Suchergebnisse

The subject matter of the scientific studies comprises a study of key issues of the protection of copyright as well as enforcement of other intellectual property rights. The basic methods of study used in the works are comparative, historical and teleological. The model of legal regulation of the protection of intellectual property rights chosen is the one existing in the states of droit d' auteur and copyright systems, and based on this model the key issues of copyright protection are analysed by way of comparing and assessing the aspects provided for in the Lithuanian legislation. Lithuania follows the droit d' auteur system. In general, the Lithuanian copyright law does not reflect any unique tradition. The development of intellectual property rights protection in Lithuania essentially coincided with the accession to international and regional organisations and to international agreements. When Lithuania decisively implemented one of its foreign policy aims — to become a member of the European Union — the approximation of its national law to the European Union legislation commenced in the field of intellectual property law as well as in the whole legal system. The scientific monograph and the few scientific articles analyse the main aspects of the protection of copyright: main principles of copyright, legal sources, subject matter of the protections, the author or other copyright owner, contents of protection (economic rights and moral rights), limitations and exceptions, tendencies, problems and perspectives of the development of copyright. The few scientific articles deal with the analysis of the implementation of the Directive 2004/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the enforcement of intellectual property rights. Legal remedies applied by the court when passing the decision on the merits can in principle be grouped into preventive (including also corrective) measures and compensatory remedies. The first group covers: (1) injunctions, (2) corrective measures, (3) alternative measures, (4) publication of judicial decisions, whereas the second group covers all possible ways of compensating for damages or, otherwise stated, damages. The laws also provide for the right of access to information, which as a copyright protection measure is applied in the course of judicial proceedings and facilitates the application of other measures and remedies. The legislative provisions pertaining to requirements for collecting evidence and provisional measures are also to be attributed to the rules of a procedural nature. Paragraph 1(2)(b) of Article 13 of the Directive provides that the amount of damages can be set as a lump sum on the basis of elements such as at least the amount of royalties or fees that would have been due if the infringer had requested authorisation to use the intellectual property right in question. This provision has been implemented in Lithuanian legal acts, where it is envisaged that instead of requesting compensation for actual damages, right holders may claim royalties or fees which would have been due if the infringer had requested authorisation to use the works or other objects (i.e., had obtained a licence), and if the infringer acted intentionally or with gross negligence, in the amount of up to double such royalties and fees.

¿Es jurídicamente válido que a nombre del progreso y de la paz se desconozcan los derechos de las víctimas? Este ensayo, constituye una crítica a las normas jurídicas que el Estado de la República de Colombia ha creado como parte de una presunta política de justicia y de paz. El autor estima que las normas jurídicas que se expidan en un proceso de paz, no tienen por qué sacrificar el valor superior de la justicia, en particular, de la justicia de las víctimas que han padecido crímenes de lesa y en contra de la humanidad y de todo tipo por parte de banda de criminales. En efecto, Justicia, es dar a cada quien lo que se merece, por tanto, condenar a los responsables de cometer delitos en contra y de lesa humanidad y de todo tipo, con criterios de justicia gobernados por la proporcionalidad desde el logos de lo humano y de lo razonable. Un estado no puede considerarse democrático cuando no es capaz de garantizarles a las víctimas sus derechos, y de garantizárselos no de cualquier manera y en cualquier tiempo, sino de manera oportuna y en forma justa. Por lo tanto, cuando un estado no es capaz de brindarle justicia a las víctimas en casos de catástrofes humanitarias, en especial, creadas por crímenes en contra y de lesa humanidad y se legisla en favor de los victimarios para que se desmovilicen y se reintegren a la sociedad, lo que realiza el estado es una operación política y judicial de rendición ante los victimarios, y en tal sentido, ese estado no puede ser considerado un estado democrático, ni un Estado Social de Derecho. PALABRAS CLAVES Injusticia, progreso, Paz, ley de justicia y Paz. ABSTRACT Is it legally valid in the name of progress and peace to be unaware of the rights of victims? This essay is a critique of the legal standards that the State of the Republic of Colombia created as part of an alleged policy of justice and peace. The author believes that the legal standards that are issued in a peace process, because they do not have to sacrifice the superior value of justice, especially justice for the victims who have suffered and crimes against humanity and against by any band of criminals. Indeed, Justice is to give everyone what they deserve, therefore, to condemn those responsible for committing crimes against humanity, governed by criteria of justice from the proportionality of the human logos and what is reasonable. A state cannot be considered democratic when it is unable to guarantee their rights to victims and to ensure not in any way and at any time, but timely and fair manner. Therefore, when a state is unable to provide justice to victims in cases of humanitarian disasters, especially created for crimes against humanity and against legislation in favor of the perpetrators to demobilize and return to society, which makes the state is a political and judicial accountability to the perpetrators, and in that sense, this state cannot be considered a democratic state or a state of law. KEY WORDSInjustice, progress, peace, justice and peace law.

