RESUMO - O sector da saúde possui características específicas que é essencial ter em consideração quando se pretendem introduzir metodologias de incentivos na prestação de cuidados de saúde. As inúmeras alterações de ordem económica, política e socioprofissional, o aumento crescente de complexidade que caracteriza as unidades prestadoras de cuidados de saúde e a própria evolução das responsabilidades individual e social sobre a saúde, motivaram o «ensaio» da aplicação de incentivos, por parte dos Serviços Nacionais de Saúde, quer aos profissionais, quer às organizações prestadoras de cuidados. Estabelecemos como objectivo geral do nosso estudo: conhecer o processo de implementação da metodologia de Incentivos à prestação de cuidados de saúde em unidades hospitalares em Portugal. Definimos como objectivos específicos: Identificar os objectivos que as organizações definirampara introduzir incentivos; Descrever os impactos verificados com a implementaçãode incentivos; Conhecer os resultados obtidos; Identificar as dificuldades sentidas no processo deimplementação de incentivos. Realizámos um estudo de carácter descritivo e exploratório, de abordagem qualitativa. Para a recolha de dados procedemos à realização de entrevistas semi-estruturadas em profundidade a profissionais com responsabilidade de chefia/liderança dos processo de incentivos em unidades Hospitalares Portuguesas que aceitaram colaborar no estudo, no período de Março a Maio de 2007, tendo efectuado a respectiva análise de conteúdo de acordo com o método de Lawrence Bardin. Do estudo exploratório efectuado, considerando a análise de conteúdo das 6 entrevistas em profundidade realizadas, realçamos que o impacto dos incentivos foi verificado ao nível da: melhoria de acesso a cuidados de saúde; melhoria da qualidade da prestação de cuidados, narelação directa com os indicadores utilizados; utilização de «guidelines» clínicas; satisfação dos profissionais de saúde, manifestada pelointeresse em serem devidamente avaliados; mudança cultural e organizacional das unidades prestadorasde cuidados hospitalares, nomeadamente na implementação da gestão por objectivos. Foram identificadas dificuldades de implementação da metodologia de incentivos, nomeadamente no que concerne a: definição de objectivos para todos os grupos profissionais; existência de indicadores fiáveis, mensuráveis e ajustadosa cada grupo profissional; avaliação de desempenho por parte da «gestão intermédia»; utilização/existência de sistemas de informação integrados.Neste sentido, consideramos que a metodologia de incentivos pode ser um instrumento de gestão eficiente, sendo imperativo, por um lado, a definição clara de objectivos, indicadores, e critérios de inclusão/exclusão dos profissionais a incentivar e, por outro, a necessidade de monitorização efectiva, nomeadamente com recurso a sistemas de informação integrados. ABSTRACT - The health sector has specific characteristics that must be taken into account when attempting to establish management initiatives such as the application of incentives to healthcare workers. The frequent changes in economic, political and socioprofessional terms that characterize the health care units, along with the evolution of the individual and social responsibility on health have led the National Health Services to test the application of incentives to both the professionals and the health-care organizations. The goal of this paper is to describe the implementation process of incentives to healthcare delivery in hospitals in Portugal. We specifically aim at the following objectives: Identify the management objectives associated with theintroduction of incentives; Describe the impacts occurred through incentives, from themanagers' perspective; Describe the results achieved; Identify the major difficulties perceived by managers.To achieve these objectives, an exploratory qualitative methodology was used. In order to collect the data we made in-depth interviews to managers who held leadership roles on the implementation of incentives within the Portuguese hospitals and who agreed to cooperate in this study from March to May 2007. The content analysis was carried out in accordance with the Lawrence Bardin method. Major results include the notion that managers expect a number of impacts from the introduction of incentives namely: better citizen access to healthcare, better quality in the delivery of healthcare, better use of clinical guidelines, higher levels of satisfaction amongst professionals and some forms of organizational and cultural culture change related to the introduction of management by objectives. Some difficulties were reported regarding the implementation of incentives, mainly as far as the definition of objectives for all professions (besides the medical profession) is concerned, the absence of reliable, measurable and adjustable indicators, difficulty in assessing the performance of middle management and lack of integrated health management information systems. Overall, the authors «claim» that incentives methodology can be a powerful management tool depending on the clear definition of organizational objectives and indicators, the inclusion of all healthcare professions in the process and effective monitoring supported by consistent management information systems. ; publishersversion ; published
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Eerste gepubliseer op www.litnet.co.za. LitNet Akademies is LitNet se afdeling vir geakkrediteerde akademiese navorsingsartikels. ; Navorsing deur Schlemmer (2010) toon aan dat taalverskuiwing na Engels in 'n redelik groot mate by bruin Afrikaanssprekendes en in 'n geringer mate by wit Afrikaanssprekendes plaasvind. Ook is daar 'n groot toename in taalvermenging onder veral wit Afrikaanssprekendes, wat moontlik 'n gevaarteken vir Afrikaans is. In hierdie artikel word die faktore en tendense beskryf wat gelei het tot funksie- en statusverlies vir Afrikaans. Ook faktore wat taalverskuiwing bevorder en die verswakking van kragte wat taalverskuiwing kan teëwerk, word onder die loep geneem. Tendense en faktore wat destruktief is vir die voortbestaan van die taal, is globalisering, die staat se transformasiemaatreëls (soos regstellende aksie en verteenwoordigendheid), die owerheid se onverskillige houding teenoor inheemse tale, die disintegrasie van Afrikaner-nasionalisme, die negatiewe gevolge van 'n onverwerkte verlede en demografiese marginalisering. Daar is egter ook konstruktiewe faktore en tendense wat waarskynlik verhoed dat taalverskuiwing groter afmetings aanneem. Dit is die lewenskragtigheid en aantrekkingskrag van die Afrikaanse kultuur, die gehalte van Afrikaanse skole, die ontluikende verwerking van die verlede deur Afrikaners en optredes van die burgerlike samelewing, wat 'n mate van aktivisme en skepping van selfhelpinstellings insluit. Ook is daar obstruktiewe tendense wat positief of negatief kan ontwikkel, soos pogings om taalvermenging teen te gaan, die ontwikkeling van nuwe tegnologie en pogings om betrekkinge tussen wit en bruin Afrikaanssprekendes te verbeter. Taalhandhawing is daarop gerig om positiewe tendense positief te hou en obstruktiewe tendense in 'n positiewe rigting te laat ontwikkel, sodat die destruktiewe tendense en faktore gestuit of selfs omgekeer kan word. Ten slotte word twee moontlikhede vir die toekoms geskets. Die een kom neer op 'n voortsetting van 'n passiewe houding teenoor destruktiewe tendense en prosesse en die ander op die aanvaarding van verantwoordelikheid vir die behoud van die taal, wat aktivisme en selfhelpinstellings insluit waar die houding van die owerheid dit noodsaak. ; Language shift and language maintenance in the Afrikaans community: trends and perspectives for the future Research conducted by Schlemmer (2010) indicated that a significant language shift towards English is taking place among Afrikaans-speaking coloured people, and to a lesser extent among white Afrikaners. In terms of percentages, white Afrikaans-speaking adults increased from 57,1 percent in 1993 to 57,6 percent in 2008, while coloured Afrikaans speakers declined from 83,4 percent in 1993 to 77,3 percent in 2008. The moderate growth in the number of whites using Afrikaans as their mother tongue conceals a worrying trend of language shift. Among coloured adults the percentage of Afrikaans speakers decreased markedly due to language shift. Yet previous studies indicated that the coloured Afrikaans-speaking demographic has enjoyed steady growth, especially outside the Cape Peninsula. This could indicate the emergence of regional polarisation, resulting in localised language shift toward English in the Cape Town metropolitan area. Surveys also indicate the proliferation of English as an additional language. Whereas in 2003 only 30,1 percent of white Afrikaans households used English, its usage increased to 50,4 percent in 2008. The corresponding figures for coloured households indicate that English was an additional language in 36,9 percent of households in 2003, which grew to 45,4 percent in 2008. Coloured Afrikaans speakers have traditionally mixed their mother tongue with English, but (as the above figures demonstrate) in five years mixed language use among Afrikaans-speaking whites surpassed that of coloureds. The extent of language mixture varies: from a sporadic English word, up to whole sentences could be inserted. Schlemmer posits that Afrikaans speakers are returning to a situation similar to that of a century ago, when many Afrikaners utilised Dutch or English for the purposes of formal or technical communication (sometimes even in love letters). He suggests that this should serve as a warning sign regarding the Afrikaans language. This article describes the factors and trends leading to the loss of status and function of the Afrikaans language; factors which promote language shift; and the weakening of forces that oppose language shift. Trends and factors which are seen as destructive toward the continued existence of the language include globalisation, the parameters of transformation implemented by the state, such as affirmative action, the authorities' reckless attitude towards indigenous languages, the disintegration of Afrikaner nationalism, demographic marginalisation, and the negative consequences of an unrealised peace. Many whites still harbour feelings of guilt about apartheid, while others have lost confidence in the future due to a lack of self-determination. Similarly, coloureds have not shaken off the painful memories of life under apartheid. The authors demonstrate the destructive consequences of transformation for the Afrikaans language, citing Malan (2010a:427): "If transformation has developed into the master concept of our post-1994 public order, representivity is the principal instrument for achieving transformation." Many preeminent commentators suggest that legal and political representivity play a destructive role. Even though according to the Constitution representivity is applicable only to judges and civil servants, its application has been extended to civil society, the corporate sector, non-profit organisations and NGOs. The authors further indicate how transformation has undermined Afrikaans as a language of practical communication in broadcasting, legal practice, at universities and in schools. Controversially, education departments have changed language policies in Afrikaans schools; decisions which have been implemented at great cost of time and resources. Such policy changes were subsequently contested in high-profile court cases such as those of Middelburg, Mikro and Ermelo. One of the multitude of problems that has emerged in legal practice has been the interpretation between English and Afrikaans in court cases. Whereas the courts have traditionally been effective at interpreting between English or Afrikaans and African languages, they are proving to be largely inept at interpreting between English and Afrikaans. Interpretation between these two languages is often unavailable, or of such poor quality that Afrikaans witnesses and accused often choose to testify in English, arguably to their detriment. With regard to demographics the authors point to the consequences of unequal growth in the composition of the South African population. On the one hand, large-scale emigration by white Afrikaans speakers has accentuated the problems of an existing low birth rate, which is now below the replacement rate (by comparison, the Afrikaans-speaking coloured demographic has only recently reached the replacement birth rate). In contrast, the black population exhibits a high birth rate and an influx of immigrants from the rest of Africa. However, there are also several constructive trends and factors which have prevented the process of language shift from attaining greater momentum. These are the quality of Afrikaans schools, the attempts of Afrikaners to come to grips with the past, and the activities of civil society, which include the measures of activism and the establishment of self-help initiatives. The most significant constructive trend has proved to be the vitality and allure of the Afrikaans culture. Contributing to this is the scope and variety of Afrikaans literature, the various printed and electronic media publications, and the expanding activities of the new media, for example online journals such as LitNet. The growing number of Afrikaans arts and music festivals have also become popular attractions. Afrikaans culture is blossoming – one aspect which cannot be directly controlled by the ANC. However, areas where the state is predominant pose a difficult challenge: the SABC has drastically curtailed Afrikaans television since 1994 (while it flourishes through private broadcasters such as kykNET). Obstructive trends have also been identified which have the potential to develop either positively or negatively, such as attempts to consciously counter language-mixing, the development of new technologies, and attempts to foster a closer relationship between coloured and white Afrikaans speakers. The preeminent now deceased Afrikaans linguist Fritz Ponelis suggested that it is futile to supplant standard Afrikaans with a hybrid or mixed language. In his opinion, such a language would be unable to stand its ground against the long-term encroachment of English. Regarding cooperation between the white and coloured Afrikaans communities Giliomee (2010) differentiated between two groups of coloured Afrikaans speakers. The educated working and middle classes exhibit an enthusiasm for Afrikaans and for initiatives promoting Afrikaans, as is evident in the successes of the ACVV, Kindersorg and the Stigting vir die Bemagtiging in Afrikaans.However, a different picture emerges among the coloured "elite". This group still maintains sensitive memories of apartheid, resulting in their rejection of Afrikaans and the subsequent adoption of English as a language of mobility and aspiration. Giliomee (2010) notes that many members of the coloured elite occupying senior positions in the civil service, university management and large companies tend to be strongly progressive and individualistic, resulting in a close association with English and the subsequent values and worldview the language promotes. Such individuals generally support the government's pursuance of race-based transformation and its policy of English as the language of access in society. In 2006, during an ATKV conference, Neville Alexander pointed out that it is still too early to speak of an Afrikaans language community. For now, the focus should be on the shared interests of Afrikaans speakers, of which effective education and tuition in Afrikaans is the most important. The authors expect that the language policy and practices of the authorities will remain unchanged, and that the Afrikaans community will have to reckon with continued aloofness, animosity and recklessness from government. Therefore taking ownership and responsibility is essential for initiatives and institutions which aim to promote Afrikaans as a language of communication, education and job creation.
