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Although recent healthcare reform has expanded health insurance coverage and increased the coverage for selected major diseases, healthcare is still a heavy financial burden for many patients. The advance payment total method commonly used by government health insurance sector in paying medical care providers cannot effectively control the waste and inefficiency in the use of health insurance funds. As a result, abuse of medical examination and surgery, shirking critically ill patients, arbitrary medical charges, indiscriminate drug prescription, artificially high drug prices, and fraudulent insurance claims still exist in some medical institutions. To make healthcare accessible and affordable to China's 1.3 billion people, the author proposed that "1 + N" universal health insurance would be a solution where "1" represents one model—the "413" model, and "N" stands for a number of corresponding supporting measures. The "413" model has been pilot launched in Jiu Jiang City among employees of some financially challenged state-owned enterprises and has been proven effective in improving health service quality and containing healthcare budget. This model includes "four fixed," "one freedom," and "three-party payment." The four fixed are fixed visiting hospital for the patient, fixed per capita health care costs (based on age and covering clinic, hospital, and preventive care), fixed health care responsibility, and fixed number of patients for a given hospital. Based on this, the government health insurance sector assigns the total health care costs to contracted hospitals (or hospital groups) and the hospitals keep any left-over in costs but will not get reimbursed if costs overrun. The "one freedom" means the patients have the freedom of changing their hospital choice once a year when unsatisfied with current hospital. Under the "three party payment," the hospital pays the most part of the healthcare costs, the patient pays a small portion, and the government health care agencies pay the special costs caused by major infectious diseases or natural disasters. This model requires a number of supporting measures. First, a close network of urban and rural community general hospital group must be established to effectively cover clinic, hospital, and preventive care with the fixed per capita health care costs. Second, to improve the efficiency and service quality of public hospitals, private general hospitals or hospital groups must be encouraged. Third, allow patients to choose voluntarily between the 413 model and other health care management models according to the ability to pay of the individuals and their employers. Fourth, hospitals should improve management in order to control cost and enhance service quality. Fifth, government health care funds should focus on the universal health insurance which encourages prevention and early treatment of diseases, especially for the impoverished people. Finally, government health care agencies should give the hospitals the right of using the per capita health insurance funds below the threshold. Government agencies should focus on the coordination of the funds for major diseases above the threshold. In summary, the "1+N" method bases on the "413" health insurance model and calls for a number of supporting measures. It will be effective in improving the health service quality and making healthcare affordable to China's 1.3 billion people.

The author argues in this article that, in spite of the fact that the agreements on peace and democracy contained in Esquipulas I and II contributed to advance the autonomy of the Atlantic Coast, the political will expressed in them was not made extensive to other domains that were also addressed in the agreements. Among these, the effective reintegration of the municipalities of El Rama, Nueva Guinea, Muelle de los Bueyes and El Ayote to the South Atlantic Autonomous Region (RAAS), and Mulukukú and Waslala to the North Atlantic Autonomous Region (RAAN). The same is true, he points out, for the fight against poverty, inequality, the exclusion of indigenous and afro-descendant peoples and other severe social and economic problems. Those, he claims, were the true causes and background of the armed conflicts that for so many years have darkened the Central American people, including the populations of the Coast. DOI:10.5377/wani.v56i0.225Wani No.56 2007 pp.61-67 ; En este artículo, su autor afirma que, a pesar de que los acuerdos de paz y democracia de Esquipulas I y II impulsaron la autonomía de la Costa, sin embargo, esa voluntad política no se hizo extensiva a otros aspectos contemplados, entre éstos, la efectiva reintegración de los municipios de El Rama, Nueva Guinea, Muelle de los Bueyes y el Ayote a la Región Autónoma del Atlántico Sur, y Mulukukú y Waslala a la RAAN. Así como también la lucha contra la pobreza, la desigualdad, la exclusión de pueblos indígenas y pueblos afrodescendientes, y otros graves problemas sociales y económicos que fueron las verdaderas causas y trasfondo de los conflictos armados que por tantos años habían enlutado a los pueblos centroamericanos, entre ellos, los pueblos indígenas de la Costa. DOI:10.5377/wani.v56i0.225Wani No.56 2007 pp.61-67Kus tawanni ramhni balna dawak Esquipulas kau la balna ahana kidika. Adika uhulna akat, ulna daniwan yaklauwi yulwi, Esquipulas I dawak II kau, la balna uhulwi yayakna pas yakat uhulna dai war dis pri lani kat bang atnin yulni dawak pri lani kat ma ramhki balna yulna atnin kaput bik kus kau alas lani kat yalahnin lani balna yulni bik uhulna dai, kaunah adika dini balna bitik kidika kapat laihwi yayamwas dadana, as as yuldi yakdarang kat laih, sauni sahwi yakna balna El Rama, Nueva Guinea, Muelle de los Bueyes, dawak Ayote atwa balna kidika, ma sauki sahwi yakna nuhni Atlantik Kus Wadah saitni yakat duwi uiwi pakna atnin dai, dawak Mulukuku, Waslala karak laih, ma sauki sahwi yakna nuhni Atlantik Kus tingpal saitni yakat duwi uiwi pakna atnin dai. Kaput bik muih miniknakunni palni bang kidi yakat bik kalpararaswaski, bu as as kat uba yamni bangki dawak baisa mahni kau kidika laih dutni palni bangki, muih sasani balna dawak indian balna kidika witingna pasnina yakat awi duduwaski alas dadawakat bangki, kaput bik, witingna ampat bang kidi tranibil dawak lalah walwi yaknin tranibil balna bitik yulni kuduh biri biri arakbus karak kal ihiwi uina dai kurih mahni kau dawak Centroamerica bitik pas yakat muih mahni palni dadauna dai, kaput adika pas yakan bangki kus indianni tawanni balna bik.

