängt eng mit der Komplexität des zu kommunizierenden Themas und mit den Charakteristiken des Schriftmediums zusammen. Die elementare Literalität der Lenca-Gemeinde ist eine der Grundbedingungen für die Nachhaltigkeit der in der Schule entwickelten Literalität. Dadurch können die Kinder eine Vorstellung von Schrift und ihrer Funktion entwickeln, die sie motiviert, die Schule zu besuchen. Wünschenswert wäre die Entwicklung einer Didaktik des Lehrens und Lernens einer authentischen Schrift, d.h. aus einer kulturellen Perspektive, die die Interaktion mit literarischen Texten (mündlich/schriftlich) sowie die vorhandenen literalen Praktiken der Gemeinde integriert, und eine entsprechende Aus- und Weiterbildung der Lehrenden. ; This study analyzes textual development of indigenous primary school students in Lenca communities of small farmers in Honduras. Many children in Honduras fail at learning how to read and write: in 1996 26% of the students in first grade and 17% of the students in second grade failed Spanish. One of the reasons contributing to this is primary school teachers not being sufficiently trained and educated. A fundamental didactic problem is the separation of learning how to write as a cultural technique from teaching the writing standard on the one hand and developing autonomous writing on the other. QUESTIONS 1. To what extent have the Lenca communities developed basic literality that would enable them to participate in a writing tradition so that the knowledge of reading and writing acquired in school may be used and consequently maintained? 2. How does written text develop in children of a culture that has only developed basic literality? METHODOLOGY To analyze the first question participatory observation of literal events was used, for example of meetings. 19 semi-structured interviews with representative members of this community were conducted. In addition, a selection from the 163 written and 43 read texts collected in the community was made that prove the existence of basic literality in this community. To answer the second and central question a quasi-longitudinal study using four case studies was conducted. The 15 narrative texts analyzed were created in Spanish classes during a GTZ (German Technical Cooperation) educational project and were collected during two years at regular intervals of about six months. In addition, individual interviews on the coherence and orthography of the texts and on the concept of writing were conducted. The results of the case studies from urban Lenca communities were compared to 216 student texts from an average urban school in the country's capital. RESULTS With regard to question 1: The community may belong to a predominantly oral culture, but by interacting with political movements, the Catholic Church, government institutions, national and international organizations and NGOs has developed certain literal awareness and basic literality. The members of the Lenca community know different types of text and their functions, i.e. they differentiate which type of text is written and when, e.g. a protocol. They use them in literal practices and events during organizational, religious, and educational and training events in the community. Also those Lenca unable to write have an idea of writing. This is confirmed by the existence of a basic, specific literality fulfilling a social and pragmatic function, in particular to achieve the organizational objectives of the community. With regard to question 2: The critical point in the textual development of the children in the case studies is third grade. Not only do they consolidate the narrative structure, but at this time, they also increasingly develop the elements important to textual homogeneity and text expansion: the ability to introduce and maintain the reference, to introduce new characters and/or characteristics and to connect them with existing ones as well as to explain the information necessary for understanding the text. With regard to coherence and textual homogeneity, the textual development in the analyzed cases in general is similar to those in the urban reference school. At syntax level, the analyzed texts feature three types of subordinate structures: 1. subordinate clauses with "que" (that) and "si" (if/whether) and adverbial clauses (46%), 2. infinitive constructions or subordinate final clauses (30%), and 3. relative clauses (24.1%). However, the texts by the Lenca children frequently show linguistic varieties, e.g. substituting "la" (she) by "lo" (him) in direct objects. DISCUSSION The analysis of the case studies shows that desymptomization and contextualization constitute a long and non-linear process. This process is closely connected to the complexity of the topic to be communicated and to the characteristics of the medium of writing. The basic literality of the Lenca communities is one of the prerequisites for sustaining the literality developed in school. It allows the children to develop an idea of writing and its function that motivates them to attend school. It is desirable to develop a theory and methodology of teaching and learning authentic writing, i.e. from a cultural perspective, that integrates the interaction with literary texts (oral and written) and the existing literal practices in the community as well as the corresponding education and training and continuing education of teachers.

