Suchergebnisse

Avrupa Birliği (AB), 1993 yılında Orta ve Doğu Avrupa ülkelerini Birliğe katılmaya davet ederek ve ayrıntılı katılım şartları belirleyerek, komünist düzeni terkeden bu ülkelerin kurumsal dönüşüm ve yapılanma süreçlerinin bir parçası olmuştur. Böylece, 'Kurumsal Yapılanma' AB gündemindeki sürekli yerini almıştır.Ekonomik ve politik dönüşüm ve gelişme açısından farklı düzeylerde olan bu on aday ülke ile görüşmeler genişleme sürecinin uygulamalı ve aynı zamanda oldukça zor olan bölümünde yoğunlaşmış durumdadır: Aday ülkelerin, AB'nin yasamaya ilişkin tüm kural ve kararlarından oluşan 'AB Müktesebatı'na uyumları ve bunun için gerekli olan kurumsal düzenlemeler.Müktesebat uyumu tartşmasız tüm aday ülkelerin cesaretlerini zorlayan ve destek gerektiren bir katılım kriteridir. Bu nedenle aday ülkeler, müktesebat uyumunda ve demokrasiye ve pazar ekonomisine geçiş süreçlerinde AB tarafından finansal ve fikirsel olarak desteklenmektedirler.Bu amaçla aday ülkelerin kurumsal kapasitelerini arttırmak için AB birçok araç kullanmakta ancak bunlar içinde AB'nin Orta ve Doğu Avrupa ülkelerindeki kurumsal yapılanma çalışmalarının en önemli aracı olan 'Eşleştirme Mekanizması' ('Twinning Mechanism') öne çıkmaktadır.Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, Avrupa Birliği'ne üyelik şartlarından biri olarak 'Kurumsal Yapılanma' kavramına dikkat çekmek ve iki farklı aday ülke -Macaristan ve Romanya- üzeriden 'Eşleştirme Mekanizması'nın analizini yapmaktır. Aynı zamanda, Avrupa çalışmaları için yeni olan bu konunun daha iyi tanıtılması ve anlatılması da bu tezin temel amaçlarından birini oluşturmaktadır.By inviting the CEECs to join in 1993 and by creating an ever more elaborate web of conditions and criteria to evaluate their readiness to do so, the EU has become involved in the post communist transformation processes, and institutional choices at various levels. So, the 'Institution Building Need' has been one of the 'tops' of the EU Agenda. With all ten Central and Eastern European accession applicants at a relatively advanced stage of economic and political transformation accession negotiations are now focusing on the practical and more difficult side of enlargement: the applicants' ability to comply with the EU's acquis communautaire that is the full body of EU legislation and its institutional arrangements.The adoption of the acquis upon accession is a daunting task for all applicants which cannot be done without assistance. The candidate countries are therefore given advice and financial support by the EU to help their transition to democracy and a market economy and their adoption of the EU acquis communautaire.The EU utilizes a variety of tools to enhance state capacity in the accession countries, but the most important and rather unique instrument of the EU institution-building in Central and Eastern Europe is 'the twinning mechanism'.The main purpose of this thesis is to draw attention to the 'Institution Building Concept' as an EU accession criterion and to analyze the effectiveness of the twinning mechanism through two mainly different candidate countries, Hungary and Romania.