O aumento na construção de projetos de infra-estrutura financiados pelo setor privado na Índia tem forçado os empreendedores a demandar cronogramas de projetos altamente comprimidos, devido ao risco político e à geração antecipada de receitas. Como resultado, muitos dos contratos são baseados no modelo EPC (Engineering, Procurement and Construction), contrato que permita ao contratante planejar e controlar as fases de EPC. A responsabilidade única pelas três fases tem facilitado o uso de abordagens inovadoras, tais como construção fast-track e engenharia simultânea, a fim de minimizar a duração do empreendimento. Como parte de uma pesquisa para melhorar os processos de projeto, o primeiro autor passou um ano como observador em dois empreendimentos realizados por uma construtora líder do mercado de EPC na Índia. Ambos os projetos necessitaram uma aceleração das fases de projeto e de construção. O primeiro empreendimento envolveu o projeto detalhado de uma unidade de manuseio de carvão para uma usina de energia e o segundo, a fase preliminar do projeto de um grande aeroporto. A equipe de pesquisa teve o propósito de analisar o processo de projeto e sugerir mudanças, para torná-lo mais eficiente. No primeiro empreendimento, dados detalhados sobre o fluxo de trabalho do projeto, da concepção ao detalhamento, foram coletados e analisados. O artigo apresenta a análise dos dados de identificação dos pontos críticos no processo e compara os resultados das análises com as percepções da equipe de projeto. No segundo empreendimento, a estrutura global da organização para coordenar as interfaces entre os processos de projeto foi avaliada. O texto apresenta um método estruturado para organizar as interfaces e as interações entre as diferentes disciplinas de projeto. Os detalhes do método proposto, as questões de implementação e os resultados da aplicação também são discutidos. ; Proposal: The increase in privately funded infrastructure construction in India had compelled project owners to demand highly compressed project schedules due to political risks and early revenue generation. As a result, many of the contracts are based on EPC (Engineering Procurement and Construction) contract enabling the contractor to plan and control the EPC phases. Sole responsibility for the three phases has facilitated the use of innovative approaches such as fast-track construction and concurrent engineering in order to minimize project duration. As a part of a research study to improve design processes, the first author spent a year as an observer in two design projects which was done by a leading EPC contractor in India. Both projects required accelerated design and fast-track construction. The first project involved the detailed design of a coal handling unit for a power plant and second the preliminary phase of a large airport design project. The research team had the mandate to analyze the design process and suggest changes to make it more efficient. On the first project, detailed data on the design/drawing workflow was collected and analyzed. The paper presents the analysis of the data identifying the bottlenecks in the process and compares the analysis results with the perceptions of the design team. On the second project, the overall organizational structure for coordinating the interfaces between the design processes was evaluated. The paper presents a structured method to organize the interface and interactions between the various design disciplines. The details of the method proposed, implementation issues and outcomes of implementation are also discussed.

Do correlated units have influences to require compensates for bodies whose identities can't be proved? Not only jurisprudence and reality society separately holds different views, but also inside themselves, there are no common ideas. Likewise, the lack of consummation in legislation always leads one same case to opposite judgments in each local people's court. First of all, through the jurisprudence analyses about the meaning of the civil rights of bodied whose identities can't be proved, protection rules of civil right of bodies whose identities can't be proved should be set up. Secondly, through the intensive analyses of present jurisprudence prescript, including limitation, protection rules should be nailed down. Thirdly, based on the present jurisprudence rules, author offers advise in details on the course of judgment in the way of protection of bodies' civil rights. Key words: nameless body, civil rights, Judicial Protection Résumé: Les départements compétents ont-ils le droit de réclamer l'indemnité pour un cadavre inconnu ? Le milieu juridique et le milieu d'application exposent leur propre opinion, même à l'intérieur de chaque milieu, le débat ne se cesse pas. A cause de l'imperfection de la législation, les tribunaux populaires locaux n'ont pas une connaissance unanime sur cela et prennent des actions judicaires contraires. D'abord, à travers l'analyse juridique du contenu des droits civils du cadavre inconnu, l'auteur pense qu'il faut établir le système de protection des droits civils du cadavre inconnu. Ensuite, après l'étude des règlements légaux et de ses inconvénients, il est d'avis qu'on doit préciser juridiquement ce système de protection. Finalement, sur la base du système légal en vigueur et d'après le principe du droit civil, l'esprit de la législation civile et la fonction de guidage judicaire, il donne, en ce qui concerne les moyens de protection, des propositions concrètes sur le processus judicaire. Mots-clés: cadavre inconnu, droits civils, protection judicaire 摘要:相關部門有無權力為無名屍索賠?法學界、實務界各抒己見,就是法學界和實務界內部也爭論不休。由於立法的不完善,導致各地人民法院對其在認識上以及司法上的絕然相反。首先,本文通過對無名屍民事權利的內涵的法理分析,認為應設立無名屍民事權利保護制度。其次,通過對我國現行法律規定及其缺陷的透析,認為應從法律上明確無名屍民事權利的保護制度。再次,筆者在現行法律制度的基礎上,從民法的原 則、民事立法精神以及司法的引導功能,就我國對無名屍民事權利的保護途徑,從審判程式上提出了具體的 意見。關鍵詞:無名屍;民事權利;司法保護