Öffentlich Private Partnerschaften (ÖPPs) haben in den letzten zehn bis fünfzehn Jahren in Deutschland einen beachtlichen Stellenwert erreicht. Auch zukünftig ist aufgrund der Finanzkrise der Kommunen mit einem weiteren Bedeutungszuwachs zu rechnen. Damit ÖPPs die von der öffentlichen Hand gewünschten Vorteile mit sich bringen können, wie zum Beispiel die Entlastung des öffentlichen Haushalts oder Effizienzsteigerungen, sollten sie im Vorfeld und im Tagesgeschäft aktiv und umsichtig begleitet werden. In diesem Zusammenhang ergibt sich der Ansatzpunkt für die Themenstellung der Dissertation sowie angesichts der Erkenntnis, dass bisher noch keine umfassend fundierten und systematischen Untersuchungen vorliegen, welche die bestehenden Praxiserfahrungen mit ÖPPs mit anwendbaren Theorien in Verbindung setzen und Entscheidungshilfen für öffentliche Akteure ableiten. Aufgrund der verschiedenen möglichen Ausprägungsformen wurde eine Eingrenzung des Themas auf institutionelle ÖPPs auf kommunaler Ebene vorgenommen. Die Untersuchung beginnt mit der Auseinandersetzung der Grundlagen zu ÖPPs, um ein generelles Verständnis für dieses Themengebiet zu schaffen. Nachdem der Begriff erläutert und Merkmale von ÖPPs herausgearbeitet wurden, erfolgt eine Abgrenzung zwischen vertraglichen und institutionellen ÖPPs. Daraufhin werden mögliche Motive der öffentlichen und privaten Seite beim Eingehen einer solchen Partnerschaft aufgeführt sowie erste mögliche Chancen und Risiken skizziert. Im Anschluss erfolgt mit Hilfe der wissenschaftlichen Theorie des Neuen Institutionalismus eine vertiefende Analyse zu institutionellen ÖPPs. Dabei schließt sich die Dissertation an die von Mayntz und Scharpf vorgenommene Einteilung in einen ökonomischen, (organisations-) soziologischen und politikwissenschaftlichen Neo-Institutionalismus an. Der Neue Ökonomische Institutionalismus wurde anhand der drei Teillehren Transaktionskostentheorie, Prinzipal-Agent-Theorie und Theorie der Verfügungsrechte untersucht. Zunächst werden theoretische Erkenntnisse zu den einzelnen Theorien herausgearbeitet und erste Schlussfolgerungen für institutionelle ÖPPs gezogen. Daraus werden nachfolgend Untersuchungskriterien in Form von Fragestellungen für den späteren Fallstudienvergleich entwickelt. Nach Abschluss des Theorieteils erfolgt eine Betrachtung institutioneller ÖPPs aus realer empirischer Sicht. Hierzu werden Fallstudien vorgestellt und an den Untersuchungskriterien, welche aus den einzelnen Theorien abgeleitet wurden, gespiegelt. Zuerst werden recherchierte Fallstudien analysiert, beginnend mit den Teilprivatisierungen der Stadtentwässerung Dresden GmbH und der Stadtwerke Görlitz AG, bei denen sich die Zusammenarbeit wohl positiv entwickelt. Als Negativbeispiel wird dann auf die Privatisierung der Wasserversorgung von Grenoble und ihre spätere Rekommunalisierung eingegangen. Im folgenden Schritt werden Fallstudien aus den realen Erfahrungen des Verfassers diskutiert. Hierbei bildet die Teilprivatisierung und anschließende Rekommunalisierung des Wasserbetriebes in Potsdam den Schwerpunkt. Ergänzt wird dies durch die Darstellung der positiven Zusammenarbeit mit dem privaten Gesellschafter bei der Energie und Wasser Potsdam GmbH. Abschließend werden die anfänglichen Probleme zwischen Kommune und Privat bei der teilprivatisierten STEP Stadtentsorgung Potsdam untersucht und aufgezeigt, wie die Partnerschaft zum Vorteil der öffentlichen Seite verändert wurde. Aus dem Vergleich von Theorie und Praxis konnten wissenschaftlich fundierte Schlussfolgerungen für institutionelle ÖPPs gezogen und Erfolgsfaktoren für das Gelingen einer solchen Kooperation abgeleitet werden. Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse werden in Form von Thesen zusammengefasst und dienen als Basis für die Ableitung von Handlungsempfehlungen für kommunale Akteure beim Eingehen einer institutionellen ÖPP. Zu Beginn erfolgt eine Darstellung der Empfehlungen, die sich aus den Untersuchungskriterien der jeweiligen Theorien ergeben haben. Nachfolgend wird diese Betrachtung erweitert, indem näher auf die wesentlichen Phasen des Entscheidungsfindungsprozesses eingegangen und eine Untersetzung dieser Phasen mit den erarbeiteten Handlungsempfehlungen vorgenommen wird. Auf diese Weise kann den kommunalen Entscheidungsträgern eine sehr praxisnahe Hilfestellung gegeben werden. Insgesamt betrachtet, geht aus der Dissertation ein umfangreicher, fundierter und sehr praxisrelevanter Leitfaden hervor, der wichtige Anhaltspunkte für das Eingehen einer institutionellen ÖPP im kommunalen Bereich gibt. Aus der Spiegelung von Theorie und Praxis werden wertvolle Hinweise abgeleitet, wodurch insbesondere deutlich wird, an welchen Stellen sich die öffentliche Seite absichern sollte. Darüber hinaus können die kommunalen Entscheidungsträger durch die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse sensibilisiert und ihr Blick für den individuellen Fall geschärft werden. Letztendlich werden dadurch wichtige Voraussetzungen geschaffen, um ein solches Vorhaben zum Erfolg zu führen. ; In the past ten to fifteen years, Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) have become considerably important. It is also due to the financial crisis, that even in future a further growth is expected in the municipalities. To ensure that the PPPs, which add such desired advantages like reduction of costs for the public budget or increasing the efficiency of the public entity, they should be actively and carefully guided prior to its formation as well as during the day-to-day business. This dissertation is based on this context while considering that up to date there have not been any well-founded and systematic researches connecting the existing practical experience with applicable theory and from which advice can be derived for the decision-makers in the public sector. Because of the several formats that are possible, the subject has been limited with a focus on institutional PPPs at municipal level. The research begins with the explanation of the basics of PPPs, offering a general understanding of this subject. The explanation of the concept and the elaboration of the characteristics of PPPs, are then followed by the definition of contractual and institutional PPPs. The possible motives for entering such a partnership on both sides, public and private, are shown on a list as well as an outline of the possible prospects and risks. Subsequently, an in-depth analysis on institutional PPPs is presented, which is based on scientific theory on new institutionalism. For this purpose, the dissertation is linked up with the