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The international business environment is still changing dramatically and, although international growth may introduce added complexity it may be unavoidable for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) mainly due to the increasing globalization of markets (Levitt 1983) and industries (Yip 2003). In the face of rapid globalization, SMEs are a vital part of the economic systems of both emerging and developed countries. As Veloso (1991) points out, this type of companies may be an important organ for increasing the level of competitiveness of emerging markets. Some studies, for example, Yasuf (2001), go to the extent of suggesting that growth and employment in developing countries depend on the fate of SMEs. The incentive and the legal structures within which firms must operate have been drastically altered. SMEs are no longer protected from foreign competition and local buyers and suppliers are becoming more sophisticated. To compete effectively, SMEs must adapt and reshape themselves to facilitate adjustments and enhance learning for their growth and economic development. This article provides a typology to explain the degree of internationalization of SMEs. At one extreme is tangible internationalization, which is short-term and depends on macro and microeconomics factors exogenous to firms; at the other is a combination of tangible and intangible internationalization, which implies a strong commitment by firms to become competitive at international levels.I argue that different forces have forced the internationalization not only of firms, but also of markets, so that SMEs can become global without a physical presence in foreign markets. Furthermore, it may be necessary for these companies to become global if they are to remain competitive in their local markets. As a result of this paradigm shift, internationalization is based not only on geographical aspects, which are closely related to firm internationalization, but also on intangible considerations, which are closely related to market internationalization.Tangible internationalization is a restricted approach defined as a physical presence in a foreign market; it consists mainly of foreign sales, foreign direct investment (FDI), physical presence in foreign markets, and foreign suppliers. It fluctuates with exchange rates, costs of inputs, and other resource endowments that are tied to a particular geographic location. On the other hand, intangible internationalization implies a change in the comprehensive approach to the way firms should reconfigure, develop and secure resources. Intangible internationalization requires facilitating learning at all levels of a firm to increase the stock of knowledge, and, therefore, to improve flexibility on the production side and increase the likelihood of developing new resources and processes, thus enhancing the firm's critical invisible assets (Itami and Roehl 1987). An SME should aim for both in order to take advantage of a physical presence in foreign markets and provide constant incentives to facilitate learning and new organizational capabilities and processes. Tangible internationalization is a short-term expansion in foreign markets because it takes advantage of temporary macro- and microeconomics conditions; it does not require changes at the firm level. On the other hand, a combination of intangible and tangible internationalization has a higher probability to be sustainable in the long term and mostly depends on the firm's actions to meet international standards.This article emphasizes 5 crucial aspects of that managers need to be aware of: I. A matter of having an strategic plan II. An internal perspective of the firm III.The need of expanding the knowledge bases of SMEs IV.How to access and secure resources: networks V.The entrepreneurial aspectsI. A Matter of Having an Strategic PlanWhile firms have an important degree of freedom to make their own decisions, the effect of the environment cannot be discounted. This matter becomes critically important in the context of emerging economies because firms are not only facing changes in the structure of the industry in which they operate, but also in the surrounding and institutional environments. To be aware of the different courses of action available, decision makers must understand all the pro-market reforms, not just those that most affect their own industry. According to Weick (1995), the strategic decisions that managers make depend on their cognitive structures and how they make sense of the environment. Managers need to understand any intended change in a way that makes sense or fits an interpretative schema or system of meaning (Bartunek 1984). Andrews (1980) compares the role of the owner-manager to an architect who is in charge of doing the synthesis. Senior managers have the role of analyzing, interpreting, and making sense of clues so as to formulate and implement strategies. Senior managers should act as catalysts to understand and create new interpretative frameworks that provide purpose and direction to the members of the organization (Westley 1990).Laying a Formal Foundation: Making the Implicit Explicit The fact that SMEs have inadequate organizational structures and managerial expertise is a real problem in a changing environment. SMEs do not have the same level of support to increase their competitiveness, and given the lack of managerial expertise, building an adequate structure is not a straightforward process, even though it is a central one. Formalizing routines and processes within firms to make them less dependent on a specific individual is key. This is an important concern because SMEs not only have a less highly developed structure, but their fate is closely linked to one or a few individuals who posses knowledge or resources that have not been made explicit to the rest of the firm.Nevertheless, in a changing environment managers need to be proactive and to rethink their approaches regarding the future activities of their firms. A mere replication of previous strategies may no longer be a valid option when firms are competing in the international arena. The future can be imagined and enacted and that companies must be capable of fundamentally reconciling themselves by regenerating their core competencies and reinventing their industry. The role of managers is not to plan for the future, but to manage the process of learning and to be open to the possibility that new strategies can emerge.II. Analyzing the Firm's ResourcesAn analytical examination of the resources of a firm may help to develop an understanding not only of possible short-run business strategies, but also of future diversifications (Montgomery and Wernerfelt, 1988), growth strategies (Penrose, 1959), and sustainability of long-term rents (Rumelt, 1984). SMEs can compete in the international arena, but they will face international competition from foreign SMEs as well as from multinational enterprises (MNEs). Focusing only on product-market strategies is not enough; instead, the long-term survival of a firm depends on the characteristics and endowment of its resources, which should be valuable and difficult to imitate (Mahoney and Pandian 1992; Grant 1991; Amit and Schoemaker 1993). To be able to compete, the manager-owners of SMEs must know the internal resources and capabilities of their companies. As Andrews (1980: 18-19) suggested, a firm should make its strategic plans "preferably in a way that focuses resources to convert distinctive competence into competitive advantage."Firms are a bundle of different kinds of resources and a set of commitments to certain technologies, human resources, processes, and know-how that manager-owners marshal. This issue is particularly important to the present study because it is not unusual that are controlled, managed, and run by one or a small group of individuals that have a deep, but tacit, knowledge of the firm. What is important is a clear identification—not just a vague idea—of the different resources on which a firm can depend.How to Reconfigure a Firm's Resources? Capabilities exist when two or more resources are combined to achieve a goal and they "emphasizes the key role of strategic management in appropriately adapting, integrating and reconfiguring the internal and external organization skills, resources, and functional competences to match the requirements of changing environment" (Teece et al. 1997: 515). It is important to note that the relative endowment of firms may not necessarily relate to their financial performance because "only the service that the resource can render and not the resources themselves provide inputs into the production process" (Penrose 1972: 25). It is the deployment of a combination of those services that are critical to the rent generation of the firm. Firms need to exploit the existing firm-specific capabilities and also develop new ones (Penrose 1959; Teece 1982; Wernerfelt 1984) to compete internationally and to grow. Over time, SMEs have seen the nature of their rents change; we should expect a shift from Ricardian to Schumpeterian rents. A company may not have better resources, but achieve rents because it makes better use of its resources (Penrose 1959). Rents depend not only on the structure of the resources, but also on the ability of firms to reconfigure and transform those resources. The above discussion leads to the formation of the following hypotheses:III. The Need of Expanding the Knowledge Bases of SMEsThe capacity to exploit a new set of opportunities depends partly on the strategic decisions made by managers. In some cases, these opportunities require at least a reconfiguration of the activities of the firm, but more often, they require the incorporation of new resources and, especially, the introduction of new processes.Firms are as systems of purposeful actions engaging in economic activities to achieve objectives, therefore, they must learn adapt and survive in a complex environment. Organizational learning is the process by which firms can cope with uncertainty and environmental complexity, and their efficiency depends on learning how the environment is changing and then adapting to those changes (March and Olsen, 1976).SMEs need to enhance their learning in two different aspects. First, internal knowledge should be coded and made available to selected members in the company. The manager-owner is knowledgeable about almost all aspects of the business (Mintzberg 1979), and his or her knowledge is personal in the sense that it is located in the mind and not always encoded or available to the rest of the firm. Routines should be created in order to secure the long-term existence of the firm because routines capture the experiential lessons and make that knowledge obtainable by the members of the organization that were not part of the history of the company (Levitt and March 1988).The second way SMEs need to enhance their learning is to make changes in their knowledge base. When socio-economic environments change, firms need to assess the change in order to reformulate how they react to new incentives. The first step is developing a capability to understand the new dynamics. When regulatory and competitive conditions change rapidly, persistence in the same routines can be hazardous because managers and employees use organizational memory or knowledge to make decisions and to formulate the present strategy of the firm.The effectiveness of decisions taken by an SME is greatly influenced by its knowledge base which, in turn, is the result of learning processes that are no longer applicable and may be misleading. Changes in the knowledge base are probably requisite for any firms competing in an industry with tradable products. Supporting infrastructure and routines may prove essential to increase the learning pace and to effectively integrate the new knowledge and reduce the inertia due to outdated knowledge.IV. How to Access and Secure Resources: NetworksSMEs, compared to larger firms, face major challenges in terms of securing and updating resources. Where internal resources are important to accounting for a firm's performance (Gnyawali and Madhavan, 2001), resources also can be secured within networks that may allow firms to be competitive locally and internationally. Increasingly, networking is seen as a primarily means of rising required resources. Resources, such as information, equipment, and personnel, can be exchanged in networks because of relationships between. Networks are important instruments to ease the constraints facing SMEs in terms of access to: a) capital markets to obtain long-term finance both locally and internationally, b) narrow and highly regulated labor markets, c) information and technologies, d) inefficient tax codes, and e) highly bureaucratic and expansive legal procedures. SMEs may be part of a network not only because it may find complementary resources, but also because owners and managers may have friendship ties with other owners and mangers. These non-economic reasons may be as important as economic ones.A Particular Kind of Network: Industry Clusters An extensive literature exists on the topic of industry clusters. Ricardo's "comparative advantages" can be considered as a pioneering concept of industrial clusters; and Marshall's exposition about externalities is based on industrial localization. Industrial clusters are characterized by having extensive interfirm exchanges and an advantageous environment to pursue business activities. Marshall (1961) argues that industry localization may be an important factor because a) it creates a market for workers with certain industry-specific skills, b) it promotes production and exchange of non-tradable specialized input, and c) firms may take advantage of informational spillovers. Krugman (1991) points out that given the existence of market imperfection, pecuniary externalities may also play an important role in determining the concentration of industry in a specific geographic location. Pouder and St. John (1996) argue that clustered firms have a greater legitimacy than firms outside a cluster. Clusters can provide a critical mass to counterbalance the political influence of large firms and to increase the pressure for investments that affect the productivity of the cluster. Furthermore, competition within clusters increases productivity and new firm development (Porter 1998).V. The Entrepreneurial AspectsIntangible internationalization requires facilitating learning by its employees in order to constantly transform the firm. Implementing mechanisms to expand the knowledge base and to diffuse information should allow SMEs to increase their capacity to develop new goods and services, and to compete in new markets. Key characteristics of this type of internationalization are common interests, trust and openness that allow employees to challenge assumptions. Intangible internationalization is a more difficult international expansion, but it provides sustainable competitive advantages. Consequently, SMEs would become competitive by reducing their costs, introducing new products and expanding their potential markets.It is not possible to engage in tangible internationalization without having a minimum level of intangible internationalization or being competitive without some degree of valuable, rare, in-imitable, non-substitutable resources (Barney 1991). SMEs should aim for both types of internalization in order to take advantage of physical presence in foreign markets and constantly provide the incentives to facilitate learning, new organizational capabilities and processes.Firms have different combinations of internationalization. In order to analyze how SMEs can take advantage of both tangible and intangible internationalization, the foundation of the potential competitive advantages need to be identified. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how firms deliver products that have value for customers, but also to understand what makes these firms different from the rest (Hall 1998). I argue that there are three major categories of differential that have a strong impact on the nature of internationalization of SMEs. The first is called firm differential, and includes a) organizational (team level), b) managerial (individual level), c) physical endowment and d) technological capabilities differentials. The second category is based on the home country characteristics and it is called country differential. The final category,market differential, takes into consideration the specific features of local markets and industries. These differentials deeply influence the role of owner-manager. There are three basic approaches that a SME can adopt while anticipating and responding to the needs of its customers. The first one is the approach of the Schumpeterian entrepreneur (Schumpeter, 1934), a leader who breaks away from routine and introduces either new goods/services or new production processes for existing goods/services. The second one is related to Porter's (1980) concept of cost leadership even though Porter studied larger firms from developed countries. The last style of owner-manager is the Kirznerian entrepreneur, who is a person alert to opportunities (see figure 1). This type of role implies that the owner-manager acts as a broker in order to take advantage of over-optimistic or over-pessimistic reactions of economic agents (Kirzner 1973); therefore, the owner-manager will act "in regard to the changes occurring in the data of the markets" (Mises 1949: 255).ConclusionIn the business literature, internationalization involvement usually results from one of two factors: a) the firm possesses some monopolistic advantage that it can use in another country, or b) the host country owns resources that are valuable to the foreign firm. While these reasons may be necessary and sufficient conditions for larger companies, is not necessarily the case for SMEs whom have no option but to internationalization.Those two factors do not necessarily apply to SMEs because they need to become international even if they do not compete in international markets. The average level of competitiveness of SMEs is below that of multinational enterprises. SMEs are faced with international competition whether they decide to internationalize or to remain "local." Even SMEs providing non-tradable goods face a "demand side" pressure to meet the characteristic of similar product sell in other countries. SMEs may not have the time required, according to this model, to meet world-class standards. ReferencesAmit, R. and Schoemaker, P. (1993). "Strategic assets and organizational rent". Strategic Management Journal,14(1):33-46. Andrews, K. (1980). The concept of corporate strategy. Homewood, Irwin. Barney, J. (1991). ¨Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage.¨ Journal of Management, 17(1): 99-120. Bartunek, J. (1984). "Changing interpretative schemes and organizational restructuring: the example of a religion order." Administrative Science Quarterly, 29(3):355-372. Child, J. (1972). "Organizational structure, environment and performance: the role of strategic choice". Sociology,6(1):1-22. Gnyawali, D. and Madhavan, R. (2001). "Cooperative networks and competitive dynamics: A structural embeddedness perspective." Academy of Management Review, 26(3):431-445. Grant, R. (1991). Contemporary Strategic Analysis: Concepts, Techniques, Application. Basil Blackwell, Cambridge, MA. Itami, H. and Roehl, T. (1987). "Mobilizing Invisible Assets". Harvard Business School Press. Kirzner, I. (1973). "Competition and entrepreneurship". University of Chicago Press, Krugman, P. (1991). "Increasing Returns and Economic Geography." The Journal of Political Economy, 99(3):483-499. Levitt, T. (1983). The globalization of markets. Harvard Business Review, 61(May-June): 92-102. Levitt, B. and March, J. (1988)."Organizational Learning." Annual Review of Sociology, (14):319-340. Mahoney, J. and Pandian, R. (1992). "The Resource-Based View Within the Conversation of Strategic Management." Strategic Management Journal, 13(5):363-380 . March, J. and Olsen, J.(1976). Ambiguity and choice in organizations. Bergen: Universitetsforlaget. Marshall, A., (1961 (1890)). Principles of Economics. London: Macmillan. Mintzberg, H. (1979). The structuring of organizations: a synthesis of the article. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. Mises, L. (1949). "Human action; a treatise on economics". Yale University Press. Montgomery, C. and Wernerfelt, B. (1988). "Diversification, Ricardian Rents, and Tobin's q". RAND Journal of Economics, 19(4):623-632. Penrose, E. (1959). The theory of the Growth of the Firm. John Wiley: New York. Penrose, E. (1972). The theory of the Growth of the Firm. Originally published in 1959, Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Porter, M. (1998). On Competition. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press. Porter, M. (1990). The competitive advantage of nations. Free Press: New York. Pouder, R. and St. John, C. (1996). "Hot Spots and Blind Spots: Geographical Clusters of Firms and Innovation."The Academy of Management Review, 21(4):1192-1225. Rumelt, R. (1991). "How much does Industry Matter?" Strategic Management Journal, 12(3):167-185. Schumpeter, J. (1934). The Theory of Economic Development. Harvard University Press. Teece, D. Pisano, G. and Shuen, A. (1997). "Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management." Strategic Management Journal, 18(7):509-533. Teece, D (1982). "Toward an economic theory of the multiproduct firm". Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 3:39-63. Veloso, P. (1991). "International Competitiveness and the creation of an enabling environment." International competitiveness, ed. By Irfan ul Haque, pp. 29-36. Washington, DC: Economic Development Institute of the World Bank. Weick, K. (1995). Sensemaking in organizations. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Wernerfelt, B. (1984). ¨A resource based view of the firm.¨ Strategic Management Journal, 5(2):171-180. Westley, F. 1990. "Middle Managers and Strategy: Microdynamics of Inclusion." Strategic Management Journal,11(5): 337-351. Yasuf, S. (2001). "Globalization and the Challenge for Developing Countries." Policy ArticleWorking Paper 2618, the World Bank Yip, G. (2003). Total Global Strategy II. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.Sobre el autorCoordinador Académico de Finanzas FACS, Universidad ORT Uruguay

This paper makes analytical, methodological and empirical contributions to the literature on purchasing power parity. Purchasing power parities are required in a host of cross-country welfare comparisons, such as poverty rates and gross domestic product. The subject has recently generated much interest in the wake of the release of the final results of the 2011 International Comparison Program. This paper introduces a preference-based analytical framework that departs from the conventional Balassa-Samuelson framework in deriving empirically verifiable propositions on the link between purchasing power parity and exchange rates, and between purchasing power parity and inequality. The paper also provides an alternative methodology for calculating purchasing power parities that are benchmarked against the 2011 International Comparison Program purchasing power parities. As this study shows, the alternative methodology is capable of easy implementation on readily available data sets. The benchmarking exercise suggests that the 2011 International Comparison Program generally understates purchasing power parity and overstates gross domestic product, and that the purchasing power parities vary across expenditure percentiles. The study reports regional variation in the direction of the difference between the two purchasing power parities. The empirical evidence is supportive of the positive association between inequality and purchasing power parity derived in the paper.