Editor's Note Robert A. Dahl, the foremost living theorist of democracy, is the emeritus Sterling Professor of Political Science at Yale University, where he received his Ph.D. in 1940 and where he spent virtually his entire academic career. After five years working for the government—as a management analyst at the U.S. Department of Agriculture, then as an economist in the Office of Price Administration and the War Production Board, and finally as a member of the Army—he returned to Yale in 1946. With colleagues Charles Lindblom, Robert Lane, and others, he helped build the first modern department of political science, a department that asked major substantive questions while using the best social science techniques available at the time. In the interview that follows, which I conducted on March 30, 2008, Dahl grounds his motivation for studying democracy not only in his academic encounters but also in his experiences growing up in Alaska, attending public schools there, and working with longshore workers as a boy. He does not want to replicate the utopian visions of classical philosophers. His commitment is to the development of an empirical model of democracy that guides scholars in their efforts to determine the extent of democratization throughout the world as well as in the United States. Normatively, he is committed to a democracy that recognizes the rights and voice of all who have a legitimate claim to citizenship. Although he is known for his arguments about the procedures democracy requires, some of his most important work deals with the distribution of power. He engaged in debate with elitist theorists such as C. Wright Mills and Floyd Hunter, who argued that a small elite determined virtually all important policy decisions. Dahl's book Who Governs?, winner of the 1962 Woodrow Wilson Prize of the American Political Science Association, makes a very different set of claims. There Dahl analyzes decision making in several policy arenas and finds different key actors influencing the outcomes. The debate did not stop there, of course, but Dahl transformed the style of argument by investigating how decisions were made and who made them. Dahl continued to study and contemplate democracy, winning a second Woodrow Wilson Prize in 1990 for Democracy and Its Critics. By his admission, he concluded his writing career with a second edition of How Democratic is the American Constitution in 2003 and On Political Equality in 2006. Robert Dahl has received numerous honors. He was a Guggenheim fellow in 1950 and 1978, a fellow of the Center for Advanced Study in Behavioral Sciences in 1955–1956 and 1967, and an elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, American Philosophical Society, National Academy of Sciences, and British Academy (as a corresponding fellow). He served as President of the American Political Science Association in 1966–1967. He was the 1995 recipient of the Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science. He holds numerous honorary doctorates in addition to other major awards in recognition of his remarkable standing in the profession. The editorial committee of the Annual Review of Political Science was unanimous in its selection of Robert Dahl as the author of this first prefatory article by a distinguished living scholar to be published in our pages. -Margaret Levi

Cette thèse a été réalisée au sein du Centre d'Economie et d'Ethique pour l'Environnement et le Développement (C3ED), Unité Mixte de Recherche : Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines [C3ED UMR n° 063 (IRD-UVSQ)]. Elle a été financée par le Ministère de la Recherche Français. Les missions et les visites de terrain ont été financées par l'Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) grâce notamment à l'attribution d'une allocation de quatre mois au Centre d'Economie et d'Ethique pour l'Environnement et le Développement Madagascar (C3EDM) au sein de l'Université d'Antananarivo. ; To resolve the problem of biodiversity decline, a branch of environmental economics, called "economics of biodiversity", recommends resorting to market mechanisms. During the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, in Rio de Janeiro, June 1992, particularly through out the negotiations of the Convention on Biodiversity (CBD), idealization of trade and market for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity had a great influence on the decisions and choices of policy makers. Therefore, many developing countries decided to establish their development policies by combining trade and market, economic efficiency and biodiversity conservation. After signing and ratifying the CBD, Madagascar, a biodiversity hot spot and paradoxically one of the poorest countries in the world, gave top priority to merchandising its biodiversity. This thesis aims to analyze the benefits of those market mechanisms for local communities and to assess ecological impacts. Case studies in Madagascar, focused on the genetic resources and essential oil markets, are examined and discussed. The author argues that in order to achieve CBD goals, not only economic efficiency should be considered, but also by including the economic and ecological distribution. ; Pour résoudre le problème de déclin de la biodiversité, l'économie de la biodiversité, une branche de l'économie de l'environnement, suggère le recours aux mécanismes marchands. Lors de la Conférence des Nations Unies sur l'Environnement et le Développement (CNUED) de Rio en 1992, notamment durant les négociations de la Convention sur la Diversité Biologique (CDB), cette idéalisation du marché en faveur de la conservation de la biodiversité influe fortement les décisions. Les pays riches en biodiversité, paradoxalement les plus pauvres, vont alors mettre en place des politiques basées sur la conciliation entre marché, développement soutenable et préservation de la biodiversité. Madagascar, un des hotspots en biodiversité, va prioriser dès la ratification de cette Convention, la valorisation de sa biodiversité par les marchés. Cette thèse a pour objectif d'analyser les retombées de ces marchés pour les populations locales et les impacts sur la conservation de la biodiversité. Basé sur l'étude de deux dispositifs marchands, à savoir les contrats de bioprospection et la filière huiles essentielles, ce travail montre que compte-tenu des objectifs de soutenabilité visés, intégrer la question de la redistribution permet de mieux répondre aux attentes des différents acteurs, en particulier celles des acteurs locaux, et de prendre en compte la diversité des enjeux. La première partie est axée sur l'analyse institutionnelle de la bioprospection et de la filière huiles essentielles. La seconde partie analyse les retombées économiques et les impacts de ces deux activités sur la conservation de la biodiversité, et propose l'utilisation d'une approche par les scénarios pour traiter de la question de redistribution.