INTRODUCTIONIn the traditional model of health care, physicians have the authority to prescribe medications, order laboratory tests, and conduct or supervise procedures consistent with a patient's diagnosis. More recently, prescribing privileges have been extended to other health care professionals, such as nurse practitioners (NP), expanded role nurses (ERN), clinical nurse specialists (CNS), registered midwives, and optometrists. While the roles of some of these health care professionals have evolved to fill gaps in the health care system where physicians are unavailable, most work within a hospital or specialized clinic affiliated with a health care facility. There is a continuing attempt in Canadian health care to contain or reduce costs by reducing patient length of stay in hospital and eliminating inefficiencies and duplication of effort. Pharmacists are increasingly aware that the current process of delivering health care to patients frequently results in drug therapy outcomes that are not as effective, appropriate, safe, or economical as possible and desirable.1-3 They have a responsibility to work toward establishing a better system that could improve the outcomes and cost-effectiveness of drug therapy. It has been postulated that by granting prescribing authority to pharmacists the fragmented and disjointed process of health care delivery could be improved. Improved medication management and continuity of care may be achieved by decreasing the number of steps a patient must take to obtain the optimal medication regimen for their condition.4 It has been argued that if pharmacists truly intend to practise and implement pharmaceutical care, then every pharmacist should be able to maximally utilize their extensive pharmaceutical knowledge by prescribing drugs.5 Having the authority to prescribe medications would facilitate the delivery of more effective pharmaceutical care by some pharmacists. Yet, given the present practice of most pharmacists, it has also been suggested that those with delegated prescribing authority have little advantage over those without it in the overall delivery of pharmaceutical care to patients.6 Currently, many pharmacists in organized health care settings in Canada have some form of authority and responsibility for prescribing. It is important to note that in a survey of Canadian institutions, the Canadian Society of Hospital Pharmacists Task Force on Pharmacist Prescribing found a significant amount of pharmacist prescribing occurring with limited control or regulation7 (see below). This paper is not intended to examine the current state of provincial legislation regarding prescribing authority in Canada. Various degrees of prescribing authority for pharmacists are currently being examined and implemented in a number of provinces (e.g., specially instructed and certified pharmacists prescribing post-coital contraception).

In the present bio - bibliographic collection the life and work of female scientists, working in Austria or being originally from Austria, have been the center of research. The temporal focus extends primarily from the turn of the century to the post-war period. The first generation of female scientists at the Universities of Vienna, Graz and Innsbruck were explored. The first generation of women who achieved a habilitation in Austria, as well as the first female lecturers and professors were collected in their completeness. Those "classical" science careers can be compared with those of men. However, a detailed consideration was also given to the non- academic area. From a total of 331 lexicon articles about one-third is dedicated to the medical, psychological and therapeutic field. Due to the historical turning points of the two world wars persecution, flight, emigration and also re-migration of the female scientists move into the focus of numerous of the individual biographies. The question of similarities and differences, according to different living conditions and opportunities to those who remained in Austria, is obvious. Beyond the individual biographical aspect, a historic impression about cultural and political trends and their impact on scientific research and teaching is provided. Especially from a feminist perspective, the lexicon is a desideratum, as it is the first time that in Austria the participation of women in the production and placement of science during the considered period got comprehensively researched and documented. With the help of the variety of the textual contributions the overall concern was to depict the wide emancipation movement in the fields of education and the sciences rather than the history of a few female scientists working in specific fields. Clearly the multiple dimensions in which women could develop their scientific abilities were a focal point thus the personal and private life circumstances got rather set aside to provide the interested reader with a comprehensive interpretation of their scientific contributions. The numerous biographies written by authors specialized in the relevant areas grant an insight into a fascinating diversity of horizons of experiences and life patterns as well as into the scientific interest, which determined their various scientific careers. This women-specific lexicon introduces an alternative perspective on the Austrian history of science, where female contributions so far were mainly under-represented. Eventually the lexicon due to its interdisciplinarity and its representation of the forced exile of many female scientists, achieves to contribute to a broader understanding of the interconnectedness of the Austrian tradition of science with the inter/national culture- as well as the science transfer.

This article documents the emergence and evolution of Canadian postsecondary technical or vocational international education by analyzing information derived from the administration of an in-depth survey to senior college officials in Canadian colleges and postsecondary technical or vocational institutions. Those who responded on behalf of the appropriate department in each institution had a wide variety of education, training, and skills related to the promotion and enhancement of international education. Results showed that the primary goals of international education in these institutions since 1960 were to form human capital, promote economic growth, and facilitate economic globalization. Few institutions in Canada in 1960 met the criteria of being colleges or technical institutions, and even fewer were involved in international education. The large increase in their numbers a few years later coincided with a rapid expansion of interest in international education. Geographical areas of international education were concentrated in Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Caribbean from 1971 to 1985. From 1986 to 1998 this changed to cover almost every area of the nonindustrialized world. The intent of international education in these institutions changed from the earlier altruism to a focus on staff development, generation of revenue, and provision of humanitarian assistance. This information may be of assistance to institutions setting policy and suggesting strategies for more effective coordination of international education. ; Cet article documente l'émergence et l'évolution de l'éducation planétaire dans des institutions techniques post-secondaires au Canada. Les auteurs ont analysé de l'information découlant d'une enquête approfondie auprès de cadres supérieurs dans des collèges ou des institutions professionnelles au Canada. Les études, la formation et les habiletés de ceux qui ont répondu au nom de leur département étaient variées et liées à l'encouragment et l'enrichissement de l'éducation planétaire. Selon les résultats, les buts primaires de l'éducation planétaire offerte par ces institutions depuis 1960 étaient de former un capital humain, promouvoir la croissance économique et faciliter la mondialisation économique. En 1960, peu d'institutions au Canada répondaient aux critères nécessaires pour être reconnue comme institution professionnelle, et encore moins offraient de l'éducation planétaire. Au cours des années subséquentes, une augmentation importante dans leurs nombres a coïncidé avec l'expansion rapide de l'intérêt porté à l'éducation planétaire. Entre 1971 et 1985, l'éducation planétaire touchait principalement l'Afrique, l'Asie du Sud-Est et les Caraïbes. De 1986 à 1998, l'intérêt s'est étendu pour réunir presque tous les pays du monde non-industrialisé. Les objectifs de l'éducation planétaire offerte par ces institutions, d'abord caractérisés par l'altruisme, impliquent maintenant le perfectionnement du personnel, la création de revenu et la fourniture d'aide humanitaire. Cette information pourrait s'avérer utile aux institutions qui établissent les politiques et proposent des stratégies pour une meilleure coordination de l'éducation planétaire.