economical, (organisational) sociological and political scientific classification by Mayntz and Scharpf. The new economic institutionalism was researched with the help of the three part-theories: transaction cost theory, principal agent theory and property rights theory. To begin with, the theoretical perception of each individual theory is developed and first deductions for institutional PPPs are reached. Based on this, the development of research criteria follows, depicted as questions that may arise for comparing future case studies. The conclusion of the theoretical part is followed by a contemplation of institutional PPPs, from an empirical point of view. For this purpose, case studies are presented and reflected onto the research criteria, which had been derived from each individual theory. To begin with, the researched case studies are analysed, starting with the partial privatisation of the Stadtentwässerung Dresden GmbH (Dresden's municipal water drainage company) and the Stadtwerke Görlitz AG (public utility company of Görlitz), where the collaboration is actually developing in a positive manner. A negative example is depicted in the privatisation of the waterworks of Grenoble and its subsequent reversion to a fully municipal service. In the following step, case studies from the authors' actual experience are discussed. In this case, the focus is placed on the partial privatisation and the subsequent reversion to its municipal status of the waterworks of Potsdam. This is complemented by the portrayal of the positive collaboration between the private partner and Energie und Wasser Potsdam GmbH (Potsdam's energy and water company). Subsequently, the initial problems that arose during the partial privatisation STEP Stadtentsorgung Potsdam (municipal waste management of Potsdam) between the municipality and the private sector are researched, depicting the positive changes in the partnership, which evolved in favour of the public sector. Founded conclusions for the institutional PPPs were arrived at based on the comparison between theory and practice, and scientific and positive factors for the success of such a co-operation were derived. The knowledge thus gained is summarised in the form of theses, and serve as a basis for the derivation of advice for course of action for municipal decision-makers when entering into an institutional PPP. At the beginning, a portrayal of the advice that is derived from the individual theories is given. This observation is broadened by taking a closer look at the substantial phases of the decision-making process, and by condensing such phases by applying the decision-making advice that has been derived. In this manner the municipal decision-makers are given sound practical advice. Considering the dissertation as a whole, it offers a complete, founded and sound practical guideline, which includes important criteria for entering into institutional PPPs in the municipal sector. From the reflection between theory and practice valuable hints are derived, through which it becomes especially clear which points the public side should secure. Furthermore, the municipal decision-makers can become sensitised by the knowledge gained and sharpen their senses for each individual case. Finally, important conditions are created to ensure the success of such a project.

Elektroniskā versija nesatur pielikumus ; ANOTĀCIJA Starptautiskā sabiedrība ir atzinusi būtisku līdzekļu trūkumu ilgtspējīgas attīstības mērķu sasniegšanā un ekonomikas stabilitātes atjaunošanā pēc smagākās ekonomiskās krīzes kopš 1930.gada, jo ne publiskajam, ne arī privātajam sektoram katram atsevišķi vairs nepietiek resursu, lai patstāvīgi un neatkarīgi no citiem pārvarētu kompleksas globalizētās pasaules problēmas. Tādēļ pēdējās desmitgadēs ir izveidojusies īpaša publiskā un privātā sektora sadarbības forma, kuru parasti apzīmē ar terminu "publiskās un privātās partnerības" (PPP). Šī tendence ir publiskā un privātā sektora praktisko vajadzību izpausme, XXI gs. sākuma dominējošā ideja un jauna filozofija, kas tieši ietekmē starptautisko un Eiropas tiesību attīstību. Starptautiskajās un Eiropas tiesībās PPP galvenais uzdevums tiek saskatīts visas sabiedrības vajadzību apmierināšanā, pielietojot šo mehānismu gan globālā, gan reģionālā līmenī. Ja Apvienoto Nāciju Organizācija (ANO) īsteno partnerību programmas universālu Tūkstošgades deklarācijā formulēto mērķu īstenošanā, tad Eiropā publiskā un privātā sektora sadarbības mērķis ir infrastruktūras modernizēšana un stratēģisko sabiedrisko pakalpojumu nodrošināšana. To kopējā iezīme ir publiskās varas ilgtermiņa institucionāla un organizatoriska sadarbība ar biznesa aprindām uz abpusēji izdevīgiem nosacījumiem, izmantojot riska sadali un privātā sektora īpašās zināšanas. Disertācijas "Publiskā un privātā sektora partnerību veidošanas starptautiski tiesiskie aspekti ilgtermiņa strukturālo pārmaiņu procesā" galvenais mērķis ir partnerību institūta ietekmes izvērtējums uz starptautiskajām tiesībām. Tādēļ autors veicis pētījumus dažādās tiesību nozarēs, kas nosaka disertācijas starpnozaru raksturu. Atbilstoši formulētajam mērķim, autors uzstādījis 4 uzdevumus. Pirmais no tiem ir PPP veidošanas teorētisko aspektu analīze starptautiskajās tiesībās, kura ietvaros aplūkoti PPP attīstības jautājumi, sniegts pārskats par starptautiskās integrācijas strukturālo pārmaiņu ietekmi, definēti galvenie starptautisko partnerattiecību subjekti, kā arī PPP starptautiski tiesiskie standarti. Īpaša uzmanība veltīta PPP klasifikācijai starptautiskajās tiesībās, par ko juridiskajā literatūrā nepastāv vienots viedoklis. Otrais uzdevums ir PPP mehānisma nozīmes noskaidrošana ANO reformas kontekstā, kura risinājumā autors par būtisku uzskatījis ANO partnerību programmu, kategoriju un sadarbības ar pilsonisko sabiedrību aspektu noskaidrošanu, kā arī konkrētu piemēru analīzi. Trešais uzdevums veltīts partnerību īpatnībām Eiropas Savienības tiesībās un praksē, noskaidrojot PPP attīstības priekšnosacījumu un šķēršļus Eiropas tiesībās, kā arī konkrētas turpmākās Eiropas Savienības institūciju iniciatīvas šajā jomā. Partnerību mehānisma ieviešanas tiesību problēmjautājumi Latvijā analizēti ceturtā uzdevuma ietvaros, kritiski izvērtējot Latvijas juridiskajā literatūrā paustās atziņas par partnerību tiesiskajiem un PPP līgumu doktrinārajiem aspektiem Latvijas tiesību sistēmā. Disertācijā analizēti 315 literatūras avoti, izmantojot Latvijas bibliotēkās un Hāgas Miera pils bibliotēkā (Nīderlandē) pieejamos resursus, kā arī interneta materiālus. Darba nobeigumā autors secinājis, ka mūsdienu PPP pamatā ir izmaiņas starptautiskajās investīciju