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Rosenberger, S. ; Trauner, F.: Abschiebepolitik : eine sozialwissenschaftliche Annäherung. - S. 141-150

Using data from the Ecuadorian private banking system for the period 2000-2017, this paper analyses macroeconomic and bank specific variables as determinants of credit risk, evaluated through a panel data with random effects. The findings highlight that macroeconomic and financial conditions of the country can explain credit banks quality in Ecuador. In particular, the factors that influence the credit risk in private banking system are the unemployment, government variables, the growth rate of loans, provisions, profitability and size. Keywords: Credit risk, banking system, macroeconomic factors, institutional factors. URL: http://revistas.uta.edu.ec/erevista/index.php/bcoyu/article/view/842 DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.31164/bcoyu.23.2019.842 References: Ahmad, N., & Ariff, M. (2007). Multi-country study of bank. The International Journal of Banking and Finance, 135-152. Alfaro, R., Calvo, D., & Oda, D. (2008). Riesgo de Crédito de la Banca. Banco Central de Chile Documentos de Trabajo, 1-29. Asobanca. (2019). Informe técnico: Banco Vs Cooperativas. Quito: Asobanca. Obtenido de www.asobanca.org.ec Banco mundial. (Julio de 2018). Banco de datos Indicadores mundiales de buen gobierno. Obtenido de https://databank.bancomundial.org/Governance-Indicators/id/2abb48da Berger, A., & DeYoung, R. (1997). Problem loans and cost efficiency in commercial banks. Journal of Banking and Finance, 21, 849-870. Obtenido de https://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/feds/1997/199708/199708pap.pdf Boudriga, A., Boulila, N., & Jellouli, S. (2009). Banking supervision and nonperforming loans: a cross-country analysis. Journal of Financial Economic Policy, 1(4), 286-318. doi:10.1108/17576380911050043 Boudriga, A., Boulila, N., & Jellouli, S. (2010). Bank Specific, business and institutional environment determinants of banks nonperforming loans: Evidence from Mena countries. Economic Researc Forum(547), 1-28. Obtenido de http://erf.org.eg/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/547.pdf Castro, V. (2013). Macroeconomic determinants of the credit risk in the banking system: The case of the GIPSI. Economic Modelling, 31, 672-683. Obtenido de econpapers.repec.org/article/eeeecmode/v_3a31_3ay_3a2013_3ai_3ac_3ap_3a672-683.htm Chaibi, H., & Ftiti, Z. (2014). Credit risk determinants: Evidence from a cross-country study. Research in International Business and Finance, Volume 33(33), 1-16. Flórez, R. (2007). Análisis de los determinantes del riesgo de crédito en presencia de carteras de bajo incumplimiento. Una nueva propuesta de aplicación. Revista Europea de Dirección y Economía de la Empresa, 71-92. Fondo Monetario Internacional. (2016). La solidez del sistema financiero. Washington: Departamento de Comunicaciones FMI. García-Marco, T., & Robles-Fernández, M. (2007). Risk-taking behaviour and ownership in the banking industry: The Spanish evidence. García-Marco, T., & Robles-Fernández, M. D. (2008). Risk-taking behaviour and ownership in the banking industry: The Spanish evidence. Journal of Economics and Business, 60(4), 332–354. doi:10.1016/j.jeconbus.2007.04.008(60), 332-354. doi:10.1016/J.JECONBUS.2007.04.008 Hoang, T. T., Vo, K. T., & Ha, N. T. (2019). Analysis of the Factors Affecting Credit Risk of Commercial Banks in Vietnam. Springer Nature Switzerland, 522-532. Obtenido de link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-04200-4_38 Jara, M., Arias, J., & Rodríguez, A. (2011). Diversificación y determinantes del desempeño bancario: una comparación internacional. Estudios de Administración, 1-48. Jeanneau, S. (2007). Banking systems: characteristics and structural changes . Bank for International Settlements, 1-65. Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A., & Mastruzzi, M. (2010). The Worldwide Governance Indicators: Methodology and Analytical Issues. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 5430, 31. Obtenido de http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1682130 King, R., & Levine, R. (1993). Finance and growth: Schumpeter might be right. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108(3), 717-737. Labra, R., & Torrecillas, C. (2014). Guía CERO para datos de panel. Un enfoque práctico. UAM-Accenture Working Papers, 1-61. Obtenido de www.catedrauamaccenture.com/documents/Working%20papers/WP2014_16_Guia%20CERO%20para%20datos%20de%20panel_Un%20enfoque%20practico.pdf Louhichi, A., & Boujelbene, Y. (Septiembre de 2016). Credit risk, managerial behaviour and macroeconomic equilibrium within dual banking systems: Interest-free vs. interest-based banking industries. Research in International Business and Finance, Volume 38(38), 104-121. Louhichi, A., & Boujelbene, Y. (September de 2016). Credit risk, managerial behaviour and macroeconomic equilibrium within dual banking systems: Interest-free vs. interest-based banking industries. Research in International Business and Finance, Volume 38(38), 104-121. Louzis, D., Vouldis, A., & Metaxas, V. (2012). Macroeconomic and bank-specific determinants of non-performing loans in Greece: A comparative study of mortgage, business and consumer loan portfolios. Journal of Banking & Finance, 1012-1027. doi:10.1016/j.jbankfin.2011.10.012 Mayorga, M., & Muñoz, E. (Septiembre de 2000). Documento de trabajo del Banco Central de Costa Ric. Obtenido de https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/8300249/mayorga%20y%20munoz%20tecnica%20de%20datos%20de%20panel.