Place Matters: Metropolitics for the Twenty-first Century is the latest entry in this debate. It takes issue with the description I have just presented. Based largely on analyses of voting behavior, it claims to see a systematic geographic social pattern. Dreier et al. see the demarcations of place as the crucial determinants of the life of the poor. In their schema the political divide between center city and suburbs is a crucial social divide. Within the metropolitan suburbs they see a further demarcation between what they term older 'inner ring' suburbs that they define as working class and poor and newer 'outer ring' suburbs that they define as middle class. The language of metropolitan rings that they employ derives from the 1920s social ecology work of the University of Chicago sociologists Robert Parks and Ernest Burgess. Based on studies of metropolitan Chicago, Parks and Burgess concluded that as a result of the urban land market, social classes sorted themselves out in rings in which real estate values were based on the convenience of the ring to the central business district. The contemporary metropolitan social ecology described by Dreier et al. is determined by a politics of exclusion. For these authors central cities are inhabited by poor people. Around this center are some affluent city dwellers and then 'inner' suburbs, post-World War II Levittown-style tracts that are 'quite depressing places.' These places are depressing because they lack 'public spaces, universities, cultural institutions, nightlife and downtowns that make central cities exciting places, even when they house many poor people.' The data used to support their argument are surprisingly weak. The principal evidence for their assertion that concentrated poverty is on the rise comes from a study by Douglas Massey. Massey measured the percent of poor people living in the neighborhoods of the average poor person and the percent of 'affluent people' (defined as four times poverty level income) living with the average 'affluent' person. Massey's data show that in 1970 the average 'affluent' person lived in a census tract in which 39 percent of the population was similarly endowed. In 1990, the comparable figure had risen to 52 percent. At the same time, the proportion of poor people living with the average poor person rose from 19 percent to 20 percent. Dreier et al. conclude from this that the percentage of poverty concentration in the poorer census tracts 'increased steadily.' Most statisticians would conclude that such a slight movement, about 1 percent over two decades, was meaningless. Although the authors base a great deal of their moral urgency on the asserted increase in ghettoization of the poor, the data they marshal do not make a compelling argument for the case.