The subject matter of the scientific studies comprises a study of key issues of the protection of copyright as well as enforcement of other intellectual property rights. The basic methods of study used in the works are comparative, historical and teleological. The model of legal regulation of the protection of intellectual property rights chosen is the one existing in the states of droit d' auteur and copyright systems, and based on this model the key issues of copyright protection are analysed by way of comparing and assessing the aspects provided for in the Lithuanian legislation. Lithuania follows the droit d' auteur system. In general, the Lithuanian copyright law does not reflect any unique tradition. The development of intellectual property rights protection in Lithuania essentially coincided with the accession to international and regional organisations and to international agreements. When Lithuania decisively implemented one of its foreign policy aims — to become a member of the European Union — the approximation of its national law to the European Union legislation commenced in the field of intellectual property law as well as in the whole legal system. The scientific monograph and the few scientific articles analyse the main aspects of the protection of copyright: main principles of copyright, legal sources, subject matter of the protections, the author or other copyright owner, contents of protection (economic rights and moral rights), limitations and exceptions, tendencies, problems and perspectives of the development of copyright. The few scientific articles deal with the analysis of the implementation of the Directive 2004/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the enforcement of intellectual property rights. Legal remedies applied by the court when passing the decision on the merits can in principle be grouped into preventive (including also corrective) measures and compensatory remedies. The first group covers: (1) injunctions, (2) corrective measures, (3) alternative measures, (4) publication of judicial decisions, whereas the second group covers all possible ways of compensating for damages or, otherwise stated, damages. The laws also provide for the right of access to information, which as a copyright protection measure is applied in the course of judicial proceedings and facilitates the application of other measures and remedies. The legislative provisions pertaining to requirements for collecting evidence and provisional measures are also to be attributed to the rules of a procedural nature. Paragraph 1(2)(b) of Article 13 of the Directive provides that the amount of damages can be set as a lump sum on the basis of elements such as at least the amount of royalties or fees that would have been due if the infringer had requested authorisation to use the intellectual property right in question. This provision has been implemented in Lithuanian legal acts, where it is envisaged that instead of requesting compensation for actual damages, right holders may claim royalties or fees which would have been due if the infringer had requested authorisation to use the works or other objects (i.e., had obtained a licence), and if the infringer acted intentionally or with gross negligence, in the amount of up to double such royalties and fees.

An earlier version of this paper was presented in Workshop 9: 'Changing Party Political Constellations and Public Policy Reform in Southern Europe' at the Tenth Mediterranean Research Meeting, Florence & Montecatini Terme, 25-28 March 2009, organised by the Mediterranean Programme of the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies at the European University Institute. ; The purpose of this paper is to explore the question of small and incremental reform in Turkish minority policies over the last two decades, contrasting with the dramatic economic, social, and political changes that the country has experienced over the same period. The main focus will be on two partly overlapping groups living in Turkey (Alevis and Kurds); comparison with other Southern European countries will be made as background reference. The reason for this focus is analytical: these two groups are structurally different from minorities found in Italy or Greece in that they are both large enough to carry great electoral weight and politically salient enough to affect Turkey's EU accession prospects. Minority policy is an often overlooked realm of public policy, either because it is considered too sensitive or too case-specific, as opposed to fiscal, labor, family, and immigration policy, which, at least in the European context, are now typically examined and compared by scholars on a more transnational framework. However, minority policy broadly defined (as the recognition and treatment of sections of the population identified as belonging to a special cultural heritage) touches upon a number of diverse policy areas including civil rights, education, regional development, relations between religion and state, language, culture, and national security. In Turkey minority policy in official discourse has historically been linked to the non-Muslim minorities protected by the Treaty of Lausanne, whereas Alevis and Kurds were traditionally accorded no special recognition under the Kemalist Republic. The first part of the paper attempts to theoretically situate minority policy in the context of competitive party politics. What is puzzling about Turkey is why given a climate of increased democratization and confidence after the suppression of the PKK insurgency, the Turkish party system has not been more responsive to the long-standing grievances of Kurds and Alevis. Partly based on existing literature, the author posits that a constellation of factors is necessary for policy reform on minority issues to proceed in a democratic system: the mobilization of the minority group(s) in question and either high external pressure on the state to satisfy minority demands or significant electoral competition for the minority's votes or participation in government of a party that monopolizes the minority vote and is ideologically committed to its agenda. The second part of the paper briefly discusses the history of state attitudes towards Kurds and Alevis in Turkey, as well as more recent developments including the reforms on Kurdish language rights, the abortive Çamuroğlu recommendations regarding Alevi pious foundations, DTP's entry in parliament, and the constitutional amendment process launched by AKP. The third and final part of the paper explains why Turkey's party system for a long time lacked the necessary preconditions for more groundbreaking policy changes, underlining the importance of external pressure from the EU as an engine for reform. ; (Product of workshop No. 9 at the 10th MRM 2009).

