La epidemia provocada por el coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 sin duda ha planteado desafíos tanto para nuestros gobiernos al tratar de enfrentar la pandemia, como para los habitantes de las ciudades en América Latina para sobrellevar el día a día ante el aislamiento, en algunos casos total. Los espacios públicos han sido abandonados, tachados de ser sitios de posible transmisión y cambiados por espacios privados, la vivienda, que en muchos casos no posee las condiciones adecuadas ante el confinamiento. Las ciudades son mayoritariamente, los lugares en que los seres humanos han desarrollado su vida, pero quizá su futuro esté también determinado por la pandemia, deberán de innovar y cambiar en consecuencia y el Urbanismo y la Arquitectura deberán de proveer esas soluciones en los meses por venir. Este texto hace pues una breve reflexión sobre la realidad de nuestras ciudades a partir de la pandemia y sobre su futuro ante este nuevo escenario. ; The epidemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus has undoubtedly created challenges both for our governments in trying to cope with the pandemic, and for the city dwellers in Latin America to cope day-to-day with isolation, in some cases total quarantine. Public spaces have been abandoned, branded as possible transmission sites and changed for private spaces, the houses, which in many cases do not have adequate conditions for confinement. The cities are by far, the places where human beings have developed their lives, but perhaps their future is also determined by the pandemic, they must then innovate and change accordingly and Urbanism and Architecture must provide those solutions in the months to come. Therefore, this work makes a brief reflection on the reality of our cities since the pandemic and on their future in this new scenario. ; A epidemia causada pelo coronavírus SARSCoV-2, sem dúvida, colocou desafios tanto para os nossos governos na tentativa de lidar com a pandemia, quanto para os moradores das cidades da América Latina para lidar com o dia-a-dia com o isolamento, em alguns casos total. Os espaços públicos foram abandonados, marcados como locais de transmissão e alterados para espaços privados, moradias, que em muitos casos não possuem as condições adequadas para o confinamento. As cidades são, na maioria das vezes, os lugares onde os seres humanos desenvolveram suas vidas, mas talvez seu futuro também seja determinado pela pandemia, eles devem innovar e mudar de acordo e o Urbanismo e Arquitetura devem fornecer essas soluções nos meses seguintes. Este texto, portanto, faz uma breve reflexão sobre a realidade de nossas ciudades após a pandemia e sobre seu futuro neste novo cenário.
La epidemia provocada por el coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 sin duda ha planteado desafíos tanto para nuestros gobiernos al tratar de enfrentar la pandemia, como para los habitantes de las ciudades en América Latina para sobrellevar el día a día ante el aislamiento, en algunos casos total. Los espacios públicos han sido abandonados, tachados de ser sitios de posible transmisión y cambiados por espacios privados, la vivienda, que en muchos casos no posee las condiciones adecuadas ante el confinamiento. Las ciudades son mayoritariamente, los lugares en que los seres humanos han desarrollado su vida, pero quizá su futuro esté también determinado por la pandemia, deberán de innovar y cambiar en consecuencia y el Urbanismo y la Arquitectura deberán de proveer esas soluciones en los meses por venir. Este texto hace pues una breve reflexión sobre la realidad de nuestras ciudades a partir de la pandemia y sobre su futuro ante este nuevo escenario. ; The epidemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus has undoubtedly created challenges both for our governments in trying to cope with the pandemic, and for the city dwellers in Latin America to cope day-to-day with isolation, in some cases total quarantine. Public spaces have been abandoned, branded as possible transmission sites and changed for private spaces, the houses, which in many cases do not have adequate conditions for confinement. The cities are by far, the places where human beings have developed their lives, but perhaps their future is also determined by the pandemic, they must then innovate and change accordingly and Urbanism and Architecture must provide those solutions in the months to come. Therefore, this work makes a brief reflection on the reality of our cities since the pandemic and on their future in this new scenario. ; A epidemia causada pelo coronavírus SARSCoV-2, sem dúvida, colocou desafios tanto para os nossos governos na tentativa de lidar com a pandemia, quanto para os moradores das cidades da América Latina para lidar com o dia-a-dia com o isolamento, em alguns casos total. Os espaços públicos foram abandonados, marcados como locais de transmissão e alterados para espaços privados, moradias, que em muitos casos não possuem as condições adequadas para o confinamento. As cidades são, na maioria das vezes, os lugares onde os seres humanos desenvolveram suas vidas, mas talvez seu futuro também seja determinado pela pandemia, eles devem innovar e mudar de acordo e o Urbanismo e Arquitetura devem fornecer essas soluções nos meses seguintes. Este texto, portanto, faz uma breve reflexão sobre a realidade de nossas ciudades após a pandemia e sobre seu futuro neste novo cenário.
У статті схарактеризовано розвиток творчого потенціалу талановитої молоді на прикладі роботи Благодійного культурно-мистецького фонду «Перспектива», основними напрямами діяльності якого є: підвищення якості освіти засобом розвитку неформальної освіти; організація і проведення навчальних молодіжних форумів та просвітницьких проектів; підтримка талановитої молоді та молодіжних ініціатив; сфера екології; соціальна сфера; пропаганда здорового способу життя. ; The article describes the development of creative potential of talented youth on the example of the work of the Charitable cultural and artistic foundation «Perspective», the main directions of which are: improving the quality of education as a means of developing non-formal education; organization and conducting of educational youth forums and educational projects; support for talented youth and youth initiatives; sphere of ecology; social sphere; promotion of a healthy lifestyle. The author has proved that today young people are not sufficiently understood in the traditional sense, only as a future state. It needs to be evaluated as an organic part of modern society, which has a special, indispensable role for other social groups as a function of responsibility for the preservation and development of our city, country, for the continuity of our history and culture. Youth have their special functions in society, which are not replaced and not implemented by any other socio-demographic group. In the article, the author emphasizes that the Charitable cultural and artistic foundation «Perspektiva» was founded on March 28, 2016, on the initiative of AO Strizhakov. The Foundation's main objective is to carry out charitable activities in the following areas: education; Urbanism; support for youth initiatives; culture and art, cultural heritage protection; human and civil rights and fundamental freedoms; development of territorial communities; development of international cooperation of Ukraine; assistance in the implementation of state, regional, local and international programs aimed at improving the socio-economic situation in Ukraine. The priority should be the development of a young person as a person and the formation of conditions for its self-realization. Investing in talented youth is not only the initiation of youth projects, but also a fundamentally new understanding of the place in society, providing young people with resources, conditions and opportunities for self-expression. This is the provision of the realization of creative, intellectual, physical potential, active involvement in the life of society, the possibility of development in the economic, political, spiritual, social spheres. ; В статье схарактеризовано развитие творческого потенциала талантливой молодежи на примере работы Благотворительного культурно-образовательного фонда «Перспектива», основными направлениями деяльности которого являются: повышение качества образования посредством развития неформального образования; организация и проведение учебных молодежных форумов и образовательных проэктов; поддержка талантливой молодежи и молодежных инициатив;сфера экологии; социальная сфера; пропаганда здорового образа жизни.