tiesībās, sasaistot diagonālo līgumu jaunās koncepcijas ar ekonomikas attīstības funkciju un papildus finansējuma iespējām. Autora ieskatā tas sekmēja PPP potenciāla "jaunatklāšanu" XX gs. 80.gados ASV enerģētikas jomā un privātās finanšu iniciatīvas attīstību Lielbritānijā 90.gados, turpmāk ieviešot principiālas novitātes atbildības un risku sadalīšanā, finansēšanas mehānismā un juridiskajos instrumentos, Eiropas tiesībās radot plašu PPP līgumisko modeļu klāstu, kas aizvien turpina attīstīties. Autors īpaši vēlējies uzsvērt, ka PPP īstenojamas visas sabiedrības labuma iegūšanai publiskā sektora pārvaldes funkciju jomā, kas nosaka PPP līgumu publiski tiesisko dabu arī Latvijas tiesību sistēmā, kā arī publiskā sek ; ANNOTATION The international community has noted current estimates of dramatic shortfalls in resources required to achieve the sustainable development goals and restoring economic stability and returning public finances to a sustainable path after the worst economic crisis since the 1930s: because neither the public nor the private sector, each individually, has enough resources to overcome complex problems of the globalized world without assistance and independently. Therefore, a special form of public-private cooperation has been created in recent decades, usually defined by the term "Public-Private Partnerships" (Partnerships or PPPs). This trend has been described as one of the dominating organizational ideas circulating at the beginning of the 21st century and a new philosophy directly affecting the development of international and European law. The main task of the PPPs in the context of international and European Law should be considered to meet the needs of society as a whole by using this mechanism at the global and regional levels. That is why in recent years the United Nations has been engaged in continuous Partnerships programmes in business. An important component of this process is implementing the universal goals formulated in the Millennium Declaration. In its turn, the objectives of cooperation between public authorities and private sector in the European Union are to modernize infrastructure and to provide strategic public services. A common feature of these initiatives is long term mutually beneficial institutional and organizational cooperation between public authorities and business sector through risk sharing and harnessing private sector expertise. The main aim of the dissertation "International legal aspects of the development of public and private sector partnerships in the process of long term structural changes" is to explore legal issues concerning the reasons for developing and operating Partnerships at the international level and ascertain the development of PPPs in the context of impact upon international law. Therefore, the author has conducted an extensive research in various fields of law that determine an interdisciplinary nature of the dissertation. According to the stated aim the author has formulated four tasks. The first task is to analyse the theoretical aspects of the formation of public-private partnerships (PPPs) in international law, within the framework of which development issues of PPPs have been dealt with, an overview on the influence of structural changes of international integration has been presented, the main international partnership entities, as well as international legal standards for PPPs have been defined. The emphasis is given to understanding and classification of PPPs in international law for which there is no consensus in the legal literature. The second task is to ascertain the potential of PPPs as a tool for institutional change and reform of the United Nations. The second task is to clarify the importance of the mechanism of PPPs in the context of United Nations reform, where the author pays great attention to the clarification of the United Nations partnership programs, categories and the aspects of cooperation with civil society, as well as the specific case studies. The third task deals with pecularities of Partnerships in law and practice of the European Union. Therefore the author has clarified the preconditions and obstacles of PPPs development in European law and the initiatives of European Union institutions in this area. The development of PPPs in Latvia and legal challenges in this field are described within the framework of the fourth task. The author has critically evaluated the findings of legal literature and doctrinal aspects of the PPPs agreements in the legal system of Latvia. The dissertation is based on an extensive literature search (315 sources) from the Peace Palace Library (Netherlands), Latvian libraries and on-line data bases, as we

ANOTĀCIJA Starptautiskā sabiedrība ir atzinusi būtisku līdzekļu trūkumu ilgtspējīgas attīstības mērķu sasniegšanā un ekonomikas stabilitātes atjaunošanā pēc smagākās ekonomiskās krīzes kopš 1930.gada, jo ne publiskajam, ne arī privātajam sektoram katram atsevišķi vairs nepietiek resursu, lai patstāvīgi un neatkarīgi no citiem pārvarētu kompleksas globalizētās pasaules problēmas. Tādēļ pēdējās desmitgadēs ir izveidojusies īpaša publiskā un privātā sektora sadarbības forma, kuru parasti apzīmē ar terminu "publiskās un privātās partnerības" (PPP). Šī tendence ir publiskā un privātā sektora praktisko vajadzību izpausme, XXI gs. sākuma dominējošā ideja un jauna filozofija, kas tieši ietekmē starptautisko un Eiropas tiesību attīstību. Starptautiskajās un Eiropas tiesībās PPP galvenais uzdevums tiek saskatīts visas sabiedrības vajadzību apmierināšanā, pielietojot šo mehānismu gan globālā, gan reģionālā līmenī. Ja Apvienoto Nāciju Organizācija (ANO) īsteno partnerību programmas universālu Tūkstošgades deklarācijā formulēto mērķu īstenošanā, tad Eiropā publiskā un privātā sektora sadarbības mērķis ir infrastruktūras modernizēšana un stratēģisko sabiedrisko pakalpojumu nodrošināšana. To kopējā iezīme ir publiskās varas ilgtermiņa institucionāla un organizatoriska sadarbība ar biznesa aprindām uz abpusēji izdevīgiem nosacījumiem, izmantojot riska sadali un privātā sektora īpašās zināšanas. Disertācijas "Publiskā un privātā sektora partnerību veidošanas starptautiski tiesiskie aspekti ilgtermiņa strukturālo pārmaiņu procesā" galvenais mērķis ir partnerību institūta ietekmes izvērtējums uz starptautiskajām tiesībām. Tādēļ autors veicis pētījumus dažādās tiesību nozarēs, kas nosaka disertācijas starpnozaru raksturu. Atbilstoši formulētajam mērķim, autors uzstādījis 4 uzdevumus. Pirmais no tiem ir PPP veidošanas teorētisko aspektu analīze starptautiskajās tiesībās, kura ietvaros aplūkoti PPP attīstības jautājumi, sniegts