The tendency after the end of the Cold war to downsize national armies on the one hand and persistent armed conflicts in unstable African, Near East and Balkan regions on the other created opening conditions for the revival and rapid evolvement of the private business structures that provide military and security services. Prevailing viewpoint that PMSCs and their personnel represent the new form of the mercenary is not correct from the IHL perspective and could lead to serious human rights abuses. Numerous cases and analysis of the scholar literature shows that inaccurate qualification of the PMSCs' employees' status results into deprivation of certain scope of protection from private contractors. Moreover, since there are no accountability and control mechanisms, a high risk for the abuses and impunity for violations of the IHL occurs. Present master thesis aims to analyze international legal status of the PMSCs and their personnel in the context of armed conflict. It also assesses conformity of the existing practice to the IHL norms. In order to conclude a comprehensive research, author provides historical perspective of the warfare privatization, surveys factors that contributed to the outsourcing of military functions, defines what is PMSC, what are their types and capacity of each type, highlights distinguishing features between mercenaries and private contractors and gives a review of the contemporary practice of their use in the armed conflicts. Hypothesis that legal status of the PMSCs and their personnel under IHL is insufficiently defined and that international community should take adequate steps to modify present conventions to reflect needs of the present was formulated on the ground of the initial literature review. The first part of the thesis provides characteristics of the mercenarism and other forms of the private violence, its historical evolution to the modern military services industry and the attitude of the international community towards it. Present situation and tendencies in the development of the phenomenon of the PMSCs, its' types, main features of each type and differences between the scope of their capacities are addressed in the second section. It is also introducing the factual situation of the involvement of the private soldiers in contemporary armed conflicts and threats and potentialities they suggest. The third part is dedicated to analyze and qualify PMSCs personnel status under IHL. It also surveys international legal basis regarding mercenaries and gives an evaluation of the dividing line between these two forms of participation in warfare. Moreover, it puts forward proposals up to which extent such participation is legal under the humanitarian laws. Finally, the third part scrutinizes legal status of the PMSCs as corporate entities and states obligations and responsibilities in this regard. On the basis of the research concluded in the final part conclusions are drawn. It is inferred that the hypothesis proved out only partially. In contrast to the initial assumption and prevailing position in the legal literature, legal status of the individual PMSCs employees is sufficiently defined. Depending on the functions that they are contracted to perform and level of incorporation they are falling under one of the two exhaustive categories: they are either civilians or combatants. On the other hand, legal status of the PMSCs as corporate entities is not addressed under IHL at all. It is regulated through the domestic laws.

The article analyses macro-occurrences of the administrative law. Implementation of macro-normative legal regulation is based on systematic evaluation of the phenomena in macro-environment and using of possibilities presented by this evaluation in legislation. Macro-norms are created by the Parliament of the Republic of Lithuania, on the basis of legislative powers that are legitimate to this subject of the law. It is considered that the Lithuanian Parliament takes use of the social legal technologies insufficiently. Voluntarism is practiced in parliamentary legislative process; marginal provisions of drafting legislation and a ruling behavioural nihilism prevents the legislators from applying the scientific legal doctrines. It is underlined in the article that macro-administrative law devotes its main attention to defining the legal models of social behaviour and social position of the people belonging to certain social classes and structures, large social groups, and state institutions. The author of this article claims that it is necessary to use the macro-administrative law as a tool for construction of social structures. If this is not being considered, disabled law is being created, which can destroy the modern economic and social life system. In this regard, it is necessary to apply the provisions on micro-administrative legal procedures. ; Administracinės teisės makroapraiškos nagrinėtinos kaip sisteminis teisinis reiškinys, kurio socialinei struktūrai gali daryti poveikį įstatymų leidėjas. Makronorminio teisinio reguliavimo įgyvendinamas remiasi sisteminiu makroaplinkos reiškinių vertinimu ir to vertinimo galimybių panaudojimu įstatymų leidyboje. Makronormos kuriamos Lietuvos Respublikos Seime, remiantis įstatymų leidybos, legitimiomis šiam teisės subjektui, galiomis, kurias tikslinga racionaliai panaudoti. Manoma, kad Seimas nepakankamai vertina mokslininkų parengtas socialines teisines technologijas. Seimo narių įstatymų leidyboje pasireiškia subjektyvizmas, įstatymų rengimo konvejerinės nuostatos ir elgsenos arogancinis nihilizmas užkerta kelią įstatymų leidėjams naudotis teisinėmis mokslo doktrinomis. Makronorminis teisinis reguliavimas įgyvendinamas makronormos, o ividualus teisinis reguliavimas – mikronormos pagrindu. Teisės normos yra esminis, kaip ir principai bei doktrina, teisės elementas. Norminis teisinis reguliavimas remiasi administracinės teisės makronormos visuomeninių santykių reguliavimu. Individualus teisinis visuomeninių santykių reguliavimas remiasi teisės mikronormomis, kurias teisės taikymo procese kuria jos subjektas, transformuodamas makronormos reikalavimus mikro- teisiniu personifikuotu lygmeniu. Galima tvirtinti, kad makroadministracinės teisinės normos kūrimas yra teisinio reguliavimo strategijos pagrindinis ir esminis įgaliojantis reguliuoti teisės modelis. Administracinė teisė privalo būti įgali. Žmonės, jos padedami, turi būti teisiškai įgalūs, naudodamiesi (samprotaujant, įrodinėjant, skaičiuojant) pagrįstais socialinės tikrovės faktais, tikrai, neabejojamai paveikti politinį, ekonominį, socialinį gyvenimą. Neįgali teisė gali griauti šiandienos ekonominę ir socialinę gyvenimo sistemą. Ir gali griauti tokiu mastu, kad net kraupu, varyti žmones į socialinės atskirties grupes, atimant jiems subjektinę teisę dalyvauti sparčiuose socialiniuose ekonominiuose, pavyzdžiui, krizės įveikimo pokyčiuose. Makroadministracinė teisė pirmiausia siekia nustatyti žmonių, priklausančių tam tikriems socialiniams sluoksniams ir struktūroms, didelėms socialinėms grupėms, valstybės institutams, socialinio elgesio ir socialinės būklės modelius. Todėl makroadministracinė teisė gali būti vertinama kaip socialinių struktūrų konstravimo priemonė. Makroteisinis reguliavimas gali daryti poveikį socialinės demografinės struktūros pokyčiams, socialinių etninių problemų teisiniams sprendimams, profesinio gyventojų užimtumo struktūrai, piliečių konfesinei sanklodai ir kt. Kodėl būtinas makroadministracinių teisinių procesų valdymas? Administracinės teisės, kaip tam tikro makrosocialinio reiškinio apraiškų, suvokimas gali būti išeities taškas siekiant tobulinti pačios makroadministracinės teisės reguliacines galias, kad apie jos reguliavimo mastus suvoktų ne vien teisininkai, bet ir politikai, viešojo administravimo institucijų įvairių sričių vadovai ir specialistai.