Territorial (local and regional) identities and processes which are contributed to their decline require interdisciplinary research. The city becomes one of the main specific and autonomous objects of social and humanities knowledge, such as sociology, urbanism, economics, political science, demography, cultural studies, cultural anthropology, cultural geography. It becomes also a certain socio-cultural «knot», and it is not only methodological, but also the historical origin of the coordinates in the social space. Style is a form of presentation of the identity of any real social community. Unfortunately, there are no good researchings concerning the territorial identity of Odessits. Among the most important principles that caused the decline of territorial identities, researchers call the rapid urbanization and industrialization and imperfect policies for the formation of national identity. Thanks to the accelerated urbanization, the city of the Soviet period created the type of «first-generation city dweller», which has not lost contact with the peasant subculture and psychology. They come into conflict with the meanings and behavior patterns that shapes the information society and imposes the commercialized mass culture. As a result, certain socio-cultural differences are fixed. The key problem is the comprehension of its own history, a political consensus around the assessment of its turning events. During the years of Ukraine's independence, it was in the symbolic space of Odessa city and a new Odessa identity was made by the most active attempts of regional authorities. The program of positioning of Odessa as the center of development of transport, trade and tourist spheres, IT-technologies, as well as safe and reliable investment process «Odessa 5T» is accepted. The mechanisms for implementation of projects related to culture, branding and rebranding of Odessa is becoming urgent. Positive Odessa identity can not be associated with only one epoch or one symbol, it requires expression, incarnation in the system of recognizable characters, signs, attributes, gestures, and in a natural way should absorb the most significant symbols and images of all epochs. ; В статье актуализируются проблемы городской идентичности в междисциплинарных исследованиях города, одним из направлений которого становится внимание к определенному локальному пространству и идентичности. Целью данной статьи является попытка раскрыть некоторые аспекты антропологии городского пространства и идентичности на примере Одессы. Положительная одесская идентичность не может ассоциироваться исключительно с какой-то одной эпохой или одним мифом, символом, с жесткой национальной идентичности. ; У статті актуалізуються проблеми міської ідентичності у міждисциплінарних дослідженнях міста, одним з напрямків якого стає увага до певного локального простору та ідентичності. Метою даної статті є спроба розкрити певні аспекти антропології міського простору та ідентичності на прикладі Одеси. Позитивна одеська ідентичність не може асоціюватися виключно з якоюсь однією епохою або одним мифом, символом, з жорсткою національною ідентичностю.
Territorial (local and regional) identities and processes which are contributed to their decline require interdisciplinary research. The city becomes one of the main specific and autonomous objects of social and humanities knowledge, such as sociology, urbanism, economics, political science, demography, cultural studies, cultural anthropology, cultural geography. It becomes also a certain socio-cultural «knot», and it is not only methodological, but also the historical origin of the coordinates in the social space. Style is a form of presentation of the identity of any real social community. Unfortunately, there are no good researchings concerning the territorial identity of Odessits. Among the most important principles that caused the decline of territorial identities, researchers call the rapid urbanization and industrialization and imperfect policies for the formation of national identity. Thanks to the accelerated urbanization, the city of the Soviet period created the type of «first-generation city dweller», which has not lost contact with the peasant subculture and psychology. They come into conflict with the meanings and behavior patterns that shapes the information society and imposes the commercialized mass culture. As a result, certain socio-cultural differences are fixed. The key problem is the comprehension of its own history, a political consensus around the assessment of its turning events. During the years of Ukraine's independence, it was in the symbolic space of Odessa city and a new Odessa identity was made by the most active attempts of regional authorities. The program of positioning of Odessa as the center of development of transport, trade and tourist spheres, IT-technologies, as well as safe and reliable investment process «Odessa 5T» is accepted. The mechanisms for implementation of projects related to culture, branding and rebranding of Odessa is becoming urgent. Positive Odessa identity can not be associated with only one epoch or one symbol, it requires expression, incarnation in the system of recognizable characters, signs, attributes, gestures, and in a natural way should absorb the most significant symbols and images of all epochs. ; В статье актуализируются проблемы городской идентичности в междисциплинарных исследованиях города, одним из направлений которого становится внимание к определенному локальному пространству и идентичности. Целью данной статьи является попытка раскрыть некоторые аспекты антропологии городского пространства и идентичности на примере Одессы. Положительная одесская идентичность не может ассоциироваться исключительно с какой-то одной эпохой или одним мифом, символом, с жесткой национальной идентичности. ; У статті актуалізуються проблеми міської ідентичності у міждисциплінарних дослідженнях міста, одним з напрямків якого стає увага до певного локального простору та ідентичності. Метою даної статті є спроба розкрити певні аспекти антропології міського простору та ідентичності на прикладі Одеси. Позитивна одеська ідентичність не може асоціюватися виключно з якоюсь однією епохою або одним мифом, символом, з жорсткою національною ідентичностю.
