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Between the beginning of the 1960s and the early 1980s, Wine Action Committees in Languedoc regularly claimed for bombings against public buildings and trading companies. The clandestine network formed in this way then loses its visibility, before further violence is brought to its attention from the end of the 1990s. The variations recorded can be linked to the structure of relations between the wine unions and the public authorities from one period to the next. In order to decrypt the logic behind the destruction, two analysis registers are crossed: the focus was on the way in which professional organisations set up the group they proposed to defend and which they declared to be representative; at the same time, attention is paid to the labelling that national and European administrations can offer them on a competitive basis. The statement is based on the results of a survey carried out in the department of Aude. ; International audience ; Between the beginning of the 1960s and the early 1980s, Wine Action Committees in Languedoc regularly claimed for bombings against public buildings and trading companies. The clandestine network formed in this way then loses its visibility, before further violence is brought to its attention from the end of the 1990s. The variations recorded can be linked to the structure of relations between the wine unions and the public authorities from one period to the next. In order to decrypt the logic behind the destruction, two analysis registers are crossed: the focus was on the way in which professional organisations set up the group they proposed to defend and which they declared to be representative; at the same time, attention is paid to the labelling that national and European administrations can offer them on a competitive basis. The statement is based on the results of a survey carried out in the department of Aude. ; Entre le début des années 1960 et le début des années 1980, des Comités d'action viticole défraient la chronique dans le Languedoc en revendiquant ...

As suggested by the title of her new book, Reshaping the Work-Family Debate: Why Men and Class Matter, Joan Williams takes class seriously. Class matters, Williams argues, because "socially conscious progressives" need political allies to achieve progress with their agenda for work-family reform. Williams calls us not only to think about class and recognize it as a significant axis of stratification and (dis)advantage, but also to treat the working class with respect and dignity. Emblematic of Williams's argument is her challenge to us to "[d]iscard[] Marxian analyses from 30,000 feet" and "come down to learn enough about working-class life to end decades of casual insults." In other words, be nice and play fair. It's a tried-and-true way to win friends and influence people. In this Essay, I seek to enhance Williams's powerful and pathbreaking discussion of the white working class in three ways. Part I brings geography explicitly into consideration by arguing that the culture wars—which I believe Williams aligns correctly along a broad and fuzzy line between the working class and the professional-managerial class—similarly align along the rural–urban axis. Just as liberal elites shun and ridicule the white working class, they similarly express disdain for rural and small-town residents. Indeed, among denizens of the largest cities and "coastal elites," rural Americans have become a proxy for the working class—the uncouth, the uncultured, and—yes—the illiberal. I contend that social progressives reserve their greatest contempt—and increasingly also their ire—for whites in rural America, the vast majority of whom are working class. Based on this argument that the opposing sides in the class culture wars are now represented, broadly speaking, by the rural and the urban, I take up three other issues. First, in Part II, I disrupt Williams's broad-brush class dichotomy—"professional-managerial" and "working class"—by introducing other classes and subclasses that are particularly relevant in rural contexts. ...