Le Québec connaît une augmentation importante des immigrants, qui est en croissance surtout en dehors de Montréal (ISQ, 2017; Bakhshaei, 2015). Les écoles se trouvent donc au centre des débats relatifs aux différents enjeux inhérents à la diversité. Ils demeurent en manque des « pratiques interculturelles » qui sont davantage enracinées dans le milieu scolaire montréalais qu'ailleurs dans la province. De plus, les écrits de régulation n'adoptent pas la question de la diversité scolaire telle qu'elle est représentée aujourd'hui dans les écoles. Par ailleurs, différentes recherches sur l'échelle international soulignent que les élèves immigrants sont susceptibles d'échouer ou d'obtenir de faibles résultats scolaires comparés aux jeunes non immigrants (Kamanzi et al., 2016). Ainsi, la direction d'école doit, plus que jamais, exercer son leadership pour soutenir une bonne collaboration entre les acteurs scolaires et sociaux. Il s'agit de garder le cap sur la réussite éducative de tous les élèves. L'ampleur de cette réalité exige une collaboration de la part de l'école, des familles immigrantes et de la communauté. L'objectif général de cette thèse consiste à comprendre et à analyser les pratiques de collaboration école-familles immigrantes-communauté (ÉFIC). Cet objectif général se décline en trois objectifs spécifiques qui font objet de trois publications. - Le premier objectif spécifique consiste à identifier et à décrire les pratiques de collaboration que les membres de l'organisme communautaire Centre Multiethnique de Québec (CMQ) mettent en place pour favoriser l'intégration des familles immigrantes ainsi que l'intégration et la réussite scolaire et éducative de leurs enfants. Cet objectif fait l'objet d'un chapitre de livre, publié dans l'ouvrage Immigration et nouvelles vies aux Presses de l'Université Laval. Deux concepts soutiennent cette étude qualitative, soit l'accompagnement et le leadership. Pour réaliser cette recherche, une étude de documents a été menée. Il s'agit de 13 documents publiés par ledit centre, s'étalant entre 2015 et 2018. L'analyse de ces documents a permis de dégager la présence des pratiques en lien avec l'accompagnement individuel et collectif des familles nouvellement arrivées et de leurs enfants. De plus, il s'est avéré que le CMQ ne cesse de fournir des efforts pour satisfaire leurs attentes et leur procurer un sentiment de confiance et de sécurité (formations, financements, nouveaux services, etc.). - Le deuxième objectif spécifique consiste à repérer et à analyser les pratiques de collaboration ÉFIC et les types de lien de cette collaboration pour favoriser l'intégration et la réussite scolaire et éducative des élèves immigrants. Cet objectif fait l'objet d'un article paru dans la revue Creative Education. Le cadre conceptuel de cette étude qualitative se base sur l'approche mésosystémique du modèle de Bronfenbrenner (1979) et sur les six dimensions de l'approche de l'influence partagée d'Epstein (2001). Le corpus analysé, dégagé d'entrevues semi-dirigées auprès d'acteurs scolaires (n=11), de membres communautaires (n=10) et de familles immigrantes (n=6), a permis d'identifier deux dimensions primordiales à prendre en compte, soit le leadership et l'enfantalité, un mot qui désigne la nécessité de prendre en compte l'expérience et les besoins de l'élève immigrant dans la dimension de collaboration. Nos analyses mettent également en évidence, d'une part, la présence de certaines pratiques telle que la communication entre l'ensemble des acteurs; et, d'autre part, l'absence d'autres pratiques telle que la prise des décisions des familles immigrantes. Nos résultats appuient donc la nécessité de fournir plus de ressources et d'investissements de la part de toutes les instances, surtout le gouvernement. - Le troisième objectif spécifique a pour objectif de comparer les pratiques de collaboration ÉFIC selon les acteurs scolaires et sociaux ayant répondu à un questionnaire (12 acteurs scolaires, 24 membres communautaires et 19 familles immigrantes). Cet objectif fait l'objet d'un article publié par la revue Canadian Journal of Educational Administration and Policy. Les six dimensions du modèle de l'influence partagée d'Epstein (2001) forment le cadre théorique de cette étude quantitative. Au terme de cette recherche, d'une part, les analyses de Kruskall Wallis ont montré une différence significative entre les trois groupes d'acteurs quant aux pratiques de prise de décision et d'apprentissage à la maison. D'autre part, les analyses de corrélation ont montré que 1) le nombre d'années d'expérience des acteurs scolaires à l'école est corrélé positivement avec les variables communication, bénévolat, parentalité et prise de décision et que 2) le niveau de classe du jeune est corrélé positivement avec la variable parentalité. Finalement, un livret pratico-pratique, intitulé École-familles immigrantes-communauté : outils de collaboration en 42 pratiques et 255 actions clés, publié par les Presses de l'Université Laval, est rédigé en vue de rendre disponibles les pratiques de collaboration ÉFIC. Sa réalisation est basée sur les écrits et les témoignages de différents acteurs scolaires et sociaux par le biais des entrevues semi-dirigées menées dans cette thèse (échantillon de l'article 2). En premier lieu, le livret expose, entre autres, quelques mythes de la collaboration ÉFIC, ses leviers et freins ainsi que différents moyens de communication permettant de faciliter l'échange entre les acteurs. En second lieu, le livret suggère 44 pratiques efficaces et 255 actions clés destinées à chacun des acteurs concernés, soit les acteurs scolaires, la famille immigrante et les membres de la communauté. ; Quebec is experiencing a significant increase in immigrants, especially outside the metropolis (ISQ, 2017; Bakhshaei, 2015). Schools are, therefore, at the center of debates relating to the various issues inherent in diversity. However, they still lack "intercultural practices," which are more deeply rooted in the Montreal school environment than elsewhere in the province. In addition, regulatory writings do not adopt the issue of school diversity as it is represented today in schools. In addition, various research on the international scale underlines that immigrant students are likely to fail or obtain poor academic results compared to non-immigrant youth (Kamanzi et al., 2016). Thus, more than ever, the school administration must exercise its leadership to support good collaboration between school and social actors. It is about staying focused on the educational success of all students. The magnitude of this reality requires collaboration on the school, immigrant families and the community. The general objective of this thesis is to analyze the practices of school-immigrant families-community (ÉFCI) collaboration. Three specific purposes form this general objective, subject to three publications. - The first specific objective consists of identifying and describing the collaborative practices that the members of the community organization Centre Multiethnique de Québec (CMQ) put in place to promote the integration of immigrant families and academic and educational success of their children. This goal is the subject of a book chapter published in Immigration et Nouvelles vies at Presses de l'Université Laval. Two concepts support this qualitative study, support and leadership. We realized a document study to carry out this research. These are 13 documents published by the said center, spread out between 2015 and 2018. The analysis of these documents made it possible to identify the presence of practices linked to the individual and collective support of newly arrived families and their children. In addition, it turned out that the CMQ never stops making efforts to meet their expectations and give them a feeling of confidence and security (training, funding, new services, etc.). - The second specific objective is to identify and analyze ÉFIC collaboration practices and the types of links of this collaboration to promote immigrant students' academic and educational success. The conceptual framework of this qualitative study is the approach of the bioecological model of Bronfenbrenner (1979) and the six dimensions of the shared influence approach of Epstein (2001). The analyzed corpus, drawn from semi structured interviews with school stakeholders (n = 11), community members (n = 10) and immigrant families (n = 6), identified two essential dimensions to be considered the leadership and the childishness. This word indicates the need to consider the immigrant student's experience and needs in the dimension of collaboration. On the one hand, our analyses highlight specific practices, such as communication between all stakeholders. But, on the other hand, the absence of other practices such as the decision-making of immigrant families. Therefore, our results support the need for more resources and investments from all levels, especially the government. - The third specific objective aims to compare the EFIC collaboration practices according to the school and social actors who answered a questionnaire (12 school actors, 24 community members and 19 immigrant families). This goal is the subject of an article published by the Canadian Journal of Educational Administration and Policy. The six dimensions of Epstein's (2001) shared influence model form the theoretical framework for this quantitative study. At the end of this research, on the one hand, the analyzes of Kruskall Wallis showed a significant difference between the three groups of actors in terms of decision-making and learning practices at home. However, on the other hand, correlation analyzes have shown that 1) the number of years of experience of school actors in school is positively correlated with the variables communication, volunteering, parenthood and decision-making and that 2) the level class of the young is positively correlated with the parenthood variable. Finally, a practical booklet, named École-familles immigrantes-communauté : outils de collaboration en 42 pratiques et 255 actions clés, published by the Presses de l'Université Laval, is written to make the EFIC collaborative practices available. The writings and testimonies of various educational and social actors through the semi structured interviews conducted in this thesis (sample of article 2) are the basis of its production. First, the booklet exposes, among other things, some myths of the ÉFIC collaboration, its levers and brakes, and various means of communication, making it possible to facilitate the exchange between the actors. Second, the booklet suggests 44 effective practices and 255 actions intended for each of the actors concerned: school actors, the immigrant family, and community members.