The tendency after the end of the Cold war to downsize national armies on the one hand and persistent armed conflicts in unstable African, Near East and Balkan regions on the other created opening conditions for the revival and rapid evolvement of the private business structures that provide military and security services. Prevailing viewpoint that PMSCs and their personnel represent the new form of the mercenary is not correct from the IHL perspective and could lead to serious human rights abuses. Numerous cases and analysis of the scholar literature shows that inaccurate qualification of the PMSCs' employees' status results into deprivation of certain scope of protection from private contractors. Moreover, since there are no accountability and control mechanisms, a high risk for the abuses and impunity for violations of the IHL occurs. Present master thesis aims to analyze international legal status of the PMSCs and their personnel in the context of armed conflict. It also assesses conformity of the existing practice to the IHL norms. In order to conclude a comprehensive research, author provides historical perspective of the warfare privatization, surveys factors that contributed to the outsourcing of military functions, defines what is PMSC, what are their types and capacity of each type, highlights distinguishing features between mercenaries and private contractors and gives a review of the contemporary practice of their use in the armed conflicts. Hypothesis that legal status of the PMSCs and their personnel under IHL is insufficiently defined and that international community should take adequate steps to modify present conventions to reflect needs of the present was formulated on the ground of the initial literature review. The first part of the thesis provides characteristics of the mercenarism and other forms of the private violence, its historical evolution to the modern military services industry and the attitude of the international community towards it. Present situation and tendencies in the development of the phenomenon of the PMSCs, its' types, main features of each type and differences between the scope of their capacities are addressed in the second section. It is also introducing the factual situation of the involvement of the private soldiers in contemporary armed conflicts and threats and potentialities they suggest. The third part is dedicated to analyze and qualify PMSCs personnel status under IHL. It also surveys international legal basis regarding mercenaries and gives an evaluation of the dividing line between these two forms of participation in warfare. Moreover, it puts forward proposals up to which extent such participation is legal under the humanitarian laws. Finally, the third part scrutinizes legal status of the PMSCs as corporate entities and states obligations and responsibilities in this regard. On the basis of the research concluded in the final part conclusions are drawn. It is inferred that the hypothesis proved out only partially. In contrast to the initial assumption and prevailing position in the legal literature, legal status of the individual PMSCs employees is sufficiently defined. Depending on the functions that they are contracted to perform and level of incorporation they are falling under one of the two exhaustive categories: they are either civilians or combatants. On the other hand, legal status of the PMSCs as corporate entities is not addressed under IHL at all. It is regulated through the domestic laws.

The metaphoric assumption for science policy as its behaviour like an intelligent being has permitted to identify a so called "crisis" of this policy as the result of an aging process- more than sixty years have elapsed since the onset of the modern scientific policy. In that degenerative process, a series of pathologies had been diagnosed through a series of critical reviews undertaken by the author under a research programme on the "philosophy of science policy". By the use of medical and clinical metaphors, I have built a clinical record describing the pathologies and their diagnosis, referring them symbolically to mental and sensorial disorders. Among them, it can be mentioned amnesic process leading for instance to the dissociation between language (discourse) and actions; the poor understanding of the R&D+ innovation concepts and their relationships; the mistaken use by problems of perception of the usual indicators; the transition from euphoria to depression (bipolar disorder) and the subsequent losses of the sense of reality, usually depending on external factors. In agreement with the analogies applied, therapies considered as the modern regenerative treatments are proposed to correct the "crisis" of the science policy. Among those therapies oriented to the care of degenerative processes, the incorporation (transplantation) of concepts such as those of "governance" and "spaces" into the sick body of the science policy is proposed. These old concepts are assumed again symbolically, to act as pluripotent, regenerative elements for a political management usually based on too simplified and traditional academic and bureaucratic approaches. ; La aplicación de una analogía como ser vivo e inteligente a la política científica ha permitido identificar lo que he llamado "crisis" de esa política, como resultado de un proceso de envejecimiento –hace más de sesenta años que se inició la política científica moderna– en el que han intervenido una serie de patologías que han sido diagnosticadas a través de una serie de revisiones críticas emprendidas por el autor dentro del marco de un programa sobre "filosofía de la política científica". A través del recurso a metáforas médicas y clínicas he podido construir una historia clínica en la que se describen las patologías y sus diagnósticos, asociadas simbólicamente a trastornos mentales y sensoriales. Entre ellos cabe mencionar procesos de amnesia, del que es un ejemplo la disociación entre lenguaje y acción motora (discurso y acción); la deficiente comprensión de conceptos en el trinomio básico I+D+innovación y de las relaciones entre ellos; frecuentes errores de percepción (visión y audición) respecto al sentido y uso de los indicadores habituales; el tránsito, dependiente de circunstancias ajenas al propio objeto de la política de ciencia y tecnología, desde la euforia a la depresión (trastorno bipolar) y las consiguientes pérdidas de sentido de la realidad. De acuerdo con la aproximación metafórica aplicada, se proponen terapias para superar la "crisis" a las que se les aplica la analogía de las nuevas terapias regenerativas, orientadas a la corrección de procesos degenerativos. Entre ellas se incluye la incorporación (trasplante) en la marchita política científica de viejos conceptos como los de "gobernanza" y "espacios" que pueden actuar, de nuevo simbólicamente, como elementos troncales (pluripotentes) para que sirvan como regeneradores de una gestión política habitualmente apoyada en aproximaciones burocráticas y académicas esencialmente simples y tradicionales.