AbstractOn 1 December 2006, the Governor of St. Petersburg, Russia, announced the winning entry in a design competition to design a skyscraper headquarters for the Gazprom‐Neft corporation. The chosen site lies directly across the Neva River from a popular historical tourist site, Smolny Cathedral, and the building's high modernist style in steel and glass promises a departure from St. Petersburg's historical style. However, the building's proposed height of 396 meters poses the greatest threat to local notions of architectural and planning tradition, which favors a low horizontal skyline. Widespread loyalty to that tradition focused attention on the project's contradiction of the existing Height Regulation, which galvanized the protest activity of several disparate groups throughout 2007 and 2008. Evidence gathered in examination of media coverage, participant observation and interviews among protest groups, as well as city planners and architects, suggests that protest against the project connects directly to the struggle to codify the Height Regulation. Drawing on the moral authority of the historical built environment, protest groups develop a thorough knowledge of drafted legislation and attempt to shame officials who disregard existing codes. Residents thereby enact their 'right to the city', as well as new possibilities for Russian polity and identity.RésuméLe 1erdécembre 2006, la gouverneur de Saint‐Pétersbourg annonçait le gagnant du concours qui portait sur la création d'un gratte‐ciel abritant le siège de la société russe Gazprom Neft. Il s'élèvera sur la rive de la Neva, en face d'un site touristique historique très fréquenté, la cathédrale Smolny, et l'ultra‐modernisme du bâtiment d'acier et de verre promet une rupture avec le style historique de la ville. Néanmoins, c'est la hauteur prévue de la tour, 396 mètres, qui défie directement les principes traditionnels locaux en architecture et urbanisme, lesquels privilégient un profil urbain horizontal de faible hauteur. Un attachement généraliséà cette tradition a focalisé l'attention sur le projet qui contrevient à la réglementation existante sur la hauteur, galvanisant les oppositions de plusieurs groupes disparates en 2007 et 2008. Les indices collectés en analysant la couverture médiatique, en observant les protagonistes et en interrogeant les groupes protestataires, ainsi que des urbanistes et architectes, suggèrent que l'opposition au projet est clairement liée à la lutte visant à codifier la Réglementation sur la hauteur des bâtiments. S'appuyant sur l'autorité morale de l'environnement historique construit, les groupes protestataires mettent au point une connaissance parfaite de la législation en projet et tentent de faire honte aux intervenants officiels qui passent outre aux codes en vigueur. Les résidents mettent ainsi en oeuvre leur 'droit à la ville', ouvrant de nouvelles possibilités pour l'identité et l'action publique russe.
La cuestión de la dispersión urbana constituye hoy un tema de investigación alrededor del cual se ha ido concentrando el interés disciplinar y político-institucional.Tal interés encuentra su respuesta en datos estadísticos (EEA, 2006) que confirman que: el 75% de la población europea vive en áreas urbanas; más de un cuarto del territorio europeo resulta urbanizado, y según las estimaciones en 2020 aproximadamente cerca del 80% de los europeos vivirá en áreas urbanas.Es un campo de la investigación todavía abierto y sobre el cual este trabajo de tesis ha querido reflexionar, siendo consciente que en urbanismo el conocimiento es una acción cognitiva y, al mismo tiempo, proyectual. Por lo tanto la investigación afronta el tema de las urbanizaciones dispersas de ámbito metropolitano pretendiendo dar respuesta a las siguientes preguntas: ¿qué es la dispersión de asentamientos? Y, sobre todo, ¿qué produce en términos territoriales? ¿es una nueva periferia o simplemente se trata de urbanizaciones que resultan de una praxis urbanística que se ha limitado, en el mejor de los casos, a ser una regulación del derecho de edificación? Y además ¿A través de qué instrumentos y estrategias de acción se pueden dar respuestas concretas al tratamiento de la dispersión de asentamientos en el contexto metropolitano?Abstract:Urban sprawl has become, today, the topic theme of the speech for anyone who wants to debate the problem of urban growth; a problem on which disciplinary, political and institutional interest has been concerning for long. This interest mostly corresponds with the statistics (EEA, 2006) which confirm that: 75 percent of European people live in urban areas; more than a quarter of European territory is urbanized and, responding to many realistic valutations, in 2020 approximately 80 percent of European people will be living in urban areas. It's a long, still open range of investigation where this tesis has been placed on, purely occurring in response to the consciousness that knowledge, in urbanism, is a planning and cognitive action at the same time. Therefore, the research deals with the "sprawl problems" within a metropolitan urban ambit, giving answer all the following questions: What is sprawl settlement and, above all, how does it deal with territorial ambit? Is it to consider as a new periphery, or, merely, as a sort of urbanization plan resulting from a limited urbanistic praxis turned to be a pure, building license regularization? Moreover, what kind of instruments and action strategies should have to be provided in order to really answer all the questions about settlement sprawl using within the metropolitan context?