Eerste gepubliseer op www.litnet.co.za. LitNet Akademies is LitNet se afdeling vir geakkrediteerde akademiese navorsingsartikels. ; Navorsing deur Schlemmer (2010) toon aan dat taalverskuiwing na Engels in 'n redelik groot mate by bruin Afrikaanssprekendes en in 'n geringer mate by wit Afrikaanssprekendes plaasvind. Ook is daar 'n groot toename in taalvermenging onder veral wit Afrikaanssprekendes, wat moontlik 'n gevaarteken vir Afrikaans is. In hierdie artikel word die faktore en tendense beskryf wat gelei het tot funksie- en statusverlies vir Afrikaans. Ook faktore wat taalverskuiwing bevorder en die verswakking van kragte wat taalverskuiwing kan teëwerk, word onder die loep geneem. Tendense en faktore wat destruktief is vir die voortbestaan van die taal, is globalisering, die staat se transformasiemaatreëls (soos regstellende aksie en verteenwoordigendheid), die owerheid se onverskillige houding teenoor inheemse tale, die disintegrasie van Afrikaner-nasionalisme, die negatiewe gevolge van 'n onverwerkte verlede en demografiese marginalisering. Daar is egter ook konstruktiewe faktore en tendense wat waarskynlik verhoed dat taalverskuiwing groter afmetings aanneem. Dit is die lewenskragtigheid en aantrekkingskrag van die Afrikaanse kultuur, die gehalte van Afrikaanse skole, die ontluikende verwerking van die verlede deur Afrikaners en optredes van die burgerlike samelewing, wat 'n mate van aktivisme en skepping van selfhelpinstellings insluit. Ook is daar obstruktiewe tendense wat positief of negatief kan ontwikkel, soos pogings om taalvermenging teen te gaan, die ontwikkeling van nuwe tegnologie en pogings om betrekkinge tussen wit en bruin Afrikaanssprekendes te verbeter. Taalhandhawing is daarop gerig om positiewe tendense positief te hou en obstruktiewe tendense in 'n positiewe rigting te laat ontwikkel, sodat die destruktiewe tendense en faktore gestuit of selfs omgekeer kan word. Ten slotte word twee moontlikhede vir die toekoms geskets. Die een kom neer op 'n voortsetting van 'n passiewe houding teenoor destruktiewe tendense en prosesse en die ander op die aanvaarding van verantwoordelikheid vir die behoud van die taal, wat aktivisme en selfhelpinstellings insluit waar die houding van die owerheid dit noodsaak. ; Language shift and language maintenance in the Afrikaans community: trends and perspectives for the future Research conducted by Schlemmer (2010) indicated that a significant language shift towards English is taking place among Afrikaans-speaking coloured people, and to a lesser extent among white Afrikaners. In terms of percentages, white Afrikaans-speaking adults increased from 57,1 percent in 1993 to 57,6 percent in 2008, while coloured Afrikaans speakers declined from 83,4 percent in 1993 to 77,3 percent in 2008. The moderate growth in the number of whites using Afrikaans as their mother tongue conceals a worrying trend of language shift. Among coloured adults the percentage of Afrikaans speakers decreased markedly due to language shift. Yet previous studies indicated that the coloured Afrikaans-speaking demographic has enjoyed steady growth, especially outside the Cape Peninsula. This could indicate the emergence of regional polarisation, resulting in localised language shift toward English in the Cape Town metropolitan area. Surveys also indicate the proliferation of English as an additional language. Whereas in 2003 only 30,1 percent of white Afrikaans households used English, its usage increased to 50,4 percent in 2008. The corresponding figures for coloured households indicate that English was an additional language in 36,9 percent of households in 2003, which grew to 45,4 percent in 2008. Coloured Afrikaans speakers have traditionally mixed their mother tongue with English, but (as the above figures demonstrate) in five years mixed language use among Afrikaans-speaking whites surpassed that of coloureds. The extent of language mixture varies: from a sporadic English word, up to whole sentences could be inserted. Schlemmer posits that Afrikaans speakers are returning to a situation similar to that of a century ago, when many Afrikaners utilised Dutch or English for the purposes of formal or technical communication (sometimes even in love letters). He suggests that this should serve as a warning sign regarding the Afrikaans language. This article describes the factors and trends leading to the loss of status and function of the Afrikaans language; factors which promote language shift; and the weakening of forces that oppose language shift. Trends and factors which are seen as destructive toward the continued existence of the language include globalisation, the parameters of transformation implemented by the state, such as affirmative action, the authorities' reckless attitude towards indigenous languages, the disintegration of Afrikaner nationalism, demographic marginalisation, and the negative consequences of an unrealised peace. Many whites still harbour feelings of guilt about apartheid, while others have lost confidence in the future due to a lack of self-determination. Similarly, coloureds have not shaken off the painful memories of life under apartheid. The authors demonstrate the destructive consequences of transformation for the Afrikaans language, citing Malan (2010a:427): "If transformation has developed into the master concept of our post-1994 public order, representivity is the principal instrument for achieving transformation." Many preeminent commentators suggest that legal and political representivity play a destructive role. Even though according to the Constitution representivity is applicable only to judges and civil servants, its application has been extended to civil society, the corporate sector, non-profit organisations and NGOs. The authors further indicate how transformation has undermined Afrikaans as a language of practical communication in broadcasting, legal practice, at universities and in schools. Controversially, education departments have changed language policies in Afrikaans schools; decisions which have been implemented at great cost of time and resources. Such policy changes were subsequently contested in high-profile court cases such as those of Middelburg, Mikro and Ermelo. One of the multitude of problems that has emerged in legal practice has been the interpretation between English and Afrikaans in court cases. Whereas the courts have traditionally been effective at interpreting between English or Afrikaans and African languages, they are proving to be largely inept at interpreting between English and Afrikaans. Interpretation between these two languages is often unavailable, or of such poor quality that Afrikaans witnesses and accused often choose to testify in English, arguably to their detriment. With regard to demographics the authors point to the consequences of unequal growth in the composition of the South African population. On the one hand, large-scale emigration by white Afrikaans speakers has accentuated the problems of an existing low birth rate, which is now below the replacement rate (by comparison, the Afrikaans-speaking coloured demographic has only recently reached the replacement birth rate). In contrast, the black population exhibits a high birth rate and an influx of immigrants from the rest of Africa. However, there are also several constructive trends and factors which have prevented the process of language shift from attaining greater momentum. These are the quality of Afrikaans schools, the attempts of Afrikaners to come to grips with the past, and the activities of civil society, which include the measures of activism and the establishment of self-help initiatives. The most significant constructive trend has proved to be the vitality and allure of the Afrikaans culture. Contributing to this is the scope and variety of Afrikaans literature, the various printed and electronic media publications, and the expanding activities of the new media, for example online journals such as LitNet. The growing number of Afrikaans arts and music festivals have also become popular attractions. Afrikaans culture is blossoming – one aspect which cannot be directly controlled by the ANC. However, areas where the state is predominant pose a difficult challenge: the SABC has drastically curtailed Afrikaans television since 1994 (while it flourishes through private broadcasters such as kykNET). Obstructive trends have also been identified which have the potential to develop either positively or negatively, such as attempts to consciously counter language-mixing, the development of new technologies, and attempts to foster a closer relationship between coloured and white Afrikaans speakers. The preeminent now deceased Afrikaans linguist Fritz Ponelis suggested that it is futile to supplant standard Afrikaans with a hybrid or mixed language. In his opinion, such a language would be unable to stand its ground against the long-term encroachment of English. Regarding cooperation between the white and coloured Afrikaans communities Giliomee (2010) differentiated between two groups of coloured Afrikaans speakers. The educated working and middle classes exhibit an enthusiasm for Afrikaans and for initiatives promoting Afrikaans, as is evident in the successes of the ACVV, Kindersorg and the Stigting vir die Bemagtiging in Afrikaans.However, a different picture emerges among the coloured "elite". This group still maintains sensitive memories of apartheid, resulting in their rejection of Afrikaans and the subsequent adoption of English as a language of mobility and aspiration. Giliomee (2010) notes that many members of the coloured elite occupying senior positions in the civil service, university management and large companies tend to be strongly progressive and individualistic, resulting in a close association with English and the subsequent values and worldview the language promotes. Such individuals generally support the government's pursuance of race-based transformation and its policy of English as the language of access in society. In 2006, during an ATKV conference, Neville Alexander pointed out that it is still too early to speak of an Afrikaans language community. For now, the focus should be on the shared interests of Afrikaans speakers, of which effective education and tuition in Afrikaans is the most important. The authors expect that the language policy and practices of the authorities will remain unchanged, and that the Afrikaans community will have to reckon with continued aloofness, animosity and recklessness from government. Therefore taking ownership and responsibility is essential for initiatives and institutions which aim to promote Afrikaans as a language of communication, education and job creation.