The subject matter of the scientific studies comprises a study of key issues of the protection of copyright as well as enforcement of other intellectual property rights. The basic methods of study used in the works are comparative, historical and teleological. The model of legal regulation of the protection of intellectual property rights chosen is the one existing in the states of droit d' auteur and copyright systems, and based on this model the key issues of copyright protection are analysed by way of comparing and assessing the aspects provided for in the Lithuanian legislation. Lithuania follows the droit d' auteur system. In general, the Lithuanian copyright law does not reflect any unique tradition. The development of intellectual property rights protection in Lithuania essentially coincided with the accession to international and regional organisations and to international agreements. When Lithuania decisively implemented one of its foreign policy aims — to become a member of the European Union — the approximation of its national law to the European Union legislation commenced in the field of intellectual property law as well as in the whole legal system. The scientific monograph and the few scientific articles analyse the main aspects of the protection of copyright: main principles of copyright, legal sources, subject matter of the protections, the author or other copyright owner, contents of protection (economic rights and moral rights), limitations and exceptions, tendencies, problems and perspectives of the development of copyright. The few scientific articles deal with the analysis of the implementation of the Directive 2004/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the enforcement of intellectual property rights. Legal remedies applied by the court when passing the decision on the merits can in principle be grouped into preventive (including also corrective) measures and compensatory remedies. The first group covers: (1) injunctions, (2) corrective measures, (3) alternative measures, (4) publication of judicial decisions, whereas the second group covers all possible ways of compensating for damages or, otherwise stated, damages. The laws also provide for the right of access to information, which as a copyright protection measure is applied in the course of judicial proceedings and facilitates the application of other measures and remedies. The legislative provisions pertaining to requirements for collecting evidence and provisional measures are also to be attributed to the rules of a procedural nature. Paragraph 1(2)(b) of Article 13 of the Directive provides that the amount of damages can be set as a lump sum on the basis of elements such as at least the amount of royalties or fees that would have been due if the infringer had requested authorisation to use the intellectual property right in question. This provision has been implemented in Lithuanian legal acts, where it is envisaged that instead of requesting compensation for actual damages, right holders may claim royalties or fees which would have been due if the infringer had requested authorisation to use the works or other objects (i.e., had obtained a licence), and if the infringer acted intentionally or with gross negligence, in the amount of up to double such royalties and fees.

Straipsnyje aptariama graikiškojo filosofavimo genezė, t. y. nagrinėjamos pirmojo filosofijos teiginio susiklostymo prielaidos ir tų prielaidų numanoma teiginio prasmė. Filosofijos istorijoje nusistovėjusios pirmųjų filosofų teiginių interpretacijos kilmė siejama su Aristotelio filosofija. Teigiama, kad Aristotelis graikiškąjį filosofavimą jau visiškai įkurdina rašte. Iš rašto pozicijų Aristotelis žvelgia ir į pirmųjų filosofų ištaras, todėl suvokia jas vien kaip rašto (teorinio mąstymo) elementus. Straipsnyje daroma prielaida, kad filosofavimas prasidėjo ne kaip raštas, o kaip su žmogaus veikla susijęs tradicinis kalbėjimas. Filosofavimo kaip konstruktyvios kalbėjimo atmainos specifiką lėmė antikoje susiklosčiusi refleksijos situacija, kuri siejama su septynių išminčių imperatyvu 'Pažink save!' Parodoma, kad šis imperatyvas steigia skirtį tarp logo ir kosmo, kurią antikos išminčius išgyvena kaip sinkretinio gyvenimo vidujybės netektį. Straipsnio autorius interpretuoja filosofavimą kaip kalbėjimą ir veikimą, kuriais antikos išminčius siekia susigrąžinti ikirefleksinę būseną. Teigiama, kad sinkretinių mąstymo įgūdžių nepraradęs antikos išminčius savąjį filosofavimą linkęs aiškinti kaip pritapimo prie kosmo būdą. Kadangi refleksija įkurdina žmogų teorinio mąstymo erdvėje, tai pritapimo prie kosmo veiksmas tegalimas mąstymo plotmėje, todėl filosofavimą steigianti skirtis tarp logo ir kosmo besiplėtojančiame filosofavime nuaidi skirtimis kosme. Tačiau pirmieji išminčiai dar tikisi pilnatviško pritapimo prie kosmo ir tokio pritapimo regimybę jie dar pelno kosmo kaip grožio išgyvenimu, kurį Platonas ir Aristotelis sieja su nuostaba. Pirmoji kanonizuotoji filosofijos ištara interpretuojama kaip estetinį pritapimą prie kosmo referuojantis poetinis bylojimas.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: raštas, priežastis, refleksija, kosmas, pritapimas, archė, grožis, tiesa, būtis.On the Nature (of Philosophy)Skirmantas Jankauskas

