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This book explores the historical commitment to the idea of constitutionalism and how the framers understood India's constitutional project. It begins with an overview of the concept of 'constitutional morality' as it relates to the Indian Constitution, along with the cosmopolitan character of Indian constitutionalism. It then considers some of the tensions that have characterised constitutional law in India, with particular emphasis on some of the sources of these tensions, for instance the debate between centralisation and decentralisation. It also discusses the major axes around which the normative and institutional imagination of the Indian Constitution is articulated and concludes by analysing the character of constitutional development in India and paying attention to the forces that have shaped its evolution.

As the first major post-colonial constitution, the Indian Constitution holds particular importance for the study of constitutional law and constitutions. Providing a thorough historical and political grounding, this Handbook examines key debates and developments in Indian constitutionalism and creates a framework for further study.

As the first major post-colonial constitution, the Indian Constitution holds particular importance for the study of constitutional law and constitutions. Providing a thorough historical and political grounding, this Handbook examines key debates and developments in Indian constitutionalism and creates a framework for further study.

This study explores the impacts of adult literacy centers for woman in District Malakand. The students of adult literacy centers of District Malakand constitute the population of the study. There are 6 centers, three each for males and females. A group of 10 women in each female center was selected for focus group discussion. A sample of 30 individuals was taken with the help of Judgmental sampling. The primary data were collected with the help of a focus group discussion. Questions were asked from the participants keeping in view the objectives and relevant literature. The participants were inquired what they gained from the adult literacy program. During the group discussion Field notes were taken and the discussion was also recorded. After each group discussion the recorded data was transcribed verbatim. Data were verified by comparing the field notes and video. All transcriptions and field notes were thoroughly read by the researchers. Three stage approaches were adopted for data reduction. The narrative of the participants was changed into a simple description. Description was categorized under one theme. Representative quotations were also added to various response categories, themes and patterns emerging from the data. The participants showed positive response. They learnt basic reading, and writing, they could check the homework of their children, literacy brought awareness in their lives and this literacy program enabled them to start small business. Moreover, the centers provided an opportunity for socialization.

Security sector reform (SSR) is central to the democratic transitions currently unfolding across the globe, as a diverse range of countries grapple with how to transform militias, tribal forces, and dominant military, police, and intelligence agencies into democratically controlled and accountable security services. SSR will be a key element in shifts from authoritarian to democratic rule for the foreseeable future, since abuse of the security sector is a central technique of autocratic government. This edited collection advances solutions through a selection of case studies from around the world that cover a wide range of contexts.

Trophic coherence, a measure of a graph's hierarchical organisation, has been shown to be linked to a graph's structural and dynamical aspects such as cyclicity, stability and normality. Trophic levels of vertices can reveal their functional properties, partition and rank the vertices accordingly. Trophic levels and hence trophic coherence can only be defined on graphs with basal vertices, i.e. vertices with zero in-degree. Consequently, trophic analysis of graphs had been restricted until now. In this paper we introduce a hierarchical framework which can be defined on any simple graph. Within this general framework, we develop several metrics: hierarchical levels, a generalisation of the notion of trophic levels, influence centrality, a measure of a vertex's ability to influence dynamics, and democracy coefficient, a measure of overall feedback in the system. We discuss how our generalisation relates to previous attempts and what new insights are illuminated on the topological and dynamical aspects of graphs. Finally, we show how the hierarchical structure of a network relates to the incidence rate in a SIS epidemic model and the economic insights we can gain through it.