Purpose. Institutionalism is gaining strength as a dominant point of view on the world. Its philosophical basis is the postulate of the uncertainty of the development, which comes to replace the neoclassical certainty characteristic of industrial society. The postulate of uncertainty is closely connected with the idea of subjectivization and individualization of post-industrial society. All these were very important components of the new paradigm, although they do not exhaust the problem. In the heart of postmodernism is a mass identity as a spiritual substance, while the more recently mass of people to realize themselves as natural and social beings. Person has absolute freedom in the acceptance and rejection of culture and civilization; it is pluralistic in their actions and in their consciousness. It is the subject of history and it should be creative, fluent mastering all the achievements of culture. Methodology. The dialogue system of the Postmodern, which is the basis of human communication with another person, human with society is a model of convergent formation of the world community and world economy. The same model of rationalism and adequate industrial society is a monologue, which is easily builds a bridge to violence, even if it is carried out in the name of the man behind him and the pathos of the exaltation of man as the bearer of unlimited creation possibilities. However, it is very important not just to modify rationalism, and to understand the origins of civilization. Scientific novelty. The postmodern era begins is not easy. Modern defending, using all their reserves: public thirst for justice, the priority of rationality (at least in the economy), monologist public agencies and politicians in contrast to the dialogic postmodern imperative modality in the spiritual existence of man instead the freedom. Finally, the world of the story is set a trap – the anthropological paradigm of the globalization ideology formation. In this paradigm, people see materialistic rational measure of space and society building, i.e. the natural and social being, not a spiritual person. All this was evident in the course of transformation in Ukraine. Its main weakness is obvious. This narrows the field of mass participation in the market or by the adopted symbolism, the field of subjectivity. The population is invited to wait and endure, i.e. plays the role of the object of political and economic manipulation. Even more unacceptable monopolization of subjectivity government, for which everything is regarded as a subject of state regulation. Conclusions. For civilization of cardinal feature is the treatment of the person as the subject of history. The need for the development of civilization to increase the degree of subjectivity in an economy where people can express themselves freely and responsibly through a system of private property relations: economic entity is the subject of property. Policy enhancing the role of human rights and the development of the principle of subjectivity means deepening the democratic foundations of the state structure. In the social sphere the subjectivity is expressed in the individualization of the social existence of man and the personification of public relations and it is implemented through the mechanisms of liberal institutions. It seems that the civilizational unity of the economy, democratic state and liberal society has the value of a scientific paradigm. Whatever the great cultural peaks of the postmodern, the main processes of a new society formed at its foot: in the area of formation of public consciousness and public preferences with the mass participation of the individual in the economy (involving the mass of the individual in social production on the level of financial relations, which allow the maximum extent possible to include in the economy of free choice), in the field of state-building and the formation of social institutions on the principles of Amateur participation. ; Цель. Институционализм набирает силу как доминирующая точка зрения на мир. Его философской основой является постулат о неопределенности развития, которая приходит на смену неоклассической определенности, характерной для индустриального общества. Постулат неопределенности теснейшим образом соединен с идеей субъективизации и индивидуализации постиндустриального общества. Все это – очень важные компоненты новой парадигмы, хотя они и не исчерпывают проблемы. В центре постмодерна стоит массовая личность как духовная субстанция, тогда как еще совсем недавно человек массы реализовывала себя как природное и социальное существо. Личность обладает абсолютной свободой в приятии и неприятии культуры и цивилизации, она плюралистична в своих действиях и в своем сознании, она – субъект истории и как таковой должен стать творческим потенциалом, свободно осваивает все достижения культуры. Методология. Диалог системы Постмодерна, которая находится в основе общения человека с другим человеком, человека с обществом является моделью конвергентного становления мирового сообщества и мировой экономики. Моделью же рационализма и адекватного ему индустриального общества является монолог, от которого легко возводится мост к насилию, даже если оно осуществляется во имя человека и за ним стоит пафос возвеличивания человека как носителя неограниченных возможностей созидания. Однако очень важно не просто модифицировать рационализм, а понять его цивилизационные истоки. Научная новизна. Эпоха постмодерна начинается непросто. Модерн обороняется, используя все свои резервы: общественную жажду справедливости, приоритетность рационального начала (по крайней мере в экономике), монологичность общественных структур и политиков в отличие от диалогичности постмодерна, императив модальности в духовном существовании человека вместо свободы. Наконец, мировому сообществу история устроила ловушку – антропологическую парадигму формирования идеологии глобализации. В этой парадигме человек видится материалистической рациональной мере построения космоса и общества, т. е. природным и социальным существом, а не духовной личностью. Все это ярко проявляется в ходе трансформации в Украине. Главные ее слабости очевидны. Это сужает поле массового участия в рынке или, по принятой нами символике, поле субъектности. Населению предлагается ждать и терпеть, т. е. отводится роль объекта политического и экономического манипулирования. Еще более неприемлема монополизация субъектности государством, для которого все и вся рассматривается как предмет государственного регулирования. Выводы. Для цивилизации кардинальной чертой является обращение к человеку как к субъекту истории. Из этого вытекает необходимость по мере развития цивилизации повышение степени субъектности в экономике, где человек может проявить себя свободно и ответственно через систему отношений частной собственности: экономический субъект есть субъект собственности. В политике повышение роли человека и развитие принципа субъектности означают углубление демократических основ государственного устройства. В социальной сфере субъектность выражается в индивидуализации общественного существования человека и в персонификации общественных связей и реализуется через механизмы либеральных институтов. Нам представляется, что цивилизационное единство экономики, демократического государства и либерального общества имеет в настоящее время значение научной парадигмы. Какими бы ни были велики культурные вершины постмодерна, главные процессы нового общества складываются у его подножия: в сфере формирования общественного сознания и общественных преференций с участием массового индивида, в экономике (с вовлечением массового индивида в общественное производство на уровне финансовых отношений, которые позволяют в максимальной степени включить в экономику свободный выбор), в области государственного строительства и формирования общественных институтов на принципах самодеятельного участия населения. ; Мета. Інституціоналізм набирає силу як домінуюча точка зору на світ. Його філософською засадою є постулат про невизначеність розвитку, яка приходить на зміну неокласичній визначеності, характерною для індустріального суспільства. Постулат невизначеності найтіснішим чином з'єднаний з ідеєю суб'єктивізації та індивідуалізації постіндустріального суспільства. Все це – дуже важливі компоненти нової парадигми, хоча вони і не вичерпують проблеми. У центрі постмодерну стоїть масова особистість – як духовна субстанція, тоді як ще зовсім недавно людина маси реалізовувала себе як природна і соціальна істота. Особистість володіє абсолютною свободою у прийнятті та неприйнятті культури і цивілізації, вона плюралістична у своїх діях і в своїй свідомості, вона – суб'єкт історії і як такий має стати творчим потенціалом, що вільно освоює усі досягнення культури. Методологія. Діалог системи Постмодерну, що знаходиться в основі спілкування людини з іншою людиною, людини з суспільством є моделлю конвергентного становлення світового співтовариства та світової економіки. Моделлю ж раціоналізму і адекватного йому індустріального суспільства є монолог, від якого легко зводиться міст до насильства, навіть якщо воно здійснюється в ім'я людини і за ним стоїть пафос звеличення людини як носія необмежених можливостей творення. Однак дуже важливо не просто модифікувати раціоналізм, а зрозуміти його цивілізаційні витоки. Наукова новизна. Епоха постмодерну починається непросто. Модерн обороняється, використовуючи усі свої резерви: суспільну спрагу справедливості, пріоритетність раціонального початку (принаймні в економіці), монологічність громадських структур і політиків на відміну від діалогічності постмодерну, імператив модальності в духовному існуванні людини замість свободи. Нарешті, світовій спільноті історія влаштувала пастку – антропологічну парадигму формування ідеології глобалізації. У цій парадигмі людина бачиться матеріалістичною раціональною мірою побудови космосу і суспільства, тобто природною і соціальною істотою, а не духовною особистістю. Усе це яскраво проявляється у ході трансформації в Україні. Головні її слабкості очевидні. Це звужує поле масової участі в ринку або, за прийнятою нами символіці, поле суб'єктності. Населенню пропонується чекати і терпіти, тобто відводиться роль об'єкта політичного та економічного маніпулювання. Ще більш неприйнятна монополізація суб'єктності державою, для якої все і вся розглядається як предмет державного регулювання. Висновки. Для цивілізації кардинальною рисою є звернення до людини як до суб'єкта історії. З цього випливає необхідність в міру розвитку цивілізації підвищення ступеня суб'єктності в економіці, де людина може проявити себе вільно і відповідально через систему відносин приватної власності: економічний суб'єкт є суб'єкт власності. У політиці підвищення ролі людини та розвиток принципу суб'єктності означають поглиблення демократичних засад державного устрою. У соціальній сфері суб'єктність виражається в індивідуалізації суспільного існування людини і в персоніфікації суспільних зв'язків і реалізується через механізми ліберальних інститутів. Нам видається, що цивілізаційна єдність економіки, демократичної держави та ліберального суспільства має в даний час значення наукової парадигми. Якими б не були великі культурні вершини постмодерну, головні процеси нового суспільства складаються біля його підніжжя: у сфері формування суспільної свідомості та суспільних преференцій за участю масового індивіда, в економіці (з залученням масового індивіда в суспільне виробництво на рівні фінансових відносин, які дозволяють у максимальному ступені включити в економіку вільний вибір), в галузі державного будівництва і формування суспільних інститутів на принципах самодіяльної участі населення.