The paper explores the role of Europeanization process for business entities and humans in Central and Eastern Europe states. The purpose of the paper is three-fold. Firstly, the paper seeks to bring out into the open various aspects of the European integration - from process and outcome perspectives. Secondly it provides evaluation of conflicting values. Specifically the paper provides an analysis and proposes avenues for further thought as regards the growing interactions between European economic policies in private law area and social protection standards. So even though economical dimension at first stages of European integration has prevailed and it decreased transaction costs for companies, the profound changes resulting from European economic integration have a major impact on national social security systems. At the current level of European integration purely economical dimension has lost its sense and purely economical consideration could not be a stimulus for further European integration. On the other hand social protection standards in the member states are .not yet converging. Furthermore the role of social dimension in regulation is discussed and analysis of European integration process is provided. Finally the paper provides analysis of European private law and its importance for business entities. Europeanization of private law itself is a part of the general discourse of role of regulation and social protection in Europe. The theoretical premises of the proponents and opponents of systematization (then Europeanization of private law could be made through competition of private law systems) and possible influence on the decisions made by business entities and their structure is provided. The author therefore analyzes EU proposals for systematization of private law, and possible alternatives for systematization. Particular emphasis is laid on suggestions for business entities based on research from Kaunas district, Lithuania ; Artykuł przedstawia wpływ procesu europeizacji na organizacje i ludzi w krajach środkowowschodniej Europy. Jego cel jest trojaki: po pierwsze, ukazane są różne aspekty integracji europejskiej - od procesów po ich rezultaty i dalsze perspektywy. Po drugie, artykuł zawiera analizy i może stanowić przyczynek do dalszych badań dotyczących stale rosnących interakcji pomiędzy polityką ekonomiczną EU i jej odzwierciedleniem w prawie a standardami społecznego protekcjonizmu. Nawet jeżeli w pierwszych stadiach integracji europejskiej przeważał wymiar ekonomiczny, co obniżało koszty transakcji dla firm, głębokie zmiany wynikające z europejskiej integracji ekonomicznej mają istotny wpływ na narodowe systemy bezpieczeństwa socjalnego. Na obecnym etapie integracji europejskiej wymiar czysto ekonomiczny traci sens i jedynie ekonomiczne podejście nie może już być dłużej bodźcem dla dalszej integracji. Z drugiej strony standardy społecznego protekcjonizmu w krajach członkowskich są ciągle jeszcze różne. Co więcej rola społecznego wymiaru w prawnych regulacjach jest ciągle w Unii Europejskiej dyskutowana i analizowana. W części trzeciej artykuł zawiera analizę wybranych aspektów europejskiego prawa pod kątem jego znaczenia dla przedsiębiorstw. Sama w sobie europeizacja prawa jest częścią szerszego dyskursu o roli prawnych regulacji i społecznego protekcjonizmu. Autor przedstawia teoretyczne przesłanki zwolenników i oponentów systematyzacji (być może europeizacja prawa mogłaby być osiągnięta w wyniku współzawodnictwa narodowych systemów prawnych) i jej możliwy wpływ na decyzje podejmowane w przedsiębiorstwach oraz zmiany w ich strukturze. Analizując propozycje systematyzacji prawa Unii Europejskiej i ich możliwe alternatywy posługuje się wynikami badań przeprowadzonych w przedsiębiorstwach w regionie Kowna na Litwie

The subject matter of the scientific studies comprises a study of key issues of the protection of copyright as well as enforcement of other intellectual property rights. The basic methods of study used in the works are comparative, historical and teleological. The model of legal regulation of the protection of intellectual property rights chosen is the one existing in the states of droit d' auteur and copyright systems, and based on this model the key issues of copyright protection are analysed by way of comparing and assessing the aspects provided for in the Lithuanian legislation. Lithuania follows the droit d' auteur system. In general, the Lithuanian copyright law does not reflect any unique tradition. The development of intellectual property rights protection in Lithuania essentially coincided with the accession to international and regional organisations and to international agreements. When Lithuania decisively implemented one of its foreign policy aims — to become a member of the European Union — the approximation of its national law to the European Union legislation commenced in the field of intellectual property law as well as in the whole legal system. The scientific monograph and the few scientific articles analyse the main aspects of the protection of copyright: main principles of copyright, legal sources, subject matter of the protections, the author or other copyright owner, contents of protection (economic rights and moral rights), limitations and exceptions, tendencies, problems and perspectives of the development of copyright. The few scientific articles deal with the analysis of the implementation of the Directive 2004/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the enforcement of intellectual property rights. Legal remedies applied by the court when passing the decision on the merits can in principle be grouped into preventive (including also corrective) measures and compensatory remedies. The first group covers: (1) injunctions, (2) corrective measures, (3) alternative measures, (4) publication of judicial decisions, whereas the second group covers all possible ways of compensating for damages or, otherwise stated, damages. The laws also provide for the right of access to information, which as a copyright protection measure is applied in the course of judicial proceedings and facilitates the application of other measures and remedies. The legislative provisions pertaining to requirements for collecting evidence and provisional measures are also to be attributed to the rules of a procedural nature. Paragraph 1(2)(b) of Article 13 of the Directive provides that the amount of damages can be set as a lump sum on the basis of elements such as at least the amount of royalties or fees that would have been due if the infringer had requested authorisation to use the intellectual property right in question. This provision has been implemented in Lithuanian legal acts, where it is envisaged that instead of requesting compensation for actual damages, right holders may claim royalties or fees which would have been due if the infringer had requested authorisation to use the works or other objects (i.e., had obtained a licence), and if the infringer acted intentionally or with gross negligence, in the amount of up to double such royalties and fees.