"Interchange station", which is at the city/transportation interface, has emerged in recent years as a central theme in research concerning relationship between transportation networks and urban territories. This research shall analyze the importance of interchange station for the new cooperation between municipalities which were recently created in France ; particularly the « communautés d'agglomération », massively built up following the French "Chevènement" law (1999). Answering this problem, we will examine on a national scale the way the inter-municipal authorities "think about" interchange station through map representation of transportation networks and urban travel plans. In addition to this panorama, we will conduct a complementary detailed study of the organisational layout of interchange station in two urban regions, Saint-Étienne and Valenciennes. This research demonstrates the possibility to emphasize the role of interchange station in the setting of agglomeration identity. These nodes represent political power matter while constituting places of uncertainty for local public action. The analysis also points the intercommunality difficulties in the projects which exceed the strict framework of its competences and its perimeter. So the interchange station can hardly be considered in France institutional context as a real interface between urbanism and public transport. ; L'objet « pôle d'échanges », à l'interface de la ville et des transports, émerge depuis quelques années comme un thème central des recherches sur les relations entre réseaux et territoires. Cette thèse analyse, à partir de l'évolution institutionnelle récente, l'enjeu que représentent les pôles d'échanges pour les nouvelles structures de coopération intercommunale, notamment les communautés d'agglomération devenues la principale forme d'Autorité Organisatrice des Transports Urbains (AOTU) depuis la loi Chevènement (1999). Pour répondre à la problématique qui considère les pôles d'échanges comme des « lieux institutionnels originaux », un panorama à l'échelle nationale est d'abord réalisé. Celui-ci examine la manière dont l'autorité intercommunale « pense » les pôles d'échanges à travers les « représentations » associées au dessin du réseau (sur le plan de transport urbain) et au dessein de l'Autorité Organisatrice des Transports Urbains (dans le Plan de Déplacements Urbains). Le panorama est complété par un regard croisé des enjeux liés à l'aménagement des pôles d'échanges dans la région stéphanoise et dans l'arrondissement de Valenciennes. Cette recherche a notamment permis de mettre en valeur le rôle des pôles d'échanges dans l'affirmation d'une identité d'agglomération. Ces nœuds s'affirment comme des objets de pouvoir tout en constituant des lieux d'incertitude et de tâtonnement de l'action publique locale. L'analyse a également pointé les difficultés de l'intercommunalité sur les projets qui dépassent le strict cadre de ses compétences et de son périmètre. Les pôles d'échanges, tels qu'ils sont pensés et construits en France, peinent à s'affirmer comme des « interfaces » concentrant des enjeux de nature intersectorielle et spatiale.
Objetivo: Estimar el potencial de autogeneración eléctrica fotovoltaica conjuntamente con las implicancias arquitectónicas en contexto patrimonial, en análisis conjunto. Someter a discusión el impacto asociado frente a alcanzar la democratización energética, analizando la aplicación de tecnología típica fotovoltaica con placas de sílice, más eficiente, madura y económica frente a nuevos productos "arquitectónicos" desarrollados para mimetización, menos eficientes, costosos, y que implican eliminar el recubrimiento original auténtico. Metodología: Desde levantamientos geométricos tridimensionales de techumbres, se estima el potencial solar existente respecto a demandas con herramienta BIM. Se prevén márgenes de autogeneración a partir de modelo validado localmente para cálculo de rendimiento fotovoltaico. Con fotomontajes se visualiza el impacto relativo tanto de placas de sílice como de tejas fotovoltaicas desde distintos perspectivas urbanas. Conclusiones: Las placas de sílice cristalino colocados superpuestos en tejados alcanzaría a suplir en exceso la demanda eléctrica, entre cuatro y veinte veces en los casos estudiados. Las tejas fotovoltaicas alcanzarían a cubrir una demanda inferior a la estimada con placas de sílice, aunque también con excedentes sustanciales, entre dos y nueve veces. Desde la perspectiva arquitectónica, se ha demostrado que en perspectiva y a escala urbana, las placas solares no serían perceptibles cuando las edificaciones poseen más de dos plantas, pero, en edificaciones de una planta o desde perspectivas distantes y aéreas el impacto sí es significativo. Desde la perspectiva de calle y por escala urbana, las tejas fotovoltaicas a pesar de haberse creado para mimetización se observa afectación de imagen en edificaciones de una planta. Originalidad: La originalidad de este trabajo radica, adicionalmente a estimar el potencial solar urbano, ampliamente analizado en la literatura, el contraponer esta situación a aspectos de conservación y de autenticidad, respeto a aspectos perceptibles. Estos aspectos no se han analizado conjuntamente hasta donde se pudo revisar en la literatura. ; Objectiu: Estimar el potencial d'autogeneració elèctrica fotovoltaica conjuntament amb les implicacions arquitectòniques en context patrimonial, en anàlisi conjunt. Sotmetre a discussió l'impacte associat front a aconseguir la democratització energètica, analitzant l'aplicació de tecnologia típica fotovoltaica amb plaques de sílice, més eficient, madura i econòmica enfront de nous productes "arquitectònics" desenvolupats per mimetització, menys eficients, costosos, i que impliquen eliminar el recobriment original autèntic. Metodologia: Des aixecaments geomètrics tridimensionals de sostres, s'estima el potencial solar existent respecte a demandes amb eina BIM. Es preveuen marges d'autogeneració a partir de model validat localment per a càlcul de rendiment fotovoltaic. Amb fotomuntatges es visualitza l'impacte relatiu tant de plaques de sílice com de teules fotovoltaiques des de diferents perspectives urbanes. Conclusions: Les plaques de sílice cristal·lí col·locats superposats en teulades arribaria a suplir en excés la demanda elèctrica, entre quatre i vint vegades en els casos estudiats. Les teules fotovoltaiques aconseguirien a cobrir una demanda inferior a l'estimada amb plaques de sílice, tot i que també amb excedents substancials, entre dos i nou vegades. Des de la perspectiva arquitectònica, s'ha demostrat que en perspectiva i a escala urbana, les plaques solars no serien perceptibles quan les edificacions posseeixen més de dues plantes, però, en edificacions d'una planta o des de perspectives distants i aèries l'impacte sí que és significatiu. Des de la perspectiva de carrer i per escala urbana, les teules fotovoltaiques tot i haver-se creat per mimetització s'observa afectació d'imatge en edificacions d'una planta. Originalitat: L'originalitat d'aquest treball rau, addicionalment a estimar el potencial solar urbà, àmpliament