Purpose. Institutionalism is gaining strength as a dominant point of view on the world. Its philosophical basis is the postulate of the uncertainty of the development, which comes to replace the neoclassical certainty characteristic of industrial society. The postulate of uncertainty is closely connected with the idea of subjectivization and individualization of post-industrial society. All these were very important components of the new paradigm, although they do not exhaust the problem. In the heart of postmodernism is a mass identity as a spiritual substance, while the more recently mass of people to realize themselves as natural and social beings. Person has absolute freedom in the acceptance and rejection of culture and civilization; it is pluralistic in their actions and in their consciousness. It is the subject of history and it should be creative, fluent mastering all the achievements of culture. Methodology. The dialogue system of the Postmodern, which is the basis of human communication with another person, human with society is a model of convergent formation of the world community and world economy. The same model of rationalism and adequate industrial society is a monologue, which is easily builds a bridge to violence, even if it is carried out in the name of the man behind him and the pathos of the exaltation of man as the bearer of unlimited creation possibilities. However, it is very important not just to modify rationalism, and to understand the origins of civilization. Scientific novelty. The postmodern era begins is not easy. Modern defending, using all their reserves: public thirst for justice, the priority of rationality (at least in the economy), monologist public agencies and politicians in contrast to the dialogic postmodern imperative modality in the spiritual existence of man instead the freedom. Finally, the world of the story is set a trap – the anthropological paradigm of the globalization ideology formation. In this paradigm, people see materialistic rational measure of space and society building, i.e. the natural and social being, not a spiritual person. All this was evident in the course of transformation in Ukraine. Its main weakness is obvious. This narrows the field of mass participation in the market or by the adopted symbolism, the field of subjectivity. The population is invited to wait and endure, i.e. plays the role of the object of political and economic manipulation. Even more unacceptable monopolization of subjectivity government, for which everything is regarded as a subject of state regulation. Conclusions. For civilization of cardinal feature is the treatment of the person as the subject of history. The need for the development of civilization to increase the degree of subjectivity in an economy where people can express themselves freely and responsibly through a system of private property relations: economic entity is the subject of property. Policy enhancing the role of human rights and the development of the principle of subjectivity means deepening the democratic foundations of the state structure. In the social sphere the subjectivity is expressed in the individualization of the social existence of man and the personification of public relations and it is implemented through the mechanisms of liberal institutions. It seems that the civilizational unity of the economy, democratic state and liberal society has the value of a scientific paradigm. Whatever the great cultural peaks of the postmodern, the main processes of a new society formed at its foot: in the area of formation of public consciousness and public preferences with the mass participation of the individual in the economy (involving the mass of the individual in social production on the level of financial relations, which allow the maximum extent possible to include in the economy of free choice), in the field of state-building and the formation of social institutions on the principles of Amateur participation. ; Цель. Институционализм набирает силу как доминирующая точка зрения на мир. Его философской основой является постулат о неопределенности развития, которая приходит на смену неоклассической определенности, характерной для индустриального общества. Постулат неопределенности теснейшим образом соединен с идеей субъективизации и индивидуализации постиндустриального общества. Все это – очень важные компоненты новой парадигмы, хотя они и не исчерпывают проблемы. В центре постмодерна стоит массовая личность как духовная субстанция, тогда как еще совсем недавно человек массы реализовывала себя как природное и социальное существо. Личность обладает абсолютной свободой в приятии и неприятии культуры и цивилизации, она плюралистична в своих действиях и в своем сознании, она – субъект истории и как таковой должен стать творческим потенциалом, свободно осваивает все достижения культуры. Методология. Диалог системы Постмодерна, которая находится в основе общения человека с другим человеком, человека с обществом является моделью конвергентного становления мирового сообщества и мировой экономики. Моделью же рационализма и адекватного ему индустриального общества является монолог, от которого легко возводится мост к насилию, даже если оно осуществляется во имя человека и за ним стоит пафос возвеличивания человека как носителя неограниченных возможностей созидания. Однако очень важно не просто модифицировать рационализм, а понять его цивилизационные истоки. Научная новизна. Эпоха постмодерна начинается непросто. Модерн обороняется, используя все свои резервы: общественную жажду справедливости, приоритетность рационального начала (по крайней мере в экономике), монологичность общественных структур и политиков в отличие от диалогичности постмодерна, императив модальности в духовном существовании человека вместо свободы. Наконец, мировому сообществу история устроила ловушку – антропологическую парадигму формирования идеологии глобализации. В этой парадигме человек видится материалистической рациональной мере построения космоса и общества, т. е. природным и социальным существом, а не духовной личностью. Все это ярко проявляется в ходе трансформации в Украине. Главные ее слабости очевидны. Это сужает поле массового участия в рынке или, по принятой нами символике, поле субъектности. Населению предлагается ждать и терпеть, т. е. отводится роль объекта политического и экономического манипулирования. Еще более неприемлема монополизация субъектности государством, для которого все и вся рассматривается как предмет государственного регулирования. Выводы. Для цивилизации кардинальной чертой является обращение к человеку как к субъекту истории. Из этого вытекает необходимость по мере развития цивилизации повышение степени субъектности в экономике, где человек может проявить себя свободно и ответственно через систему отношений частной собственности: экономический субъект есть субъект собственности. В политике повышение роли человека и развитие принципа субъектности означают углубление демократических основ государственного устройства. В социальной сфере субъектность выражается в индивидуализации общественного существования человека и в персонификации общественных связей и реализуется через механизмы либеральных институтов. Нам представляется, что цивилизационное единство экономики, демократического государства и либерального общества имеет в настоящее время значение научной парадигмы. Какими бы ни были велики культурные вершины постмодерна, главные процессы нового общества складываются у его подножия: в сфере формирования общественного сознания и общественных преференций с участием массового индивида, в экономике (с вовлечением массового индивида в общественное производство на уровне финансовых отношений, которые позволяют в максимальной степени включить в экономику свободный выбор), в области государственного строительства и формирования общественных институтов на принципах самодеятельного участия населения. ; Мета. Інституціоналізм набирає силу як домінуюча точка зору на світ. Його філософською засадою є постулат про невизначеність розвитку, яка приходить на зміну неокласичній визначеності, характерною для індустріального суспільства. Постулат невизначеності найтіснішим чином з'єднаний з ідеєю суб'єктивізації та індивідуалізації постіндустріального суспільства. Все це – дуже важливі компоненти нової парадигми, хоча вони і не вичерпують проблеми. У центрі постмодерну стоїть масова особистість – як духовна субстанція, тоді як ще зовсім недавно людина маси реалізовувала себе як природна і соціальна істота. Особистість володіє абсолютною свободою у прийнятті та неприйнятті культури і цивілізації, вона плюралістична у своїх діях і в своїй свідомості, вона – суб'єкт історії і як такий має стати творчим потенціалом, що вільно освоює усі досягнення культури. Методологія. Діалог системи Постмодерну, що знаходиться в основі спілкування людини з іншою людиною, людини з суспільством є моделлю конвергентного становлення світового співтовариства та світової економіки. Моделлю ж раціоналізму і адекватного йому індустріального суспільства є монолог, від якого легко зводиться міст до насильства, навіть якщо воно здійснюється в ім'я людини і за ним стоїть пафос звеличення людини як носія необмежених можливостей творення. Однак дуже важливо не просто модифікувати раціоналізм, а зрозуміти його цивілізаційні витоки. Наукова новизна. Епоха постмодерну починається непросто. Модерн обороняється, використовуючи усі свої резерви: суспільну спрагу справедливості, пріоритетність раціонального початку (принаймні в економіці), монологічність громадських структур і політиків на відміну від діалогічності постмодерну, імператив модальності в духовному існуванні людини замість свободи. Нарешті, світовій спільноті історія влаштувала пастку – антропологічну парадигму формування ідеології глобалізації. У цій парадигмі людина бачиться матеріалістичною раціональною мірою побудови космосу і суспільства, тобто природною і соціальною істотою, а не духовною особистістю. Усе це яскраво проявляється у ході трансформації в Україні. Головні її слабкості очевидні. Це звужує поле масової участі в ринку або, за прийнятою нами символіці, поле суб'єктності. Населенню пропонується чекати і терпіти, тобто відводиться роль об'єкта політичного та економічного маніпулювання. Ще більш неприйнятна монополізація суб'єктності державою, для якої все і вся розглядається як предмет державного регулювання. Висновки. Для цивілізації кардинальною рисою є звернення до людини як до суб'єкта історії. З цього випливає необхідність в міру розвитку цивілізації підвищення ступеня суб'єктності в економіці, де людина може проявити себе вільно і відповідально через систему відносин приватної власності: економічний суб'єкт є суб'єкт власності. У політиці підвищення ролі людини та розвиток принципу суб'єктності означають поглиблення демократичних засад державного устрою. У соціальній сфері суб'єктність виражається в індивідуалізації суспільного існування людини і в персоніфікації суспільних зв'язків і реалізується через механізми ліберальних інститутів. Нам видається, що цивілізаційна єдність економіки, демократичної держави та ліберального суспільства має в даний час значення наукової парадигми. Якими б не були великі культурні вершини постмодерну, головні процеси нового суспільства складаються біля його підніжжя: у сфері формування суспільної свідомості та суспільних преференцій за участю масового індивіда, в економіці (з залученням масового індивіда в суспільне виробництво на рівні фінансових відносин, які дозволяють у максимальному ступені включити в економіку вільний вибір), в галузі державного будівництва і формування суспільних інститутів на принципах самодіяльної участі населення.