SummaryThe paper deals with the genesis of Greek philosophy. The circumstances of the appearance of the first utterance in Greek philosophy and their impact upon its meaning are revealed. The traditional interpretation of the first utterances in the early Greek philosophy is attributed to Aristotle. The latter is said to have transferred Greek philosophizing totally into writing and subsequently to treat the first utterances as elements of writing. In the article, the suggestion is put forward that philosophizing did not begin as a writing but rather as a talking activity immersed in human activity in general. The specificity of philosophizing as constructive talking is related to the situation of reflection, caused by the imperative of the Seven Sages, namely by the imperative 'Know thyself!". It is shown here that the imperative introduces the difference between logos and cosmos, which is experienced by a Greek Sage as a loss of sincretic life. Philosophizing is then introduced as an activity of talking, provoked by the will to reestablish the original sincretic state. The author argues that because of syncretist skills, this activity is treated by early Greek philosophers as a way of partaking in cosmos. As reflection conveys a philosopher into the realm of theoretical thinking, partaking in cosmos is possible only as a way of thinking. Consequently, the difference between logos and cosmos in philosophizing resolves itself in the differences of cosmos. Nevertheless, the first philosophers still retained some hope for complete partaking in cosmos, and they gained the illusion of such a partaking by aesthetic experience of cosmos, which was attributed by Plato and Aristotle to wondering. Consequently, the first utterance of Greek philosophy is interpreted in this article as a kind of poetic discourse that refers to the activity of aesthetic partaking in cosmos.Keywords: writing, reason, reflection, cosmos, partaking, arche, the beautiful, truth, being.

The article contains analysis of both achievements and potential perils of legal regulation of the system of public administration in contemporary Russia, as well as the main vectors of improving administrative procedures: Standardization of state functions and upgrading the quality of public services to individuals, as well as to legal entities; Streamlining of administrative procedures for individuals and legal entities; Development of contractual forms of rendering public services; Introduction of novel information technologies and greater access to electronic data bases; Greater range of services and access to them, as well as making services payment system more consumer friendly; Transfer of a number of functions to local self-governance, to autonomous bodies and to the non-governmental sector; Legal affirmation of administrative procedures, especially those regulating state services. By virtue of obvious deficiency of legal regulation, low efficiency and poor organization of administrative procedures on all levels of the executive branch of local government, one of the main streams of the administrative reform has been the development and adoption of administrative regulations. Nonetheless, the elaboration of those acts meets with a lot of difficulties, which the author defines as both substantial, conceptual and methodological, procedural. Russia's own model of administrative regulation, now in formation, shows evidence of following the German pattern. In Germany (as well as in the USA) there is a law on administrative procedure, whereby federal regulations are adopted, guiding the development of legislation for federal bodies by specialization. However this kind of experience cannot be considered universal. The universal nature of this model is significantly limited by justified concerns that a detailed regulation of administrative procedures aimed at curtailing bureaucrats' abuse, may have a totally reverse effect. Excessive regulation may lead to situations where a civil servant sticking to the letter of the administrative regulations would have way too much more freedom of negative response to citizens' requests than is the case today. To ignore this peril in the process of elaborating administrative procedures would be inadmissible. Another peculiar problem with regard to elaboration of administrative procedures is following the standards which are either truly universal or are being presented as ones. The issues of correlation and relationship between administrative reform in Russia, the existing national legal system and the international administrative standards acquires special importance in the context of evolving integration processes and globalization tendencies. Applied to issues of state administration standards this becomes the discourse about the global administrative environment. The use of international standards elaborated in such a way as to take account of Russia's own ideas and in conjunction with Russia's representatives is one of the means to avoid the stumbling blocks on the way of putting the administrative reform in place in Russia. Especially so that recriminations are becoming louder and louder about the unsuccessful administrative reform of 2003-2004. I personally consider the latter irrelevant, or at least premature. On the contrary, in the field of structural reforms and that of legal regulation of public administration the achievements are quite notable. It is another matter that today the reform has reached its basic calling, that of a detailed legal regulation of administrative procedures, if we look at it as the means of asserting the principles of a legal state in Russia.

Resistance and counteraction to the bureaucracy corruption is one of the directions of the government reform. It is complex work having many aspects. It embraces different ingredients of the state policy each of which needs close considering and comprehensive discussing. In this respect researching such a phenomenon as lobbyism, which is being much discussed nowadays, is of great interest. Different opinions have been expressed on the necessity to work out the project "Federal Lobbying Law", its content, including legal norms to prevent a conflict of interests, caused by lobbyists' activity. Serious attention is being paid to the Canadian practice of legal provision and control of the lobbyists' activity in connection with the Russian-Canadian project on promoting "State Government Reforms in the Russian Federation". Some materials of the project were used to write this article. Basing on the analysis of the data and information given in the article, the author makes the following conclusions: 1. As it follows from the" National Plan of Counteracting to the Bureaucracy Corruption", the Normative Legal Act regulating the lobbyist activity in the R.F. should take into account interests of the political parties, social groups, juridical and physical persons, when Federal Acts or Acts of the subjects of the Russian Federation or some other normative acts may be made. To use this approach in practice, considering that it is quite new and innovative to the Russian Legal System, is necessary to study the existing practice of controlling and managing the lobbyist activity. 2. Different suggestions on developing "The Federal regulation of lobbying act", including suggestions how corruption should be defeated, need comprehensive assessing, with foreign experience being thoroughly analyzed and used. 3. The major principles of the Canadian Lobbying Acts are as follows: operation of a single common registration system for both business lobbyists and nonprofit organizations lobbyists. lobbyists are obliged to make reports of all money received and paid by them for the purpose of influencing legislation on the basis of free and open access to the government offices. The purpose of the "Regulation Lobbying Act" implementation is to inform the large public about the names and aims of those who seek to influence the government authorities. For this purpose the Public Registry System which exists in Canada requires lobbyists (in each lobbying case) to register with the clerk of the House and the secretary of the Senate to state the names and addresses of the persons employing them and the amount of salary and expense they receive. What lobbyists are to do is defined by the "undertaking" on the basis of a contract or agreement either in written or oral form. All in all, the main task of the Lobbying Legislation is to provide the public at large with information about open, transparent activity of lobbyists and to prevent conflicts of interests between government officials who are influenced by lobbyists. 4. The fact that Canada elaborates and considers the mentioned in the article legislation proposals on making demands to lobbyists tougher proves that the civil society in the country regards the existing laws and their implementation in the field of lobbyism with some doubt. This should be taken into account when conceptual provisions of the fundamentally new Russian lobbying legislation are worked out.