Les orientations du département des cultures annuelles sont en phase avec les objectifs de lutte contre la faim et la pauvreté, de développement durable et de service aux plus démunis. Le contexte international économique et scientifique est globalement pris en compte. Le rôle du Cirad-ca dans la formation des partenaires du Sud doit être maintenu, voire amplifié, aussi bien pour les jeunes diplômés de l'enseignement supérieur que pour les futurs techniciens. Toutes ces préoccupations constructives amènent le département à adopter une organisation par projets pluridisciplinaires, et non par disciplines scientifiques. Ce choix est capital, et pertinent dans le contexte de la recherche agronomique du début du XXIe siècle. Les disciplines scientifiques présentes au sein du département sont variées. Toutefois, les sciences économiques et la modélisation doivent acquérir un rôle plus important. Uinterdisciplinarité doit être encouragée, malgré les difficultés d'animation scientifique qui en découlent. Les compétences disciplinaires doivent être développées tout en maintenant la qualité actuelle d'expertise globale. Les chefs de programme ont des responsabilités trop grandes, d'où une faiblesse de l'animation scientifique et parfois du management. Ces fonctions devraient être en partie déléguées aux chefs d'équipe. Les compétences de management et de gestion doivent être développées. Le niveau du doctorat requis dans les recrutements de chercheurs est pertinent. Cependant, afin de rester ancré dans les réalités de terrain, il est important que les candidats aient montré leur engagement effectif en faveur des pays en développement. En outre, une personne ayant habilitation à diriger des recherches doit être présente dans chaque programme du département. La proportion des chercheurs qui travaillent hors du centre de Montpellier est satisfaisante. Cette proportion, à maintenir, doit prendre en compte le vieillissement des jeunes chercheurs envoyés récemment en poste a l'étranger. L'éventail des activités, des lieux de travail et des partenariats du Cirad-ca est source de nombreuses synergies potentielles. Certaines de ces synergies restent à exploiter. Les différentes transversalités annoncées devront correspondre à une réalité plutôt qu'à une simple présentation. Par ailleurs, l'agronomie et l'économie sont des disciplines qui doivent être intégrées à l'ensemble des filières. Le bon fonctionnement des unités mixtes de recherche est salué. Il permet de mettre en place des partenariats avec d'autres institutions et de définir des pôles de compétence communs. Le secteur productif doit quant à lui être associé à la définition des actions de recherche appliquée et, si possible, au financement des programmes. Une procédure d'évaluation des équipes et des individus du Cirad doit être mise en place. Le département des cultures annuelles constitue un département propice au lancement de cette procédure. On peut s'interroger sur le bien-fondé d'une cellule de valorisation dans chaque département. Ne serait-il pas plus logique de disposer d'une unité centrale de valorisation pour l'ensemble du Cirad ?

Early urban elements are already found in Lübeck's Late Slavic predecessor settlement, Alt Lübeck: a ring-wall settlement as the centre of power, a craftsmen's community in the suburbium and a port with a merchants' colony. The foundation of German Lübeck nevertheless represents more than a mere shifting of the settlement's location. Quite to the contrary, it is closely linked with the Slavic settlement structure which had been in existence for many centuries on the city's highest elevation. This structure had consisted of a ring-wall settlement and a large suburbium - which had become quite palpable in the late period -, a long-distance trade route and a landing place for ships. Beginning in 1143, under the protection of the count, it was further developed and restructured by the German "founders" as a multipart port and market community in the early urban phase, now locatable on the Western ridge. Through its second founding in 1159, Lübeck became a town in the legal sense. After 1181, the political, economic and constitutional expansion into a fully developed town was accompanied by successive further settlement and topographical development. Domestic autonomy was followed in 1226 by the status of free imperial town. Nor is the layout of the streets and plots of land merely the consequence of a foundation concept: The street system evolved from an older long-distance trade route. Beginning in 1143, its cross axes were gradually developed to completion, particularly after the foreign merchants' portside market ceased operation in 1217. According to D. Ellmers, the latter event is to be seen against the background of the reorganisation of trade in Northern Europe, which resulted in a new type of port settlement. As regards residential building forms, the wooden post-andstandard construction with a large hall was joined in the second half of the twelfth century by wooden "caminata" or "stoneworks" (heatable or non-heatable tower-like constructions) as well as the "Saalgeschosshaus" (multi-storied stone building which comprised a large hall on the first upper floor and served as a residence for members of the upper social classes). The brick house so strongly associated with Lübeck was not developed until the second half of the thirteenth century as a result of trade in mass goods. In Lübeck the development from proto-urban Slavic roots to a German port and market community and, finally, to a fully developed town and leading Hansa city progressed in stages, and was anything but a static act of foundation. Rather, it involved unsuspected changes in the topography and the structures of the land plots and their constructional development against the background of economic transformations.