Problem Durumu: Türkiye'de vatandaşlık eğitimi, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'ndan 2000'liyıllara kadar edilgen ve görev odaklı bir özellik gösterirken Avrupa Birliği üyelik süreciyle birlikte etkin ve demokratik vatandaşlık eğitimine doğru evrilmiştir. Bu bağlamda 2004 yılında Sosyal Bilgiler Öğretim Programı yapılandırmacı yaklaşımı da benimseyerek etkin vatandaşlık eğitimine yönelik olarak yenilenmiştir. Bu araştırmada, Sosyal Bilgiler dersinde etkin ve demokratik vatandaşlık eğitimi uygulamaları ve karşılaşılan sorunlar incelenmiştir. Böylece, etkin ve demokratik vatandaşlık eğitimini uygulamaya başlayan Türkiye ve benzer ülkelerde ilköğretimde etkin vatandaşlık eğitiminin geliştirilmesine katkı sağlanacağı beklenmektedir. Ayrıca, bu araştırma sonuçlarından, etkin ve demokratik vatandaşlık eğitimi konusunda öğretmen eğitim programlarının geliştirilmesi ve öğretmenlere hizmet içi eğitim etkinliklerinin düzenlemesinde yararlanılabilecektir. Araştırmanın Amacı: Bu araştırmanın amacı, Sosyal Bilgiler dersinde etkin ve demokratik vatandaşlık eğitimin sürecini ve bu süreçte yaşanan sorunları anlamaktır. Yöntem: Bu araştırmada bütüncül çoklu durum deseni kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada katılımcıların seçiminde aşırı ve aykırı durum örneklemesi yapılmıştır. Bu kapsamda, araştırma bir alt ve orta sosyo-ekonomik düzeydeki öğrencilerin devam ettiği bir devlet okulu ile üst sosyo-ekonomik düzeyden gelen öğrencilerin devam ettiği bir özel ilköğretim okulunda gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmaya bu okullarda görev yapan altı öğretmen ve bu öğretmenlerin sınıflarından 30 öğrenci katılmıştır. Araştırma verileri yarı-yapılandırılmış görüşme, katılımcı gözlem ve dokümanların incelenmesi ile toplanmıştır. Araştırmacı, Sosyal Bilgiler dersinde gözlemci olarak katılımcı biçiminde ders sürecini izlemiştir. Gözlem öncesi ve sonrasında öğretmen ve öğrencilerle yarı-yapılandırılmış görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ek olarak, öğretmenlerin ders planları ve derste kullandıkları materyaller incelenmiştir. Araştırma verilerinin analizinde tematik analiz yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Analizde gözlem ve görüşme verileri, alt ve üst sosyo-ekonomik düzey karşılaştırılarak yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın inanırlığını artırmak için birçok veri kaynağından yararlanılmış, veri analizinde bir başka uzmanla çalışılmış ve katılımcılarla veriler paylaşılmıştır. Bulgular: Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, öğretmenlerin vatandaşlık algısı, siyasal görüşü ve eğitim geçmişi vatandaşlık eğitimine yansımaktadır. Bireysel vatandaşlık algısına sahip öğretmenler hak ve özgürlükleri vurgularken; toplumcu vatandaşlık algısına sahip öğretmenler daha çok devlete karşı olan sorumlulukları vurgulamaktadır. Öğretmenlerin çoğunun toplumcu, edilgen ve görev odaklı vatandaşlık algısına sahip olması etkin vatandaşlık eğitimini olumsuz etkilemektedir. Aynı zamanda öğretmenler, hizmet öncesi ve hizmet içi eğitim sürecinde vatandaşlık eğitimine ilişkin yeterli bilgi ve deneyim elde etmemişlerdir. Öğretmenlerin etkin ve demokratik vatandaşlık eğitimi konusunda yeterli bilgi ve deneyime sahip olmaması vatandaşlık eğitimi uygulamalarına olumsuz yansımaktadır. Öğrencilerin yaşı, cinsiyeti ve sosyal çevresi de etkin vatandaşlık eğitimini etkilemektedir. Yaşı küçük olan öğrenciler devlet, anayasa gibi temel vatandaşlık kavramlarını anlamada zorlanmaktadır. Kız öğrenciler ise, siyasal konulara ilgi göstermemektedir. Sosyo-ekonomik düzeyi düşük öğrenciler sosyo-ekonomik düzeyi yüksek öğrencilere göre daha edilgen ve görev odaklı bir vatandaşlık tutumu göstermektedir. Üst sosyo-ekonomik düzeyden gelen öğrenciler ise, daha çok haklarını bilmekte, kullanmakta ve eleştirel düşünmektedir. Eğitim sisteminin yapısı ve işleyişi de etkin vatandaşlık eğitimini etkilemektedir. Sınav merkezli eğitim sistemi, geleneksel okul sistemi ve kültürü, yasalar ve yönetmelikler vatandaşlık eğitimi üzerinde olumsuz etki yaratmaktadır. Sınav merkezlieğitim sistemi, vatandaşlık eğitiminin uygulama yapılmadan kuramsal kalmasına neden olmaktadır. Geleneksel okul yapısı ve kültürü, öğrencilerin Sosyal Bilgiler dersinde edindiği vatandaşlık bilgilerinin uygulanmasına olanak vermemekte ve vatandaşlık eğitimini desteklememektedir. Ayrıca, yasa ve yönetmelikler, Sosyal Bilgiler dersinde öğretmenleri sınırlandırmakta ve onların vatandaşlıkla ilgili birçok konuyu ele almalarını zorlaştırmaktadır.Tartışma ve Öneriler: Bu araştırma sonuçları, öğrencilerin edilgen ve görev odaklı vatandaşlık algısının Sosyal Bilgiler dersinin başında ve sonunda değişmediğini göstermektedir. Bu sonuç,Sosyal Bilgiler dersinde etkin vatandaşlık eğitiminin beklenilen düzeyde gerçekleşmediğini göstermektedir. Sosyal Bilgiler dersinde etkin vatandaşlık eğitimi, değer ağırlıklı, daha çok kuramsal bilgi ve sınav odaklı, siyasal konulardan uzak ve geleneksel öğretimle gerçekleşmektedir. Bu ders sonucunda, öğrencilerin siyasal okuryazarlık, etkili düşünme ve katılım becerileri yeterli düzeyde gelişmemektir. Sosyal Bilgiler dersinde etkin vatandaşlık eğitimini, öğretmen, öğrenci ve eğitim sisteminden kaynaklanan kimi etmenler etkilemektedir. Bu etmenler arasında öğretmenin vatandaşlık algısı, siyasal görüşü ve eğitim geçmişi önem taşımaktadır. Öğretmenlerin çoğunun, etkin vatandaş algısına sahip olmaması Sosyal Bilgiler dersinde edilgen ve görev odaklı vatandaşlık eğitimini güçlendirmektedir. Öğretmenlerin daha önceki eğitim yaşamında vatandaşlığı devlete karşı sorumluluklar olarak öğrenmesi ve etkin vatandaşlık eğitimine ilişkin bilgi ve deneyim eksikliği uygulamalarına olumsuz yansımaktadır. Bu nedenle, öğretmenlerin etkin vatandaşlık eğitimi konusunda hizmet öncesinde ve hizmet içi etkinliklerle bilgilendirilmeleri uygulamalarının güçlenmesinde etkili olacaktır. Öğrencilerin, yaşı, cinsiyeti ve sosyo-ekonomik ve kültürel yapısı etkin vatandaşlık eğitimini etkilemektedir. Özellikle kız öğrencilerin siyasal konularda ilgisiz tutumları ve düşüncelerini açıklama konusunda daha az katılım göstermesi toplumsal yaşamda kadının rolüyle ilişkilendirilebilir. Öğretmenler, etkin vatandaşlık eğitimi amacıyla Sosyal Bilgiler dersinde kız öğrencilerin sosyal ve siyasal katılımlarını artıracak önlemler almalıdır. Ayrıca, edilgen vatandaş algısının alt sosyo-ekonomik kültürde daha güçlü olması ve hak ve özgürlüklerin göz ardı edilmesi, öğrencilerin okulda elde ettiği etkin vatandaşlık kazanımlarını sosyal çevrenin desteklememesine neden olmaktadır. Böylece, öğrenciler etkin vatandaşlık kazanımlarını çevrelerinde ve toplumda uygulayamayacağını düşündükleri için yeterli önemi vermemekte ve benimsememektedir. Eğitim sistemi yapısından ve işleyişinden kaynaklanan kimi nedenler etkin vatandaşlık eğitimini olumsuz etkilemektedir. Bunlardan biri sınav merkezli eğitim sistemidir. Sınav merkezli eğitim sistemi öğretmenlerin ve öğrencilerin vatandaşlık eğitiminde kuramsal bilgilere yönlenmelerine neden olmaktadır. Böylece, vatandaşlık eğitimi uygulamalı bir eğitim olmaktan uzaklaşarak kuramsal bilgilere dayalı bir eğitime dönüşmektedir. Bunun yanı sıra öğrenciler, Sosyal Bilgiler dersinde elde ettiği etkin vatandaşlık kazanımlarını okulda uygulayamamaktadır. Etkin vatandaşlık eğitiminin gerçekleştirilebilmesi için demokratik okul yapısı ve kültürünün oluşturulması gerekmektedir. Ayrıca, öğretmenlerin siyasal konulara ele almasını sınırlayan yasaların olması, öğrencilerin siyasal okuryazarlık ve siyasal katılım yeterliklerini geliştirmelerini olumsuz etkilemektedir. Bu nedenle, öğretmenlerin akademik özgürlüğünü sağlayacakyasalar yeniden düzenlenmelidir. ; Problem Statement:Turkey's passive and task-oriented approach to citizenship education, which has endured since the Ottoman Empire period, has begun to change into more active and democratic citizenship education since Turkey joined the European Union. Identifying the practical problems as well as describing the challenges when practicing the Social Studies curriculum will contribute to citizenship education and its development, both in Turkey and in similar countries. Purpose of Study:The purpose of the present study is to explore the active and democratic citizenship education procedures in Social Studies course in Turkey and to determine the challenges encountered in active citizenship education. Methodology:The study was conducted using a holistic, multiple-case study design. Data were collected through interviews, classroom observations and documents. In this study, extreme or deviant case sampling was used. The study was conducted in two schools: a state school with a low socioeconomic background and a private school with high socioeconomic background. A total of six volunteer teachers and 30 students from both of the schools participated in the study. Findings: The study found that the citizenship perceptions, political views and educational backgrounds of the teachers had an effect on the citizenship education in their lessons. Furthermore, the age, maturity level, gender and social environment of the students had an effect on implementing citizenship education. Also, the test-centered educational system, traditional school organizations and culture, and the relevant legislations and regulations limited the ability of teachers to handle political issues and had negative effects on citizenship education. Discussion and Recommendation:The findings of the present study revealed that the students' task-based and passive perception of citizenship did not demonstrate any change at the beginning and end of the Social Studies course. The findings from this study suggest that, in general, citizenship education in Social Studies courses tends to offer, in part, a set of social moral values that focus more on theory and exams and lack opportunities for practice. At the end of this course, students are raised as apolitical citizens with low political literacy who lack effective thinking and participation skills. Therefore, teachers should be trained in active citizenship education, democratic school culture should be developed and the relevant legislations should be readjusted to provide teachers with more freedom in their academic concerns along with active citizenship education.