pārskats par starptautiskās integrācijas strukturālo pārmaiņu ietekmi, definēti galvenie starptautisko partnerattiecību subjekti, kā arī PPP starptautiski tiesiskie standarti. Īpaša uzmanība veltīta PPP klasifikācijai starptautiskajās tiesībās, par ko juridiskajā literatūrā nepastāv vienots viedoklis. Otrais uzdevums ir PPP mehānisma nozīmes noskaidrošana ANO reformas kontekstā, kura risinājumā autors par būtisku uzskatījis ANO partnerību programmu, kategoriju un sadarbības ar pilsonisko sabiedrību aspektu noskaidrošanu, kā arī konkrētu piemēru analīzi. Trešais uzdevums veltīts partnerību īpatnībām Eiropas Savienības tiesībās un praksē, noskaidrojot PPP attīstības priekšnosacījumu un šķēršļus Eiropas tiesībās, kā arī konkrētas turpmākās Eiropas Savienības institūciju iniciatīvas šajā jomā. Partnerību mehānisma ieviešanas tiesību problēmjautājumi Latvijā analizēti ceturtā uzdevuma ietvaros, kritiski izvērtējot Latvijas juridiskajā literatūrā paustās atziņas par partnerību tiesiskajiem un PPP līgumu doktrinārajiem aspektiem Latvijas tiesību sistēmā. Disertācijā analizēti 315 literatūras avoti, izmantojot Latvijas bibliotēkās un Hāgas Miera pils bibliotēkā (Nīderlandē) pieejamos resursus, kā arī interneta materiālus. Darba nobeigumā autors secinājis, ka mūsdienu PPP pamatā ir izmaiņas starptautiskajās investīciju tiesībās, sasaistot diagonālo līgumu jaunās koncepcijas ar ekonomikas attīstības funkciju un papildus finansējuma iespējām. Autora ieskatā tas sekmēja PPP potenciāla "jaunatklāšanu" XX gs. 80.gados ASV enerģētikas jomā un privātās finanšu iniciatīvas attīstību Lielbritānijā 90.gados, turpmāk ieviešot principiālas novitātes atbildības un risku sadalīšanā, finansēšanas mehānismā un juridiskajos instrumentos, Eiropas tiesībās radot plašu PPP līgumisko modeļu klāstu, kas aizvien turpina attīstīties. Autors īpaši vēlējies uzsvērt, ka PPP īstenojamas visas sabiedrības labuma iegūšanai publiskā sektora pārvaldes funkciju jomā, kas nosaka PPP līgumu publiski tiesisko dabu arī Latvijas tiesību sistēmā, kā arī publiskā sek ; ANNOTATION The international community has noted current estimates of dramatic shortfalls in resources required to achieve the sustainable development goals and restoring economic stability and returning public finances to a sustainable path after the worst economic crisis since the 1930s: because neither the public nor the private sector, each individually, has enough resources to overcome complex problems of the globalized world without assistance and independently. Therefore, a special form of public-private cooperation has been created in recent decades, usually defined by the term "Public-Private Partnerships" (Partnerships or PPPs). This trend has been described as one of the dominating organizational ideas circulating at the beginning of the 21st century and a new philosophy directly affecting the development of international and European law. The main task of the PPPs in the context of international and European Law should be considered to meet the needs of society as a whole by using this mechanism at the global and regional levels. That is why in recent years the United Nations has been engaged in continuous Partnerships programmes in business. An important component of this process is implementing the universal goals formulated in the Millennium Declaration. In its turn, the objectives of cooperation between public authorities and private sector in the European Union are to modernize infrastructure and to provide strategic public services. A common feature of these initiatives is long term mutually beneficial institutional and organizational cooperation between public authorities and business sector through risk sharing and harnessing private sector expertise. The main aim of the dissertation "International legal aspects of the development of public and private sector partnerships in the process of long term structural changes" is to explore legal issues concerning the reasons for developing and operating Partnerships at the international level and ascertain the development of PPPs in the context of impact upon international law. Therefore, the author has conducted an extensive research in various fields of law that determine an interdisciplinary nature of the dissertation. According to the stated aim the author has formulated four tasks. The first task is to analyse the theoretical aspects of the formation of public-private partnerships (PPPs) in international law, within the framework of which development issues of PPPs have been dealt with, an overview on the influence of structural changes of international integration has been presented, the main international partnership entities, as well as international legal standards for PPPs have been defined. The emphasis is given to understanding and classification of PPPs in international law for which there is no consensus in the legal literature. The second task is to ascertain the potential of PPPs as a tool for institutional change and reform of the United Nations. The second task is to clarify the importance of the mechanism of PPPs in the context of United Nations reform, where the author pays great attention to the clarification of the United Nations partnership programs, categories and the aspects of cooperation with civil society, as well as the specific case studies. The third task deals with pecularities of Partnerships in law and practice of the European Union. Therefore the author has clarified the preconditions and obstacles of PPPs development in European law and the initiatives of European Union institutions in this area. The development of PPPs in Latvia and legal challenges in this field are described within the framework of the fourth task. The author has critically evaluated the findings of legal literature and doctrinal aspects of the PPPs agreements in the legal system of Latvia. The dissertation is based on an extensive literature search (315 sources) from the Peace Palace Library (Netherlands), Latvian libraries and on-line data bases, as we