Dobrowolsky, Alexandra. The Politics of Pragmatism: Women, Representation,
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Christopher P. Manfredi 406Sossin, Lorne M. Boundaries of Judicial Review: The Law of Justiciability
in Canada. By James B. Kelly 407Swainger, Jonathan. The Canadian Department of Justice and the Completion
of Confederation, 1867-78. By Peter J. Smith 408Madar, Daniel. Heavy Traffic: Deregulation, Trade, and Transformation in
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Institutions. By Henry Milner 411Bauer, Julien. Politique et religion. Par Stéphane Labranche 413Waldner, David. State Building and Late Development. By Saime
Ozcurumez 415Mink, Gwendolyn. Welfare's End By Margaret Little 417Sabatier, Paul A., ed. Theories of the Policy Process By Grace
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Dans cet article, nous comparons les convictions des différents groupes pro‐famille de Calgary et nous préscntons la structure des liens qui unissent ces groupes. Les données, recueillies en 1998, proviennent de documents et d'entretiens semi‐structurés avec les chefs de file de ces groupes. Nous abordons ici trois problèmes de recherche. Tout d'abord, nous examinons la teneur des relations entre groupes pro‐famille et pro‐vie. Tous les groupes pro‐famille, même ceux qui se prononcent résolument contre l'avortement, se dis‐tinguent des groupes pro‐vie sur le plan tant organisational que politique. Ensuite, nous nous penchons sur le rôle des croyances chré‐tiennes au sein du mouvement. Nous affirmons que, bien que les groupes chrétiens aient été dominants en 1998, la promotion, de la famille hétérosexuelle nucléaire, et non les questions de doctrine, a été fondamentale pour le mouvement. Enfin, nous examinons si le mouvement s'est scindé entre socioconservateurs et centristes, les centristes étant peu représentatifs en 1998. En outre, l'un des groupes présentant un profil centriste, la National Foundation for Family Research and Education, a tout fait pour légitimer du point de vue scientifique les arguments moraux des socioconservateurs en faveur de la famille. En conclusion, nous soutenons que le mouvement pro‐famille à Calgary s'est éloigné de sa vocation initiale de contre‐mouvement antiféministe. Dans l'avenir, la popularité du mouvement pro‐famille au Canada dépendra peut‐être des valeurs postféministes qu'il affichera.This paper presents a comparative study of the beliefs of pro‐family organizations in Calgary and a structural mapping of organizational ties. Data were gathered in 1998 from documents and semi‐structured interviews with group leaders. Three research problems are addressed. The first concerns the closeness of the relationship between pro‐family and pro‐life groups. We find that all pro‐family groups, even those with strong anti‐abortion convictions, were organizationally and politically distinctive from pro‐life groups. The second problem considers the role of Christian beliefs in the movement. We ascertain that although Christian groups were dominant in 1998, promotion of the heterosexual nuclear family, not doctrinal issues, was fundamental to the movement. The third problem concerns whether the movement was bifurcated between social conservative and centrist segments. The centrist segment was quite weak in 1998. Furthermore, one of the groups with a centrist persona, the National Foundation for Family Research and Education, strove to supply scientific legitimation for social conservatives' moral claims about the family. In conclusion, the article argues that the pro‐family movement in Calgary has broken free of its initial phase as an anti‐feminist countermovement and suggests that the future popularity of pro‐family advocacy in Canada will be proportional to the degree that it is couched in a post‐feminist framework.

Since the mid-1970s, and like all of Britain, London has undergone profound economic and social changes. The conjunction between, on the one hand, a phenomenon of both deindustrialization / financialization of its productive apparatus and, on the other hand, of the recurrence of social assistance, has led to a worsening of social inequalities within of the London population. In geographical terms, this has manifested itself in the implementation of a process of socio-spatial polarization that tends to widen the gap between wealth and poor neighborhoods. On the Metropolitan scale, this polarization reinforces the social divisions (east / west, center / periphery) of London space. But in the central and inner areas, the process is made confused by the uninterrupted gentrification process and the launch of local urban regeneration operations. For this purpose, an detailed analysis of those urban recomposition process in Tower Hamlets, a deprived East End borough, leads to relativize the relevance of the concept of socio-spatialpolarization at the local scale. The manifestations of the social requalification of impoverished central neighborhoods through a locally selective gentrification process, or through a postmodern urban regeneration policy, lead to what it is better to describe as a fragmentation of social space. . . ; Depuis la seconde moitié des années 70, et à l'instar de l'ensemble de la Grande-Bretagne, Londres a subi de profondes mutations économiques et sociales. La conjonction entre, d'un côté, un double phénomène de désindustrialisation/financiarisation de son appareil productif et, de l'autre, un recul très prononcé du Welfare Sate, s'est traduite par une aggravation des inégalités sociales au sein de la population londonienne. En termes géographiques, celà s'est manifesté par la mise en oeuvre d'un processus de polarisation socio-spatiale qui tend à élargir le fossé entre quartiers riches et quartiers pauvres. Alors qu'à l'échelle métropolitaine, cette polarisation renforce les traditionnelles divisions sociales (est/ouest, et centre/périphérie) de l'espace londonien, dans les zones centrales et péricentrales, les modalités géographiques attendues de la croissance des inégalités sociales sont brouillées, à la fois par l'avancée ininterrompue du processus de gentrification et par le lancement d'opérations locales de régénération urbaine. A cet égard, une analyse détaillée de ces processus de recomposition urbaine à Tower Hamlets, un borough défavorisé de l'East End, conduit à relativiser la pertinence de la notion de polarisation socio-spatiale à l'échelle locale. Les manifestations de la requalification sociale des quartiers centraux paupérisés, nées, soit d'une gentrification sélective du tissu urbain, soit d'une politique de régénération urbaine d'inspiration post-moderne, aboutissent à ce qu'il conviendrait plus exactement de qualifier de fragmentation sociale de l'espace. . .