Tesis por compendio de publicaciones ; Tesis doctoral con la Mención de "Doctor Internacional" ; Programa de Doctorado en Economía y Empresa por la Universidad de Extremadura ; Durante las tres últimas décadas ha surgido en el seno de las universidades lo que se conoce como tercera misión, o lo que es lo mismo, la exigencia social e institucional a las universidades de que sus investigaciones y estudios se conviertan en resultados palpables que contribuyan a la mejora social y económica de la región en la que la universidad se encuentra. Una de las principales vías para ello son las empresas académicas o spin-off universitarias, empresas fundadas por investigadores de las universidades cuya finalidad es la comercialización de los resultados. Pues bien, en este tipo de empresas se centra la presente tesis mediante compendio de artículos. En ella, tratamos de dar respuesta a las siguientes tres preguntas: - ¿Qué características presenta el académico que se transforma en emprendedor y funda una spin-off universitaria? - ¿Qué objetivos personales o grupales persigue el académico que funda una empresa spin-off universitaria? - ¿Qué factores determinan que una empresa spin-off universitaria alcance el éxito? Responder a estas tres preguntas permitiría a los decisores de las políticas universitarias y de las políticas en general, orientar sus decisiones de manera más idónea para poder fomentar tanto la creación de spin-off en el seno de las universidades, como la supervivencia de las mismas, siendo, por tanto, más eficiente la asignación de fondos a la universidad. Para responder a la pregunta sobre las características del emprendedor académico, en el primero de los tres capítulos de esta tesis, se realiza un estudio acerca de las características personales y psicológicas del mismo mediante la técnica de regresión por mínimos cuadrados parciales, combinando indicadores formativos y reflectivos. Para ello, se ha creado un modelo que pretende analizar la intención emprendedora de acuerdo con un perfil de emprendedor basado en las teorías del Big Five, TPB y META. Los resultados obtenidos de la muestra de 799 académicos revelan que las habilidades emprendedoras son los principales determinantes de la actitud y el control percibido, y la actitud es el factor decisivo que determina la intención de emprender. Por tanto, la inversión en formación y el entrenamiento de habilidades y actitudes constituyen los factores más relevantes para lograr un incremento en la creación de spin-off universitarias. Una vez que hemos formulado un perfil de emprendedor académico, pasamos a determinar cuáles son los objetivos que motivan, que movilizan, al académico hacia esa intención emprendedora. Para ello, se presentan en el segundo artículo dos estudios, uno cualitativo y uno cuantitativo, cuyo objetivo es determinar cuáles con los beneficios buscados por el académico en la fundación de una spin-off y cuál es el orden de prelación o importancia de los mismos. El estudio cualitativo, que contó con la participación de 42 expertos académicos, desentraña de entre todas las posibles, cuáles son los beneficios que el académico busca cuando funda un spin-off: beneficio personal, beneficio investigador, beneficio curricular, existencia de programas de apoyo, reducción docente y coste personal. Una vez establecidos cuáles son estos beneficios motivadores que persigue el académico cuando se convierte en emprendedor, se ha llevado a cabo un estudio cuantitativo a través de la metodología del Análisis Conjunto, cuyo objetivo fue jerarquizar dichos factores en función de una serie de condicionantes de carácter sociodemográfico y profesional. Los resultados del estudio, con una muestra de 1.726 académicos, revelan que el beneficio económico es claramente el factor que más eleva la intención de crear una USO. El beneficio investigador, el beneficio curricular, los programas de apoyo, la reducción de la docencia y el costo personal son de menor importancia. El estudio también concluye que existen pocas diferencias según el perfil regional, de género, de categoría, de experiencia o de área de investigación del académico. Para finalizar, y una vez determinados el perfil del académico que mejora las intenciones de fundar una spin-off y los beneficios que le motivan para fundarla, se presenta un tercer estudio que trata de responder a la última pregunta. El último artículo analiza los diferentes factores del ecosistema e institucionales que influyen en la supervivencia o éxito de las spin-off, a través de los datos aportados por 97 spin-off españolas. Con este objetivo, se analizan aquellas spin-off que llevan en el mercado 5 años o más, delimitando cuáles son los factores comunes a aquellas spin-off que han logrado crecer en empleo y/o ventas, utilizando para ello un modelo logit. Entre estos factores se han estudiado aspectos relacionados con las características de la universidad de la que dependen las spin-off y los apoyos ofrecidos por la misma, relacionados con el fundador y el equipo emprendedor, relacionados con el entorno o región donde se ubican y los apoyos que el gobierno regional pone a disposición de las spin-off, factores relacionados con la tecnología (tales como el nivel de protección de la misma o la experiencia en el I+D+i) y el nivel de internacionalización. Nuestros resultados muestran que el tamaño de la empresa y el apoyo público en el campo de la formación y la burocracia son los principales elementos que inciden en el éxito. ; During the last three decades, there has emerged in the heart of universities what is called the third mission, that is, the social and institutional demand for their studies and research to yield tangible results that will contribute to the social and economic betterment of the region in which the university is located. One of the main ways to do this is by the creation of academic companies or university spin-offs, companies founded by researchers from universities whose purpose is the commercialization of their research results. This thesis focuses on this type of company by way of a compendium of articles. In it, we try to answer the following three questions: - What are the characteristics of the academic who becomes an entrepreneur and founds a university spin-off? - What personal or group objectives does the academic who founds a university spin-off company pursue? - What factors determine whether a university spin-off company will achieve success? Answering these three questions would allow university policy makers and policy makers in general to guide their decisions in a manner more conducive to promoting both the creation and the survival of university spin-offs, making for more efficient allocation of funds to the universities. To answer the question about the characteristics of the academic entrepreneur, in the first of the three chapters of this thesis, a study is carried out about the personal and psychological characteristics of the entrepreneur using the partial least squares regression technique, combining training and reflective indicators. For this, a model has been created that seeks to analyze entrepreneurial intention according to an entrepreneurial profile based on the theories of the Big Five, TPB, and META. The results obtained from the sample of 799 academics show that entrepreneurial skills are the main determinants of attitude and perceived control, and attitude is the decisive factor that determines the intention to launch a business. Therefore, investment in training and the cultivation of skills and attitudes are the most relevant factors for achieving an increase in the creation of university spin-offs. Once we have formulated a profile of the academic entrepreneur, we proceed to determine what are the objectives that motivate, that mobilize, the academic toward that entrepreneurial intention. For this, two studies are presented in the second article, one qualitative and one quantitative, the objective of which is to determine what are the benefits sought by the academic in the founding of a spin-off and what is the order of priority or importance of the same. The qualitative study, which had the participation of 42 academic experts, unravels, from among all the possibilities, what are the benefits that the academic seeks when founding a spin-off: personal benefit, research benefit, curricular benefit, existence of support programs, reduction in teaching load, and personal cost. Once the motivating benefits that the academic pursues when becoming an entrepreneur have been established, a quantitative study has been carried out through the Joint Analysis methodology, the objective of which was to rank these factors based on a series of sociodemographic and professional character-conditioning factors. The results of the study, with a sample of 1,726 academics, reveal that economic benefit is clearly the factor that most increases the intention to create a USO. The research benefit, the curricular benefit, the support programs, the reduction in teaching responsibilities, and the personal cost carry less importance. The study also concludes that there are few differences according to the regional profile, gender, category, experience, or research area of the academic. Finally, once the profile of the academic most likely to found a spin-off and the benefits that motivate the academic to found a spin-off have been determined, a third study is presented that tries to answer the last question. The last article analyzes the different environmental and institutional factors that influence the survival or success of spin-offs, through data provided by 97 Spanish spin-offs. With this objective, those spin-offs that have been in the market for 5 years or more are analyzed, defining what are the factors common to those spin-offs that have managed to grow in employment and/or sales, using a logit model. Among the factors studied are those related to the characteristics of the university on which the spin-offs depend and the support offered by it, the founder and the entrepreneurial team, the environment or region where they are located and the support that the regional government makes available to spin-offs, technology (such as the level of protection of the same or experience in R&D&I), and the degree of internationalization. Our results show that the size of the company and the level of public support in the areas of training and bureaucracy are the main elements that influence success.

Microenterprises that produce dairy products face problems of unfair competition, unfavorable government regulations, and under-utilization of milk derivatives. This work focuses its objective on analyzing and developing strategic marketing for the strengthening of dairy production; For this, the contributions of marketing and its relationship with dairy production are enunciated and the marketing strategies of applied products are analyzed. Through a qualitative approach, with quantitative data, in the light of a descriptive, cross-sectional method, the methodological process is developed, through which results are obtained that show the need to propose product strategies and take advantage of serum waste milk. In this sense, the elaboration of products derived from whey is proposed for their subsequent commercialization. As a conclusion, small economy companies cannot afford investments of more than 800,000.00 USD; therefore, they require alternatives such as associativity. Keywords: strategic marketing, product strategies, dairy, whey. References [1]M. L. Castells et al., Valorización del lactosuero. 2017. [2]G. and P. Dirección de Innovación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de la Secretaría de Gobierno de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable, en articulación con la Dirección Nacional Láctea del Ministerio de Agricultura, "Recuperación y valorización de lactosuero en PYMES de la cuenca láctea argentina , a través," 2019. [3]T. Vallet Bellmunt et al., Principios del Marketing Estrategico. 2015. [4]P. Kotler, "Marketing_4.0_ESP," p. 112, 2014. [5]R. Hoyos Ballesteros, "R. Hoyos Ballesteros, Plan de marketing: diseño, implementación y control.,"2013. https://elibro.puce.elogim.com/es/ereader/puce/69263?page=13 (accessed Mar. 10, 2021). [6]C. Lamb, J. Hair, and C. McDaniel, MKT Lamb. 2011. [7]E. Pico Gutiérrez, M. Loor Solórzano, and C. Caamaño López, "estrategías de marketing para fortalecer la gestión comercial de las Pymes en la provincia deSanta Elena: caso compañia Serlipen S.A," Rev. Universidad, Cienc. y Tecnol., vol. 24, no. 100, pp. 11–19, 2020, [Online]. Available: https://www.uctunexpo.autanabooks.com/index.php/uct/article/view/298. [8]B. Caiza and W. Jiménez, "Desarrollo de la tecnologia para elaborar bolos a partir de suero de leche dulce con la adicion de pulpa de fruta, azucar y gelatina," Repo.Uta.Edu.Ec, vol. 593, no. 03, p. 130, 2011, [Online]. Available: http://repo.uta.edu.ec/bitstream/ handle/123456789/5301/Mg.DCEv.Ed.1859.pdf?sequence= 3. [9]J. Ulloa and G. Navas, "Utilizacion Del Suero De Leche En La Elaboracion De Bebidas De Bajo Grado Alcoholico Con El Empleo De Bacterias Acido Lacticas,"2009. [10]CIL, "Datos del sector lechero," Cent. Ind. Láctea del Ecuador, p. 2018, 2018, [Online]. Available: https://e152f73b-81b4-4206-a6ee-8b984b6a13b0.filesusr.com/ugd/6cc8de_513a9bb8db76451a9a74586d7902bb3b.pdf. [11]Magap, "Acuerdo ministerial 394. Regular y controlar el precio del litro de leche cruda pagado en finca y/o centro de acopio al productor y promover la calidad e inocuidad de la leche cruda.," Minist. Agric. Ganad. y Pesca del Ecuador, no. 111, p. 10, 2013, [Online]. Available: www.magap.gob.ec. [12]J. P. Grijalva Cobo, "La industria lechera en Ecuador: un modelo de desarrollo," Retos, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 6, 2011, doi:10.17163/ret.n1.2011.08. [13]Acuerdo-ministerial-177_"sostenibilidad_cadena_láctea".pdf. [14]Procesamiento de suero | Manual de procesamiento de lácteos. https://dairyprocessinghandbook.tetrapak.com/chapter/whey-processing (accessed Apr. 07, 2021). [15]P. Dianela, "Procesamiento del lactosuero: elaboración de lactosa y aprovechamiento de proteínas," Tecnol. Láctea Latinoam. No, vol. 87, p. 44, 2015. [16]Énfasis Alimentación, "suero-polvo-desproteinizado-la-estrella-la-panaderia," 2020. [17] B. Jonson, "Los productos de suero de leche de Estados Unidos en botanas y aderezos," U.S. Dairy Export Counc., pp. 1–8, 2010. [18]J. Keeton, "Aplicaciones de Productos de Suero y Lactosa en Carnes Procesadas," Mundo Lácteo y Cárnico, pp. 18–25, 2008. [19]N. Hosp et al., "Nutrición Hospitalaria Trabajo Original Correspondencia." [20]E. Sequera, C. Farfán, and W. Zambrano, "Analisis del perfil de deseabilidad del valor nutricional de un alimento en barra a base de ajonjolí, maní y suero lácteo en polvo," rev. Científica mangifera, pp. 103–115, 2019. [21]"Obtención de hidrolizados proteicos bajos en fenilalanina a partir de suero dulce de leche y chachafruto (Erythrina edulis Triana)."https://www.alanrevista.org/ediciones/2019/1/art-4/ (accessed May 02, 2021). [22] ean Cano, "Ecuador compró más suero de leche en polvo," 30 sep. 2019, Sep. 2019. [23]"agricultura-suero-polvo-leche-calidad." [24]"Sueros de lechería." http://www.alimentosargentinos.gob.ar/contenido/revista/html/44/44_08_Lacteos_sueros_lecheria.html (accessed Mar. 03, 2021). [25]"Suero en polvo | Tetra Pak." https://www.tetrapak.com/es-ec/insights/food-categories/whey-powder (accessed Feb. 24, 2021). [26]"GALAXIE Secado Spray." https://www.galaxie.com.ar/productos_precios.php (accessed Mar. 03, 2021). [27]R. Hernandes Sampieri, C. Fernandez Collao, and P. Baptista Lucio, "Metodologia de la Investigacion."https://www.uca.ac.cr/wp-ontent/uploads/2017/10/Investigacion.pdf (accessed Jun. 09, 2021). [28]"Evaporadores | Manual de Procesamiento de Lácteos." https://dairyprocessinghandbook.tetrapak.com/chapter/whey-processing (accessed Apr. 07, 2021). [29]R. Hoyos Ballesteros, "Plan de marketing : diseño, implementación y control," p. 203, 2013. ; Las microempresas que elaboran productos lácteos afrontan problemas de competencia desleal, reglamentos gubernamentales desfavorables y bajo aprovechamiento de derivados de la leche. Este trabajo, centra su objetivo en analizar y desarrollar marketing estratégico para el fortalecimiento de la producción láctea; para ello, se enuncian los aportes del marketing y su relación con la producción láctea y se analizan las estrategias de marketing de productos aplicados. Mediante un enfoque cualitativo, con datos cuantitativos, a la luz de un método descriptivo, de corte trasversal, se desarrolla el proceso metodológico, mediante el cual, se obtienen resultados que muestran la necesidad de plantear estrategias de producto y, aprovechar el desperdicio de suero de leche. En este sentido, se plantea la elaboración de productos derivados del suero para su posterior comercialización. Como conclusión, las empresas de economías pequeñas no pueden permitirse inversiones de más 800.000.00 USD; por lo que, requieren alternativas como la asociatividad. Palabras clave: marketing estratégico, estrategias de productos, lácteos, suero de leche. Referencias [1]M. L. Castells et al., Valorización del lactosuero. 2017. [2]G. y P. Dirección de Innovación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de la Secretaría de Gobierno de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable, en articulación con la Dirección Nacional Láctea del Ministerio de Agricultura, "Recuperación y valorización de lactosuero en PYMES de la cuenca láctea argentina , a través," 2019. [3]T. Vallet Bellmunt et al., Principios del Marketing Estrategico. 2015. [4]P. Kotler, "Marketing_4.0_ESP," p. 112, 2014. [5]R. Hoyos Ballesteros, "R. Hoyos Ballesteros, Plan de marketing: diseño, implementación y control.,"2013. https://elibro.puce.elogim.com/es/ereader/puce/69263?page=13 (accessed Mar. 10, 2021). [6]C. Lamb, J. Hair, and C. McDaniel, MKT Lamb. 2011. [7]E. Pico Gutiérrez, M. Loor Solórzano, and C. Caamaño López, "estrategías de marketing para fortalecer la gestión comercial de las Pymes en la provincia deSanta Elena: caso compañia Serlipen S.A," Rev. Universidad, Cienc. y Tecnol., vol. 24, no. 100, pp. 11–19, 2020, [Online]. Available: https://www.uctunexpo.autanabooks.com/index.php/uct/article/view/298. [8]B. Caiza and W. Jiménez, "Desarrollo de la tecnologia para elaborar bolos a partir de suero de leche dulce con la adicion de pulpa de fruta, azucar y gelatina," Repo.Uta.Edu.Ec, vol. 593, no. 03, p. 130, 2011, [Online]. Available: http://repo.uta.edu.ec/bitstream/ handle/123456789/5301/Mg.DCEv.Ed.1859.pdf?sequence= 3. [9]J. Ulloa and G. Navas, "Utilizacion Del Suero De Leche En La Elaboracion De Bebidas De Bajo Grado Alcoholico Con El Empleo De Bacterias Acido Lacticas,"2009. [10]CIL, "Datos del sector lechero," Cent. Ind. Láctea del Ecuador, p. 2018, 2018, [Online]. Available: https://e152f73b-81b4-4206-a6ee-8b984b6a13b0.filesusr.com/ugd/6cc8de_513a9bb8db76451a9a74586d7902bb3b.pdf. [11]Magap, "Acuerdo ministerial 394. Regular y controlar el precio del litro de leche cruda pagado en finca y/o centro de acopio al productor y promover la calidad e inocuidad de la leche cruda.," Minist. Agric. Ganad. y Pesca del Ecuador, no. 111, p. 10, 2013, [Online]. Available: www.magap.gob.ec. [12]J. P. Grijalva Cobo, "La industria lechera en Ecuador: un modelo de desarrollo," Retos, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 6, 2011, doi:10.17163/ret.n1.2011.08. [13]Acuerdo-ministerial-177_"sostenibilidad_cadena_láctea".pdf. [14]Procesamiento de suero | Manual de procesamiento de lácteos. https://dairyprocessinghandbook.tetrapak.com/chapter/whey-processing (accessed Apr. 07, 2021). [15]P. Dianela, "Procesamiento del lactosuero: elaboración de lactosa y aprovechamiento de proteínas," Tecnol. Láctea Latinoam. No, vol. 87, p. 44, 2015. [16]Énfasis Alimentación, "suero-polvo-desproteinizado-la-estrella-la-panaderia," 2020. [17] B. Jonson, "Los productos de suero de leche de Estados Unidos en botanas y aderezos," U.S. Dairy Export Counc., pp. 1–8, 2010. [18]J. Keeton, "Aplicaciones de Productos de Suero y Lactosa en Carnes Procesadas," Mundo Lácteo y Cárnico, pp. 18–25, 2008. [19]N. Hosp et al., "Nutrición Hospitalaria Trabajo Original Correspondencia." [20]E. Sequera, C. Farfán, and W. Zambrano, "Analisis del perfil de deseabilidad del valor nutricional de un alimento en barra a base de ajonjolí, maní y suero lácteo en polvo," rev. Científica mangifera, pp. 103–115, 2019. [21]"Obtención de hidrolizados proteicos bajos en fenilalanina a partir de suero dulce de leche y chachafruto (Erythrina edulis Triana)."https://www.alanrevista.org/ediciones/2019/1/art-4/ (accessed May 02, 2021). [22] ean Cano, "Ecuador compró más suero de leche en polvo," 30 sep. 2019, Sep. 2019. [23]"agricultura-suero-polvo-leche-calidad." [24]"Sueros de lechería." http://www.alimentosargentinos.gob.ar/contenido/revista/html/44/44_08_Lacteos_sueros_lecheria.html (accessed Mar. 03, 2021). [25]"Suero en polvo | Tetra Pak." https://www.tetrapak.com/es-ec/insights/food-categories/whey-powder (accessed Feb. 24, 2021). [26]"GALAXIE Secado Spray." https://www.galaxie.com.ar/productos_precios.php (accessed Mar. 03, 2021). [27]R. Hernandes Sampieri, C. Fernandez Collao, and P. Baptista Lucio, "Metodologia de la Investigacion."https://www.uca.ac.cr/wp-ontent/uploads/2017/10/Investigacion.pdf (accessed Jun. 09, 2021). [28]"Evaporadores | Manual de Procesamiento de Lácteos." https://dairyprocessinghandbook.tetrapak.com/chapter/whey-processing (accessed Apr. 07, 2021). [29]R. Hoyos Ballesteros, "Plan de marketing : diseño, implementación y control," p. 203, 2013.