ABSTRACT Doctoral thesis - Author: Lena Steffner Evaluation of urban environments, a method to measure experience The doctoral thesis builds on the licentiate thesis, Aesthetic evaluation of urban environments – a method using the public's affective appraisals and experiences (2004). The central problem in the work is that experts and the public often differ in their evaluation of urban environments. The public tend to evaluate the environment by affective appraisals and their own experiences of how the environment functions. The experts tend to evaluate the environment according to current discourse in their professions. The purpose of this thesis is to develop a method that measure experience of urban environment and thus creates bases for communication between inhabitants and experts on common goals for city planning in a democratic process. The method is a systematic way of describing urban characters and measuring how they are experienced through questionnaires. The questionnaire is formed primarily in tradition of research by Jack Nasar and James Russell. The measuring is done by asking the participants of their usually experiences of places familiar to them, shown on photos in the questionnaire. The results are described in diagrams of how many percent of the participants experience the environment as exciting, pleasant and safe or its opposites; boring, unpleasant and unsafe. The circle diagrams are made after James Russell's theories of human core affect. The participants are also asked to identify specific factors that have had influence on their experience of the environment. Thirty different factors have been identified altogether. A staple diagram describes an evaluation of these factors in the investigated area. The staple diagram is organized by the most positively evaluated factor to facilitate reading strengths and weaknesses of the urban investigated environment to be considered in future planning. The method depends on descriptions of the variety of urban characters in a city to give the background of what are to be measured. Different ways of describing urban character are discussed in the thesis. A specific systematic approach of describing urban character is suggested and applied for the three urban areas with different characters that are investigated in the thesis. Areas with different urban characters have been chosen for the thesis so that they together with the licentiate work covers the medieval city with wooden houses, the industrial city built in a grid pattern with stone houses, the garden city, the function divided city and the postmodern city. The result of the investigation shows that the examples of medieval, the industrial city in a grid pattern and the garden city are valued as more satisfying to the public than the function divided and postmodern urban characters. The results have been validated by a group of participants and experts. The validation also includes how students at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), in Stockholm have tested the method. The result of the validation indicates support for the hypothesis that a certain amount of consensus can be expected in matters of affective appraisal of urban character. The thesis is concluded with a discussion on the method including biases and suggestions for improvements as well as a reasoning of appropriate situations for using the method.

Maģistra darbu "Televīzijas loma neapmierinātībā ar politiku: LTV1, LNT, TV3 nedēļas analītisko raidījumu satura, to veidotāju un ekspertu vērtējumu analīze (2008. gada oktobris – 2009. gada marts)" izstrādāja Latvijas Universitātes Komunikācijas studiju nodaļas students Vladimirs Novodvorskis. Darbs veltīts auditorijas negatīvas attieksmes veidošanas problēmas izpētei televīzijas informatīvi analītiskajos raidījumos Panorāma, De facto (LTV1), LNT Top 10 (LNT), Nekā personīga (TV3) pret politiskajiem aktoriem un politiku kopumā. Darba mērķis – šo raidījumu lomas noteikšana negatīvas attieksmes pret politiku veidošanā, kā arī televīzijas ziņu negatīvo un pozitīvo efektu iedarbībā uz auditorijas politisko aktivitāti. Politisko aktoru, masu mediju un auditorijas savstarpējā mijiedarbība tiek iztirzāta politiskās komunikācijas teoriju un mediju teoriju – Maikla Robinsona videonospiestības teorijas (Videomalaise) un Pipas Norisas pastāvīgi atkārtojošos pozitīvo notikumu cikla teorijas (Virtuous circle) ietvaros. Maģistra darba empīriskajā daļā ar kvantitatīvo kontentanalīzi tika noteiktas negatīvo, pozitīvo un neitrālo televīzijas ziņu, stratēģisko televīzijas ziņu (strategic frame) un ziņu pēc būtības (issue frame), ziņu ar izklaides elementu izmantošanu un nopietnu ziņu par sociāli politiskajām tēmām attiecības visos trijos raidījumos. Darbā ir iekļauti daļēji strukturēto interviju ar televīzijas programmu veidotājiem, mediju ekspertiem rezultāti, kā arī socioloģisko datu analīzes, kurus darba autoram sniedza eksperti, rezultāti. Darba galvenais secinājums: visu triju pētāmo televīzijas raidījumu iedarbība uz auditorijas attieksmi pret politiskajiem aktoriem un Latvijas politiskajiem procesiem drīzāk ir negatīva nekā pozitīva un neveicina atgriezeniskās selektīvās saites darbību starp auditoriju un politiskajiem aktoriem. Atslēgvārdi: videonospiestība (videomalaise), politiskā komunikācija, televīzija, Nekā personīga, LNT Top 10, Panorāma, De facto. ; . The master work The role