Problem setting. In democracies, the inherent right of citizens is the right to be informed about the policy pursued by the state, including not only the publicity and openness of government, but also the right to communicate public opinion on socially important issues to the government. The need for theoretical generalization and systematization of ideas about the content, structure, functions, internal logic of procedures and mechanisms of formation and implementation of regulatory principles of legal consciousness is becoming increasingly obvious. In other words, in terms of modern comprehensive research in the field of philosophy of law and a number of other branches of theoretical jurisprudence, the issue of not just harmonization and unification of such ideas, but the scientific development of a holistic theory of genesis and functioning of legal consciousness gains relevance. Despite the rather wide range of conceptual positions on the possibilities and areas of constructing such a theory, there is an approach based on studies of the primary, ontological, mentally structured foundations of legal consciousness. Resent research and publications analisys. Researcher of the system approach to processes in nature and society Yu. Bilodid characterizes the system as a set of qualitatively defined elements, having a natural connection or interaction between them. He is convinced that any self-organizing system for a certain purpose tums on reactivity (stabilization) and adaptation (dynamics), as well as a feedback channel, including a damper channel of negative feedback. Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. In Ukraine, the state of legal consciousness in public administration has been studied by Viacheslav Omelzov, who emphasized the monitoring of the state of public consciousness as a tool for information support of public administration. Paper main body. Legal consciousness and legal culture do not arise spontaneously and are not birth inherent, but it rather results from the process of socialization of the individual. Legal socialization of a minor involves the inclusion in his/her value normative system those values that are protected by law, the mastery of lawful behavior, the formation of a sense of social responsibility and solidarity with the law. Thus, the legal socialization of adolescents is associated with the acquisition of social values, the creation of a special system of legal ideas and skills of law enforcement behavior, the formation of legal consciousness. Also, legal socialization is inextricably linked with the moral formation of personality. Having law as a tool, the state seeks to establish progressive moral norms, fights against injustice, evil and vices in the minds of citizens, the entire population. In turn, morality affects the legal life of society, the development of law, thus contributing to the strengthening of public order. Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Feedback as a kind of regulator of power performs the functions of control, advice, and prescription. The very fulfillment of the wishes of the public is a guarantee that the authoritarian influence on the public consciousness will not be a manipulation, but the actualization of abilities and capabilities of each citizen, the awakening of the humanistic potential of the public consciousness. So, morality and law are interrelated forms of regulation of human behavior in a given society. The law is part of social norms, i.e. the norms regulating relations between people and their organizations (public formations and associations). All social norms, depending on their role and place in the system of social regulation, are split into legal (or judicial), moral, religious, corporate, political norms, aesthetics, customs and traditions. Thus, the interaction of the elements of the mechanism of criminal law regulation at its various levels is a complex and contradictory matter. Indeed, the criminal law regulation takes place in different regimes, which are determined by the balance formed at one stage or another between certain parts of its mechanism. Further research prospects may include the selection of relevant tools to study the state of public consciousness to identify ways to raise it, the organization of such monitoring centers to study changes in legal consciousness, their causes and consequences. ; Розглянуто способи збільшення ефективності державного управління через удосконалення зворотного зв'язку суспільства і влади. Описано дію цього механізму для індикації настроїв суспільства та накопичення соціального капіталу. Запропоновано шляхи підвищення ефективності державного управління через гуманізацію суспільної свідомості, зокрема правової свідомості і поваги громадян до чинного законодавства. Зазначено, що високий рівень правової свідомості сприяє демократизації суспільства та кращому контролю за дотриманням прав і свобод кожного з боку влади. Узагальнено та визначено шляхи вирішення завдань гуманізації суспільної свідомості через діяльність органів влади та державного управління. Аргументовано, що стиль управління має важливий вплив на гуманізацію суспільної свідомості через сприяння або перешкоди її зрілості та самореалізації підлеглих. Визначено систему інституцій, які могли б взяти на себе відповідальність за вирішення проблеми гуманізації суспільної свідомості.
Problem setting. In democracies, the inherent right of citizens is the right to be informed about the policy pursued by the state, including not only the publicity and openness of government, but also the right to communicate public opinion on socially important issues to the government. The need for theoretical generalization and systematization of ideas about the content, structure, functions, internal logic of procedures and mechanisms of formation and implementation of regulatory principles of legal consciousness is becoming increasingly obvious. In other words, in terms of modern comprehensive research in the field of philosophy of law and a number of other branches of theoretical jurisprudence, the issue of not just harmonization and unification of such ideas, but the scientific development of a holistic theory of genesis and functioning of legal consciousness gains relevance. Despite the rather wide range of conceptual positions on the possibilities and areas of constructing such a theory, there is an approach based on studies of the primary, ontological, mentally structured foundations of legal consciousness. Resent research and publications analisys. Researcher of the system approach to processes in nature and society Yu. Bilodid characterizes the system as a set of qualitatively defined elements, having a natural connection or interaction between them. He is convinced that any self-organizing system for a certain purpose tums on reactivity (stabilization) and adaptation (dynamics), as well as a feedback channel, including a damper channel of negative feedback. Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. In Ukraine, the state of legal consciousness in public administration has been studied by Viacheslav Omelzov, who emphasized the monitoring of the state of public consciousness as a tool for information support of public administration. Paper main body. Legal consciousness and legal culture do not arise spontaneously and are not birth inherent, but it rather results from the process of socialization of the individual. Legal socialization of a minor involves the inclusion in his/her value normative system those values that are protected by law, the mastery of lawful behavior, the formation of a sense of social responsibility and solidarity with the law. Thus, the legal socialization of adolescents is associated with the acquisition of social values, the creation of a special system of legal ideas and skills of law enforcement behavior, the formation of legal consciousness. Also, legal socialization is inextricably linked with the moral formation of personality. Having law as a tool, the state seeks to establish progressive moral norms, fights against injustice, evil and vices in the minds of citizens, the entire population. In turn, morality affects the legal life of society, the development of law, thus contributing to the strengthening of public order. Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Feedback as a kind of regulator of power performs the functions of control, advice, and prescription. The very fulfillment of the wishes of the public is a guarantee that the authoritarian influence on the public consciousness will not be a manipulation, but the actualization of abilities and capabilities of each citizen, the awakening of the humanistic potential of the public consciousness. So, morality and law are interrelated forms of regulation of human behavior in a given society. The law is part of social norms, i.e. the norms regulating relations between people and their organizations (public formations and associations). All social norms, depending on their role and place in the system of social regulation, are split into legal (or judicial), moral, religious, corporate, political norms, aesthetics, customs and traditions. Thus, the interaction of the elements of the mechanism of criminal law regulation at its various levels is a complex and contradictory matter. Indeed, the criminal law regulation takes place in different regimes, which are determined by the balance formed at one stage or another between certain parts of its mechanism. Further research prospects may include the selection of relevant tools to study the state of public consciousness to identify ways to raise it, the organization of such monitoring centers to study changes in legal consciousness, their causes and consequences. ; Розглянуто способи збільшення ефективності державного управління через удосконалення зворотного зв'язку суспільства і влади. Описано дію цього механізму для індикації настроїв суспільства та накопичення соціального капіталу. Запропоновано шляхи підвищення ефективності державного управління через гуманізацію суспільної свідомості, зокрема правової свідомості і поваги громадян до чинного законодавства. Зазначено, що високий рівень правової свідомості сприяє демократизації суспільства та кращому контролю за дотриманням прав і свобод кожного з боку влади. Узагальнено та визначено шляхи вирішення завдань гуманізації суспільної свідомості через діяльність органів влади та державного управління. Аргументовано, що стиль управління має важливий вплив на гуманізацію суспільної свідомості через сприяння або перешкоди її зрілості та самореалізації підлеглих. Визначено систему інституцій, які могли б взяти на себе відповідальність за вирішення проблеми гуманізації суспільної свідомості.
As a result of the antiterrorist operation in our state, there arose the necessity of analysis of influence of processes related to the forced displacement of citizens of Ukraine and increasing crimes in our State. One of the topical problems in modern criminology is the analysis of the relationship between the growth of number of crimes and the phenomenon of internal displacement or, on the contrary, evidence of lack of such communication. At least, it is important to establish the causes of crime internally displaced persons.The problems of studying crimes, committed by internally displaced persons are only beginning to feel the scientists. In particular, the first development of such perspectives available to scholars are such, as V. S. Batergareieva.The aim of the article is the actual definition, according to the author, perspectives on the recent trends of development of science of criminology in Ukraine, in particular, in the study of crimes, committed by internally displaced persons.According to the Unified report on criminal offences of the Prosecutor General's office of Ukraine for January-December 2015 posted: 8 224 murders, 73, acts of torture, 273 756 burglaries, 22, 108 robberies, 7 409 of the acts related to illegal handling of weapons, fighting supplies or explosives. In comparison with the statistics for January-December 2013 and 2014, we have an increasing number of thefts, torture, illegal behaviors with the weapon, fighting supplies or explosives. One of the reasons for the rising number of such crimes may be the phenomenon of internal displacement in Ukraine due to anti-terrorist operations and the occupation of the Crimea. The reasons for the increase in the number of crimes may have such a background phenomenon as: lack of work for internally displaced persons; the lack of adequate housing and living conditions; the stress of adaptation to new realities and the loss of established way of life; the lack of financial support from the state; the lack of quality in social services; increased tension, conflicts between the local population and internally displaced persons. In addition, account should be taken of such factors that lead to such situations as: growing psychological tension, social disorganization, discomfort of living conditions, diverse regional cultures and subcultures, opposing political views and the like.According to the office of the UN high Commissioner for refugees and the State migration service of Ukraine, most internally displaced persons settled in the areas close to their homes, in particular, on the territories of Donetsk and Lugansk regions under the control of the Ukraine.The numerous complaints about the crudity of a policy of Ukrainian officials at the expense of creation of conditions of adaptation of internally displaced persons in new locations. As a result, internally displaced persons do not feel confidence in the future, they cover a disappointment due to the lack of assistance from the state. There are many internally displaced persons, which, again, made the decision to return to occupied territory. However, to determine their exact number is difficult, because many internally displaced persons were not registered, their migration has circular or latent character.Conclusions of the research. 1) as of August 14, 2015 at peaceful part of the territory of Ukraine has moved about 1 438 000 persons – internally displaced persons; 2) the economic, political, social and military situation in the state is ever more complex. Internally displaced persons are very difficult to adapt to the conditions that arose in their lives. Due to the lack of substantial assistance to such persons by the state, the majority of such persons are left alone with their problems. At the same time, official statistics show the growth of homicides doubled, the increase in the number of beatings, the increase in the number of robberies, illegal firearms trafficking on the territory of Ukraine, in which terrorism flourishes. Besides actively committed crimes against principles of national safety. All this indicates the need for studies of the interdependence between the increase in the number of crimes committed on the peaceful territory of Ukraine and the phenomenon of internal displacement ; В статье с позиции криминологической науки раскрывается актуальность проб лематики соотношения увеличения количества совершенных в последние годы в Украине преступлений с процессами внутреннего перемещения лиц вследствие проведения антитеррористической операции на востоке страны и оккупации Автономной Республики Крым. Приводятся аргументы в пользу возможной связи между этими явлениями. ; У статті з позиції кримінологічної науки розкривається актуальність проблематики співвідношення збільшення кількості скоєних за останні роки в Україні злочинів з процесами внутрішнього переміщення осіб внаслідок проведення антитерористичної операції на сході країни та окупації Автономної Республіки Крим. Наводяться аргументи на користь можливого зв'язку між цими явищами.