JEL Classification: I11, I18, M53, D83 ; Surveys show that China is gradually stepping into an aged society in the 21st century, with middle-aged and elderly people increasing with years. Most elderly people are living with more than one chronic disease, which requires long-term and large amount of healthcare budget to cover their medical expenses. In order to meet the growing need for elderly healthcare spending, the Chinese government has increased investment year by year, putting a huge strain on the social security funds. Therefore, how to effectively use the elderly medical expenditure has become a key to relieve the government's financial burden, which demands joint efforts and close collaborations of the whole society, including all departments of the government, especially the health and family planning commissions, hospitals, community health service centers, and nursing homes. Among the common elderly chronic diseases, Knee Osteoarthritis (KOA) occurs in high frequencies. The pain, causing the loss of ability to walk and sleep normally, has greatly affected the patients' qualities of life. Patients living with the KOA always suffer from long treatment cycles, recurrent symptoms and high treatment expenses. If left untreated, the worsening disease is very likely to cause physical disability, and often needs surgical treatments. However, the medical expenses for surgery and rehabilitation treatment are astoundingly high. Therefore, how to effectively prevent the disease from further worsening through early prevention, diagnosis and treatment has attracted growing attentions from medical community. Meanwhile, as the breadth and the depth of people's medical knowledge increases across China, people become increasingly concerned about their own health. However, as things stand, most elderly people know little or nothing about their diseases, let alone to know about preventive measures like early self-massage skills. The failure to pay attention to the early symptoms always costs them to miss the best timing of treatments. In severe cases, when joints become severely deformed, joint replacement is the only effective therapeutic means. Generally, early KOA patients should get basic and effective treatments in community health service centers. In China's case, however, patients often have no confidence in the medical expertise and capabilities of community health service centers and therefore they would go directly to the large hospitals for treatments. The hierarchical medical system advocated by the government fails to play an effective role as expected. The GPs in community health service centers indeed lack of knowledge about KOA and experience and therefore their treatment effects are often unsatisfactory. In order to solve this problem, it is necessary for specialist physicians to train and transfer professional knowledge to the GPs. Knowledge transfer is a concept in knowledge management science, which will be applied to the medical field in this study. Specifically, it refers to the process in which the specialists transfer KOA diagnosis method and standard techniques of early self-massage to GPs in community health service centers through theoretical training, step by step demonstrations, group practices and video reviews. Meanwhile, it also includes knowledge transfer from GPs to patients in the process of KOA treatment in the community health service centers. This study will address the following questions: what effects will knowledge transfer from GPs to patients have on patients' treatment results and satisfaction level as well as the improvement of doctor-patient relations? (2) What effects will the knowledge transfer from specialists to GPs have on GPs' satisfaction level and the improvement of doctor-patient relations? (3) To what extent do the patients have the intension to apply what they learned from GP? (4) To what extent do the GPs have the intension to apply what they learned from the specialists? (5) Whether the new treatment model proposed in this study applies to the current medical environment and whether it can, if applicable, further improve the patients' satisfaction and doctor-patient relationship? A combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods was used in this study, including reviewing on the extent literatures, reviewing theory of planned behavior (TPB) and its applications, soliciting opinions from experts, physicians and patients, and developing questionnaires for data collection. The research data obtained from questionnaire surveys and patient pain measuring rulers and joint range of motion measurement were analyzed using statistical analysis software SPSS20.0 for descriptive analyses, measurement validations and model testing. The study concludes that through knowledge transfer, the satisfaction levels of patients and GPs have been significantly improved; the KOA treatment has achieved satisfactory therapeutic effect; and the doctor-patient relationship has been noticeably improved. Therefore, in the current healthcare context, the government should energetically promote the medical reform and vigorously encourage the knowledge transfer between specialists and GPs, and between GPs and patients, which can, to a certain extent, enhance curative effect, improve the satisfaction of physicians and patients, and effectively improve doctor-patient relationships. It is a useful and effective innovative method that deserves to be further explored and popularized. ; Investigações desenvolvidas na China demonstram que no século 21 a China se está a deparar gradualmente com um aumento do número de pessoas de meia idade e idosas. Observa-se que a maioria das pessoas idosas vivem com pelo menos uma doença crónica, o que leva a que o orçamento governamental no domínio da saúde seja cada vez mais elevado. Desta forma, existe uma necessidade por parte do governo chinês de reduzir estas despesas, o que passa pela colaboração de toda a sociedade, incluindo as comissões de planeamento familiar, os hospitais e os centros de saúde. Uma das doenças idosas crónicas é a osteoartrite do joelho (OJ). A OJ tem como sintomas uma forte dor que leva a dificuldades ou mesmo incapacidades de andar associada a problema a dormir. Tal faz com que a vida dos doentes se torne bastante limitada. Estes pacientes sofrem períodos de longos tratamentos, o que passa inevitavelmente por grandes despesas nos seus tratamentos. Sucede mesmo que quando a doença não é tratada, os sintomas vão piorando e como último recurso existe a necessidade de uma intervenção cirúrgica. Obviamente, que os custos associados à cirurgia e ao período pós-operatório são extremamente elevados. Desta forma, a possibilidade de prevenir, diagnosticar e tratar a doença OJ tem suscitado extrema atenção e interesse por parte da comunidade médica. Sucede que na China as pessoas idosas têm pouca consciência da OJ, o que não lhes permite prevenir as doenças com as terapias de auto massagens. Esta falta de consciência por parte das pessoas faz com que se desperdice o tempo mais adequado para se fazerem os tratamentos e resolver o problema. De facto, nos casos muito severos a única solução é mesma efetuar cirurgias para a substituição das articulações. Em contrapartida, caso se comece o tratamento logo no aparecimento dos primeiros sintomas, os doentes de OJ vão os centros de saúde da sua zona e poderiam ser efetuados tratamentos muito básicos e extremamente eficazes. Na China, sucede que as pessoas não confiam no profissionalismo e capacidade dos médicos dos centros de saúde e, portanto, recorrem aos grandes hospitais. Assim, parece que o sistema governamental a nível médico não consegue ser tão efetivo como seria desejável. Verifica-se que os médicos de família que estão nos centros de saúde não têm grandes conhecimentos sobre o OJ, o que leva a que os tratamentos não tenham os resultados possíveis. Para resolver este problema é necessários que médicos especialistas neste domínio deem formação, de modo a transferirem os seus conhecimentos para os médicos de família. Esta dissertação irá debruçar-se sobre a gestão do conhecimento em específico sobre a transferência do conhecimento. De facto, a transferência do conhecimento proposta neste estudo incide sobre os especialistas ensinarem métodos de diagnóstico de OJ e técnicas de auto massagem aos médicos de família a partir de demonstrações, de práticas de grupo e vídeos. Posteriormente, os médicos de família transferem esses conhecimentos aos pacientes que acedem aos centros de saúde. Este estudo tenta responder às seguintes questões: (1) Que efeitos terá a transferência de conhecimento dos médicos de família para os pacientes quer em termos dos resultados do tratamento, quer do nível de satisfação, quer da melhoria das próprias relações médico-paciente? (2) Qual o efeito que a transferência de conhecimento de especialistas para médicos de família terá sobre o nível de satisfação dos médicos de família? (3) Em que medida é que os pacientes irão aplicar o que aprenderam sobre OJ com médicos de família? (4) Em que medida é que os médicos de família irão aplicar o que eles aprenderam dos especialistas? (5) Se este estudo se aplicar pode melhorar a satisfação dos pacientes e a relação médico-paciente? Na parte empírica deste estudo, será realizada uma investigação qualitativa e outra quantitativa baseando-se numa extensa revisão de literatura, em específico na Teoria do Comportamento Planeado (TCP). Nesta parte, foi pedido a opinião de peritos, médicos e pacientes. Os dados quantitativos foram analisados recorrendo o software de analise estatística SPSS20.0. Tal permitiu efetuar uma análise descritiva, uma validação e teste do modelo desenvolvido ao longo desta tese. A análise do estudo empírico permite verificar que através da transferência do conhecimento conforme foi proposto neste estudo, existe um maior nível de satisfação entre os pacientes e os médicos de família. Também se verifica que o tratamento da OJ tem um efeito terapêutico bastante satisfatório e que a relação entre médico e paciente melhora significativamente. Como conclusão, considera-se que o governo chinês deve promover profundamente uma reforma médica que promova a transferência de conhecimento entre os especialistas e os médicos de família, e entre os médicos de família e os pacientes. Tal permite aumentar a eficácia e eficiência dos tratamentos, melhorar a satisfação dos médicos e dos pacientes e melhorar a relação entre os médicos e os pacientes. Assim, esta nova abordagem parece ser muito útil e eficaz o que merece ser mais explorada e divulgada.

The study was undertaken by researchers at UNSW Sydney, with the assistance and support of the City of Sydney Council.The aim of this research was to develop a survey tool for on-going assessment of social interactions and social cohesion at a large-scale urban renewal site that could be used to:➢ Measure the nature of social cohesion and social interaction and identify opportunities and barriers residents face in contributing to social cohesion and community development.➢ Understand the wellbeing of residents and workers, including their satisfaction with and attachment to the area, their local area preferences and desires, and their plans for the future.The results of the survey were presented to staff across the City of Sydney Council. It is expected that the survey findings will be used to inform Council's investments and activities across a range of areas, including community development, civic engagement, communications, placemaking, land use planning, open space and public domain planning, and local business development. The implications for practice presented here are preliminary and it is expected that City staff will further analyse and apply the survey findings to inform their work going forward. The City intends for the survey to be undertaken on a recurring basis over coming years, to monitor changes to the social fabric over time as the urban renewal area develops.Implications for community development: Green Square is an area with a large proportion of new residents (72% of survey respondents have lived in the area for 5 years or less), but that majority (70%) plan to remain resident in the area for a number of years. People feel more strongly connected to community at the larger scales of Sydney and Australia than at the local level of the suburb and street, but there is a desire to build more local connections, with the majority (68%) of residents wanting to have more interaction with others who live and work in the area.Private renters and younger people in particular desire more local social connection. Importantly, connection to community at the building scale is higher than at the suburb or street level, and the building scale was the only scale at which sense of community increased between 2017 and 2020. This suggests that community development at the building level is promising, but also that there is room to further develop community connections at the local suburb level. Interventions to encourage social interaction will be needed that engage residents who demonstrated a desire for greater involvement in social interactions but are constrained because of a lack of time and/or knowledge about the opportunities available to them, and a lack of confidence when dealing with strangers.Implications for civic engagement Around a third (32%) of residents felt they understood their rights around planning and urban development in the local area, slightly higher than in 2017 (27%). A smaller percentage (17%) felt they had made a civic contribution by working with others to improve the area. One in five felt that their thoughts about local issuescould be heard by people who make a difference (22%) and that there was strong local leadership in the area (18%), demonstrating a slight improvement from 2017 (when the figures were 20% and 15% respectively). There is potential for improved engagement amongst residents in the area as demonstrated by their willingness to be engaged in political discussions, with more residents having participated in other research (25%) and signed petitions (35%). There was also a substantial increase in the proportion of people who had joined a protest or demonstration from 8% in 2017 to 17% in 2020. The survey also revealed that relationships between language spoken at home and civic engagement are complex. People who speak a language other than English at home are less likely to be involved in communicating with a local politician or participated in the running of a strata or community title scheme. However, participation in research and council planning processes were equal or higher amongst people who speak a language other than English at home. There were also differences between people who speak a Chinese language and other language at home, with participation in online discussions, attendance at community events and sending letters to the media being higher amongst Chinese speaking residents than those speaking another language at home. In comparison, participation in a protest or demonstration was higher for those speaking English and another language at home compared to Chinese-speaking residents. These observed differences are based on small sample sizes and should therefore be treated with caution. However, they suggest that different strategies may be needed to encourage civic engagement of people who speak a language other than English at home and that different strategies may be more effective for different language groups.Implications for communications: Aside from time constraints, difficulty in finding information about social activities (26%) was the second most common limitation given by residents to socialising with others in the area. Barriers to participate in community activities were more pronounced among people speaking languages other than English at home. However, there are some interesting differences when comparing people speaking a Chinese language at home and people speaking another language at home, notably that people speaking a Chinese language are more likely to say that they are not confident with strangers, not interested in getting involved and have difficulty accessing facilities or venues, but are less likely to say that they do not feel welcome than people speaking another language at home.Residents would like to receive information about social activities through social media (63%), e-mails (56%), noticeboards in public places and their buildings (52%) and websites (36%). The City can provide such information through City-specific social media and through partnering with other social media platforms known to be actively used in the area, as well as collaborating with building managers. These approaches were effective in promoting the survey to residents. However, preferences for information differ greatly by age and language spoken at home. People aged over 50 were much less likely to want to receive information via social media (36%). However, e-mailed community newsletters were a more popular option amongst people over 50 (56%). People speaking a Chinese language at home are more likely to want to receive information via social media, noticeboards in public places or their building, websites, at the local community centre or library and in local newspapers and businesses and less likely to want to receive this information via word of mouth than both people speaking English and those speaking other languages at home. These results indicate that a variety of communication methods will be needed to reach all groups. However social media, e-mailed community newsletters and websites are important sources of information.Implications for placemaking: The majority of residents (90%) agreed that the area is a good place to live. This proportion has changed little since the 2014 and 2017 surveys and did not change before and after the introduction of the Covid-19 restrictions. This suggests that a high level of satisfaction with the area. However, people felt more strongly connected to Australia, Sydney and the inner city and surrounds than to their local area, street or building. Respondents to the 2020 survey were less connected to the communities at different scales than in 2017, with the exception of the building scale. As there is a relationship between length of residence and community attachment, this likely reflects the high proportion of residents who have lived in the area for less than six years, but nevertheless suggests that there is potential for further community development at the local scale.Implications for land use planning: The things people most commonly said they disliked about the area related to the danger of overdevelopment and the impacts of construction on the area and its overall density. Many people were also concerned about heavy traffic (48%) and parking (31%). However, while improvements to traffic management and public transport were the most important improvements residents wanted to see in 2017 (mentioned by 49% and 50% of resident respectively), in 2020 they remained important (mentioned by 43% and 43% of residents respectively) but were no longer the most commonly mentioned improvement. This likely reflects the gradual maturity of Green Square as a neighbourhood, where most hard infrastructure is now in place. More than half (58%) of residents travel to work or study using public transport and almost half (47%) of people said they moved to the area because of the proximity to public transport, demonstrating the important role that public transport plays in the attractiveness of the area.Notably, improvements that residents wanted to see in the area differed between age groups with younger people more likely to desire a greater variety of cafes, restaurants and bars, evening activities and public transport that connects to more parts of the city, while older people were more likely to desire landscaping in streets and parks a greater variety of retail shops and improved traffic management.Implications for open space and public domain planning: Parks and public spaces are significant locations for social interaction in Green Square and heavily used by residents. After cafes and restaurants, local (79%) and regional (66%) parks were the most commonly used local facilities. This could influence local land use planning and infrastructure development in Green Square and in future urban renewal areas, as it indicates that parks are important in facilitating local social interaction. However, there remains an important role for more formal community facilities, especially for particular groups, demonstrated by the higher proportion of unemployed people making use of community centres (19%) compared to the population as a whole (10%).Implications for local business: The most common places where people socialise with others in Green Square is cafes, restaurants and/or pubs (52%) and incidental interaction also commonly occurs in these places (52%). Cafes and restaurants are also the most commonly used services and facilities (94% of residents). Such businesses are therefore playing an important social role in the area, and two-thirds of residents (65%) said that they would like to see a wider variety of cafes, restaurants and bars in the area in the future. This suggests that the ideal of mixed-use development encouraging greater social interaction is supported by the findings in this case and has implications for development application planners who are making decisions about new businesses in the area.