HISTORICAL RESEARCH CHALLENGES FOR THE TRAINING OF PROFESSIONAL HISTORIANS IN THE SCHOOL OF HISTORY, UNIVERSITY OF COSTA RICAEl artículo reflexiona acerca del enfoque pedagógico del nuevo plan de estudio de Bachillerato y Licenciatura en Historia que convierte a la investigación en el eje articulador de la formación de los futuros profesionales en historia. Para esto fue necesario la discusión del objeto de estudio de la historia como disciplina de las Ciencias Sociales y las tendencias disciplinares actuales: Historia Política o la Historia del Poder, Historia Económica, Historia Social y Cultural y la Historia Ambiental y Ecológica como un área emergente. Las preguntas que orientaron la reflexión fueron ¿qué es la historia, para qué la enseñamos y cuál es la meta que pretendemos alcanzar en la formación de los y las futuros historiadores e historiadoras? La discusión del enfoque pedagógico en el nuevo plan de estudio apenas inicia y las respuestas a estas preguntas conducen a la transformación en la enseñanza de la profesión histórica en la Universidad de Costa Rica.Palabras clave: Enfoque pedagógico, Historia, autoevaluación, plan de estudio de Historia, investigación históricaAbstractThis article reflects the pedagogical approach of the new curriculum and Bachelor Degree in History that makes research in the backbone of the training of future professionals in history. For this was required the discussion of the subject matter of history as a discipline of Social Sciences and the current disciplinary trends: Political History or the History of Power, Economic History, Social and Cultural History and Environmental History and Ecology as an emerging area . The key question that oriented the reflection was "what history is? What we teach? And what is the goal we want to achieve in training and future historians and historians? The discussion of the pedagogical approach in the new curriculum has just begun and the answers to these questions lead to transformation in the teaching of the historical profession at the University of Costa Rica.Keywords: History pedagogical approach, self-assessment, curriculum history, history research

BackgroundHIV is an important factor affecting healthcare workforce capacity in high‐prevalence countries, such as Swaziland. It contributes to loss of valuable healthcare providers directly through death and absenteeism and indirectly by affecting family members, increasing work volume and decreasing performance. This study explored perceived barriers to accessing HIV/AIDS care and prevention services among health workers in Swaziland. We asked health workers about their views on how HIV affects Swaziland's health workforce and what barriers and strategies health workers have for addressing HIV and using healthcare treatment facilities.MethodsThirty‐four semi‐structured, in‐depth interviews, including a limited set of quantitative questions, were conducted among health workers at health facilities representing the mixture of facility type, level and location found in the Swaziland health system. Data were collected by a team of Swazi nurses who had received training in research methods. Study sites were selected using a purposive sampling method while health workers were sampled conveniently with attention to representing a mixture of different cadres. Data were analyzed using Nvivo qualitative analysis software and Excel.ResultsHealth workers reported that HIV had a range of negative impacts on their colleagues and identified HIV testing and care as one of the most important services to offer health workers. They overwhelmingly wanted to know their own HIV status. However, they also indicated that in general, health workers were reluctant to access testing or care as they feared stigmatization by patients and colleagues and breaches of confidentiality. They described a self‐stigmatization related to a professional need to maintain a HIV‐free status, contrasting with the HIV‐vulnerable general population. Breaching of this boundary included feelings of professional embarrassment and fear of colleagues' and patients' judgements.ConclusionsWhile care is available and relatively accessible, Swaziland health workers still face unique usage barriers that relate to a self‐stigmatizing process of boundary maintenance ‐ described here as a form of "othering" from the HIV‐vulnerable general population ‐ and a lack of trust in privacy and confidentiality. Interventions that target health workers should address these issues.

AbstractIn recent times, Richard Florida's 'creative class' theory, which deals with a particular set of regional success factors (technology, talent and tolerance) has received quite a positive reception among regional scientists and politicians in North America and Europe. Particularly on the urban level, Florida's concept has become a 'message of hope' to guide poor and declining localities to a future path of successful development. Florida's approach can be criticized for its highly affirmative concept of class and the current mode of capitalist development. This article starts from a deconstruction of the notion of a creative class and deals with the aggregation and co‐location problems that plague Florida's concept. On the basis of empirical research on the regional distribution of diverse occupational groups in Germany, the article proves specifically that the 'dealer class'— or in Florida's terms, creative professionals — does not have a significant or positive impact on the success of urban areas in developing sustainable economic structures.Résumé Ces dernières années, la théorie de la 'classe créative' de Richard Florida, qui porte sur un ensemble spécifique de facteurs de réussite régionale (technologie, talent et tolérance), a été accueillie très favorablement, en Amérique du Nord et en Europe, dans les milieux politiques et de la recherche sur les régions. Plus précisément, au niveau urbain, le concept de Florida s'est transformé en 'message d'espoir' guidant les localités pauvres ou en déclin sur la voie d'un développement réussi. L'approche de Florida est critiquable par son concept de classe fortement antidiscriminatoire et du fait des modalités d'évolution actuelles du capitalisme. L'article commence par une déconstruction de la notion de classe créative et aborde les problèmes d'agrégation et de co‐localisation qui empoisonnent le concept de Florida. À partir d'une étude empirique sur la répartition régionale de divers groupes professionnels en Allemagne, il est démontré spécifiquement que la 'dealer class ou classe des courtiers' (les creative professionals au sens de Florida) n'a pas d'impact significatif ou positif sur la réussite des zones urbaines via le développement de structures économiques durables.