The first part of the thesis consists in a review of the literature and a conceptual discussion about the concept of immigrant transnationalism and immigrant political transnationalism. This discussion shows that a series of gaps currently exists in the research on the links between the emigrants and the home country. Two of such gaps are underlined in the thesis. On the one hand, it remains difficult to determine why states decide to extend political citizenship to their citizens abroad. On the other hand, the influence of the state on its emigrant community seems neglected for the benefit of a post-national vision of citizenship. These are the gaps that this thesis is trying to address. The second part of the thesis presents in three case studies the results of the empirical research conducted in Italy, Belgium and Mexico. Some elements of migration history introduce each case and is then followed by an extensive analysis of the debate on the extension of political citizenship (especially the right to vote from abroad). A special focus is put on the role of internal actors (political parties, administrations.) and external actors (migrants, associations.). In the third part of the thesis, the author conducts a comparative analysis of the three cases. By doing so, the reasons why states extend political citizenship to citizens residing abroad appears clearly. It also leads to reject the post-national vision of citizenship supported by some scholars. After the presentation of the four variables pushing to act as they do in the field of external political citizenship, the thesis concludes by opening up new research tracks in the field of political transnationalism. ; La première partie consiste en une revue de la littérature et une discussion conceptuelle sur les concepts de transnationalisme et de transnationalisme politique dans le champ des études migratoires. Cet exercice met en lumière une série de lacunes dans la recherche actuelle sur les liens entre les émigrés et le pays d'origine. Deux de ces lacunes sont particulièrement mises en évidence. D'une part, il a y la difficulté de dégager les raisons poussant différents états à travers le monde à étendre la citoyenneté politique à leurs citoyens établis à l'étranger, et cela, en raison du faible nombre de projets de recherches comparatifs. D'autre part, le rôle de l'Etat semble négligé dans la littérature existante en raison de la prégnance d'une vision post-nationale de la citoyenneté dans nombre d'études sur les liens entre pays d'origine et émigrés. La deuxième partie est constituée de la restitution des données empiriques collectées dans trois pays: Belgique, Italie, Mexique. Chacun des cas d'étude est introduit pas une brève introduction au profil migratoire du pays. Ensuite, il est procédé à une analyse du débat sur l'extension de la citoyenneté politique entre acteurs internes (partis, administrations, pouvoir judiciaire…) et externes (migrants, associations…). La troisième partie consiste en une analyse comparative des trois cas d'étude. Il ressort de cette analyse que quatre variables poussent les états à étendre la citoyenneté politique externe. Chacune d'entre elles est examinée dans une dimension comparative. Le travail de thèse conclut en soulignant l'apport de la dissertation au champ de la recherche sur le transnationalisme dans les études migratoires et ouvre une série de pistes pour des recherches futures.

Maģistra darba autore - Sandra Pūpola Maģistra darba tēma – Darba samaksas problēmu izpēte Darba likuma kontekstā. Darba kopējais apjoms 76 lappuses, ietverot 14 tabulas un 15 attēlu. Darba izstrādē izmantoti 46 literatūras avoti. Galvenā informācija iegūta no statistikas datiem, Eurostat apkopotās informācijas. Maģistra darba mērķis ir izpētīt darba samaksas problēmas Latvijā un tās attīstības tendences. Darba mērķa sasniegšanai ir izvirzīti sekojoši uzdevumi: 1.Izpētīt darba samaksas problēmas Latvijā; 2.Iepazīties ar darba samaksas sistēmas saistīto likumdošanu; 3.Raksturot darba samaksas sistēmas nepilnīgi izstrādātos kontroles mehānismus; 4.Veikt izpēti par vīriešu un sieviešu darba algām; Darbs sastāv no četrām nodaļām. Darba pirmajā nodaļā ir apskatīta darba samaksas sistēma Latvijā, darba samaksas jēdziens un organizācija, darba laika samaksa, ieturējumi no darba samaksas. Otrajā nodaļā ir apskatīti galvenie darba samaksas sistēmas reglamentējošie Latvijas normatīvie akti. Pirmajā apakšnodaļā dots vispārējs raksturojums ar darbu un tā samaksu saistītiem normatīvajiem aktiem, darba likumdošana, bet otrajā – iedzīvotāju ienākuma nodoklis, trešajā apakšnodaļā skatītas sociālās apdrošināšanas obligātās iemaksas. Trešajā nodaļā ir aprakstīta "aplokšņu algas" problēma un izanalizēta KNAB koncepcija cīņai ar "aplokšņu algām". Ceturtajā nodaļā ir izpētīta darba samaksas dinamika, prognozētas tendences, veikti aprēķini par darba samaksas netiešu diskrimināciju Latvijā, aprakstītas minimālās mēneša darba samaksas tendences Latvijā. Maģistra darba noslēgumā sniegti galvenie secinājumi un priekšlikumi. Atslēgas vārdi: darba samaksa, "aplokšņu algas", minimālā darba alga, diskriminācija ; The author of the work – Sandra Pupola The theme of the work - The investigation of the issue of Remuneration in the Context with Labour Legislation. Total amount of the work 76 page, 14 tab., 15 pictures. The sources used for production of the work. The main information is obtained from statistical data, generalized information of Eurostat. The objective of the Master's paper is to investigate the problems related to remuneration for work in Latvia and its development tendencies. There are put forward following assignments to accomplish the purpose: 1.Investigate the problems of remuneration in Latvia; 2.Become acquainted with the legislation concerning the system of payment; 3.Characterize the defectively developed monitoring of the system of payment; 4.Carry out an investigation on the wages of men and women; The paper consists of four parts. The first part is dedicated to the system of payment in Latvia, the concept and organization of the remuneration, the remuneration of working hours, and deduction of the wages. The second part of the work gives an insight into the principal legislation regulating the system of payment in Latvia. In the opening subdivision of the work is given a general description of the legislation referring to the work and its remuneration while in the second subdivision is referring to income tax. The third subdivision reviews the compulsory payments of social insurance. The third paragraph describes the problem of 'pay envelopes' and analyzes KNAB's (Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau) conception of the campaign against it. The fourth paragraph gives an insight into dynamics of remuneration, forecasted tendencies as well as offers a calculation of indirect discrimination of wages in Latvia and describes the tendencies of minimal monthly payment in Latvia. In the conclusion of the Mater's paper are given essential inferences and suggestions. Key words: Remuneration, 'pay envelopes', minimal monthly payment, discrimination.