analitzat en la literatura, el contraposar aquesta situació a aspectes de conservació i d'autenticitat, respecte a aspectes perceptibles. Aquests aspectes no s'han analitzat conjuntament fins on es va poder revisar en la literatura. ; Objective: To estimate electric self-sufficiency through added or integrated photovoltaics (PV) on roofs jointly with heritage and architectural implications analysis. Discussing the impact associated with achieving energy democratization, observing consequences of typical PV technology with crystalline solar cells products, more efficient, mature and economical, compared to new "architectural" PV products developed for mimicry, less efficient, costly, and involving to remove the authentic original coating tiles. Methodology: Through three-dimensional BIM roof diagrams, the overall solar potential is estimated, and this with respect to own demands. Self-generation margins are projected with locally validated PV production models. Then, through photomontages the relative impact of cristalline PV solar products as well PV tiles, observing the relative impact from different urban perspectives. Conclusions: PV crystalline solar panels superimposed on roofs could reach electrical surpluses, between four and twenty times. PV roof tiles also would cover a very high demand with substantial surpluses, between two and nine times. From an architectural perspective, it has been shown from urban perspectives, crystalline solar panels are not being noticeable when buildings have more than two floors, but in one floor buildings or from distant and aerial perspectives the impact is significant. From street point of view and urban scale, PV roof tiles, despite having been created for mimicry, also have an effect on one floor buildings, especially in near sight view. Originality: The originality of this work lies besides estimating the urban solar potential widely analysed in the literature, to counterpose conservation and authenticity aspects, against renewable energy integration consequences. These aspects have not been analysed jointly in the literature so far we know. ; Peer Reviewed
Objetivo: Estimar el potencial de autogeneración eléctrica fotovoltaica conjuntamente con las implicancias arquitectónicas en contexto patrimonial, en análisis conjunto. Someter a discusión el impacto asociado frente a alcanzar la democratización energética, analizando la aplicación de tecnología típica fotovoltaica con placas de sílice, más eficiente, madura y económica frente a nuevos productos "arquitectónicos" desarrollados para mimetización, menos eficientes, costosos, y que implican eliminar el recubrimiento original auténtico. Metodología: Desde levantamientos geométricos tridimensionales de techumbres, se estima el potencial solar existente respecto a demandas con herramienta BIM. Se prevén márgenes de autogeneración a partir de modelo validado localmente para cálculo de rendimiento fotovoltaico. Con fotomontajes se visualiza el impacto relativo tanto de placas de sílice como de tejas fotovoltaicas desde distintos perspectivas urbanas. Conclusiones: Las placas de sílice cristalino colocados superpuestos en tejados alcanzaría a suplir en exceso la demanda eléctrica, entre cuatro y veinte veces en los casos estudiados. Las tejas fotovoltaicas alcanzarían a cubrir una demanda inferior a la estimada con placas de sílice, aunque también con excedentes sustanciales, entre dos y nueve veces. Desde la perspectiva arquitectónica, se ha demostrado que en perspectiva y a escala urbana, las placas solares no serían perceptibles cuando las edificaciones poseen más de dos plantas, pero, en edificaciones de una planta o desde perspectivas distantes y aéreas el impacto sí es significativo. Desde la perspectiva de calle y por escala urbana, las tejas fotovoltaicas a pesar de haberse creado para mimetización se observa afectación de imagen en edificaciones de una planta. Originalidad: La originalidad de este trabajo radica, adicionalmente a estimar el potencial solar urbano, ampliamente analizado en la literatura, el contraponer esta situación a aspectos de conservación y de autenticidad, respeto a aspectos perceptibles. Estos aspectos no se han analizado conjuntamente hasta donde se pudo revisar en la literatura. ; Objectiu: Estimar el potencial d'autogeneració elèctrica fotovoltaica conjuntament amb les implicacions arquitectòniques en context patrimonial, en anàlisi conjunt. Sotmetre a discussió l'impacte associat front a aconseguir la democratització energètica, analitzant l'aplicació de tecnologia típica fotovoltaica amb plaques de sílice, més eficient, madura i econòmica enfront de nous productes "arquitectònics" desenvolupats per mimetització, menys eficients, costosos, i que impliquen eliminar el recobriment original autèntic. Metodologia: Des aixecaments geomètrics tridimensionals de sostres, s'estima el potencial solar existent respecte a demandes amb eina BIM. Es preveuen marges d'autogeneració a partir de model validat localment per a càlcul de rendiment fotovoltaic. Amb fotomuntatges es visualitza l'impacte relatiu tant de plaques de sílice com de teules fotovoltaiques des de diferents perspectives urbanes. Conclusions: Les plaques de sílice cristal·lí col·locats superposats en teulades arribaria a suplir en excés la demanda elèctrica, entre quatre i vint vegades en els casos estudiats. Les teules fotovoltaiques aconseguirien a cobrir una demanda inferior a l'estimada amb plaques de sílice, tot i que també amb excedents substancials, entre dos i nou vegades. Des de la perspectiva arquitectònica, s'ha demostrat que en perspectiva i a escala urbana, les plaques solars no serien perceptibles quan les edificacions posseeixen més de dues plantes, però, en edificacions d'una planta o des de perspectives distants i aèries l'impacte sí que és significatiu. Des de la perspectiva de carrer i per escala urbana, les teules fotovoltaiques tot i haver-se creat per mimetització s'observa afectació d'imatge en edificacions d'una planta. Originalitat: L'originalitat d'aquest treball rau, addicionalment a estimar el potencial solar urbà, àmpliament analitzat en la literatura, el contraposar aquesta situació a aspectes de conservació i d'autenticitat, respecte a aspectes perceptibles. Aquests aspectes no s'han analitzat conjuntament fins on es va poder revisar en la literatura. ; Objective: To estimate electric self-sufficiency through added or integrated photovoltaics (PV) on roofs jointly with heritage and architectural implications analysis. Discussing the impact associated with achieving energy democratization, observing consequences of typical PV technology with crystalline solar cells products, more efficient, mature and economical, compared to new "architectural" PV products developed for mimicry, less efficient, costly, and involving to remove the authentic original coating tiles. Methodology: Through three-dimensional BIM roof diagrams, the overall solar potential is estimated, and this with respect to own demands. Self-generation margins are projected with locally validated PV production models. Then, through photomontages the relative impact