학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :공과대학 협동과정 기술경영·경제·정책전공,2020. 2. 황준석. ; 기술 변화와 혁신이 국가 경제 성장의 주요 원천으로 강조되는 한편, 혁신활동에 있어 지리적 공간의 중요성을 인식함에 따라 지역적 차원에서의 혁신과 성장에 대한 논의가 심화되고 있다. 이러한 지역 수준 관점의 상대적 이점에 따라 지역 혁신과 성장에 관한 이론이 발전해왔으며, 그에 상응하는 지역 혁신 및 성장정책이 설계 및 이행되어왔다. 하지만 지역 고유의 개별적인 특성과 혁신역량이 다양하고 이질적임에도 불구하고 이에 대한 깊은 논의는 부재한 채 동질적인(one-size-fits-all) 지역혁신 및 성장 정책이 적용되어 왔다. 따라서 본 연구는 진화적 및 시스템적 관점을 채택하여 서로 다른 수준의 혁신 잠재력을 지닌 지역들을 대상으로 각 지역의 학습 프로세스에 중점을 둔 지역 혁신 및 성장 패턴에 관하여 분석하고자 한다. 이러한 목적 하에서 본 논문은 기술변화 진화이론에서 제시하는 지식에 대한 접근과 효율적 사용을 가능케 하는 세가지 핵심 기능 영역인 새로운 지식의 흡수, 혁신의 확산, 그리고 새로운 지식의 창출, 이 세가지 단계에 주목하고자 한다. 이 주요 세 가지 기능에 초점을 맞춰, 세 가지의 세부 연구내용이 학위논문에 포함되었으며, 개별 세부 연구들은 서로 다른 지식 축적 수준과 다양성을 가진 지역들의 지역혁신체제의 형성과 발전과정에 대한 연구를 담고 있다. 우선 첫 번째 세부 연구에서는 기술력이 거의 없거나 전혀 없는 개발도상국의 지역에서 외부의 지식을 흡수하고 지역사회 차원에서 혁신을 촉발시키기 위해 적용할 수 있는 개념적 틀을 제안하였다. 이를 위해 개발도상국의 적정기술 사례에 풀뿌리 혁신(grassroots innovation) 이론의 개념을 적용하여 질적 사례연구를 수행하였다. 풀뿌리 혁신은 선진국에서만 논의되어온 개념으로, 지속가능성을 위한 사회적 또는 포용적 혁신을 추구하는 커뮤니티 수준의 상향식(bottom-up) 혁신이다. 본 연구는 이러한 풀뿌리 혁신과 개발도상국을 대상으로 하는 적정기술의 유사성 및 연결성을 체계적으로 제시하고, 그를 바탕으로 다섯 가지의 핵심 구성 요소들을 포함한 개념적 틀을 재정의 및 제시하였다. 사례 연구에 따르면 사회적 니치는 로컬 지식 전달 메커니즘이 발현될 수 있도록 하며 이는 지역사회가 더 효율적으로 기술을 사용하는 데에 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 두 번째 세부 연구의 경우에는 한국의 시군 지역들의 혁신 및 성장 패턴을 규명하고자 하였다. 클러스터들의 경우 집적효과를 통해 더욱 높은 수준의 혁신과 성장을 촉진한다는 측면에서 지역혁신체제 내에서 큰 잠재적 역할을 지닌다. 그에 따라 많은 지역에서 클러스터 정책을 지역 혁신 및 성장정책 수단으로 활용해왔으며, 우리나라의 지방정부들 역시 클러스터 기반 정책을 활발히 추진 중에 있다. 그러나 우리나라의 클러스터 정책은 지역의 상황과 수요에 대한 객관적인 분석이 미비한 채 과잉 공급되어 실효성 없는 정책으로 평가 받고 있다. 따라서 두 번째 세부 연구에서는 사회경제적 요소들과 지식 역량 관련 요소들을 함께 포함하여 시스템적 관점에서 클러스터에 따른 지역 경제성장 효과를 파악하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 클러스터가 존재하는 한국의 모든 시군 지역을 대상으로 PCA 분석과 패널 분석을 시행하였다. 분석 결과 클러스터를 통해 지역 내 혁신과 성장을 촉진하기 위해서는 사회경제적 환경이 선행되어야 함을 확인하였다. 그리고 우리나라 지역에서는 R&D 역량 제고에 따른 성장효과가 클러스터 효과보다 더 크고 장기적으로 영향을 미침에 따라, 클러스터 기반 정책이 당초 예상했던 것보다 낮은 성과를 가져올 수 있음을 제시하였다. 더불어, 지역 내 활용 가능한 인적자원, 교육 시스템, 연구개발 활동의 질, 클러스터의 집약도 등의 요소들이 한국의 지역 성장을 위해 필수적으로 고려되어야 할 제도적 부문인 것으로 확인하였다. 세 번째 세부 연구는 지식을 새로 재조합하는 능력이 지속가능하고 장기적인 성장을 위한 동인으로 평가됨에 따라, 유럽의 지역들을 대상으로 지역의 지식 재조합 역량이 지역 생산성에 미치는 영향을 파악하고자 하였다. 더 구체적으로, 본 연구는 지식 혹은 기술 재조합의 유형을 탐색(exploration) 유형과 활용(exploitation) 유형으로 나누어 두 가지 유형이 생산성에 미치는 영향을 비교분석 하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 EU NUTS 2 레벨 지역들을 대상으로 특허 데이터를 활용한 기술 구분간 결합 매트릭스의 생성으로 지식 축적 패턴을 분석하고, 확률적 프론티어 모델을 통해 기술 효율성을 계산하였다. 그리고 경제 규모, 지식 축적 정도, 시기 효과 등을 조절하여 지역의 지식 재조합 유형과 기술 효율성간의 관계를 회귀하였다. 분석 결과 활용적 재조합은 별다른 영향을 주지 않는 반면, 탐색적 재조합은 지역의 생산성 향상에 긍정적이고 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 위의 논의를 바탕으로 본 학위논문은 서로 다른 지역 수준에 따른 정책적 시사점을 제공할 것으로 기대한다. 첫째, 기술력이 낮은 후발 지역에서는 풀뿌리 혁신의 개념적 틀을 적용하여 외부 지식, 기술 또는 혁신을 흡수하여 지역의 요구에 대응할 수 있는 기반을 형성하여야 한다. 둘째, 지역 내 지식확산이 효과적으로 이루어지기 위해서는 바람직한 사회경제적 환경이 선행되어야 하고, R&D 역량에 대한 투자가 지속적으로 함께 이루어져야 한다. 셋째, 지식 축적 정도와 지식의 다양성 수준이 높은 지역에서는 새로운 지식의 탐색적 비용과 불확실성이 높음에도 불구하고 새로운 지식 재조합의 역량을 키워야 할 것이다. ; While technological change and innovation have been treated as key to national economic growth, attention to innovation and development at a regional level has grown from the recognition of the importance of geographical space in the innovation process. Theories on regional innovation and growth have been developed under the advantages of regional examination, and regional innovation policies were designed and implemented accordingly. However, the one-size-fits-all approach to regional policies remains troublesome as regions differ widely in terms of their intrinsic characteristics and innovation capabilities. Based on these concerns, this thesis adopts an evolutionary and systematic integrated view to investigate regional innovation and growth patterns focusing on learning processes in regions with different levels of innovation potential. This thesis adopts three main functional dimensions of access to and efficient use of knowledge in evolutionary theories; that is, absorption of new knowledge, diffusion of innovations, and generation of new knowledge. In accordance with the three dimensions, three studies are included with analyses of regional innovation and development strategies for regions with different levels of knowledge accumulation and diversity. The first study proposes a framework for the initiation of community-level innovation in a developing country where technological capabilities are few or non-existent, causing mere adaption to external innovations. With a qualitative analysis of an appropriate technology case, the study adopts concepts from grassroots innovation. Grassroots innovation is a community-level bottom-up innovation that has been discussed only in developed countries as a means of socially inclusive innovation for sustainability. However, this study identifies the links between appropriate technology and grassroots innovation and redefines a framework with core constructs: context, driving force, niche, organizational form, and resource base. The case study shows that a social niche plays a significant role in improving the use of technology by creating a local knowledge transfer mechanism through social learning. The second study investigates regional innovation and growth patterns of regions with clusters in Korea. Clusters have been popular among regional policy makers for promoting greater innovation and growth. In this regard, Korean local governments have also pursued a cluster-based policy for regional development. However, the problem is that clusters are oversupplied without an objective examination of regional conditions and demands, and the existence of clusters does not necessarily secure regional networks or economic growth. Therefore, the study aims to examine the effects of clustering on regional economic performance along with socioeconomic factors and knowledge capacity factors from a systematic perspective. Principal component analysis and panel regression methods are used to analyze Korean regions with clusters. The results indicate that favorable socioeconomic contexts are prerequisites to foster innovation and growth by clusters. In addition, a cluster-based policy may have a smaller effect than expected because R&D capacity has a stronger and longer effect on economic performance. Lastly, specific factors such as a pool of labor, education systems, quality of R&D activities, and agglomeration density of clusters are found to be critical to regional growth in regions in Korea. The last study focuses on regional capacity for knowledge recombination and its impact on regional productivity in European regions, as novel recombination is assessed to be a new driver for sustainable and long-term regional growth. Consequently, the study specifies regional capacity in technological recombination into exploration and exploitation and compare their effects on regional productivity. For the analysis, a knowledge space is constructed using technology class co-occurrence matrices with patent data, and technical efficiencies are calculated using a stochastic frontier model from socioeconomic data of EU NUTS 2 level regions. The relationship of regional recombination types and technical efficiencies is then regressed, controlling for economy scale, knowledge stock, and periodic effects. The results demonstrate that explorative recombination has a positive and significant influence on productivity gains while exploitative activity has no influence. Overall, the thesis provides several policy implications for regions from the evolutionary and systematic perspectives. First, in lagging regions with low technological capabilities, the five-construct framework drawn from grassroots innovation can form a basis for absorption of external knowledge, technology, or innovation to adapt to local needs. Second, for intra-regional knowledge spillovers to be effective in intermediate regions, creating a favorable socioeconomic environment should take precedence. Moreover, consistent attention to investment in R&D capacity is required. Third, explorative new knowledge recombination is recommended in regions with a high level of knowledge accumulation and diversity despite its high cost and attendant uncertainties. ; Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Research background 1 1.2 Research objectives 6 1.3 Research outline 7 Chapter 2. Literature Review 10 2.1 Regional innovation and development 10 2.1.1 The need for regional analysis 10 2.1.2 Regional economic development theories 14 2.2 Evolutionary economic geography 17 2.3 Regional innovation systems 22 2.4 Contribution of the study 26 Chapter 3. Grassroots innovation for regional development in developing countries: A qualitative study on appropriate technology 30 3.1 Introduction 30 3.2 Literature review 32 3.2.1 Appropriate technology 32 3.2.2 Grassroots innovation 34 3.2.3 Bridging appropriate technology and grassroots innovation 37 3.3 Methodology and data 41 3.3.1 Framework: Common constructs 41 3.3.2 Methodology and data 46 3.4 Case study 49 3.5 Discussion 57 3.6 Conclusion 61 Chapter 4. Illusions of clustering: Investigating regional innovation and growth patterns in Korea from a systematic perspective 63 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 Literature review 65 4.2.1 Regions, innovation, and growth 65 4.2.2 Clusters and regional growth 67 4.3 Methodology 72 4.4 Data 82 4.5 Results 87 4.6 Discussion 92 4.6.1 Summary of results and policy implications 92 4.6.2 Other variables 94 4.7 Conclusion 98 Chapter 5. The effects of regional capacity in knowledge recombination on productivity gains in Europe 101 5.1 Introduction 101 5.2 Literature review 102 5.3 Methodology and data 106 5.3.1 Methods 106 5.3.2 Data 111 5.4 Results 112 5.4.1 Regional recombination capacity 112 5.4.2 Regional productivity 114 5.4.3 Regional recombination and productivity 115 5.5 Discussion and conclusion 118 Chapter 6. Conclusion 121 6.1 Overall summary 121 6.2 Policy implications and contributions 125 6.3 Limitations and future research 127 Bibliography 130 Appendix 1: Sources for case study 154 Appendix 2: Model test statistics 157 Appendix 3: Additional analysis with patent variable 159 Appendix 4: Random-effects parameters in random coefficient models 161 Abstract (Korean) 163 ; Doctor

In 2006 eight municipalities received grants from the Ministry of Children, Equality and Social Inclusion to develop services aimed at potentially excluded youth between the ages of 17 and 23. The money should be used to develop and deliver services and increase interdepartmental and interprofessional collaboration. The work done in this development project as well as the Minstry's focus on transitions, was aimed at developing more systematic knowledge about how these youth may best be helped to achieve successful independence. The project was initiated as part of the general initiative to combat child poverty on the part of the government. The time frame was three years. Six small municipalities and two cities participated. NOVA conducted a midway evaluation of the project in 2008. This elicited great variety with regard to choice of services and how the money was used. One important distinction became apparent, between municipalities developing general youth services and those who prioritized specific and targeted services. In the main respondents were satisfied with the results, but targeted services appeared to be the most successful. The participants were mainly pleased with the results of the project, but the targeted services seemed to be most successful. In particular municpalities with targeted services underlined the significance of having a mentor or pilot to follow the young people closely. All the participating municipalities also initiated new ways of collaborating during the first part of the project periode, and this was also experienced as positive. At the same time some participants had experienced that collaboration could sometimes meet challenges because of different perspectives and expectations among different professions, which could be extra demanding in an already hard-pressed situation. The first evaluation resulted in some recommendations for the next phase of the project, which the municipalities were free to take into consideration. First, NOVA recommended further use of targeted services combined with following the young people closely and the use of individual plans, provided one person could work closely with them. Second, NOVA suggested to the Ministry as well as to the municipalities that services included in the project might well be targeted at those younger than 17 as well. This would increase the preventive potential of the project. Third, NOVA focused on the significance of better documentation and routines as integral parts of the project. This is important in order to give the Ministry proper reports, as well as being a central part of the necessary groundwork if the project is to be continued. This final evaluation builds on the former one, analyzes more closely what has happened in the municipalities since and aims at conducting a final evaluation of the projects in the municipalities. The final evaluation addressed the following issues: 1. How did the project workers experience and assess the work and the services that were implemented? 2. Did the projects change, or lead to better collaboration between professionals dealing with potentially marginalized youth? In that case, in what ways? 3. How are results measured in the municipalities? 4. Which services were successful/unsuccessful and why? 5. How did the young people experience and assess the services they were offered? 6. What is the probability of continued implementation of these services after the end of the project period? It was important to interview central actors with different positions within the projects during the first evaluation. The participants were hand-picked in collaboration with the project leader in each municipality in order to achieve this. This process resulted in interviews with 33 persons, but no users. For the final evaluation we have included 18 of the most central actors from the first evaluation, as well as 16 young people who had received services through the project. At this point in time is was very important to include users' experiences. In addition we have done a documentary study and some observation through participating in seminars initiated by the Ministry. Our analyses have been limited by the fact that the organizations we have studied have changed continuously, and also been incfluenced by the first evaluation (which was part of the intention). Thus it may be difficult to distinguish the changes which have resulted from conscious strategies and those resulting from more unconscious and arbitrary strategies. In addition it is, from time to time, difficult to differentiate between effects from this project and other, state-initiated projects which have been going on in the municipalities at the same time. Thus, we have to a large degree chosen to emphasise how project workers and users have experienced possible effects of this particular state-funded initiative. The interviews with project workers and users informed us about short-term effects of the services in fairly comprehensive ways. However, we have less grounds to judge putative long-term effects as we just interviewed the young people once, towards the end of the project. We found that several changes had taken place between the first and the second evaluation. According to the project workers, most of these were related to the following points: • Services had become more goal-directed • A great deal had seen the need for earlier intervention • All the municipalities now had some kind of mentor or pilot function, and wanted to keep this up after the project had ended • The state-initiated project had led to new and better routines for inter-departmental collaboration with regard to possibly marginalized youth. This kind of collaboration had become more consistent and better to achieve. Most of the young people felt that participation in local projects had contributed to giving them a more meaningful everyday life, and they underlined the good feeling associated with being part of and coping with something. In addition it had been important to be helped with meeting and following up demands made by the bureaucracy of the helping services. Contact with professionals functioning in a role of what we have called the pilot (or mentor) was underlined as decisive, and very valuable. This must be seen in relation to the fact that many of the young people had not had access to a trustworthy adult while they were growing up. In addition many of the young people had