of television in discontentment toward politics: the analysis of content, creators and expert evaluation of weekly analytical programs, broadcast on LTV-1, LNT, TV-3 (October 2008-March 2009) developed by student in the Department of Communication Studies at the Latvia University Vladimirs Novodvorskis. The work is devoted to the research of negative impact of analytical informative television programs such as "Panorāma", "De Facto" (LTV-1), "LNT Top 10" (LNT), "Nekā personīga" (TV-3) on audience against political factors and politics. The aim of the research is to define of the role of these programs in negative attitudes toward policy-making, as well as the television report negative and positive effects on the audience of political engagement. The interdependence of political factors, mass media and the audience is examined within the framework of theoretical communication and media theory: Michael Robinson video malaise theory and Pippa Norris virtuous circle theory. In empirical part of the master's work the negative, positive and neutral television reports, strategic television report (strategic frame), and a message of substance (issue frame), a message with entertainment features and a serious message about the socio-political themes in all three programs were defined using the quantitative content analysis. Work includes the results of semi structured interviews with the TV program makers, media experts and sociological analysis of data presented to the author of the work by experts. The main conclusion of the work: the effects of all three investigational television programs on the attitude of audience towards political factors and political processes in Latvia are negative rather than positive and not conducive to the selective operation of the link between the audience and political actors. Keywords: video malaise, political communication, television, "Nekā personīga", "LNT Top 10", "Panorāma, De Facto".

This paper analyzes the representation of Sor Juana in two musical compositions by U.S. American composers: John Adams's oratorio El Niño (1999–2000) and Allison Sniffin's cantata Óyeme con los ojos (Hear Me with Your Eyes): Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz on the Nature of Love (2006). Instead of the more common protofeminist and subversive representation of recent decades, Adams opts for "the other" Sor Juana, the author of the lyrical villancicos of the religious society of New Spain. In addition to examining Adams's musico–poetic and spectacular texts, this article also studies the visual representation that illustrates the CD of El Niño: the prominent serigraph Mujer de mucha enagua, PA'TI XICANA (A Woman with a lot of Petticoat, FOR YOU CHICANA) by chicana artist Yreina D. Cervántez. In this visual representation, Sor Juana becomes part of a political and subversive whole, and joins zapatista revolutionary women, Mexican poet Rosario Castellanos, and the Mesoamerican goddess Tonantzin, in a provocative feminine discourse, both visually and verbally. Cervántez's Sor Juana constrasts sharply with Adam's representation, but gets closer to the one found in Sniffin's work. In Óyeme con los ojos, based exclusively on Sor Juana's poems, Sniffin explores the Mexican nun's poetic treatment of love. The central movement of the cantata, "Danza a Tonantzin" (Dance to Tonantzin), is an elaborate fusion of two religious texts in honor of the Virgin Mary. By means of mixing Spanish and Nahuatl, modern and pre–Hispanic musical idioms and sonorities, and the Virgin Mary and the goddess Tonantzin, Sniffin presents a syncretic reading of Sor Juana's poetic texts which results in an ingenious theological metaphor. ; Este trabajo analiza la representación sorjuanina en dos obras musicales estadounidenses: el oratorio El Niño (1999–2000) de John Adams y la cantata Óyeme con los ojos (Hear Me with Your Eyes): Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz on the Nature of Love (2006) de Allison Sniffin. En vez de encontrarnos con la común representación protofeminista y subversiva de las últimas décadas, Adams opta por "la otra" Sor Juana, la de los villancicos líricos de la sociedad religiosa novohispana. Además de examinar los textos músico–poético y espectacular de Adams, se estudia la representación visual que ilustra el CD de El Niño: la prominente serigrafía Mujer de mucha enagua, PA'TI XICANA de la artista chicana Yreina D. Cervántez. En esta representación visual, Sor Juana forma parte de un todo político y subversivo y se une a zapatistas revolucionarias, la célebre poeta mexicana Rosario Castellanos, y la diosa mesoamericana Tonantzin en un provocativo discurso femenino, tanto visual como verbal. La Sor Juana de Cervántez contrasta radicalmente con la representación de Adams, y se acerca mucho más a la figura sorjuanina que encontramos en la obra de Sniffin. En Óyeme con los ojos, basada exclusivamente en textos sorjuaninos, Sniffin explora el tratamiento poético del amor en la obra de Sor Juana. El movimiento central de la cantata, "Danza a Tonantzin", es una elaborada fusión de dos textos religiosos dedicados a la Virgen María. Al mezclar el castellano y el náhuatl, los lenguajes musicales y sonoridades modernos y prehispánicos, y la Virgen María y la diosa Tonantzin, Sniffin nos presenta una lectura sincrética de los textos sorjuaninos que resulta en una ingeniosa metáfora teológica.