Rad predstavlja pokušaj da se jedna konkretna naučna polemika o temi koja je opterećena znatnim ideološkim nabojem "žanrovski" preusmeri ka formi naučnog dijaloga, i time učini plodnijom u naučnom smislu. Glavna pitanja koja se razmatraju tiču se pokušaja teorijskog određenja petooktobarske revolucije i uloge koju je pokret "Otpor" imao u njoj. U radu se brani teza da teorijski modeli "talasa demokratizacije" i "izborne revolucije" nude najutemeljenije okvire za razmatranje pitanja koja se u tekstu otvaraju. Ključni problemi o kojima se u radu raspravlja su sledeći: u kojoj meri oslanjanje na strane izvore i teorijske okvire zakrivljuje uvide u lokalne političke procese kakva je razlika između "uvezenih" i "izbornih revolucija"; koje su posebnosti izborne revolucije u Srbiji i koje je njeno mesto u "drugom talasu" postkomunističke demokratizacije; koliki je relativni značaj stranih i lokalnih inicijativa prilikom organizovanja izbornih revolucija; u čemu je razlika između klasičnih odnosa između davalaca i primalaca političke pomoći i novih odnosa, koji se zasnivaju na načelu sinergije; koja su ograničenja ili-ili logike objašnjenja u razmatranju političke saradnje stranih i domaćih aktera; šta povezuje strategiju nenasilnog otpora, proaktivnu logiku političkog delovanja i Otporov "Plan B"; najzad, postoji li mehanička veza između prisustva strane pomoći i gubljenja kontrole nad rezultatima izborne revolucije. U završnom odeljku, otvara se pitanje negativnih i pozitivnih aspekata nasleđa Otpora kao političkog projekta i nudi pokušaj da se razmatranje o dometima pokreta poveže sa razumevanjem "dinamike nade" kao političkog projekta na kojem je Otpor sistematski radio. ; The paper represents an attempt to channel polemical exchanges concerning the process of democratization in Serbia into the frames of scientific dialogue which is considered here to be a more productive genre of scientific communication than are polemics. The most important issue addressed concerns providing adequate theoretical explanations of the ′revolution of October the 5th′ and of the roles that the student / popular movement ′Otpor′ played in it. According to the thesis defended by the author, the models of ′waves of democratization′ and of ′electoral revolution′ offer an adequate theoretical frame for the discussion of such problems. Among the questions that are addressed in the paper are the following: how much can relying on external sources blur the understanding of local processes; what is the difference between ′exported/imported′ and ′electoral revolutions′; how should one situate the Serbian ′October revolution′ in the waves of post communist democratization; what are the particularities of the Serbian electoral revolution compared to other ′colored revolutions′; how should the respective roles of external and internal players in the Serbian case be evaluated; what are the particularities of projects of democratization based on synergy as opposed to those based on hierarchy and relations of rower what binds together the strategy of non-violent resistance, proactive politics and Otpor's ′Plan B′; finally, can a direct link between the amount of foreign assistance and the degree of loss of control over the results of political reform be presupposed. In the final section, offered is an assessment of the negative and positive aspects of Otpor's political legacy as well as an attempt to link this legacy with an understanding of the ′dynamics of hope′ as a political project on which Otpor worked systematically.