Background: Assaults on health professionals have been an area of burgeoning clinical and political interest in recent years. There is now a body of literature suggesting that violence towards psychiatrists is more common than to other doctors. Thus far the vast majority of research in this area has been conducted in Western European and North American clinical settings. For the first time, this study examines this issue in the context of Turkish psychiatric settings. Objective: (i) The study aims to detect the prevalence of verbal and physical assaults towards psychiatrists in Turkey. (ii) It aims to compare the experience of verbal and physical assaults according to the gender and training experience of psychiatrists. (iii) The paper intends to investigate how psychiatrists reacted to and appraised the experience of violence. Methods: A questionnaire was prepared to evaluate violence towards psychiatrists (adapted from the Overt Agression Scale). The questionaire was administered to psychiatric specialists and residents working in state hospitals, research and training hospitals, mental health hospitals and university psychiatry clinics. A response rate of 93% was achieved with 186 out of 200 psychiatrsits approached completing the study questionnaire. Results: Of all the psychiatrists who responded, 71% reported having experienced verbal or physical assaults during their professional life (verbal assaults only (19.9%), physical assaults only (2.7%) and both (48.4%)). Of these, 26% suffered injury to at least a mild degree. There was no statistically significant difference in terms of gender and workplace. In spite of the extremely high rates of aggression and violence towards psychiatrists, roughly 50% perceived these acts a normal part of their job and only 5% formally reported the violent incident. Conclusion: The majority of psychiatrists described having been victims of verbal and physical assaults although half perceived aggression and violence as a normal part of their job. Levels of reporting of violence were very low in the context of this study. Studies such as this provide evidence to inform the development of improved management of violence and may encourage psychiatrists to report violence.

Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales. Maestría en Derecho ; Ethics is not only a topic of coffee, it is one of the most interesting topics throughout human history, because although it is intangible it is inherent in human nature, being considered important at the present time, as one of the Traits of the exit profiles and consequently in any of the professional performances. Historically, moral virtue stands out as a result of that capacity that nature allows us to perform just actions, looking for them at the intermediate point between the opposite extremes of excesses or deficiencies; On the other hand, in a categorical imperative, the character of duty must prevail when they are based on a Universal Rational Ethics, based on laws that determine the will. It is no omission to point out that, in humanism, man's freedom to choose is rescued for actions that determine his human quality. The role of the State in promoting and consolidating the ethical sense of the exercise of professions is unobjectionable and a duty of all enlightened government; For this reason it is fundamental to recognize the role of the teacher in all orders and at all levels of our National Educational System, especially the university. In the historical transition, in rescuing the thoughts of liberal men, we can glimpse the axiological and ideological character of education in the University, generating from each great Mexican social movement the formulation of laws that regulate an ideal behavior and, moreover, leave to Except for the legal ethical character of education. The description of the dimensions, variables, functions and tasks of the teaching in the legal ethical field, offers the possibilities of the description of a professional life experience, that of a teaching practice in the teaching of the optional subject Legal Logic, in the That the advisers and Miguel Rayas Lundes agreed to make an exercise on the identification of the psychopedagogical and institutional criteria of the graduation profile of the Law Degree of the ...