Transitional justice studies increasingly apply to processes of truth, restoration and accountability in contexts far removed from the paradigmatic transitions from authoritarianism or war to relatively liberal democracy on which the field was initially based. At a time when transitional justice is being evaluated with greater stringency, it is worrying that assessments of its worth might be unduly coloured by reliance on non-transitional circumstances of established democracies or ongoing conflicts or authoritarianism. A systematic empirical understanding of the value of transitional justice is skewed when undue weight is given to mechanisms applied in favourable contexts. This may be where political or economic circumstances are so advanced that the mechanisms have little causal significance to an ongoing process of political, civil and (possibly) economic reform, or in contexts too inimical to anything approaching a liberalising or peace-building conclusion (e.g. when it takes place while war is ongoing or within an authoritarian regime). The article accepts that transitional justice mechanisms can be used to improve conditions under authoritarianism or war and can augment the rule of law, development and human rights in states that are already committed to liberal democracy. However, its impact in these non-paradigmatic circumstances will be limited because of the weakness of the state's commitment to improving societal conditions in the former and the pre-existing strength of the commitment in the latter. It argues that there is a distinction between transitional justice and the use of transitional justice mechanisms. ; Cada vegada més, els estudis sobre la justícia transicional s'apliquen als processos de veritat, restauració i responsabilitat en contextos molt allunyats de les transicions paradigmàtiques des de l'autoritarisme o la guerra a una democràcia relativament liberal en què aquest camp de recerca es basava inicialment. En un moment en què la justícia transicional s'avalua amb un rigor més gran, resulta preocupant que les valoracions de la seva vàlua es puguin veure excessivament afectades per la dependència de circumstàncies no transicionals de democràcies establertes, conflictes en curs o l'autoritarisme. La comprensió empírica sistemàtica del valor de la justícia transicional es veu esbiaixada quan es posa un pes excessiu en els mecanismes que tenen lloc en contextos favorables en què les circumstàncies polítiques o econòmiques són tan avançades que els mecanismes tenen molt poca importància causal per a un procés en curs de reforma política, civil i (possiblement) econòmica, o bé en contextos massa adversos per a res que pugui portar a una conclusió liberalitzadora o de construcció de la pau (per exemple, quan hi ha una guerra en curs o sota un règim autoritari). Tot i que aquest article accepta que és possible utilitzar els mecanismes de la justícia transicional per a millorar les condicions sota un règim autoritari o en contextos de guerra i per a potenciar l'imperi de la llei, el desenvolupament i els drets humans en estats ja compromesos amb la democràcia liberal, l'impacte de la justícia transicional en aquestes circumstàncies no paradigmàtiques es veurà limitat a causa de la debilitat del compromís de l'estat per millorar les condicions societàries en el primer cas i a causa de la força preexistent del compromís en el segon. Manté que cal distingir entre la justícia transicional i l'ús dels mecanismes de la justícia transicional. ; La erudición de la justicia transicional se aplica cada vez más a procesos de veracidad, restauración y responsabilidad en contextos muy alejados de las transiciones paradigmáticas del autoritarismo o la guerra a la relativamente democracia liberal sobre la que se basó inicialmente el campo. En un momento en el que la justicia transicional se está evaluando con más rigor, es preocupante que las valoraciones de su valor puedan estar excesivamente afectadas por la dependencia de circunstancias no transitorias de democracias establecidas, conflictos actuales o autoritarismo. El conocimiento empírico sistemático del valor de la justicia transicional está sesgado cuando se concede un peso indebido a mecanismos que se producen en contextos favorables en los que las circunstancias políticas o económicas son tan avanzadas que los mecanismos tienen poca significación causal para un proceso en curso de reforma política, civil y (posiblemente) económica, o en contextos demasiado hostiles para cualquier cosa cercana a una conclusión liberalizadora o de construcción de la paz (por ejemplo, cuando tiene lugar mientras la guerra está en curso o en un régimen autoritario). Si bien en el artículo se acepta que los mecanismos de justicia transicional pueden usarse para mejorar las condiciones bajo el autoritarismo o la guerra y pueden aumentar el Estado de derecho, el desarrollo y los derechos humanos en estados que ya están comprometidos con la democracia liberal, el impacto de la justicia transicional en esas circunstancias no paradigmáticas será limitado a causa de la debilidad del compromiso del estado a la mejora de las condiciones de la sociedad en el primero y de la fuerza preexistente del compromiso en el último. Sostiene que hay una diferencia entre la justicia transicional y el uso de los mecanismos de la misma. ; L'érudition de la justice transitionnelle s'applique de plus en plus aux processus de véracité, restauration et responsabilité dans des contextes très éloignés des transitions paradigmatiques de l'autoritarisme ou de la guerre à la relativement démocratie libérale sur laquelle était basé initialement le domaine. Au moment où la justice transitionnelle est évaluée avec le plus de rigueur, il est inquiétant que les évaluations de sa valeur puissent être excessivement touchées par la dépendance de circonstances non transitoires de démocraties établies, conflits actuels ou autoritarisme. La connaissance empirique systématique de la valeur de la justice transitionnelle est biaisée lorsque l'on accorde un poids incorrect à des mécanismes qui se produisent dans des contextes favorables où les circonstances politiques ou économiques sont si avancées que les mécanismes ont peu de signification causale pour un processus en cours de réforme politique, civile et (probablement) économique, ou dans des contextes trop hostiles pour toute chose proche d'une conclusion libéralisatrice ou de construction de la paix (par exemple, lorsqu'elle a lieu lorsque la guerre est en cours ou dans un régime autoritaire). Bien que dans l'article on accepte que les mécanismes de justice transitionnelle peuvent s'utiliser pour améliorer les conditions sous l'autoritarisme ou la guerre et peuvent augmenter l'État de droit, le développement et les droits de l'homme dans des états qui sont déjà engagés avec la démocratie libérale, l'impact de la justice transitionnelle dans ces circonstances non paradigmatiques sera limité à cause de la faiblesse de l'engagement de l'état dans l'amélioration des conditions de la société dans le premier et de la force préexistante de l'engagement dans le dernier. Il soutient qu'il y a une différence entre la justice transitionnelle et l'utilisation des mécanismes de celle-ci.