El autor de este artículo parte, como premisa previa, de la práctica ausencia de estudios previos sobre la relación musical entre los dos países. Plantea luego el marco general, partiendo, en primer lugar, de la potencialidad militar en relación con el conflicto de ambas naciones por el dominio de Flandes e Italia, que termina en 1659 con la Paz de los Pirineos y el nacimiento de un nuevo equilibrio europeo. En segundo lugar, examina la índole de las políticas matrimoniales, a través de las cuales se observa un mutuo intercambio cultural; y termina con el acercamiento a la afición filarmónica de los monarcas de ambas naciones. Desciende luego a la comparacion entre los géneros (música vocal, música instrumental, teatral y litúrgica), los instrumentos, la estilística, los lenguajes (monodia, polifonia, policoralidad expresiva) y los recursos retóricos, añadiendo una interesante hipótesis final sobre el mutuo acercamiento real y asimétrico de ambos países, entre los parámetros musicales propios. ; L'auteur de cet article part de la prémisse de la presque absence d'études précédentes sur la relation entre les deux pays dans le domaine de la musique. Il présente ensuite le cadre général, en premier lieu à partir de la potentialité militaire en relation avec le conflit des deux nations pour la domination des Flandres et de l'Italie, s'achevant en 1659 par la Paix des Pyrénées et la naissance d'un nouvel équilibre européen. En second lieu, il examine la nature des politiques matrimoniales à travers lesquelles s'observe un échange culturel mutuel; finalement, il fait un rapprochement entre le goût pour la philharmonie des monarques des deux nations. Il entreprend ensuite une comparaison entre les genres (musique vocale, musique instrumentale, théâtrale et liturgique), les instruments, la stylistique, los langages (monodie, polyphonie, polychoralité expressive) et les ressources rhétoriques, en ajoutant une intéressante hypothèse finale sur le rapprochement mutuel et asymétrique des deux pays, entre leurs propres paramètres musicaux. ; As the basis of his argument, the author of this article uses the virtual absence of previous studies on the musical relationship between the two countries. He then considers the general framework, starting from, firstly, the military potentiality regarding the conflict between the two countries for the control of Flanders and Italy, which came to an end in 1659 with the Treaty of the Pyrenees and the birth of a new equilibrium in Europe. Secondly, he examines the nature of matrimonial policies, through which a mutual cultural exchange can be observed; and he concludes by addressing the philharmonic interest of the Monarchs of both nations. He compares genres (vocal music, instrumental, theatre and liturgical music), instruments, style, languages (monody, polyphony, expressive multichorus) and rhetoric resources, adding an interesting final hypothesis about the real and asymmetric mutual rapprochement of both countries, between the musical parameters themselves. ; Der Autor dieses Artikels geht als Prämisse von der fehlenden Erfahrung durch vorangegangene Studien über die musikalische Beziehung zwischen den zwei Ländern aus. Er legt dann den allgemeinen Rahmen dar und geht zuerst von der militärischen Leistungsfähigkeit in Bezug auf den Konflikt beider Länder durch die Dominanz von Flandern und Italien aus, die 1659 mit dem Pyrenäischen Frieden endet, sowie der Entstehung eines neuen europäischen Gleichgewichts. Zweitens untersucht er den Charakter der politischen Ehe, worin ein gegenseitiger kultureller Austausch zu beobachten ist, und endet mit der Annäherung an die philharmonische Vorliebe der Monarchen beider Nationen. Danach folgt ein Vergleich der Gattungen (Vokalmusik, Instrumentalmusik, Theater- und liturgische Musik), der Instrumente, der Stilistik, der Sprache (Monodie, Polyphonie, ausdrucksvolle Mehrchörigkeit) und der rhetorischen Ressourcen. Er fügt eine interessante Schlusshypothese über die gegenseitige reale und asymmetrische Annäherung beider Länder innerhalb der musikalischen Parameter hinzu.

A year and a half ago, the Swedish government decided 2006 to be The Year for Cultural Diversity (Agenda för Mångkultur, 2005). The general purpose, according to the directive, is to facilitate the possibilities for all citizens to participate in all aspects of the cultural life by enhancing appropriate arenas for different traditions (Agenda för Mångkultur, 2005). This policy decision was not a surprise to both observers and participants of the diversity debate. There has been a growing interest in the virtues of diversity for business effectiveness and success (mångfald.com), heightened scrutiny of institutional and organizational life by the mass media, and legitimizing debates by political parties which had always had some form of concern for diversity, if not for its own sake, at least for capitalizing on the legitimacy of diversity politics in the expectation of local and parliament elections next September. The proclamation of 2006 as a Year for Cultural diversity thus comes naturally from the broadened debates and organizational programs, each actor trying to get legitimacy by using the concept of cultural diversity to suit the demands of the times. Indeed, cultural diversity has become a priority agenda for any legitimate actor, at least in terms of programs and polices, if not in action. Moreover, the coordinator of the 2006 Cultural Year consistently promised in the mass media that this would be "the starting point", and not merely a celebratory performance (VK, 28 October 2005; DN 3 January 2006). Already, what are called as the Cultural diversity consultants had worked since 2003 in eight counties as a partial preparation for this year, and to raise the consciousness of relevant actors in the field of culture and cultural institutions, especially those financed by state money. Private cultural associations, however, are invited to participate during the diversity year but they were not invited to co-design the contents of the diversity year. This paper is concerned with describing the concept of diversity as used by the different actors in this context, and also examines the background that has led to the decision of the Cultural Year. An implicit concern is scrutinizing whether in fact this year would be a starting point for more deeply engaged diversity programs and actions or a symbolic act of window dressing. The concerned actors base the paper on accounting the background to the Diversity debate in Sweden, and the different expected programs and agendas. As such, the paper is based on analysis of documents and agendas, interviews with different actors and two multicultural consultants at the county level. Additionally, the author also participated in a couple of seminars and conferences and video-filmed some of the speeches by different presenters to capture the patterns of the debate/discourse on Cultural diversity. Implicit discussion is whether the current interest on diversity may lead to its institutionalization in the Swedish society organizations (Scott 1995, Hamde, 2002), or it simply is a 'traveling' idea to appear occasionally and then occur in fashion-like manner as many management ideas (Czarniawska & Joerges, 1996). As pointed out in the sub-title this paper brings provides only a mere glimpse at the huge subject and the debate.