participated in the design of the services, which they appreciated, even though the project leaders controlled the final design and authorisasation of the services. Actually one over-arching theme emanating from the interviews with project workers as well as young people was the importance of positive contact between adults and young people. This was the case independently of whether the services were open and general or targeted at specific individuals. However, regarding the latter type of services follow-up on the part of the adults that was characterized by closeness and trust seemed to make all the difference as to whether the young people kept up their participation, achieved their goals and managed to exit the services in a satisfactory manner. Important characteristics of the person acting as a pilot or mentor were, firstly, trust and patience, enabling the building up of mutual trust and the development of realistic goals over time. Secondly, the pilot should combine the ability to be strict and make demands with the ability to listen and be fair. Finally, it is important that the pilot or mentor is solution oriented and flexible. These characteristics were endorsed by project workers as well as users, making the recruiting of pilots with the right characteristics crucial. Since the function of pilot or mentor stood out as so very important, we have chosen to discuss this more in detail in the final part, related to recommendations for practice. Here we compare the pilot function as this could be understood in the project we evaluated with mentoring, where a great literature exists. In addition we discuss some structural preconditions for success. For instance the pilot should be given sufficient education and supervision, preferably by a coordinator who is responsible for several pilots. Vi diskuterer ogsÃ¥ noen strukturelle forutsetninger for at funksjonen kan være vellykket. There should be a an obligation on the part of both the municipality and the pilots that the work is supposed to go on for 2–3 years as a minimum, and one pilot should not be responsible for more than 4–5 young people. Even though several participants underlined the advantages of having a pilot that is not part of the formal system of services, we think that the crucial point is the development of a good relationship between pilot and young person. This will be more important than the organizational position of the pilot. It might, of course, be an advantage for the pilot to be part of the formal system of services, not in the least through knowing the system and having a position to work from. Whether further development of a system of pilots for young people at risk from marginalization from education or work takes place through state-initiated projects or local initiatives, the most crucial factor will be a sufficiently comprehensive investment lasting long enough. ; Rapporten presenterer resultatene fra sluttevalueringen av utviklingsprosjektet «Utsatte unge 17–23 år i overgangsfaser». Det treårige utviklingsarbeidet ble initiert av Barne-, likestillings- og inkluderingsdepartementet, og siktemålet var å utvikle nye tiltak og samarbeidsformer rundt utsatt ungdom. Rapporten bygger på intervjuer med prosjektinvolverte og ungdommer fra de åtte kommunene som har fått midler gjennom satsingen, samt dokumentanalyser og observasjoner. Innledningsvis presenterer vi noen av resultatene fra underveisevalueringen NOVA gjennomførte i 2008, som kommunene har kunnet nyttiggjøre seg i siste fase av utviklingsprosjektet. Deretter beskriver vi de åtte kommunene, tiltakene som ble iverksatt og måten samarbeidet rundt tiltakene ble organisert. Det første resultatkapitlet gjennomgår erfaringene og vurderingene fra de prosjektinvolverte, deretter presenteres ungdommenes vurderinger. Vi har lagt vekt på å presentere gode eksempler. Her har vi spesielt viet oppmerksomhet til det som kan kalles en «losfunksjon» – at ungdommene har hatt tett oppfølging av en person som har kunnet bistå dem på mange ulike måter i prosessen med å nyttiggjøre seg tiltakene.

RIJEČ UREDNIŠTVANa svojoj sjednici 17. srpnja 2003. godine Vlada Republike Hrvatske donijela je Nacionalnu šumarsku politiku i strategiju. S obzirom na sve očitije klimatske promjene koje traže novi odnos prema prirodi i okolišu, na manjkavosti važeće Nacinalne šumarske politike i strategije šumarstva, ali i po našoj ocjeni na neadekvatno uključivanje šumarstva u narodno gospodarstvo, je li i vrijeme za promjene u važećoj Nacionalnoj šumarskoj politici i strategiji? Imamo li uzore? Gledajući šumarske politike u relevantnim zemljama u kojima je šumarstvo značajna grana gospodarstva, razvidno je da se one ne mogu doslovno kopirati. U brošuri Šumarska politika Sabadi (1992) nakon analize Šumarske politike u Njemačkoj i Švicarskoj, navodi kako je očito "da svaka zemlja ima svoj oblik šumarske politike koji joj odgovara s obzirom na gospodarski i politički poredak, filozofiju te utjecaj pojedinaca i grupa na državnu vlast". No, nesporno je da je svaka šumarska politika integralni dio narodnog gospodarstva. Najvažnija faza u stvaranju nacionalne šumarske politike je njezino uključivanje i integracija s ostalim narodnim gospodarstvom u jednu inerakcijsku cjelinu. Isti autor kaže kako kod utvrđivanja Šumarske politike "treba prvo utvrditi ciljeve, a potom sredstva i mjere za postizanje postavljenih ciljeva. Posebnu pozornost treba posvetiti malom seljačkom šumoposjedu (oko 25 % šumske površine)" što je kod nas posebice teško, jer su šumoposjedi mali, a šumovlasnici se teško odlučuju na udruživanja putem kojih se jedino može polučiti uspjeh. Otežavajuća je okolnost da je svako ulaganje u šumu dugoročno i za ulagače premalo profitabilno, ponajprije jer šumarstvo ne sagledavaju kao integralni i vrlo utjecajni čimbenik narodnog gospodarstva. Uglavnom šuma se gleda samo kao izvor sirovine za preradu, dok se zaboravlja općekorisna uloga šuma koja traži širu podršku narodnog gospodarstva. No, ako njenu pravu vrijednost ne mogu sagledati privatni šumovlasnici i općenito poduzetnici, kojima je na prvome mjestu trenutna sirovinska vrijednost, to mora Država, posebice kada je ona, kao u našem slučaju većinski vlasnik. Opći interes treba biti ispred svih drugih interesa, a Država mora kontrolirati i privatne šumovlasnike da se ponašaju sukladno Zakonu o šumama, instrumentu Nacionalne šumarske politike i strategije, koji mora biti obvezan za sve šumovlasnike.Analizirajući da li primjenjujemo ono što je propisano u važećoj Nacionalnoj šumarskoj politici i strategiji i što bi još trebalo propisati, možemo postavljati pitanja i sami na njih odgovarati, jer bi tuđe odgovore smatrali kritikom, najčešće neopravdanom. Ponajprije: da li drvne sortimente prodajemo po tržišnim načelima; da li stvarno vjerujemo da ugovorima o isporuci sirovine pomažemo razvoju finalne prerade drva i povećanju zaposlenosti, posebice inženjera i VKV radnika, ili pak punimo privatne džepove izvoznika proizvoda primarne prerade; ako isporuku drvne sirovine ne usmjeravamo na optimalnu finalnu proizvodnju, nije li to rasipanje nacionalnog bogatstva u kojega je uložen prosječno stogodišnji trud; u isto vrijeme projekt Roswood Centra kompetencija za istočnu Europu, čitamo, daje primjere dobre prakse i inovacija koje se mogu implementirati za pametno i održivo korištenje vrijedne šumske sirovine; da li stvarno ili samo deklarativno kontroliramo sječu na privatnom šumoposjedu, posebice u šumama koje su vraćene bivšim šumovlasnicima; kojim instrumentima i koliko uspješno to radimo; osiguravamo li koristi koje bi od šumarstva trebala imati lokalna zajednica i stanovništvo ruralnih područja, što je jedno od glavnih načela Šumarske politike i strategije EU, koju načelno podržavamo; potičemo li i koliko uspješno suvremenu energetsku uporabu drvne sirovine; da li razmišljamo kako riješiti pitanje sukcesije – ruralna područja ostaju bez stanovništva, i šuma se širi čak do vrtova – nestaju pašnjaci pa i livadske površine unutar šume koje su donedavno košene za pašu i prehranu divljači; da li je istina da nam drvoprerađivači ne želeći osigurati zalihu drvne sirovine, a kada njima to pogoduje "diktiraju" izvlačenje drvnih sortimenata i kada to vremenske prilike ograničavaju (mokar teren) pa nastaju velike štete na šumskom tlu; zašto smo za sitan novac prepustili koncesionarima radnička odmarališta, posebice na moru, koja su izgrađena doprinosom radnika, kojega nisu pretočili u plaće, nego upravo u te objekte; da li smo u odnosu na druge zemlje prevelike površine uključili u Natura 2000; da li smo obavili restrukturiranje Hrvatskih šuma d.o.o. ? Sabadi kaže: "Racionalan put glede organizacije je da se svi poslovi obavljaju u šumariji, a na višoj razini samo oni poslovi koje nije moguće riješiti na šumariji ili njihovo rješenje nije racionalno. U Ministarstvu organizirati službe vrhovnog šumarskog nadzora i one za pomoć malim šumoposjednicima". Da li smo postavili sva pitanja – ne, ali čitatelje potičemo da ih i oni postave i daju odgovor na njih. Ponajprije treba odgovoriti na postavljeno pitanje u naslovu.Nadajući se da nam ova razmišljanja neće pokvariti nadolazeće blagdane, svim članovima Hrvatskoga šumarskoga društva i čitateljima Šumarskoga lista, želimo sretan Božić i uspješnu 2020. godinu.Uredništvo ; EDITORIALAt its session on July 17, 2003, the Government of the Republic of Croatia passed the National Forestry Policy and Strategy. In view of the increasingly pronounced climate change, which requires a new approach to nature and the environment, of the deficiencies of the current National Forestry Policy and Forestry Strategy, as well as, in our opinion, of the inadequate inclusion of forestry in the national economy, has the time come to introduce some changes in the valid National Forestry Policy and Strategy? Do we have any models? A review of forestry policies in relevant countries in which forestry is an important branch of economy clearly shows that they cannot be literally copied. In his brochure "Forestry Policy" Sabadi (1992) analyzed forestry policies in Germany and Switzerland and concluded that "every country has its own form of forestry policy which is in line with its economic and political system, philosophy and the influence of individuals and groups on the state government". It is, however, indisputable that every forestry policy is an integral part of the national economy. The most important stage in the creation of a national forestry policy is its inclusion into and integration with other national economies into one interactive unit. The same author goes on to say that in order to develop forestry policy, "its goals should first be determined, followed by means and measures of achieving the set goals. Particular attention should be paid to small private forest estates (about 25 % of the forested area)". This is very difficult in our country because privately owned forests are small and private forest owners are not willing to merge their estates, which is the only way in which success can be achieved. An aggravating circumstance lies in the fact that investments in forests are of long-term nature and are not sufficiently profitable for investors, chiefly because they do not perceive forestry as an integral and highly influential factor in the national economy. Forests are mainly viewed as a source of raw material for processing, while the non-market forest role, which requires a broader support by the national economy, is overlooked. If the real value of forests is not understood by private forest owners and entrepreneurs in general, whose primary goal is the current value of raw material, then it is the State which should understand it, especially when the State is the major owner as in Croatia. Collective interest should be above all other interests. The State should also make sure that private forest owners adhere to the regulations of the Forest Act, the instrument of the National Forestry Policy and Strategy which is binding for all forest owners.In our analysis of whether we apply the regulations set down in the valid National Forestry Policy and Strategy and what additional items should be incorporated, we should ask questions and answer them ourselves, since we would consider answers by other parties as mostly unjustified criticism. These questions involve the following: do we sell wood assortments according to market principles; do we really believe that with contracts on the delivery of raw material we contribute to the development of final wood processing and increased employment of engineers and qualified workers in the first place, or do we fill the pockets of private exporters of primary processing products; if raw wood material is not directed towards optimal final production, does not this mean that we squander the national wealth in which a hundred-year-long effort has been invested; at the same time we find that the Rosewood Competence Centre for Eastern Europe provides examples of good practice and innovations to be implemented into wise and sustainable use of valuable wood material; do we control felling in private forest estates in practice or only declaratively, particularly in forests which have been returned to their original owners; which instruments do we use and how successfully to accomplish this; do we ensure benefits which forestry should provide for the local community and the population of rural areas, which is one of the main principles of the EU Forestry Policy and Strategy, which we support in principle; do we stimulate and to what extent modern energy use of wood material; do we think about how to solve the question of succession - rural areas are increasingly being abandoned and forests are spreading as far as the people's gardens - pastures and grassland areas within forest, which were until recently mowed or grazed by wildlife, are disappearing; is it true that wood processors do not want to ensure stocks of wood material, and when it suits them "dictate" the extraction of wood assortments even when weather conditions are unfavourable (wet terrain), thus inflicting vast damage on forest soil; why did we allow workers' resort centres, especially those at the seaside, to be taken over by concessionaires for petty cash (these resorts were built with the money which workers allocated from their salaries for exactly this purpose); in relation to other countries, did we allocate too large areas to Natura 2000; did we restructure the company "Croatian Forests Ltd"? Sabadi says: " Rational organisation presupposes that all jobs are accomplished in a forest office, and only those jobs which cannot be performed in a forest office or their solution is not rational should be performed at a higher level. Forest monitoring services and services aimed at assisting small forest owners should be set up in the Ministry". Have we covered all the relevant questions? No, we have not, but we urge the readers to ask questions and give the answers themselves. The first question to be answered is the one mentioned in the headline.Hoping that these thoughts will not spoil the upcoming holidays, we wish Merry Christmas and a Very Successful New Year 2020 to all members of the Croatian Forestry Association and readers of the Forestry Journal.Editorial Board