Land-use and land-cover change (LUCC), which is a general term for the human modification of the Earth's terrestrial surface, increasingly gains attention in the scientific community, due to its vast global extent and the role it plays in the Earth system functioning. About one third to one half of the global land surface has been modified by humans, and these changes are highly interrelated with many environmental, economic and social processes and problems. However, studies on LUCC processes are often challenged by the complex nature and unexpected behavior of both human drivers and natural constraints. Many studies tend to focus either on the human or the environmental part of LUCC systems, thus neglecting the interrelationships and responses among these two components. Many aspects of complexity can be overcome by a multi-agent based approach, whose design allows an integrated representation of the feedbacks, hierarchies and interdependencies of the coupled human-environment system of LUCC. A multi-agent simulation model (GH-LUDAS - GHana Land Use DynAmic Simulator) was developed to model this coupled human-environment system in a small-scale catchment in Ghana, thereby providing a simulation tool to predict land-use/cover patterns as related to socio-economic indicators. Apart from pure prediction, the aim of the model is to explore alternative future pathways of LUCC under selected policy, demographic and climatic conditions in order to provide stakeholders with support for making better-informed decisions about land resource management. Multi-agent based modelling is an approach to design computational models for simulating the actions and interactions of autonomous individuals (i.e. agents) in a network, with a view to assessing their effects on the system as a whole. Thus, agent-based modeling can be regarded as a bottom-up modeling approach, as the behavior and interactions of single agents are specified, and complexity is considered to emerge from these specifications. Following this mindset, GH-LUDAS consists of four modules, which represent the main components of the human-evironment system of LUCC. The Human Module consists of collections of human agents (i.e. farm households), which are endowed with a set of attributes and autonomous behavior templates (i.e. the Decision Module), regulating land-use related decisions in response to the human agent's attributes and those of its environment. The Landscape Module consists of collections of individual landscape agents (i.e. land patches of size 30 x 30 m), which are characterized by biophysical attributes and ecological mechanisms, which work in response to human decision-making and natural constraints (e.g. crop yield, land-cover change). The Global-policy Module consists of a range of external parameters, which allow the exploration of alternative future pathways of LUCC, and which relate to attributes of both human and landscape agents. The ability to provide an integrated representation of these components is one of the strengths of this approach, and its flexibility allows the upgrading and modification of processes where these have not yet been considered. The developed model was applied to a small-scale catchment in Upper East Ghana, the Atankwidi catchment, which covers an area of about 159 km 2 . Spatially explicit data were obtained from an ASTER image, digitalmaps, an extensive land cover inventory and intensive household surveys. Field data were used to specify attributes and calibrate behavioral submodels of households and land patches. Considered external factors were the policies of dam construction and credit access, demographic changes, and rainfall change. Simulation outputs consist of a spatially and temporally explicit land use/cover map, visual graphs, and export files of selected land-use and livelihood indicators. These convenient output visualization tools, together with the user-friendly interface of GH-LUDAS, allow stakeholders to simulate and analyze selected scenarios, which can serve as a basis for discussion and communication among stakeholders and policy-makers. Simulation results suggest that, among others, the policy of dam construction had much less effect on average annual income than that of credit provision, although it is the much more costly option in comparison to a credit scheme. Furthermore, a decline in annual rainfall seemed to trigger a shift towards cash cropping and non-farm activities, which could compensate for the losses in harvest caused by decreased precipitation. All simulated spatiotemporal data developed by these simulations can be used for further scientific analyses using GIS and statistical packages, thereby providing a basis for further understanding of local LUCC processes in Northern Ghana. ; Ein agenten-basiertes Modell zur Simulierung von Landnutzungs- und Landbedeckungsänderungen im Einzugsgebiet des Atankwidi in Nordost-Ghana Landnutzungs- und Landbedeckungsänderungen, die die durch den Menschen verursachte Modifizierung der Landoberfläche der Erde bezeichnen, erfahren zunehmende Aufmerksamkeit in der wissenschaftlichen Welt, aufgrund ihres weltweiten Ausmaßes und der Rolle, die sie für die Funktionsweise der Erde spielen. Zwischen einem Drittel und