Latin America as a field of the activity of the Holy See during John Paul II's pontificate
The first voyage made abroad by John Paul II to Mexico in January 1979 inaugurated the pontificate which had made a profound influence upon the relations between nations for more than a quarter of a century. Latin America became a dear region for the Polish Pope, who brought a great deal of energy and involvement for the development of Catholic life and the work of new evangelization. He considered this continent a place of hope for the Catholic Church: he made eighteen apostolic visits to this continent, and frequently prayed, as a pilgrim in Guadalupe, in front of the Heavenly Mother to which he referred as the Star of the First Evangelization. When the Pope appeared in Latin America for the first time in 1979, almost 43% of the population were Catholic people, after twenty-five years this number increased to over 60%. His final pilgrimage of 2002 ended with a great gift for the inhabitants of the continent: the canonization of Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin – the first Indian saint in the history of the Church. John Paul II's first visit to Latin America took place amid great expectations and appeals for specific solutions which were needed due to the great ideological and religious unrest caused by the clash between the Marxist ideology with the liberal and nationalistic ideology, and the spread of the so-called "liberation theology". The latter was associated with a one-sided interpretation of the teaching of the Second Vatican Council. The crisis of the Church on this continent was accompanied by the lack of a new evangelizational offer and a spiritual apathy which was partly overcome at the end of the 1970s.The III Latin American Episcopal Council (CELAM) called to the Pueblo in Mexico in January 1979 was supposed to indicate the avenues of further development of the Church on this continent and the perspectives of its social and spiritual development. John Paul II, an active participant of the Second Vatican Council and the Synod of Bishops in 1974 concerning evangelization, was aware of the difficult situation of the Church and of the Catholic communities in Latin America and quickly made the decision to personally participate in this conference. This was the first and at the same time, a groundbreaking papal visit which not only contributed to the cure of the religious situation but also became a source of rebirth of the Catholic church in Latin America. The remarkable significance of this visit is also associated with the fact that during this visit John Paul II imbued the social teaching of the Church with new meaning and vigour. This teaching had been sidelined by this institution and the Holy See for many years before that time. On 27 January 1979, when he addressed the bishops and the participants of the III CELAM Conference, the Pope firmly opposed the ideological involvement of the Church and indicated the errors of the liberation theology. He emphasized the following point: it is wrong to claim that political, economic and social liberation is similar to salvation in Jesus Christ, to claim that the "Regnum Dei" may be identified with the "Regnum hominis".The Pope's strategic gesture of 1979 was crucial for the future of Latin America – he came to Mexico as the head of the Vatican State, not as the head of the Church, due to the lack of diplomatic relations between the Holy See and that country and due to the lack of religious freedom. In the late 1980s Mexico became a country of great opportunity for the Church, and the state established contacts with the Vatican anew. The Pope's positive influence was also marked in the social, spiritual and religious spheres: it brought the strengthening of the Church and of the religious movements, and an energetic preaching of social doctrine which thanks to John Paul II assumed the status of a serious proposition for this continent. We may include the following suggestions of the Pope which played a considerable role in the development of Latin America and the local Church:– the evangelization of people and cultures as the solution of all of the problems faced by mankind;– the promotion of the social teaching of the Church as an effective alternative which encourages the development of mankind and societies in Latin America;– the elaboration of the teaching of christological anthropology as the key element of the cultural presence and the Christian identity in the modern world;– the defense of human dignity and human rights, especially of religious freedom which is considered as the essence of man's freedom;– the defense and the promotion of the family and the protection of human life since the time of conception until the natural death;– seeking and building peace in the spirit of reconciliation and respect of other people's rights.
Acknowledgements A full list of acknowledgments appears in the Supplementary Note 4. Co-author A.J.M.d.C. recently passed away while this work was in process. This work was performed under the auspices of the Genetic Investigation of ANthropometric Traits (GIANT) consortium. We acknowledge the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) Consortium for encouraging CHARGE studies to participate in this effort and for the contributions of CHARGE members to the analyses conducted for this research. Funding for this study was provided by the Aase and Ejner Danielsens Foundation; Academy of Finland (41071, 77299, 102318, 110413, 117787, 121584, 123885, 124243, 124282, 126925, 129378, 134309, 286284); Accare Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Action on Hearing Loss (G51); Agence Nationale de la 359 Recherche; Agency for Health Care Policy Research (HS06516); ALF/LUA research grant in Gothenburg; ALFEDIAM; ALK-Abelló A/S; Althingi; American Heart Association (13POST16500011); Amgen; Andrea and Charles Bronfman Philanthropies; Ardix Medical; Arthritis Research UK; Association Diabète Risque Vasculaire; Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (241944, 339462, 389875, 389891, 389892, 389927, 389938, 442915, 442981, 496739, 552485, 552498); Avera Institute; Bayer Diagnostics; Becton Dickinson; BHF (RG/14/5/30893); Boston Obesity Nutrition Research Center (DK46200), Bristol-Myers Squibb; British Heart Foundation (RG/10/12/28456, RG2008/08, RG2008/014, SP/04/002); Medical Research Council of Canada; Canadian Institutes for Health Research (FRCN-CCT-83028); Cancer Research UK; Cardionics; Cavadis B.V., Center for Medical Systems Biology; Center of Excellence in Genomics; CFI; CIHR; City of Kuopio; CNAMTS; Cohortes Santé TGIR; Contrat de Projets État-Région; Croatian Science Foundation (8875); Danish Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation; Danish Council for Independent Research (DFF-1333-00124, DFF-1331-00730B); County Council of Dalarna; Dalarna University; Danish Council for Strategic Research; Danish Diabetes Academy; Danish Medical Research Council; Department of Health, UK; Development Fund from the University of Tartu (SP1GVARENG); Diabetes Hilfs- und Forschungsfonds Deutschland; Diabetes UK; Diabetes Research and Wellness Foundation Fellowship; Donald W. Reynolds Foundation; Dr Robert Pfleger-Stiftung; Dutch Brain Foundation; Dutch Diabetes Research Foundation; Dutch Inter University Cardiology Institute; Dutch Kidney Foundation (E033); Dutch Ministry of Justice; the DynaHEALTH action No. 633595, Economic Structure Enhancing Fund of the Dutch Government; Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung (2012_A147, P48/08//A11/08); Emil Aaltonen Foundation; Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam; Erasmus MC and Erasmus University Rotterdam; the Municipality of Rotterdam; Estonian Government (IUT20-60, IUT24-6); Estonian Research Roadmap through the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research (3.2.0304.11-0312); European Research Council (ERC Starting Grant and 323195:SZ-245 50371-GLUCOSEGENES-FP7-IDEAS-ERC); European Regional Development Fund; European Science Foundation (EU/QLRT-2001-01254); European Commission (018947, 018996, 201668, 223004, 230374, 279143, 284167, 305739, BBMRI-LPC-313010, HEALTH-2011.2.4.2-2-EU-MASCARA, HEALTH-2011-278913, HEALTH-2011-294713-EPLORE, HEALTH-F2-2008-201865-GEFOS, HEALTH-F2-2013-601456, HEALTH-F4-2007-201413, HEALTH-F4-2007-201550-HYPERGENES, HEALTH-F7-305507 HOMAGE, IMI/115006, LSHG-CT-2006-018947, LSHG-CT-2006-01947, LSHM-CT-2004-005272, LSHM-CT-2006-037697, LSHM-CT-2007-037273, QLG1-CT-2002-00896, QLG2-CT-2002-01254); Faculty of Biology and Medicine of Lausanne; Federal Ministry of Education and Research (01ZZ0103, 01ZZ0403, 01ZZ9603, 03IS2061A, 03ZIK012); Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania; Fédération Française de Cardiologie; Finnish Cultural Foundation; Finnish Diabetes Association; Finnish Foundation of Cardiovascular Research; Finnish Heart Association; Fondation Leducq; Food Standards Agency; Foundation for Strategic Research; French Ministry of Research; FRSQ; Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN) of the Foundation for the NIH; German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, 01ER1206, 01ER1507); GlaxoSmithKline; Greek General Secretary of Research and Technology; Göteborg Medical Society; Health and Safety Executive; Healthcare NHS Trust; Healthway; Western Australia; Heart Foundation of Northern Sweden; Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health; Hjartavernd; Ingrid Thurings Foundation; INSERM; InterOmics (PB05 MIUR-CNR); INTERREG IV Oberrhein Program (A28); Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands (ICIN, 09.001); Italian Ministry of Health (ICS110.1/RF97.71); Italian Ministry of Economy and Finance (FaReBio di Qualità); Marianne and Marcus Wallenberg Foundation; the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sports, the Netherlands; J.D.E. and Catherine T, MacArthur Foundation Research Networks on Successful Midlife Development and Socioeconomic Status and Health; Juho Vainio Foundation; Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International; KfH Stiftung Präventivmedizin e.V.; King's College London; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio, Tampere and Turku University Hospital Medical Funds (X51001); La Fondation de France; Leenaards Foundation; Lilly; LMUinnovativ; Lundberg Foundation; Magnus Bergvall Foundation; MDEIE; Medical Research Council UK (G0000934, G0601966, G0700931, MC_U106179471, MC_UU_12019/1); MEKOS Laboratories; Merck Santé; Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sports, The Netherlands; Ministry of Cultural Affairs of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania; Ministry of Economic Affairs, The Netherlands; Ministry of Education and Culture of Finland (627;2004-2011); Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, The Netherlands; Ministry of Science, Education and Sport in the Republic of Croatia (108-1080315-0302); MRC centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology; MRC Human Genetics Unit; MRC-GlaxoSmithKline pilot programme (G0701863); MSD Stipend Diabetes; National Institute for Health Research; Netherlands Brain Foundation (F2013(1)-28); Netherlands CardioVascular Research Initiative (CVON2011-19); Netherlands Genomics Initiative (050-060-810); Netherlands Heart Foundation (2001 D 032, NHS2010B280); Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) and Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMW) (56-464-14192, 60-60600-97-118, 100-001-004, 261-98-710, 400-05-717, 480-04-004, 480-05-003, 481-08-013, 904-61-090, 904-61-193, 911-11-025, 985-10-002, Addiction-31160008, BBMRI–NL 184.021.007, GB-MaGW 452-04-314, GB-MaGW 452-06-004, GB-MaGW 480-01-006, GB-MaGW 480-07-001, GB-MW 940-38-011, Middelgroot-911-09-032, NBIC/BioAssist/RK 2008.024, Spinozapremie 175.010.2003.005, 175.010.2007.006); Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; NHS Foundation Trust; National Institutes of Health (1RC2MH089951, 1Z01HG000024, 24152, 263MD9164, 263MD821336, 2R01LM010098, 32100-2, 32122, 32108, 5K99HL130580-02, AA07535, AA10248, AA11998, AA13320, AA13321, AA13326, AA14041, AA17688, AG13196, CA047988, DA12854, DK56350, DK063491, DK078150, DK091718, DK100383, DK078616, ES10126, HG004790, HHSN268200625226C, HHSN268200800007C, HHSN268201200036C, HHSN268201500001I, HHSN268201100046C, HHSN268201100001C, HHSN268201100002C, HHSN268201100003C, HHSN268201100004C, HHSN271201100004C, HL043851, HL45670, HL080467, HL085144, HL087660, HL054457, HL119443, HL118305, HL071981, HL034594, HL126024, HL130114, KL2TR001109, MH66206, MH081802, N01AG12100, N01HC55015, N01HC55016, N01C55018, N01HC55019, N01HC55020, N01HC55021, N01HC55022, N01HC85079, N01HC85080, N01HC85081, N01HC85082, N01HC85083, N01HC85086, N01HC95159, N01HC95160, N01HC95161, N01HC95162, N01HC95163, N01HC95164, N01HC95165, N01HC95166, N01HC95167, N01HC95168, N01HC95169, N01HG65403, N01WH22110, N02HL6‐4278, N01-HC-25195, P01CA33619, R01HD057194, R01HD057194, R01AG023629, R01CA63, R01D004215701A, R01DK075787, R01DK062370, R01DK072193, R01DK075787, R01DK089256, R01HL53353, R01HL59367, R01HL086694, R01HL087641, R01HL087652, R01HL103612, R01HL105756, R01HL117078, R01HL120393, R03 AG046389, R37CA54281, RC2AG036495, RC4AG039029, RPPG040710371, RR20649, TW008288, TW05596, U01AG009740, U01CA98758, U01CA136792, U01DK062418, U01HG004402, U01HG004802, U01HG007376, U01HL080295, UL1RR025005, UL1TR000040, UL1TR000124, UL1TR001079, 2T32HL007055-36, T32GM074905, HG002651, HL084729, N01-HC-25195, UM1CA182913); NIH, National Institute on Aging (Intramural funding, NO1-AG-1-2109); Northern