Aquesta comunicació se centra en l'estudi de la mida, la flexibilitat i l'estabilitat dels equips que gestionen els dipòsits espanyols en l'actualitat, per tal de determinar si són prou sòlids i estables com per suportar mandats institucionals. Per això s'ha realitzat una enquesta entre els dipòsits per tal de recopilar informació sobre l'estructura dels equips professionals que els gestionen. Atès que el nivell de desenvolupament entre els dipòsits espanyols és molt diferent, l'anàlisi se centrarà inicialment en aquells que es troben més consolidats, encara que la intenció de l'estudi és assolir un nivell de cobertura el més ampli possible que eventualment pugui excedir els límits nacionals. ; Esta comunicación se centra en el estudio del tamaño, la flexibilidad y la estabilidad de los equipos que gestionan los repositorios españoles en la actualidad, con el fin de determinar si son lo suficientemente sólidos y estables como para soportar mandatos institucionales. Para ello se ha realizado una encuesta entre los repositorios con objeto de recopilar información sobre la estructura de los equipos profesionales que los gestionan. Dado que el nivel de desarrollo entre los repositorios españoles es muy dispar, el análisis se centrará inicialmente en aquéllos que se encuentran más consolidados, aunque la intención del estudio es alcanzar un nivel de cobertura lo más amplio posible que eventualmente pueda exceder los límites nacionales. ; This paper focuses on the study of size, flexibility and stability of the working teams managing the Spanish repositories today, in order to determine whether they are sufficiently strong and stable to withstand institutional mandates. For this we have conducted a survey between the repositories to gather information on the structure of the professional teams that manage them. Since the level of development among Spanish repositories is really uneven, the analysis will initially focus on those who are more established, although the intention of the study is to achieve a level of coverage as broad as possible subject that may exceed national boundaries.

International audience ; Looking for the tracks of the memory of certain doctors in the Middle Ages, one can question a wide range of sources ; what emerges is the figure of an admired intellectual, with an international reputation, about whom cities sometimes compete ; but it appears also as a professional arising rivalries and conflicts, even critics and mockeries for failings It is doubtless in the genre of the urban eulogy, a genre rapidly expanding in communal Italy, that the doctors reach completely in the group portrait. As a matter of fact, the memory of the medieval practitioners seems to have been more cultivated in Italy than in the other spaces and it can be easily explained. In Italy, the early development of the medical activity, associated with the creation of universities and with the formation of professional associations confered from the XIIIth century on a social and intellectual recognition to the doctors, who took sometimes also an important part to the political life of the city.But behind the praising accounts, individual or collective, concerning the physicians, defaults or less glorious behaviors or actions can also be found in this laudatory literature, and we can wonder if they are real or the fruit of the imagination. We know how much the fama was important for the doctors: As they often say/recognize themselves, the infamia was indeed the most dreaded danger. This papers tries eventually to determine on which conditions the fama of a practitioner stops being simple fame, to become legend. ; On connaît l'éloge vibrant que fit le médecin Gilles de Corbeil (†1223) des maîtres de Salerne dont il avait rapporté les doctrines en France du Nord après un très malheureux passage à l'université de Montpellier : « Maintenant que ton oeuvre est achevée, respire, ô ma Muse ! Serre le frein à la roue de ton char ! Suspends ta course ! Contiens les flots de ta doctrine ! Arrête les ondes torrentielles de ce fleuve de savoir qu'est Musandinus ! Ne t'aventure pas au-delà des trésors de science de ...