Since the mid-1970s, and like all of Britain, London has undergone profound economic and social changes. The conjunction between, on the one hand, a phenomenon of both deindustrialization / financialization of its productive apparatus and, on the other hand, of the recurrence of social assistance, has led to a worsening of social inequalities within of the London population. In geographical terms, this has manifested itself in the implementation of a process of socio-spatial polarization that tends to widen the gap between wealth and poor neighborhoods. On the Metropolitan scale, this polarization reinforces the social divisions (east / west, center / periphery) of London space. But in the central and inner areas, the process is made confused by the uninterrupted gentrification process and the launch of local urban regeneration operations. For this purpose, an detailed analysis of those urban recomposition process in Tower Hamlets, a deprived East End borough, leads to relativize the relevance of the concept of socio-spatialpolarization at the local scale. The manifestations of the social requalification of impoverished central neighborhoods through a locally selective gentrification process, or through a postmodern urban regeneration policy, lead to what it is better to describe as a fragmentation of social space. . . ; Depuis la seconde moitié des années 70, et à l'instar de l'ensemble de la Grande-Bretagne, Londres a subi de profondes mutations économiques et sociales. La conjonction entre, d'un côté, un double phénomène de désindustrialisation/financiarisation de son appareil productif et, de l'autre, un recul très prononcé du Welfare Sate, s'est traduite par une aggravation des inégalités sociales au sein de la population londonienne. En termes géographiques, celà s'est manifesté par la mise en oeuvre d'un processus de polarisation socio-spatiale qui tend à élargir le fossé entre quartiers riches et quartiers pauvres. Alors qu'à l'échelle métropolitaine, cette polarisation renforce les traditionnelles divisions sociales (est/ouest, et centre/périphérie) de l'espace londonien, dans les zones centrales et péricentrales, les modalités géographiques attendues de la croissance des inégalités sociales sont brouillées, à la fois par l'avancée ininterrompue du processus de gentrification et par le lancement d'opérations locales de régénération urbaine. A cet égard, une analyse détaillée de ces processus de recomposition urbaine à Tower Hamlets, un borough défavorisé de l'East End, conduit à relativiser la pertinence de la notion de polarisation socio-spatiale à l'échelle locale. Les manifestations de la requalification sociale des quartiers centraux paupérisés, nées, soit d'une gentrification sélective du tissu urbain, soit d'une politique de régénération urbaine d'inspiration post-moderne, aboutissent à ce qu'il conviendrait plus exactement de qualifier de fragmentation sociale de l'espace. . .