Netherlands Collaboration of Provinces; Novartis Pharma; Novo Nordisk; Novo Nordisk Foundation; Nutricia Research Foundation (2016-T1); ONIVINS; Parnassia Bavo group; Pierre Fabre; Province of Groningen; Päivikki and Sakari Sohlberg Foundation; Påhlssons Foundation; Paavo Nurmi Foundation; Radboud Medical Center Nijmegen; Research Centre for Prevention and Health, the Capital Region of Denmark; the Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly; Research into Ageing; Robert Dawson Evans Endowment of the Department of Medicine at Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center; Roche; Royal Society; Russian Foundation for Basic Research (NWO-RFBR 047.017.043); Rutgers University Cell and DNA Repository (NIMH U24 MH068457-06); Sanofi-Aventis; Scottish Government Health Directorates, Chief Scientist Office (CZD/16/6); Siemens Healthcare; Social Insurance Institution of Finland (4/26/2010); Social Ministry of the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania; Société Francophone du 358 Diabète; State of Bavaria; Stiftelsen för Gamla Tjänarinnor; Stockholm County Council (560183, 592229); Strategic Cardiovascular and Diabetes Programmes of Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council; Stroke Association; Swedish Diabetes Association; Swedish Diabetes Foundation (2013-024); Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research; Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation (20120197, 20150711); Swedish Research Council (0593, 8691, 2012-1397, 2012-1727, and 2012-2215); Swedish Society for Medical Research; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics; Swiss National Science Foundation (3100AO-116323/1, 31003A-143914, 33CSCO-122661, 33CS30-139468, 33CS30-148401, 51RTP0_151019); Tampere Tuberculosis Foundation; Technology Foundation STW (11679); The Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Vlaanderen, Ministry of the Flemish Community (G.0880.13, G.0881.13); The Great Wine Estates of the Margaret River Region of Western Australia; Timber Merchant Vilhelm Bangs Foundation; Topcon; Tore Nilsson Foundation; Torsten and Ragnar Söderberg's Foundation; United States – Israel Binational Science Foundation (Grant 2011036), Umeå University; University Hospital of Regensburg; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Michigan; University of Utrecht; Uppsala Multidisciplinary Center for Advanced Computational Science (UPPMAX) (b2011036); Velux Foundation; VU University's Institute for Health and Care Research; Västra Götaland Foundation; Wellcome Trust (068545, 076113, 079895, 084723, 088869, WT064890, WT086596, WT098017, WT090532, WT098051, 098381); Wissenschaftsoffensive TMO; Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation; and Åke Wiberg Foundation. The views expressed in this manuscript are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); the National Institutes of Health (NIH); or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF
The article examines the problem of increasing the efficiency of human resources as one of the main tasks of resource provision on the path of transformational changes in public administration in Ukraine. The key role of high-quality staffing in solving a wide range of problems in the development of Ukrainian society is substantiated. It is proved that its essence lies in the complexity and multifaceted nature of the management process and is the main element of human resource management and a necessary factor in achieving social development goals. At the present stage of development of the Ukrainian state, staffing in the field of public administration plays a key role in solving a wide range of problems in the development of Ukrainian society. First, its essence lies in the complexity and multifaceted nature of the management process aimed at building an effective system of training, development and effective use in public administration. Secondly, staffing in the field of public administration is an activity to restore human resources, is the main element of human resource management and a necessary factor in achieving social development goals. Third, it is a systemic mechanism aimed at updating qualified personnel in public authorities. Attention is focused on modern problems of personnel policy formation. These include: unregulated tasks and powers of the main circle of its subjects; lack of clear goals and strategies for human resources development in key areas, sectors or industries; professional burnout of human resources, deepening disparities in the structure of human resources and its inconsistency with the needs of society; the lack of an effective mechanism for the state order to train the necessary personnel and provide them with a guaranteed job after graduation; inconsistency of the institutional structure of the public administration apparatus with the needs of citizens, business, internal and external priorities of the state, high cost of public administration, its lack of manageability and effectiveness. It is established that the essence of management, its functions and specifics are determined, on the one hand, by the tasks, and on the other - by the content of managerial work: its subject, means and purpose. The culture and effectiveness of management is largely determined by the means of managerial work - intellectual, creative, analytical and other mental abilities, as well as modern digital technologies, the level and completeness of their use. The complexity of the tasks and challenges of the XXI century, the rapid nature of transformations in many areas of economic and social development highlights the need to establish the basic principles of the formation of modern personnel policy. The principles of politicization in resolving personnel issues should be a thing of the past, today there is an urgent need to select human resources on the principles of professionalism, high level of knowledge, competence, which at the present stage should become a decisive link in transformational changes in public administration. Development and implementation of personnel policy of Ukraine in all spheres of public activity requires the construction of an effective system, which should include a set of relevant institutions with clearly defined organizational and functional powers, the availability of modern progressive educational programs with their ideological and software, and effective research. pedagogical corps. Only under such conditions will high indicators of society development in accordance with European standards be achieved. This primarily presupposes the existence of a legal framework and the formation of a system of organizations that will manage personnel processes in these areas. Thus, in accordance with the main objectives set by the Strategy of State Personnel Policy for 2012-2020, the implementation of state personnel policy in the field of public administration primarily requires modernization of the system of scientific training in science "Public Administration", focused on the priorities of transformational change on the way to the development of modern Ukraine. ; У статті досліджено проблему підвищення ефективності кадрового потенціалу як одного з головних завдань ресурсного забезпечення на шляху трансформаційних змін публічного управління в Україні. Обґрунтовано ключову роль якісного кадрового забезпечення в розв'язанні широкого кола проблем розвитку українського суспільства. Доведено, що його сутність полягає в складності та багатоаспектності процесу управлінської діяльності і виступає головним елементом управління людськими ресурсами та необхідним чинником досягнення цілей суспільного розвитку. Закцентовано увагу на сучасних проблемах формування кадрової політики. Установлено, що сутність управління, його функції і специфіка визначаються, з одного боку, поставленими завданнями, а з другого – змістом управлінської праці: її предметом, засобами і метою. Культуру й ефективність управління значною мірою визначають засоби управлінської праці – інтелектуальні, творчі, аналітичні та інші розумові здібності, а також сучасні цифрові технології, рівень і повнота їх використання. Ключові слова: кадровий потенціал; ресурсне забезпечення; публічне управління; трасформаційні зміни; цифрові технології; цифрове суспільство.
The article examines the problem of increasing the efficiency of human resources as one of the main tasks of resource provision on the path of transformational changes in public administration in Ukraine. The key role of high-quality staffing in solving a wide range of problems in the development of Ukrainian society is substantiated. It is proved that its essence lies in the complexity and multifaceted nature of the management process and is the main element of human resource management and a necessary factor in achieving social development goals. At the present stage of development of the Ukrainian state, staffing in the field of public administration plays a key role in solving a wide range of problems in the development of Ukrainian society. First, its essence lies in the complexity and multifaceted nature of the management process aimed at building an effective system of training, development and effective use in public administration. Secondly, staffing in the field of public administration is an activity to restore human resources, is the main element of human resource management and a necessary factor in achieving social development goals. Third, it is a systemic mechanism aimed at updating qualified personnel in public authorities. Attention is focused on modern problems of personnel policy formation. These include: unregulated tasks and powers of the main circle of its subjects; lack of clear goals and strategies for human resources development in key areas, sectors or industries; professional burnout of human resources, deepening disparities in the structure of human resources and its inconsistency with the needs of society; the lack of an effective mechanism for the state order to train the necessary personnel and provide them with a guaranteed job after graduation; inconsistency of the institutional structure of the public administration apparatus with the needs of citizens, business, internal and external priorities of the state, high cost of public administration, its lack of manageability and effectiveness. It is established that the essence of management, its functions and specifics are determined, on the one hand, by the tasks, and on the other - by the content of managerial work: its subject, means and purpose. The culture and effectiveness of management is largely determined by the means of managerial work - intellectual, creative, analytical and other mental abilities, as well as modern digital technologies, the level and completeness of their use. The complexity of the tasks and challenges of the XXI century, the rapid nature of transformations in many areas of economic and social development highlights the need to establish the basic principles of the formation of modern personnel policy. The principles of politicization in resolving personnel issues should be a thing of the past, today there is an urgent need to select human resources on the principles of professionalism, high level of knowledge, competence, which at the present stage should become a decisive link in transformational changes in public administration. Development and implementation of personnel policy of Ukraine in all spheres of public activity requires the construction of an effective system, which should include a set of relevant institutions with clearly defined organizational and functional powers, the availability of modern progressive educational programs with their ideological and software, and effective research. pedagogical corps. Only under such conditions will high indicators of society development in accordance with European standards be achieved. This primarily presupposes the existence of a legal framework and the formation of a system of organizations that will manage personnel processes in these areas. Thus, in accordance with the main objectives set by the Strategy of State Personnel Policy for 2012-2020, the implementation of state personnel policy in the field of public administration primarily requires modernization of the system of scientific training in science "Public Administration", focused on the priorities of transformational change on the way to the development of modern Ukraine. ; У статті досліджено проблему підвищення ефективності кадрового потенціалу як одного з головних завдань ресурсного забезпечення на шляху трансформаційних змін публічного управління в Україні. Обґрунтовано ключову роль якісного кадрового забезпечення в розв'язанні широкого кола проблем розвитку українського суспільства. Доведено, що його сутність полягає в складності та багатоаспектності процесу управлінської діяльності і виступає головним елементом управління людськими ресурсами та необхідним чинником досягнення цілей суспільного розвитку. Закцентовано увагу на сучасних проблемах формування кадрової політики. Установлено, що сутність управління, його функції і специфіка визначаються, з одного боку, поставленими завданнями, а з другого – змістом управлінської праці: її предметом, засобами і метою. Культуру й ефективність управління значною мірою визначають засоби управлінської праці – інтелектуальні, творчі, аналітичні та інші розумові здібності, а також сучасні цифрові технології, рівень і повнота їх використання. Ключові слова: кадровий потенціал; ресурсне забезпечення; публічне управління; трасформаційні зміни; цифрові технології; цифрове суспільство.