This dissertation examines the way in which planning advocates sought to engage the public in democratic reconstruction planning in Britain in the 1940s. After the bombing of British cities during World War II, planners capitalized on an opportunity to expand the scale of town planning and redefine the role of the planning profession in shaping British society. As planners advocated for increased power for the government to plan, they recognized the need to embrace their role within the political system and legitimize their powers within a democracy. To address these concerns, planners created a forum through which they could inform, educate and consult the public about planning ideas and policies. They developed new techniques to engage and communicate with laypeople, including mobilizing publicity, measuring public opinion, organizing exhibitions, and experimenting with new visual strategies. Overall, the 1940s is shown to be a period of progress in empowering of citizens to engage in the planning process. However, this empowerment remained partial and temporary, constrained by legal and professional structures that solidified the influence of technical experts. Publicity served as a tool for democratic engagement, but also as a means to promote the expansion of professional and government powers. Once planning legislation had passed, the ideological vigor and idealistic goals behind consultation faded along with their practical necessity. As planning practice shifted from prospective to statutory planning, many of the techniques developed in the 1940s fell into disuse. The phase of experimentation ended, and the malleable tools for consultation hardened in perfunctory bureaucratic hurdles. Unearthing the roots of participatory planning within the 1940s complicates the traditional depiction of modernist planners as merely deciding, announcing and defending their work. It shows how the political conditions of war and postwar reconstruction fostered a climate in which planning could thrive, bolstering public support for large scale redevelopment and the impetus for state control. This historical research on planning in the 1940s adds complexity to the conventional portraits of modernist planners as heroes or villains, showing the ways in which they balanced the technocratic duties of their work with their commitment to public consultation.

My research identifies conditions for legislators in emerging presidential democracies to achieve bureaucratic accountability, one of the least studies aspects of legislative politics. To better explain legislators' ability to hold the bureaucracy accountable, I develop a theoretical model of oversight in which resource constraints (i.e., capabilities) and electoral motivations and policy preferences (i.e., incentives) explain legislators' behavior. The model shows that legislators' oversight of bureaucratic behavior is always selective. Legislators' strategy responds to the relevance of every policy area and to legislators' resources for monitoring bureaucratic agencies. Given limited resources, legislative oversight is necessarily discriminatory. An important corollary is that bureaucratic accountability is never complete : There will always be policy areas that are systematically neglected on the oversight agenda. This situation worsens in the absence of alternative mechanisms to keep bureaucratic behavior under control (such as effective legislation to access public information). The model also shows that bureaucratic agencies respond strategically to legislators' actions depending on the probability of being sanctioned. To evaluate my theory, I analyze local legislatures in Mexico (1995-2005). The qualitative analysis shows that Mexican legislators have strong constitutional resources to control and oversee their functioning. However, feeble resources prevent them for making use of the most important strategic device of bureaucratic control (setting the margin of discretion for bureaucratic agencies) and force local legislatures to make use of an active and direct strategy of legislative ex post monitoring : the annual review of public accounts (fiscalización de cuentas públicas) which is usually done by an auxiliary legislative institution, commonly known as supreme auditing institution (SAIs) (chapter three). I also present the analysis of the legislation that regulates SAIs in four Mexican states and show that electoral uncertainty usually works as an incentive to strengthen the legal powers of SAIs ; however, it also has an opposite effect if it increases the fragmentation of power within the legislature (chapter four). In sum, the analysis of how local legislators aim to control the bureaucracy shows that bureaucratic accountability needs resources (e.g., constitutional powers, professional legislators or professional staff) and incentives that help to break the endogenous character of the problem