This study analyzes the restructuring of a national economy by identifying the career pathways of its enterprises. This analysis is conducted in a setting strategically chosen as a case of rapid and profound economic transformation: the post-socialist Hungarian economy between 1988-2000. The goal of this study is to chart the multiple pathways of property transformation. Property pathways are conceptualized as the patterned sequences of change that firms undergo 1) in the composition of their ownership structure and 2) in their position within network structures of ties to other enterprises. These career pathways are neither unidirectional nor plotted in advance. The landscape and topography of the socioeconomic field are given shape and repeatedly transformed by the interaction of the multiple strategies of firms attempting to survive in the face of variable political, institutional, and market uncertainties. These different types of uncertainties will have different temporalities, and the study explores whether and how they increase or diminish in various periods. The authors develop and test specific hypotheses about how enterprise pathways along the compositional and positional property dimensions are related to the shifting contexts of these types of uncertainty. The core dataset for this study includes the complete ownership histories of approximately 1,800 of the largest enterprises in Hungary for a twelve year period, starting with the collapse of communism in 1989, recording each change in a company's top 25 owners on a monthly basis. Monthly entries for each enterprise also include changes in top management, boards of directors, major lines of product activity, raising or lowering of capital, and location of establishments and branch offices, as well as the dates of founding, mergers, bankruptcy, etc. Data on revenues, number of employees, and operating profit will be compiled from annual balance sheets. These rich data make it possible to map the life cycles of the business groups that are formed by network ties among enterprises, identifying not only when they arise, merge, or dissipate, but also the changing shapes of their network properties. To identify patterns of change, the study draws on sequence analysis, a research tool that makes possible the study of historical processes in an eventful way similar to historiography while retaining social scientific abstraction. Whereas sequence analysis has given us a perspective on careers as historical processes but has not been applied to business organizations, network analysis has been applied to business organizations but has not been done historically. The methodological innovation at the heart of this study is to combine the tools of sequence analysis and network analysis to yield a sequence analysis of changing network positions.

Books reviewed:ArchaeologyGrove, David C. and Rosemary A. Joyce, (eds). Social patterns in Pre‐Classic Mesoamerica: a symposiumNiles, Susan A., The shape of Inca history: narrative and architecture in an Andean empireSpielmann, Katherine A., (ed.) Migration and reorganization: the Pueblo period in the American SouthwestGeneralAt'ayan, Robert, The Armenian neume system of notationBoltanski, Luc, Distant suffering: morality, media and politicsCronk, Lee, That complex whole: culture and the evolution of human behaviorDarnell, Regna, And along came Boas: continuity and revolution in Americanist anthropologyDas, Veena, Dipankar Gupta and Patricia Uberoi, (eds) Tradition, pluralism and identity: in honour of T. MadanHénaff, Marcel, Claude Lévi‐Strauss and the making of structural anthropologyHudson, Mark J., Ruins of identity: ethnogenesis in the Japanese islandsKan, Sergei, Memory eternal: Tlingit culture and Russian Orthodox Christianity through two centuriesKiste, Robert C. and Mac Marshall, (eds) American anthropology in Micronesia: an assessmentMcDermott, Joseph P., (ed.) State and court ritual in ChinaMolendijk, Arie L. and Peter Pels, (eds) Religion in the making: the emergence of the sciences of religionMoore, Henrietta L., (ed.) Anthropological theory todayNordenskiöld, Erland, The cultural history of the South American IndiansRenfrew, Colin and Daniel Nettle, Nostratic: examining a linguistic macrofamilySamson, Colin, (ed.) Health studies: a critical and cross‐cultural readerStarrett, Gregory, Putting Islam to work: education, politics, and religious transformation in EgyptTarrow, Sidney, Power in movement: social movements and contentious politicsSocial AnthropologyAdelkah, Fariba, Being modern in IranBeatty, A., Varieties of Javanese religion: an anthropological accountBesteman, Catherine, Unraveling Somalia: race, violence, and the legacy of slaveryBulag, Urdyn E., Nationalism and hybridity in MongoliaEllis, Stephen, The mask of anarchy: the destruction of Liberia and the religious dimension of an African civil warGell, Alfred. The art of anthropology: essays and diagramsGreen, James N., Beyond carnival: male homosexuality in twentieth‐century BrazilParker, Richard, Beneath the equator: cultures of desire, male homosexuality, and emerging gay communities in BrazilIbrahim, Zawawi, The Malay labourer: by the window of capitalismIwabuchi, Akifumi, The people of the Alas valley: a study of an ethnic group in northern SumatraJeffery, Roger, (ed.) The social construction of Indian forestsLedeneva, Alena V., Russia's economy of favours: blat, networking and informal exchangeMortimore, Michael, Roots in the African dust: sustaining the sub‐Saharan drylandsNourse, Jennifer W., Conceiving spirits: birth rituals and contested identities among Laujé of IndonesiaPandolfo, Stefania, Impasse of the angels: scenes from a Moroccan space of memoryParry, Jonathan P., Jan Breman & Karin Kapadia, (eds) The worlds of Indian industrial labourRabinow, Paul, French DNA: trouble in purgatoryWanner, Catherine, Burden of dreams: history and identity in post‐Soviet UkraineGreen, Linda, Fear as a way of life: Mayan widows in rural GuatemalaZur, Judith N., Violent memories: Mayan war widows in Guatemala