of cristalline PV solar products as well PV tiles, observing the relative impact from different urban perspectives. Conclusions: PV crystalline solar panels superimposed on roofs could reach electrical surpluses, between four and twenty times. PV roof tiles also would cover a very high demand with substantial surpluses, between two and nine times. From an architectural perspective, it has been shown from urban perspectives, crystalline solar panels are not being noticeable when buildings have more than two floors, but in one floor buildings or from distant and aerial perspectives the impact is significant. From street point of view and urban scale, PV roof tiles, despite having been created for mimicry, also have an effect on one floor buildings, especially in near sight view. Originality: The originality of this work lies besides estimating the urban solar potential widely analysed in the literature, to counterpose conservation and authenticity aspects, against renewable energy integration consequences. These aspects have not been analysed jointly in the literature so far we know. ; Peer Reviewed
Version retravaillée du mémoire de soutenance ; Among the studies on urban services in the southern cities, few tackle the subject of gas. And yet, it has become an increasingly necessary domestic energy in these cities. In recent years, Egypt, like several other countries (Tunisia, Algeria, Turkey), has developed a new modern urban service, industrial equipment, a city gas network. This is a major reform which entails replacing a handmade distribution of gas cylinders by this network. Such reforms have radically changed the western cities since the nineteenth century. Thus, through the implementation of this project in Cairo, we study the outlines of change in urban settings, social and political, of a metropolis in urban transition. The crucial point is the social efficiency of the reform, supported by the World Bank, in a fragmented city, characterized by socio-spatial discrimination in access to services. Actually, if this reform strengthens this discrimination, the reason lies neither in the privatization of the service, nor in the model of service organization, but rather in the unchanged outlines of public management, privatized by the regime and characterized by corruption. So, this reform only means a technical modernization of the service. These results are a means to discuss the implications of the development concept in the South, an issue less technical than fundamentally political. ; Parmi les études sur les services urbains dans les villes du Sud, rares sont celles qui s'intéressent au gaz, une énergie domestique pourtant devenue indispensable au quotidien de nombreux citadins. Or, depuis quelques années, l'Égypte, à l'instar de plusieurs autres pays (Tunisie, Algérie, Turquie), a fait le choix de développer un nouveau service urbain moderne, organisé de manière industrielle, un réseau de gaz urbain. Il s'agit d'une réforme majeure du service, le réseau se substituant à un système artisanal de distribution de bouteilles de gaz. De telles réformes ont radicalement transformé les villes occidentales depuis le dix-neuvième siècle. Ainsi, à travers le déploiement de ce projet au Caire, nous étudions les trajectoires d'évolution des configurations urbaines, sociales et politiques, d'une métropole au coeur de la transition urbaine. La question centrale est alors celle de l'efficacité sociale de cette réforme, soutenue par la Banque mondiale, dans une métropole fragmentée, gangrénée par les discriminations socio-spatiales, notamment d'accès aux services. Or, si cette réforme contribue de facto à renforcer ces discriminations, la raison n'est à chercher ni dans la privatisation du service, ni dans sa forme d'organisation, mais bien plutôt dans les termes inchangés d'une gestion publique clientéliste et privatisée par le pouvoir. Cette réforme ne constitue alors qu'une modernisation technique du service. Ces résultats nous permettent alors de revenir sur ce qu'implique le développement dans les pays du Sud, une question moins technique que fondamentalement politique.
Version retravaillée du mémoire de soutenance ; Among the studies on urban services in the southern cities, few tackle the subject of gas. And yet, it has become an increasingly necessary domestic energy in these cities. In recent years, Egypt, like several other countries (Tunisia, Algeria, Turkey), has developed a new modern urban service, industrial equipment, a city gas network. This is a major reform which entails replacing a handmade distribution of gas cylinders by this network. Such reforms have radically changed the western cities since the nineteenth century. Thus, through the implementation of this project in Cairo, we study the outlines of change in urban settings, social and political, of a metropolis in urban transition. The crucial point is the social efficiency of the reform, supported by the World Bank, in a fragmented city, characterized by socio-spatial discrimination in access to services. Actually, if this reform strengthens this discrimination, the reason lies neither in the privatization of the service, nor in the model of service organization, but rather in the unchanged outlines of public management, privatized by the regime and characterized by corruption. So, this reform only means a technical modernization of the service. These results are a means to discuss the implications of the development concept in the South, an issue less technical than fundamentally political. ; Parmi les études sur les services urbains dans les villes du Sud, rares sont celles qui s'intéressent au gaz, une énergie domestique pourtant devenue indispensable au quotidien de nombreux citadins. Or, depuis quelques années, l'Égypte, à l'instar de plusieurs autres pays (Tunisie, Algérie, Turquie), a fait le choix de développer un nouveau service urbain moderne, organisé de manière industrielle, un réseau de gaz urbain. Il s'agit d'une réforme majeure du service, le réseau se substituant à un système artisanal de distribution de bouteilles de gaz. De telles réformes ont radicalement transformé les villes occidentales depuis le dix-neuvième siècle. Ainsi, à travers le déploiement de ce projet au Caire, nous étudions les trajectoires d'évolution des configurations urbaines, sociales et politiques, d'une métropole au coeur de la transition urbaine. La question centrale est alors celle de l'efficacité sociale de cette réforme, soutenue par la Banque mondiale, dans une métropole fragmentée, gangrénée par les discriminations socio-spatiales, notamment d'accès aux services. Or, si cette réforme contribue de facto à renforcer ces discriminations, la raison n'est à chercher ni dans la privatisation du service, ni dans sa forme d'organisation, mais bien plutôt dans les termes inchangés d'une gestion publique clientéliste et privatisée par le pouvoir. Cette réforme ne constitue alors qu'une modernisation technique du service. Ces résultats nous permettent alors de revenir sur ce qu'implique le développement dans les pays du Sud, une question moins technique que fondamentalement politique.