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Mokadampur-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 729 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 591 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 79 ha by forest, 15 ha by rock outcrops and about 43 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 15 soil series and 16 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 69 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 12 per cent soils are very shallow to moderately shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 13 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m), 10 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 8 per cent area very low (0.75%) and 80 per cent is medium (0.50-0.75%) in organic carbon content.  About 16 per cent area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in an area of 38 per cent and deficient (>4.5 ppm) in 43 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 62(9) 347(47) Guava - 21(3) Maize 21(3) 449(62) Sapota - 21(3) Bajra 21(3) 388(53) Pomegranate - 212(29) Groundnut 12(2) 37(5) Musambi 53(7) 159(22) Sunflower 53(7) 159(22) Lime 53(7) 159(22) Redgram - 381(52) Amla 21(3) 81(11) Bengal gram 53(7) 138(19) Cashew - 12(2) Cotton 53(7) 156(21) Jackfruit - 21(3) Chilli 21(3) 219(30) Jamun - 53(7) Tomato 21(3) 28(4) Custard apple 65(9) 175(24) Brinjal 21(3) 28(4) Tamarind - 53(7) Onion 21(3) 28(4) Mulberry - 21(3) Bhendi 21(3) 219(30) Marigold 21(3) 219(30) Drumstick - 74(10) Chrysanthemum 21(3) 219(30) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Mokadampur-1 is located at North latitude 160 49' 1.466" and 160 46' 28.457" and East longitude 770 18' 34.68" and 770 16' 16.844" covering an area of about 728.28 ha coming under Pasapoola, Mugadhamapoora and Arakera.K villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Mokadampur-1 micro watersheds of Mokadampur subwatershed, Yadagiri taluk, Yadagiri District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 19 (54.29 %) were marginal, 11 (31.43%) were small, 2 (5.71 %) were Semi medium farmers .  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 99 (59.64%) men and 64 (38.55 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents 80 (48.19%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 54.22 per cent illiterates, 43.38 percent pre university education and 5.42 per cent attained graduation.  About, 88.57 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  In the study area, 60.00 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 31.43 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 91.43 per cent possess TV, 20.00 per cent possess mixer grinder, 100.00 per cent possess mobile phones and 28.57 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 11.43 per cent of the households possess plough, 11.43 per cent possess bullock cart and 8.57 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 5.71 per cent possess local cow and 5.71 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men labour availability in the micro watershed was 1.87 and own women labour availability in the micro watershed was 1.29, while the hired labour (men) availability was 8.87.  Further, 5.71 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 100.00 per cent (32.50 ha) of the area is under dry condition.  There were 1.00 live bore wells and 1.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 2.86 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Cotton, Groundnt, Green gram, Jowar and Ridge gourd and cropping intensity was recorded as 101.23 per cent.  Out of the sample households 82.86 percent possessed bank account and 77.14 per cent of them have savings in the account. 2  About 60.00 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 4.76 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial and co-operative banks and 33.33 per cent from Grameena Bank bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 88.89 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Cotton, Groundnt, Green gram, Jowar and Ridge gourd was Rs.50084.32 , 46337.94, 39244.54, 73380.16 and 46501.51 with benefit cost ratio of 1: 1.8, 1:1.3, 1:1.9 , 1:1.6 and 1:1.2 respectively.  Further, 34.29 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 112200.00 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 80257.14 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 5 horticulture trees and 43 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 7085.71 for land development.  Regarding marketing channels, 48.57 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 17.14 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Majority of the farmers (48.57 %) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 82.86 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 97.14 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.14 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 100.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (97.14%), pulses (94.29%) and oilseeds (54.29%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (100 %) wild animal menace on farm field (100.00%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (100.00%), inadequacy of irrigation water (94.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (100.00%), high rate of interest on credit (97.14%), low price for the agricultural commodities (100.00%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (2.86%), inadequate extension services (2.86%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (74.29%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Laksmanpura-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 561 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 89 per cent is covered by soil, 150cm) soils.  About 38 per cent of the soils are loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 50 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 35 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 17 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 72 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 34 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 54 per cent is moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 3 per cent is moderately acid (pH 5.5-6.0), 14 per cent is slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 33 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5 -7.3), 37 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8) and 0.75%).  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 28 per cent area of the soils.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 71 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 17 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 24 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in <1 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 99(18) 350(62) Sapota 128(23) 233(42) Maize 84(15) 364(65) Pomegranate 128(23) 327(58) Bajra 146(26) 347(62) Guava 128(23) 233(42) Redgram 99(18) 331(59) Jackfruit 128(23) 233(42) Bengal gram - 94(17) Jamun 42(8) 157(28) Groundnut 14(2) 343(61) Musambi 128(23) 327(58) Sunflower 99(18) 331(59) Lime 128(23) 327(58) Cotton - 418(75) Cashew 115(20) 233(42) Chilli 113(20) 336(60) Custard apple 146(26) 347(62) Tomato 113(20) 242(43) Amla 146(26) 253(45) Brinjal 113(20) 242(43) Tamarind 42(8) 157(28) Onion 84(15) 270(48) Marigold 113(20) 336(60) Bhendi 113(20) 336(60) Chrysanthemum 113(20) 336 (60) Drumstick 128(23) 272(48) Jasmine 113(20) 242(43) Mulberry 100 (18) 261(47) Crossandra 113(20) 242(43) Mango 42(8) 157(28) - - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Lakshmapura-1 is located at North latitude 150 23' 58.806" and 150 21' 48.269" and East longitude 760 2' 59.1'' and 760 1' 14.906" covering an area of about 547.08 ha coming under Lakmapura, Bhanapur and Tadakal Villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Lakshmapura-1 micro watersheds of Bhanapur subwatershed, Koppala taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 15 (42.86 %) were marginal, 9 (25.71%)were small, 5 (14.29 %) were Semi medium and 1 (2.86 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 64 (55.65%) men and 51 (44.35 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (24.35%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 37.39 per cent illiterates, 53.92 per cent pre university education and 7.83 per cent attained graduation.  About, 88.57 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 5.71 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 27.83 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 45.71 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.86 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 80.00 per cent possess TV, 65.71 per cent possess mobile phones and 17.14 per cent possess motor cycles.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 2.86 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.37, women available in the micro watershed was 1.00, hired labour (men) available was 6.53 and hired labour (women) available was 6.58.  Further, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 93.97 per cent (38.25 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 6.03 per cent area is irrigated land.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Groundnut, Bengal gram and Sorghum and cropping intensity was recorded as 97.28 per cent.  Out of the sample households 85.71 percent possessed bank account and 85.71 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 85.71 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 16.67 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 6.67 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose. 2  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 85.71 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Groundnut, Bengal gram, Sorghum and 0 was Rs.37903.31, 50648.32, 27556.91 and 17388.76 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.60, 1: 2.70, 1: 3.00 and 1: 1.40 respectively.  Further, 5.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 71825.71 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 58968.57 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 34 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 228.57 for land development.  Source of funds raised from asset selling for land development was 2.86 per cent and soft loan for land development was and improved crop production was 2.86 per cent.  Regarding marketing channels, 20.00 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 65.71 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 85.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (85.71%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 80.00 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 97.14 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.14 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 100.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.14 per cent of the household's possessed BPL card, 2.86 per cent of the household's possessed APL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (97.14%), pulses (94.29%) and oilseeds (11.43%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (91.43%) wild animal menace on farm field (82.86%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (57.14%), inadequacy of irrigation water (11.43%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (25.71%), high rate of interest on credit (11.43%), low price for the agricultural commodities (11.43%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (14.29%), inadequate extension services (22.86%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (48.57%), Less rainfall (42.86%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (65.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Handarki Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 539 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 535 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 4 ha by rock outcrops. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area of about 99 per cent is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed.  About 63 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100- >150 cm), whereas 18 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm) and 19 per cent soils are shallow (25-50 cm) and very shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity and 37 per cent soils are low (51-100 mm/m) and very low (0.75%) and 18 percent is medium (0.50-0.75%) in organic carbon content.  An area of about 58 percent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 41 percent soils are high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  Entire cultivated area is high (>337kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur content is low (4.5 ppm) in an area of 39 per cent and about deficient (<4.5 ppm) in about 60 per cent in the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc content is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 433(81) Guava - - Maize - 433(81) Sapota - - Bajra - 433(81) Pomegranate - 336(62) Groundnut - 97(18) Musambi - 336(62) Sunflower - 336(62) Lime - 336(62) Redgram - 336(62) Amla - 97(18) Bengal gram - 336(62) Cashew - - Cotton - 349(65) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 433(80) Jamun - - Tomato - 97(18) Custard apple - 433(80) Brinjal - 97(18) Tamarind - - Onion - 97(18) Mulberry - - Bhendi - 433(80) Marigold - 433(80) Drumstick - - Chrysanthemum - 433(80) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Handarki is located at North latitude 160 59' 14.844" and 160 57' 54.887" and East longitude 770 13' 51.452'' and 770 12' 6.187" covering an area of about 554.62 ha coming under Ramathirtha, Handarakim, Bheemanahalli and Rachola .B villages of Sedam taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 37 respondents, 6 (16.22%) were marginal, 24(64.86%) were small and 3 (8.11%) were semi medium and 2 (5.41%) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 88 (54.32%) men and 74 (45.68%) were women.  Majority of the respondents (37.65%) were in the age group of 35-60 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 46.30 per cent illiterates and only 6.17 per cent attained graduation.  About, 86.49 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 5.41 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 62.35 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 83.78 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 89.19 per cent possess TV, 67.57 per cent possess mixer grinder and 100 per cent possess mobile phones.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 27.03 per cent of the households possess plough. Regarding livestock possession by the households, 16.22 per cent possess local cow and 8.11 per cent possess buffalo respectively.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed and women available in the micro watershed was 1.51, hired labour (men) available and hired labour (women) available was 5.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents (53.34 ha), 87.10 per cent of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 12.90 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 2 bore wells among the sampled households. Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 5.41 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Maize, Jowar and Bajra and cropping intensity was recorded as 100 per cent.  The sample households possessed 100 per cent bank account and 29.73 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 86.49 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 60 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 40 per cent from Cooperative bank.  Majority of the respondents (100 %) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose. 2  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Maize, Jowar and Bajra was Rs.18701.03, 10443.37, 16788.45, 20740.57 and 14892.68 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.40, 1: 4.40, 1: 5.10, 1: 1.40 and 1:1.50 respectively.  Further, 27.03 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 75978.38 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 47708.11 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown forest species are 13 neem and 8 banyan trees together in both field and backyard.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 297.30 for land development.  Source of funds raised from own sources for land development was 2.70 per cent.  Regarding marketing channels, 75.68 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 18.92 per cent have sold by Agents/Traders.  Further, 56.76 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (45.95 %) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 94.59 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Firewood connection was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 64.86 per cent of the households and 35.14 per cent households has LPG.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 94.59 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 59.46 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.30 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. Cereals (100%), pulses (100%), oilseeds (89.19%) were adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (97.30%) wild animal menace on farm field (67.57%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (94.59%), inadequacy of irrigation water (89.19%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (94.59%), high rate of interest on credit (94.59%), low price for the agricultural commodities (89.19%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (64.86%), inadequate extension services (21.62%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (75.68%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Ramasamudram-2Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 660 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 410 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 175 ha by rock outcrops and 24 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 8 per cent area is very shallow (150 cm).  