For the countries of Southern Africa, regional cooperation and integration are preconditions for accelerated economic and social development. On their own, the Southern African economies, most of them small, agriculture based primary commodity exporters with only incipient industrial development, will not be able to attract the necessary financial and technology transfers to support a sustained industrialisation process.In the Southern African Development Community (SADC), some of the necessary conditions for enhanced economic and social development have been met. The SADC Trade Protocol has been in effect since September 2000, providing for the establishment of a free-trade area in the course of the coming decade. In other core areas, including development of cross-border infrastructures, food security, or protection of natural resources, major advances have been achieved through sectoral cooperation. However, the path towards achieving a unified economic space in the region will prove to be still a long one.SADC will have to develop into a regional organization with true supranational institutions endowed with far reaching decision-making competences. Strengthening the organisation hinges on the political will of its member countries - and this will is not always uniform and clear-cut. SADC member countries' divergent economic and social development, widespread poverty, low productivity and persistent belligerent conflicts in the region represent serious impediments for deeper integration. The role of the region's locomotive, South Africa, is ambiguous: fearing job losses and pursuing its own priorities, the country has thus far shown only limited inclination to come to terms with the rest of the region.Development cooperation can contribute to deep integration in the region only if member countries have the political resolve to transfer substantial sovereign powers to the regional institutions. Existing reform proposals must be implemented speedily; in that context, the role of the SADC Secretariat as the organisation's principal policy formulation and coordination institution must be strengthened. German development cooperation should focus on support to SADC Trade Protocol implementation, private sector promotion, infrastructure development in selected areas, and protection of natural resources.Regional integration in Southern Africa will only be successful if other goals are achieved in tandem, including political and economic stabilisation of the region, mobilization of savings and investment, and a gradual integration of the region into the world markets. The establishment of regional funds could contribute to economic harmonisation and social cohesion and help to overcome supply-side bottlenecks in the SADC region. Here, harnessing its own experience, the EU could assume the role of leading donor. Negotiations between EU and SADC on the future post-Lomé trade agreement could provide a chance for the EU to assume such a new role.

The lives of Thomas and Anna Haslam were dedicated to the attainment of women's equality. They were feminists before the word was coined. In an era when respectable women were not supposed to know of the existence of prostitutes, Anna became empowered to do the unthinkable, not only to speak in public but to discuss openly matters sexual and to attack the double standard of sexuality which was enshrined in the official treatment of prostitutes. Their life-long commitment to the cause of women's suffrage never faltered, despite the repeated discouragement of the fate of bills defeated in the House of Commons. The Haslams represented an Ireland which did not survive them. While they were dedicated to the union with Westminster, they worked happily with those who applied themselves to its destruction. Although in many ways they exemplified the virtues of their Quaker backgrounds, they did not subscribe to any organised religion. Despite living in straitened circumstances, they were part of an urban intellectual elite and participated in the social and cultural life of Dublin for over fifty years. It is tempting to speculate how the Haslams would have fared in post independence Ireland. Hanna Sheehy Skeffington who had impeccable nationalist credentials, was effectively marginalised. It is likely that they would have protested against discriminatory legislation in their usual law abiding manner but, in a country which quickly developed an overwhelmingly Roman Catholic ethos, would they have had a voice or a constituency? Ironically, Thomas's teaching on chastity would have found favour with the hierarchy; his message was disseminated in a simple and more pious manner in numerous Catholic Truth Society pamphlets. The Protestant minority never sought to subvert the institutions of the state, was careful not to criticise and kept its collective head down. Dáil Éireann was not bombarded with petitions for the restoration of divorce facilities or the unbanning of birth control. Those who sought such amenities obtained them quietly 'in another jurisdiction.' Fifty years were to pass before the condom wielding 'comely maidens' erupted on to the front pages of the Sunday papers. They were, one imagines, the spiritual descendants of the militant rather than the constitutional suffrage movement. "Once and for all we need to commit ourselves to the concept that women's rights are not factional or sectional privileges, bestowed on the few at the whim of the many. They are human rights. In a society in which the rights and potential of women are constrained no man can be truly free." These words spoken by Mary Robinson as President of Ireland are an echo of the principles to which the Haslams dedicated their lives and are, perhaps, a tribute to their efforts.