der Hälfte der Landoberfläche sind bereits durch menschliche Einflüsse verändert worden, wobei diese Änderungen wichtige Wechselbeziehungen mit ökologischen, ökonomischen und sozialen Prozessen und Problematiken aufweisen. Studien, die sich mit Landnutzungs- und Landbedeckungsänderungen befassen, repräsentieren die KomplexitätmenschlicherVerhaltensweisen und ökologischer Bedingungen oft nur in unzureichender Weise. Viele Studien tendieren dazu, nur eineKomponente des ökologischen Systems, das ausmenschlichen wie aus umweltbedingten Prozessen besteht, zu erfassen, und vernachlässigen dabei die Wechselbeziehungen zwischen diesen beiden Komponenten. Der agenten-basierte Modellierungsansatz hat die Fähigkeit, viele Eigenschaften von komplexen Systemen zu integrieren, und ermöglicht die Modellierung von Rückkopplungen, Wechselbeziehungen und skalen-abhängigen Prozessen des ökologischen Systems. In dieser Arbeit wurde ein agenten-basiertes Modell namens GH-LUDAS (Ghana - Land Use DynAmic Simulator) entwickelt, das Landnutzungs- und Landbedeckungsänderungen sowie zugehörige sozio-ökonomische Indikatoren in einem Flusseinzugsgebiet desWhite Volta in Nord-Ghana simuliert. Das Ziel desModells ist sowohl die Prognostizierung von Landbedeckungs-/Landnutzungsänderungen als auch die Evaluierung von möglichen Zukunftsverläufen unter gegebenen politischen Maßnahmen, demographischen Veränderungen sowieKlimawandel. Die Simulierung solcher Szenarien kann die Entscheidungsfindungen lokaler Akteure bezüglich Landnutzung unterstützen und als Ausgangspunkt für Diskussionen unter lokalen Entscheidungsträgern dienen. Der agenten-basierte Modellansatz kennzeichnet sich durch die Modellierung der Aktionen und der Interaktionen einzelner Individuen (i.e. Agenten), deren Spezifikationen in komplexe Phänomene auf Systemebene resultieren. Agenten-basierte Modellierung kann daher als ein 'bottom-up approach' bezeichnet werden, da die Systembeziehungen nicht auf oberster Ebene spezifiziert werden, sondern von den Prozessen zwischen einzelnen Agenten reguliert werden. Dieser Philosophie folgend, gliedert sich GH-LUDAS in vier Hauptmodule. Das soziale Modul besteht aus einer Kollektion von menschlichen Agenten, die landwirtschaftliche Haushalte repräsentieren, und die mit einer Reihe von Attributen und Entscheidungsalgorithmen ausgestattet sind. Diese Algorithmen, die innerhalb des Entscheidungmoduls spezifiziert sind, regulieren Reaktionen auf persönliche wie auf umweltbedingte Attribute und Prozesse. Das Umweltmodul besteht aus landschaftlichen Agenten, die aus Pixeln von 30 m x 30 m bestehen, und die mit eigenen Attributen sowie ökologischen Mechanismen, die auf menschliche Entscheidungen sowie auf natürliche Prozesse reagieren (z.B. Ernteertrag, Landbedeckungsänderungen), ausgestattet sind. Das globaleModul besteht aus einer Reihe von externen Parametern, die von Modellnutzern reguliert werden können, und die Attribute von menschlichen und landschaftlichen Agenten direkt beeinflussen. Die Fähigkeit, diese Komponenten zu verbinden und miteinander zu integrieren, ist eine der Stärken des agenten-basierten Ansatzes, und seine Flexibilität erlaubt die Integrierung von Prozessen, wo diese (noch) nicht berücksichtigt worden sind. Das Modell wurde speziell für das Flusseinzugsgebiet des Atankwidi in Nordost- Ghana entwickelt, das eine Fläche von etwa 159 km 2 aufweist. Räumlich explizite Daten wurden auf der Basis eines ASTER Satellitenbildes, digitalen Karten, einer weiträumigen Bestandsaufnahme von Landbedeckung, und fokussierten Haushaltsbefragungen generiert. Auf diesen Felddaten basierend, wurden die Attribute sowie die reaktiven Mechanismen menschlicher und landschaftlicher Agenten spezifiziert und kalibriert. Die externen Parameter des Modells umfassen Maßnahmen, die Dammbau und Kreditvergabe betreffen, sowie demographische Veränderungen und Reduzierung des jährlichen Niederschlags. Die Ausgabe der Modellsimulationen erfolgt durch eine zeitlich und räumlich explizite Visualisierung von lokaler Landbedeckung/Landnutzung, Graphiken, und exportierbaren Dateien einer Auswahl an Systemindikatoren. Diese Bandbreite von Ausgabemöglichkeiten, in Kombination mit einer benutzerfreundlichenModelloberfläche ermöglichen beteiligten Akteuren, ausgewählte Szenarien zu simulieren und zu analysieren, und kann zur Diskussion und Kommunikation zwischen Akteuren und Entscheidungsträgern beitragen. Die Resultate von bereits simulierten Szenarien deuten unter anderem darauf hin, das die Strategie des Dammbaus eine geringere Wirkung auf durchschnittliches Einkommen hat als dieMaßnahme der Kreditvergabe, obwohl ersteres die bei weitem kostspieligereMaßnahme darstellt. Desweiteren zeigt sich, dass eine Reduzierung des jährlichen Niederschlags eine Verlagerung auf marktfähigere Agrarprodukte (cash crops) und nichtlandwirtschaftliche Einkommensstrategien auszulösen scheint, die die Reduzierung des Ertrags, verursacht durch die geringere Niederschlagsmenge, kompensieren. Alle simulierten zeitlichen und räumlichen Daten können weiteren wissenschaftlichen Analysen in GIS- und Statistik-Programmen unterzogen werden, und zu einer Erweiterung des Verständnisses von lokalen Landnutzungsund Landbedeckungsänderungen in Nord-Ghana beitragen.