About 200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 9 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m), 20 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 15 per cent area is very low (0.75%) area.  38 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus and 32 per area is low (4.5 ppm) in an area of about 55 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 2 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 235 (36) 85 (13) Guava - 45 (7) Maize - 320 (48) Sapota - 45 (7) Bajra - 365 (55) Pomegranate - 280 (42) Groundnut - 90 (14) Musambi 214 (32) 66 (10) Sunflower 169 (26) 66 (10) Lime 214 (32) 66 (10) Redgram - 281(42) Amla 16 (10) 254 (39) Bengal gram 235 (36) 85(13) Cashew - - Cotton 235 (36) 85 (13) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 366 (55) Jamun - 280 (42) Tomato - 242 (37) Custard apple 235 (36) 85 (13) Brinjal 66 (10) 299 (45) Tamarind - 280 (42) Onion 45 (7) 151 (23) Mulberry - - Bhendi 179 (27) 186 (28) Marigold - 366 (55) Drumstick - 281 (42) Chrysanthemum - 366 (55) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. Findings of the socio-economic survey  The survey was conducted in Ramasamudram-2 is located at North latitude 160 48' 11.216" and 160 46' 19.928" and East longitude 770 15' 22.793'' and 770 13' 20.245" covering an area of about 660.07 ha coming under Ramasamudra and Ashinala villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 respondents, - 17 (48.57%) were marginal, 8(22.86%) were small and 3 (8.57%) were semi medium and 2 (5.71%) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 97 (59.15%) men and 67 (40.85%) were women.  Majority of the respondents (48.78%) were in the age group of 35-60 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 54.27 per cent illiterates and only 7.32 per cent attained graduation.  About, 45.71 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 40 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 27.44 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 74.29 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 5.71 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 82.86 per cent possess TV, 42.86 per cent possess mixer grinder and 91.43 per cent possess mobile phones.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 42.86 per cent of the households possess plough and only 2.86 per cent sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households and 8.57 per cent possess buffalo respectively.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.67, women available in the micro watershed was 1.48, hired labour (men) available was 7 and hired labour (women) available was 11.68.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents (33.55 ha), 78.89 per cent of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 21.11 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 8 bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 22.86 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Maize, Jowar and Paddy and cropping intensity was recorded as 98.27 per cent.  The sample households possessed 94.29 per cent bank account and 28.57 per cent of them have savings in the account. 2  About 40 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 26.67 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 80 per cent from Cooperative bank.  Majority of the respondents (94.44 %) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 77.78 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Maize, Jowar and Paddy was Rs.23072.88, 47784.26, 39614.70, 58225.91 and 35410.88 with benefit cost ratio of 1:2.10, 1: 1.10, 1: 1.20, 1: 0.60 and 1:2.01 respectively.  Further, 22.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 8.57 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 76985.71 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 43700 comes from agriculture.  The total number of horticultural trees grown (both field and backyard) by the sampled households were coconut and Mango (6) trees in the fields and forest species arwe grown 8 teak trees, 36 neem trees, 2 tamarind trees together in both field and backyard.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 6171.43 for land development, Rs. 142.86 for creation of irrigation facility, Rs.3028.57 for adoption of improved crop production and Rs.200 adoption of improved livestock management.  Source of funds raised from own sources for land development was 60 per cent, for irrigation facility was 2.86 per cent, for improved crop production was 48.57 per cent and for improved livestock adoption was 5.71 per cent.  Regarding marketing channels, 20 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 77.14 per cent have sold by Agents/Traders.  Further, 68.57 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (85.71 %) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 80 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Firewood connection was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 77.14 per cent of the households and 37.14 per cent households has LPG.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.14 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 60 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. 3  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. Cereals (85.71%), pulses (82.86%), oilseeds (48.57%) were adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (85.71%) wild animal menace on farm field (85.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (82.86%), inadequacy of irrigation water (74.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (85.71%), high rate of interest on credit (85.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (85.71%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (68.57%), inadequate extension services (68.57%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market(82.86%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

The article reveals the results of the analysis of theoretical and methodological aspects of the formation of a modern management system for sources of financial resources of enterprises taking into account the features of the functioning of the domestic economy. It is noted that the creation of an effective system for managing the formation and use of financial resources of an enterprise requires the identification of both the financial resources themselves and the sources of their formation. It is disclosed that for identification and effective management it is important to classify sources of financing. The requirements for classification based on quantitative and qualitative characteristics are clarified. The main groups of classification of sources of formation of financial resources and the scope of their application are determined. The importance of estimating the cost of funding sources on the basis of the theory of structure and cost of capital is argued.It is open that the practical aspect of the theory of structure and cost of capital in the context of managing the sources of financial resources of enterprises is that its methodological and methodological apparatus is used to solve the problem of optimization (rationalization) of sources of financing and determining their prices, which is used in the models of compounding and discounting.The expediency of determining the price of sources of financial resources based on the cumulative method is substantiated.Established distinction feasibility planning and policy papers on financial budgets and operational plans, allowing you to clearly identify analytical tools for the financial planning capabilities, to establish the relationship between different types of documents, coordinate and harmonize the sequence of predictive calculations. Reveals the need to develop local regulations governing the budget process, determine the sequence of stages, time and resource constraints related to the implementation of budgetary procedures. Key words: financial resources, sources of financing, classification, cost (cost) of sources, estimation methods, structure optimization, cumulative method. REFERENCES1. Blank, I.A. (2011). Upravlenie finansovyimi resursami [Management of financial resources]. Moskva: «Omega-L»: OOO «Elga».2. Hudz, O.Ye. (2007) Finansovi resursy silskohospodarskykh pidpryiemstv [Financial resources of agricultural enterprises]. Kyiv: NNTs IAE.3. Demianenko, M.Ya., Zuieva, O.I. (2010). Finansovi resursy silskohospodarskykh pidpryiemstv Ukrainy: teoriia i praktyka [Financial Resources of Ukrainian Agricultural Enterprises: Theory and Practice]. Kyiv: NNTs IAE.4. Yefremova, N. (2013). Dzherela formuvannia finansovykh resursiv pidpryiemstva: yikh sklad ta optymizatsiia struktury. 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(2004)/ Povedencheskie korporativnyie finansyi i dividendnaya politika firmyi [Behavioral corporate finance and dividend policy of the firm]. Retrieved from http://www.cfin.ru/investor/ ao/corporate_finance.shtml.15. Blank, I. A. (1999). Osnovyi finansovogo menedzhmenta [Fundamentals of financial management]. Kyiv: Nika-Tsentr.16. Kolesnikova, V. M. (2001). Teoreticheskie aspektyi finansovyih resursov predpriyatiya [Theoretical aspects of financial resources of an enterprise]. Visnyk KhDEU. (4(20)), 69-71.17. Koh R. Menedzhment i finansyi ot A do Ya [Management and finance from A to Z]. Sankt- Peterburg: Piter.18. Savchuk, V. P., Prilipko, S. I., Velichko, E. (1999). G. Analiz i razrabotka investitsionnyih proektov [Analysis and development of investment projects]. Kyiv: Absolyut-V, Elga. ; В статье раскрыто результаты проведенного анализа теоретических и методических аспектов формирования современной системы управления источниками формирования финансовых ресурсов предприятий с учетом особенностей функционирования отечественной экономики. Отмечено, что создание эффективной системы управления формированием и использованием финансовых ресурсов предприятия требует идентификации как самих финансовых ресурсов, так и источников их формирования. Установлено, что для идентификации и эффективного управления важно осуществить классификацию источников финансирования. Определены требования к классификации на основе количественных и качественных признаков. Определены основные группы классификации источников формирования финансовых ресурсов и область их применения. Аргументирована важность оценки стоимости источников финансирования на основе теория структуры и стоимости капитала. Раскрыта целесообразность определения цены источников финансовых ресурсов на основе кумулятивного метода. Ключевые слова: финансовые ресурсы, источники финансирования, классификация, стоимость (цена) источников, методы оценки, оптимизация структуры, кумулятивный метод. Список использованной литературы1. Бланк И.А. Управления финансовыми ресурсами / Под ред. И.А. Бланка. Москва: Издательство «Омега-Л»: ООО «Эльга», 2011.768 с.2. Гудзь О.Є. Фінансові ресурси сільськогосподарських підприємств: монографія. Київ: ННЦ ІАЕ, 2007. 578 с.3. Дем'яненко М.Я. Фінансові ресурси сільськогосподарських підприємств України: теорія і практика: монографія / Под ред. М.Я. Дем'яненко, О.І. Зуєва. Київ: ННЦ ІАЕ, 2010. 190 с.4. Єфремова Н. Джерела формування фінансових ресурсів підприємства: їх склад та оптимізація структури. Ефективна економіка. 2013. № 3. С. 53 –61.5. Зеліско І. М. Управління фінансовими ресурсами аграрно-промислових компаній: монографія. Київ: ЦП «КОМПРИНТ», 2014. 420 с.6. Лапа А. Є. Фінансові ресурси підприємства та їх оптимізація. Молодіжний науковий вісник УАБС НБУ. – Серія: Економічні науки. 2013. № 4. С. 289 –297.7. Малій О. Г. Фінансові ресурси підприємств та джерела їх формування: теоретичні аспекти.Актуальні проблеми інноваційної економіки. 2016. № 2. С.71 –74.8. Мельник. О. Особливості функціонування фінансових ресурсів в системі управління підприємством. Галицький економічний вісник. 2012. № 3 (36). С.108 –116.9. Великий тлумачний словник сучасної української мови (з дод. і допов.) / Уклад. і голов. ред. В.Т.Бусел. Київ; Ірпінь: ВТФ «Перун», 2005. 1728 с.10. Ресурсы. Глоссарий.ru. URL: http://www.glossary.ru/cgi- bin/gl_find.cgi?ph=%F0%E5%F1%F3%F0%F1%FB&action.x=0&action.y=011. Спицнадель В. Н. Основы системного анализа: учебное пособие. / Под ред. В. Н. Спицнадель. Санкт-Петербург: Бизнес-пресса, 2000. 326 с.12. Финансы, денежное обращение и кредит: учебник: краткий курс / Под ред. Н. Ф. Самсонова. Москва: ИНФРА-М, 2003. 302 с.13. Никонова И. А. Финансирование бизнеса. Москва: Альпина Паблишер, 2003. 197 с.14. Лукашов А. В. Поведенческие корпоративные финансы и дивидендная политика фирмы. Управление корпоративными финансами. 2004. № 3. URL:http://www.cfin.ru/investor/ ao/corporate_finance.shtml.15. Бланк И. А. Основы финансового менеджмента / И. А. Бланк. – Киев: Ника-Центр, 1999. Т. 2. 512 с.16. Колесникова В. М. Теоретические аспекты финансовых ресурсов предприятия Вісник ХДЕУ. 2001. № 4 (20). С. 69–71.17. Кох Р. Менеджмент и финансы от А до Я / Под ред. Р. Кох. – Санкт-Петербург: Питер, 1999. 496 с.18. Савчук В. П. Анализ и разработка инвестиционных проектов : учебное пособие / Под ред. Савчук В. П., Прилипко С. И., Величко Е. Г. Киев: Абсолют-В, Эльга, 1999. 304 с. ; У статті висвітлено результати проведеного аналізу теоретичних та методичних аспектів формування сучасної системи управління джерелами формування фінансових ресурсів підприємств з урахуванням особливостей функціонування вітчизняної економіки. Означено, що створення ефективної системи управління формуванням та використанням фінансових ресурсів підприємства потребує ідентифікації як самих фінансових ресурсів, так і джерел їх формування. Встановлено, що для ідентифікації та ефективного управління важливо здійснити класифікацію джерел фінансування. Визначено вимоги до класифікації на основі кількісних та якісних ознак. Визначено основні групи класифікації джерел формування фінансових ресурсів та сферу їх застосування. Аргументовано важливість оцінки вартості джерел фінансування на основі теорія структури та вартості капіталу. Розкрито доцільність визначення ціни джерел фінансових ресурсів на основі кумулятивного методу. Ключові слова: фінансові ресурси, джерела фінансування, класифікація, вартість (ціна) джерела методи оцінки, оптимізація структури, кумулятивний метод. Список використаної літератури1. Бланк И.А. Управления финансовыми ресурсами / Под ред. И.А. Бланка. Москва: Издательство «Омега-Л»: ООО «Эльга», 2011.768 с.2. Гудзь О.Є. Фінансові ресурси сільськогосподарських підприємств: монографія. Київ: ННЦ ІАЕ, 2007. 578 с.3. Дем'яненко М.Я. Фінансові ресурси сільськогосподарських підприємств України: теорія і практика: монографія / Под ред. М.Я. Дем'яненко, О.І. Зуєва. Київ: ННЦ ІАЕ, 2010. 190 с.4. Єфремова Н. Джерела формування фінансових ресурсів підприємства: їх склад та оптимізація структури. Ефективна економіка. 2013. № 3. С. 53 –61.5. Зеліско І. М. Управління фінансовими ресурсами аграрно-промислових компаній: монографія. Київ: ЦП «КОМПРИНТ», 2014. 420 с.6. Лапа А. Є. Фінансові ресурси підприємства та їх оптимізація. Молодіжний науковий вісник УАБС НБУ. – Серія: Економічні науки. 2013. № 4. С. 289 –297.7. Малій О. Г. Фінансові ресурси підприємств та джерела їх формування: теоретичні аспекти.Актуальні проблеми інноваційної економіки. 2016. № 2. С.71 –74.8. Мельник. О. Особливості функціонування фінансових ресурсів в системі управління підприємством. Галицький економічний вісник. 2012. № 3 (36). С.108 –116.9. Великий тлумачний словник сучасної української мови (з дод. і допов.) / Уклад. і голов. ред. В.Т.Бусел. Київ; Ірпінь: ВТФ «Перун», 2005. 1728 с.10. Ресурсы. Глоссарий.ru. URL: http://www.glossary.ru/cgi- bin/gl_find.cgi?ph=%F0%E5%F1%F3%F0%F1%FB&action.x=0&action.y=011. Спицнадель В. Н. Основы системного анализа: учебное пособие. / Под ред. В. Н. Спицнадель. Санкт-Петербург: Бизнес-пресса, 2000. 326 с.12. Финансы, денежное обращение и кредит: учебник: краткий курс / Под ред. Н. Ф. Самсонова. Москва: ИНФРА-М, 2003. 302 с.13. Никонова И. А. Финансирование бизнеса. Москва: Альпина Паблишер, 2003. 197 с.14. Лукашов А. В. Поведенческие корпоративные финансы и дивидендная политика фирмы. Управление корпоративными финансами. 2004. № 3. URL:http://www.cfin.ru/investor/ ao/corporate_finance.shtml.15. Бланк И. А. Основы финансового менеджмента / И. А. Бланк. – Киев: Ника-Центр, 1999. Т. 2. 512 с.16. Колесникова В. М. Теоретические аспекты финансовых ресурсов предприятия Вісник ХДЕУ. 2001. № 4 (20). С. 69–71.17. Кох Р. Менеджмент и финансы от А до Я / Под ред. Р. Кох. – Санкт-Петербург: Питер, 1999. 496 с.18. Савчук В. П. Анализ и разработка инвестиционных проектов : учебное пособие / Под ред. Савчук В. П., Прилипко С. И., Величко Е. Г. Киев: Абсолют-В, Эльга, 1999. 304 с.