This article aims to highlight the ways in which the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) relate to the articulation of the transnationalism of the Senegalese diasporas in Spain, Italy, and the US. The new communication technologies allow for easier formulas to transfer remittances and bridge the spatial gap between the migrants and their families, but also provide leverage instruments for them to influence the political arena in Senegal. Moreover, the increased access of Senegalese migrants to ITC abroad has at least two important consequences: firstly, it fosters the appearance of a critical climate towards Senegalese politics, and secondly, despite the initial differences regarding educational and professional capitals between traditional elites and migrant workers who decide to return, it opens up new opportunities to access the professional political arena in Senegal for the latter. The author has opted for an approach that focuses on the socio-anthropology of the actors, and its methodology combines empirical observations and individual and group interviews. ; A través de observaciones empíricas, entrevistas individuales o colectivas, y con la perspectiva de una socioantropología de los actores, este texto pretende visibilizar las distintas formas en las que las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC) influyen en la articulación del transnacionalismo de la diáspora senegalesa en España, Italia y EEUU. Las nuevas tecnologías de la comunicación permiten a los emigrantes senegaleses no sólo gozar de una mayor facilidad a la hora de enviar remesas y mantenerse en contacto con sus allegados, sino que también son utilizadas por estos como medio de influencia en las cuestiones políticas de su país. Por último, el creciente acceso a las TIC de los senegaleses en el extranjero determina que surja un espacio de crítica política y que, pese a las diferencias iniciales entre capital escolar y profesional de las élites tradicionales y los trabajadores migrantes que deciden retornar, aparezcan nuevas oportunidades de acceso a la política profesional en Senegal para estos últimos.

CONTENTSPage CONTENTSİABBREVIATIONSİVPREFACEVİINTRODUCTION12. INDEPENDENT TRIBUNAL42.1. Concept42.2. Short History of Judge Independence122.2.1. In the International Law122.2.2. In the Turkish Law132.3. The Concept of Tribunal142.3.1. ECtHR Praxis142.3.2. In the Turkish Law192.4. Extent of Independence202.4.1. Independence from Legislative212.4.2. Independence from Executive222.4.3. Independence from Jurisdiction242.4.4. Independence from Media and Public Opinion262.5. Criteria and Guarantees of Independence272.5.1. Appointment Methods of Judges292.5.1.1. Election of Judges by People312.5.1.2. Appointment of Judges by the Executive322.5.1.3. Election of Judges by Other Judges342.5.1.4. Appointment of Judges by an Independent Board352.5.2. Term of Office and Dismissal of Judges382.5.2.1. Approach by ECtHR382.5.2.2. In the Turkish Law402.5.3. Qualification of Judges432.5.3.1. Approach by ECtHR432.5.3.2. In the Turkish Law462.5.4. Guarantees Against to External Interventions and not to Receive Orders472.5.4.1. Approach by ECtHR472.5.4.2. In the Turkish Law522.5.4.2.1. Promotion552.5.5. Other Guarantees582.5.5.1. Financial Guarantees592.5.5.2. Geographical Guarantee592.5.5.3. Professional Guarantee612.5.6. Appearance of the Tribunal622.5.6.1. Approach by the ECtHR622.5.6.2. In the Turkish Law732.5.6.3. HSYK (HCJP: High Commission of Judges and Prosecutors) and Judicial Independence743. IMPARTIAL TRIBUNAL813.1. Overview813.1.1. Subjective Impartiality853.1.2. Objective Impartiality863.1.2.1. Approach by ECtHR863.1.2.2. The Criteria Adopted by ECtHR to Assure Objective Impartiality of Judiciary933.1.2.2.1. Judge's Duties that Show Variety933.1.2.2.2. Professional Tribunals1003.1.2.2.3. Various Duties of Courts1013.1.2.2.4. Judges' Being Connected with the Case (with its parts)1023.1.2.2.5. Presence of a Regulation on Impartiality in Domestic Law1063.1.2.2.6. Judgment by Default and Re-trial for the Judgments which Overruled by Court of Appeal1073.1.2.3. Regulation Relating to Impartiality of Judges in Turkish Law1093.1.2.4. The Possibilities to Remove Infringement1203.1.2.4.1. Waiver1203.1.2.4.2. . Review of a Judgment by a Fully Authorized Superior Court1234. THE RIGHT TO TRIAL WITHIN A REASONABLE TIME1274.1. Concept1274.1.1. Criminal Cases1304.1.2. Civil Cases1314.1.3. Administrative Cases1314.2. The Status of Victim1364.3. Assessment of the Reasonable Time1384.3.1. The Term to be Taken into Consideration1384.4. The Criteria for Assessment of the Reasonable Time1484.4.1. Character of Case's Subject1494.4.1.1. Complexity of Case1504.4.1.2. Importance of Case's Subject for the Applicant1554.4.2. Applicant's Conduct1564.4.3. National Authorities' Conduct1634.5. The Right to Trial within A Reasonable Time in Turkish Law1715. GENERAL ASSESSMENT AND CONCLUSION1766. BIBLIOGRAPHY1797. RELATED JUDGMENT LIST OF THE ECTHR184