Since the modern era, the discourse of punishment has cycled through three sets of questions. The first, born of the Enlightenment itself, asked: On what ground does the sovereign have the right to punish? Nietzsche most forcefully, but others as well, argued that the question itself begged its own answer. The right to punish, they suggested, is what defines sovereignty, and as such, can never serve to limit sovereign power. With the birth of the social sciences, this skepticism gave rise to a second set of questions: What then is the true function of punishment? What is it that we do when we punish? From Durkheim to the Frankfurt School to Michel Foucault, 20th century moderns explored social organization, economic production, political legitimacy, and the construction of the self – turning punishment practices upside down, dissecting not only their repressive functions but more importantly their role in constructing society and the contemporary subject. A series of further critiques – of meta-narratives, of functionalism, of scientific objectivity – softened this second line of inquiry and helped shape a third set of questions: What does punishment tell us about ourselves and our culture? What is the cultural meaning of our punishment practices? These three sets of questions set the contours of our modern discourse on crime and punishment. What happens now – now that we have seen what lies around the cultural bend and realize that the same critiques apply with equal force to any interpretation of "social meaning" that we could possibly read into our contemporary punishment practices? Should we continue to labor on this third and final set of questions, return to an earlier set, or, as all our predecessors did, craft a new line of inquiry? What question shall we – children of the 21st century – pose of our punishment practices and institutions? In this essay, I argue that we should abandon the misguided project of modernity, recognize once and for all the limits of reason, and turn instead to randomization and chance. In all the modern texts, there always came this moment when the empirical facts ran out or the deductions of principle reached their limit – or both – and yet the reasoning continued. There was always this moment, ironically, when the moderns took a leap of faith. And it was always there, at that precise moment, that we learned the most: that we could read from the text and decipher a vision of just punishment that was never entirely rational, never purely empirical, and never fully determined by the theoretical premises of the author. In each and every case, the modern text let slip a leap of faith – an ethical choice about how to resolve a gap, an ambiguity, an indeterminacy in an argument of principle or fact. Rather than continue to take these leaps of faith, I urge us to recognize the critical limits of reason and, whenever we reach them, to rely instead on randomization. Where our facts run out, where our principles no longer guide us, we should leave the decision-making to the coin toss, the roll of the dice, the lottery draw – in sum, to chance. This essay begins to explore what that would mean in the field of crime and punishment.

En este ensayo se tratan distintos materiales de campo que versan sobre dos tropos: el sendero y el huerto garden-. En el primer caso hablamos del tropo primordial y más estable hasta el presente entre los cazadores y recolectores; en el segundo, del tropo de la era más reciente en la evolución de la cultura, el tropo de los horticultores, agricultores y "civilizados" cuyas "civilizaciones" hacen posible la horticultura y la agricultura dominando progresivamente la naturaleza. Estos tropos están en juego, es decir, interactúan de diferentes maneras, particularmente la idea del "sendero del huerto", así como la del riego y la agrimensura, esto es, campos de cultivo estructurados por caminos o sendas. Hablaré de patología -path-ology-, un neologismo con dos acepciones: 1) el estudio de la lógica del tropo del sendero; y 2) las posibles implicaciones del prefijo path cuando lo aplicamos al campo de la investigación. Además de los materiales etnográficos del autor y de colegas africanistas -especialmente Victor Turner-, trataremos la presencia y los efectos de estos tropos en el evolucionismo contemporáneo, el ecologismo y el capitalismo industrial. Trataremos también la presencia del tropo del itinerario en el trabajo de campo antropológico y del tropo de la dependencia del sendero en el dominio de los análisis de la Historia Social. Reflexionaremos, según hizo Santa Teresa en su Camino de Perfección, sobre la idea de la vida como peregrinación y, más específicamente, sobre la Peregrinación a Santiago de Compostela, una importante y perfectamente identificable y desarrollada elaboración del tropo del sendero que, de hecho, ha estado siempre presente en las ideas de Salvación y Perfectibilidad del discurso religioso pero que, en el capitalismo contemporáneo, resulta política y comercialmente útil. ; This essay evokes various field materials to treat of two tropes, the Path and the Garden. The first is the primordial and widely persistent and still present trope of hunters and gatherers and the second is the trope of a later stage in the evolution of culture, the trope of horticulturalists, agriculturalists and of "the civilized" whose "civilizations" the progressive subordinations of nature, horticulture and agriculture, have made possible. These tropes are at play, that is to say they interact in various ways particularly in the notion of the Garden Path and of the irrigated and plotted, that is to say path organized fields of agricultural cultivation. We will speak of path-ology, a coinage that has two meanings 1. the study of the logic of the path trope and 2. the ever possible over commitment to path-like thinking in inquiry. In addition to field materials from the author and from Africanist colleagues, particularly Victor Turner, we will treat of the presence and effect of these tropes in contemporary evolutionism, environmentalism and industrial capitalism. The presence of the field path trope in anthropological field work and the path dependency trope in social history will be treated. We will reflect, as may the reader in Spain and as did Saint Teresa in her "Path of Perfection", Camino de Perfección, on the pilgrimage of life and more especially on the Pilgrimage to Santiago, an important and singularly identifying and potentially fulfilling elaboration in Christendom of the path trope, so otherwise ever-present in Salvationist and Perfectionist religious argument but, presently in late capitalism, so politically and commercially useful.