The thesis focuses on the industrialization of housing in France (1885-1970), from the lightweight and removable construction to the heavy construction and architecture. The purpose of this thesis is placed at the interface of four major topics: the existence of industrialization before the World War II, the technical policy of the Ministry of Reconstruction and Urbanism (MRU), projects after the Second World War that applied the methods of industrialization imposed by the State, and the principles of the Charter of Athens. The study period extends from 1885, the first witness of European industrialization of the building, to 1970ties of questioning of this type of construction. The industrialization of the building has very old roots; it grows primarily in the military, for the needs of the colonial conquest, campaigns, wars, which inflamed the Europe. The beach cabin or the shack resort, the canvas tent, canopy of market, are as much constructive figures which are proliferating at the end of the nineteenth century. Especially, the colonial expeditions conducted drums requiring speed, security, capacity: the shack is the industrial solution. Industrialization continues to be not light anymore but heavy. It is the main route for the State because it decreases the cost price of the construction, reduces the interventions and improves the comfort of the housing. From 1945, the French State newly invests in the most stricken, encourages innovation based on the employment of materials and techniques in establishing the technical approval of the "new materials and non-traditional methods of construction". In the first part of this research, i have tried to show that there is an industrialization of the building before the Second World War. Industrialization occupied "brutally" lightweight construction in the 1890s. The shack removable and transportable, military becomes the object of competitions, confrontations, of interest of warriors in Western Europe. Dozens of models are prefabricated and really mounted in the fields of battles or in anticipation of territorial conquest. In a second time i have chosen to continue the story in the heavy construction in the after war, specifically the construction of the housing. Therefore i chose to study two outstanding projects of the period just after the Second World War. First is the project of Noisy-le-Sec, through which the state tried to test the processes and new materials to use fewer the raw materials and energy, to simplify the implementation, to raise awareness of these innovations to advance technology and contribute to the improvement of the habitat (interior comfort and equipment). To do this, it imported new processes and imposed changes in pace and scale. Second is the project of Grandes Terres: The site of the project of Grandes Terres could be considered as the first masterpiece of heavy housing prefabrication. In addition the project of Grandes Terres affirms a new way of thinking about the city and its report to the habitat, it is one of the successful applications of the Charter of Athens, bible of the urbanism of Lods, and a reference for the urban development's decades 60 and 70. Finally, to develop this academic research I have taken the party "chronologically":1885-1940 "the lightweight construction and demountable", 1940-1970, "the heavy prefabrication and Unremovable", 1945-1953 "the city of experience of Noisy-le-sec", 1952-1956, "the completed model which is the most successful of major operations, the project of Grandes Terres". ; La thèse porte sur l'industrialisation du logement en France (1885-1970), de la construction légère et démontable à la construction lourde et architecturale. L'objet de cette thèse se place à l'interface de quatre grands sujets : l'existence de l'industrialisation avant la seconde guerre mondiale, la politique technique du ministère de la Reconstruction et de l'Urbanisme (MRU), les projets réalisés après la seconde guerre mondiale dont on applique les méthodes d'industrialisation imposées par l'Etat, et les principes de la charte d'Athènes. La période d'étude s'étend de 1885, premier témoin européen de l'industrialisation du bâtiment, à 1970 année de remise en cause de ce type de construction. l'industrialisation du bâtiment a des racines très anciennes, elle croît d'abord parmi les militaires, pour les besoins de la conquête coloniale, des campagnes, des guerres qui enflamment l'Europe. La cabane de plage ou la baraque de villégiature, la tente de toile, l'auvent de marché, sont autant de figures constructives qui prolifèrent en fin du XIXe siècle. Surtout, les expéditions coloniales menées tambours battants exigent rapidité, sécurité, capacité : la baraque est la solution industrielle. L'industrialisation se poursuit, non plus légère mais lourde. Elle est pour l'Etat la principale voie car elle diminue le prix de revient de la construction, réduit les interventions et améliore le confort des logements. A partir de 1945, l'Etat français nouveau investit dans la partie la plus sinistrée, encourage les innovations basées sur l'emploi de matériaux et de techniques en instituant l'agrément technique des « matériaux nouveaux et des procédés non traditionnels de construction ». Dans la première partie de cette recherche, nous avons essayé de montrer qu'il y a bien une industrialisation du bâtiment avant la seconde guerre mondiale. L'industrialisation occupe « brutalement » la construction légère dans les années 1890. La baraque démontable et transportable, militaire, ambulante devient l'objet de compétitions, de confrontations, d'intérêts guerriers en Europe de l'ouest. Des dizaines de modèles sont préfabriqués et montés en arrière des champs de batailles ou en prévision des conquêtes territoriales. Dans un second temps nous avons choisi de continuer l'histoire de la construction lourde dans l'après guerre, spécifiquement la construction du logement. Par conséquent nous avons choisi d'étudier deux projets remarquables de la période juste après la seconde guerre mondiale. 1- Le projet de la cité expérimentale de Noisy-le-Sec : au travers de ce projet l'Etat a essayé de tester les procédés et matériaux nouveaux permettant d'utiliser moins de matières premières et d'énergie, de simplifier la mise en œuvre, de faire connaître ces nouveautés pour faire de la technique une technologie et contribuer à l'amélioration de l'habitat (confort intérieur, équipement). Pour ce faire, il importe des procédés et impose des changements de rythme et d'échelle. 2- le projet des Grands Terres : Le chantier des Grands Terres doit être considéré comme le premier chef d'œuvre de préfabrication lourde de logements. Ce projet affirme aussi une nouvelle façon de penser la ville et son rapport à l'habitat, il est une des applications réussies de la Charte d'Athènes, bible de l'urbanisme de Lods, et une référence pour les évolutions urbaines des décennies 60 et 70. Enfin, pour élaborer cette recherche académique j'ai pris le parti "chronologique" " : 1885-1940 "la construction légère et démontable", 1940-1970, "la préfabrication lourde et indémontable", 1945-1953 " la cité d'expérience de Noisy-le-Sec", 1952-1956, "le modèle achevé le plus réussi des grands opérations, le projet des Grandes Terres".