Background Breastfeeding remains normative and vital for child survival in the developing world. However, knowledge of the risk of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) transmission through breastfeeding has brought to attention the controversy of whether breastfeeding can be safely practiced by HIV positive mothers. Prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) programs provide prevention services to HIV positive mothers including infant feeding counseling based on international guidelines. This study aimed at exploring infant feeding choices and how breastfeeding and the risk of HIV transmission through breastfeeding was interpreted among HIV positive mothers and their counselors in PMTCT programs in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods The study was conducted in the PMTCT clinics in two governmental hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, using qualitative interviews and participant observation. Twenty two HIV positive mothers and ten health professionals working in PMTCT clinics were interviewed. Results The study revealed that HIV positive mothers have developed an immense fear of breast milk which is out of proportion compared to the evidence of risk of transmission documented. The fear is expressed through avoidance of breastfeeding or, if no other choice is available, through an intense unease with the breastfeeding situation, and through expressions of sin, guilt, blame and regret. Health professionals working in the PMTCT programs seemed to largely share the fear of HIV positive mother's breast milk, and their anxiety was reflected in the counseling services they provided. Formula feeding was the preferred infant feeding method, and was chosen also by HIV positive women who had to beg in the streets for survival. Conclusions The fear of breast milk that seems to have developed among counselors and HIV positive mothers in the wake of the HIV epidemic may challenge a well established breastfeeding culture and calls for public health action. Based on strong evidence of the risks when infants are not exclusively breastfed, there is a great need to protect breastfeeding from pressures of replacement feeding and to promote exclusive breastfeeding as the best infant feeding option for HIV positive and HIV negative mothers alike. ; publishedVersion

Intuition, intuitive action, unconscious action, outpatient care, grounded-theory methodology, action model, routine, linguistic coding, anticipation, interview, participatory observation, video documentation. - The research work examines the originating contexts, components and features of intuitive nursing action in outpatient care. In the theoretical section of the work, the basic content of nursing action within the realm of nursing science and in the care sector of outpatient care is set out. Following on from this, there follows a description of the research subject, intuition. Here, the theoretical and research-based existing knowledge on the phenomenon of intuition is incorporated from the key reference disciplines of nursing science and the discipline of nursing. The empirical examination aimed at recording the phenomenon of intuition in outpatient care rests on the foundations of qualitative social research. The epistemological basis is symbolic interactionism. In order to uncover an empirically-founded theory, the grounded-theory methodology was used. The methods of data gathering formed a triangulation of participatory observation with video documentation, and guided interviews with video analysis. As a result, two modes of nursing action were identified as components of an action model, in the form of a slide presentation of intuitive action. The action model comprises a conceptual, case-related design by caregivers for their actions in relation to care recipients. It reflects the normality of action, and functions as an orientation framework for nursing actions. Intuition as a situation-linked trigger for action leads on the one hand to routine actions which correspond to the model and contribute towards its consolidation. On the other hand, intuition triggers actions which deviate from the model of the caregiver and contribute to its expansion. The intuitive actions are presented in the form of manual (e.g. as routine), linguistic (e.g. as coding) and materialized actions (e.g. physical touching). Intuition in outpatient care constitutes individualized, situation-linked knowledge of action oriented towards everyday professional work, which is based in particular on empirical knowledge and cognitive abilities. The intuitive actions may be understood as a skill of caregivers for the purpose of structuring their complex everyday professional work. Intuition - understood as a skill - also means that