This double-volume work focuses on socio-demographics and the use of such data to support strategic resource management and planning initiatives. Papers go beyond explanations of methods, technique and traditional applications to explore new intersections in the dynamic relationship between the utilization and management of resources, and urban development.International authors explore numerous experiences, characteristics of development and decision-making influences from across Asia and Southeast Asia, as well as recounting examples from America and Africa. Papers propound techniques and methods used in geographical research such as support vector machines, socio-economic correlates and travel behaviour analysis.In this volume the contributions examine issues such as natural resource and environmental management, livelihoods issues in the context of climate change, land markets and land trusts, adaptive management of wildlife sanctuaries, ground water scarcity, flood hazards and flood plain management, non-conventional energy resources, community forestry and management and land use and land cover change. The significance of these topics lie in the pace and volume of change as is reflected through continued development within established fields of inquiry and the introduction of significantly new approaches during the last decade.Readers are invited to consider the dynamics of spatial expansion of urban areas and economic development, and to explore conceptual discussion of the innovations in and challenges on urbanization processes, urban spaces themselves and both resource management and environmental management.Together, the two volumes contribute to the interdisciplinary literature on regional resources and urban development by collating recent research with geography at its core. Scholars of urban geography, human geography, urbanism and sustainable development will be particularly interested in this book. Dr. Ashok Duttis Professor Emeritus, Department of Geography, Planning and Urban Studies, University of Akron, Akron. He is the leading exponent of urban and regional development and planning and has contributed nearly 350 research papers. He is the editor/author of 27 books. Dr. Allen G. Nobleis Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Geography and Planning at the University of Akron, Akron. He is a cultural geographer with interest in urban studies and South Asia. He has authored several books including Barns in the Midwest. Dr. Frank J. Costais Professor Emeritus, Department of Geography, Planning and Urban Studies, University of Akron, Akron. He has published in a wide variety of planning, urban studies and geography journals worldwide. He has edited and co-authored several books. Dr. Sudhir Thakuris Associate Professor at the College of Business Administration, California State University, Sacramento. He has research interests in the areas of regional economic systems, technological change and regional development, location and land use and spatial econometrics. He has published among others with the Structural Change and Economic Dynamics and UNU-WIDER.Dr. Rajiv Thakuris Visiting Assistant Professor at the Department of Geography, University of Tennessee, Knoxville and currently Chair, Regional Development and Planning Specialty Group of the Association of American Geographers. He is an Economic Geographer with research interest that centers on regional innovations and cluster-based economic development. His publications are in the field of regional economic development.Dr. H. S. Sharmais a former Professor of Geography at the Department of Geography, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur. His research interests lie in environmental geography and has published widely in geography journals.
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La reciente publicación de los Lineamientos Estratégicos Metropolitanos AM Tucumán (LEM AMT); resultado de un trabajo de consultoría que reunió a profesionales de diferentes especialidades en torno al Observatorio de Fenómenos Urbanos y Territoriales de la Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo de la Universidad Nacional de Tucumán; incorpora nuevas posibilidades en el ámbito de político de la Ordenación del Territorio. Se busca poner en discusión la capacidad de los LEM AMT de producir cambios en el uso del suelo del territorio del Sistema Metropolitano de Tucumán (SIMeT), en especial a lo que respecta al Lineamiento 2 / Consolidación y Completamiento de la Estructura Metropolitana. Para ello se analizan definiciones sobre vacíos urbanos desde distintos abordajes, se identifica los solares vacíos y se confronta los datos obtenidos del espacio territorial con los programas y proyectos descriptos en el respectivo lineamiento. Los resultados de estos análisis permiten identificar la relevancia de los grandes vacíos fiscales y las potencialidades de su aprovechamiento para plantear la necesidad de un cambio en las políticas públicas hacia el interior de las instituciones de incumbencia nacional en un modelo de ciudad más sustentable. La recuperación de las prácticas de Ordenación del Territorio conseguida a partir de estos LEM AMT, que por su carácter multi-espacial ponen su eje en lo Metropolitano como espacio de conflicto, abren nuevas posibilidades para las definición de políticas territoriales que incluyan a Instituciones como las Fuerzas Armadas, los Ferrocarriles y las Universidades en la discusión y articulación en pos de la sostenibilidad de un espacio tan complejo como en el SIMeT. ; The recent publication of Metropolitan Strategic Guidelines AM Tucumán (LEM, its Spanish acronym; AMT) is the result of a consulting work that brought together professionals from different specializations around the Observatory of Urban and Territorial Phenomena of the College of Architecture and Urbanism of the Universidad Nacional of Tucumán. It incorporates new possibilities in the field of politics of Land-use Planning. The purpose of this work is to discuss the capacity of LEM AMT to produce changes in land use in the territory of the Metropolitan System of Tucumán (SIMeT, its Spanish acronym), especially regarding Guideline 2 / Consolidation and Completion of the Metropolitan Structure. For this reason, definitions of urban voids are analyzed from different approaches, empty plots are identified, and the data obtained from the territorial space is compared with the programs and projects described in the guidelines. The results of these analysis allow us to identify the relevance of the large fiscal gaps and the potential of their use to raise the need for a change in public policies within the institutions of national concern in a more sustainable city model. The recovery of Land-use Planning practices achieved from these LEM AMTs, which due to their multi-spatial characteristic they place their axis in the Metropolitan as a space of conflict, open up new possibilities for the definition of territorial policies that include Institutions such as Armed Forces, Railroads and Universities in the discussion and articulation in pursuit of the sustainability of a space as complex as in the SIMeT. ; Fil: Politi, Silvia Alicia. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán