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1552261226&Signature=UWniEpUeI3dEFEdY8Nb%2B2WIFkvY%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20 Messai, A., & Jouini, F. (2013). Micro and macro determinants of non-performing loans. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 3(4), 852-860. Montero, M. (2011). Efectos fijos o aleatorios: test de especificación. Documentos de Trabajo en Economía Aplicada, 1-5. Obtenido de https://www.ugr.es/~montero/matematicas/especificacion.pdf Mpofu, T., & Nikolaidou, E. (2018). Determinants of credit risk in the banking system in Sub-Saharan Africa. Review of Development Finance, 1-13. Nkusu, M. (2011). Nonperforming Loans and Macrofinancial Vulnerabilities in Advanced Economies. IFM working paper, 1-28. Red de Instituciones Financieras de Desarrollo. (04 de Octubre de 2019). RFD. Obtenido de http://rfd.org.ec/docs/estadisticas/capcolo.pdf Reinhart, C., & Rogoff, K. (2010). From finantial to crash to debt crisis. National Bureau of economic research, 1-46. Sagner, A. (2012). El influjo de cartera vencida como medida de riesgo de crédito: Análisis y aplicación al caso de Chile. Revista de Análisis Económico, 27-54. Salas, V., & Saurima, J. (2002). Credit risk in two institutional regimes: Spanish commercial and savings banks. Journal of Finantial Services Research, III(22), 203-224. Sánchez, C., Mogro, S., & Cruz, J. (2017). Estructura de mercado del sistema bancario ecuatoriano: concentración y poder de mercado. Revista Cumbres, 09-16. Subgerencia de Programación y Regulación Dirección Nacional de Riesgo Sistémico. (Mayo de 2017). Monitoreo de los principales indicadores monetarios y financieros de la economía ecuatoriana. Obtenido de Banco Central del Ecuador: contenido.bce.fin.ec/documentos/PublicacionesNotas/Datos.xlsx Superintendencia de Bancos . (Abril de 2018). Superintendencia de Bancos Portal Estadístico. Obtenido de http://estadisticas.superbancos.gob.ec/portalestadistico/portalestudios/?page_id=415 Superintendencia de Bancos. (4 de Octubre de 2017). Estadísticas.superbancos. Obtenido de http://estadisticas.superbancos.gob.ec/portalestadistico/portalestudios/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/downloads/2019/01/Memoria_2017.pdf The World Bank Group. (28 de Agosto de 2018). Global Finantial Development. Obtenido de http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=global-financial-development# Titelman, D. (2003). La banca de desarrollo y el financiamiento productivo. Serie Financiamiento del Desarrollo, 1- 35. Uquillas, A., & Gozáles, C. (2017). Determinantes macro y microeconómicos para pruebas de tensión de riesgo de crédiro: un estudio comparativo entre Ecuador y Colombia basado en la tasa de morosidad. Ensayos sobre Política Económica, 35, 245-259. Urbina, M. (Julio de 2017). Tesis Uchile. Obtenido de http://repositorio.uchile.cl/bitstream/handle/2250/149796/Urbina%20Poveda%20Myriam.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Vallcorba, M., & Delgado, J. (2007). Determinantes de la morosidad bancaria en una economía dolarizada. El caso uruguayo. Documentos de trabajo. Banco de España, 1-45. Vera, C., & Titelman, D. (2013). El sistema financiero en América Latina y el Caribe. Financiamiento para el Desarrollo, 1-40. Obtenido de https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/35880/1/LCL3746_es.pdf Vuslat, U. (2016). A dynamic approach to analysing the effect of the global crisis on nonperforming loans: evidence from the Turkish banking sector. Applied Economics Letters, 186-192. Waemustafa, W., & Sukri, S. (2015). Bank Specific and Macroeconomics Dynamic Determinants of Credit Risk in Islamic Banks and Conventional Banks. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 476-481. Obtenido de econjournals.com/index.php/ijefi/article/view/1105/pdf ; Utilizando datos del sistema bancario ecuatoriano del periodo 2000-2018, se analizan variables macroeconómicas y efectos propios de las instituciones bancarias como factores determinantes del riesgo de crédito, evaluado a través de un enfoque de datos de panel estático. Los resultados indican que las condiciones macroeconómicas y financieras del país son un medio para explicar la probabilidad de default de los préstamos otorgados por los bancos. En particular, los factores que influyen en el riesgo de crédito del sistema privado bancario ecuatoriano son la tasa del crecimiento del PIB, variables gubernamentales, tasa de crecimiento de los créditos, las provisiones y la rentabilidad. Palabras clave: Riesgo de crédito, sistema bancario, factores macroeconómicos, factores institucionales. URL: http://revistas.uta.edu.ec/erevista/index.php/bcoyu/article/view/842 DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.31164/bcoyu.23.2019.842 Referencias: Ahmad, N., & Ariff, M. (2007). Multi-country study of bank. The International Journal of Banking and Finance, 135-152. Alfaro, R., Calvo, D., & Oda, D. (2008). Riesgo de Crédito de la Banca. Banco Central de Chile Documentos de Trabajo, 1-29. Asobanca. (2019). Informe técnico: Banco Vs Cooperativas. Quito: Asobanca. Obtenido de www.asobanca.org.ec Banco mundial. (Julio de 2018). Banco de datos Indicadores mundiales de buen gobierno. Obtenido de https://databank.bancomundial.org/Governance-Indicators/id/2abb48da Berger, A., & DeYoung, R. (1997). Problem loans and cost efficiency in commercial banks. Journal of Banking and Finance, 21, 849-870. Obtenido de https://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/feds/1997/199708/199708pap.pdf Boudriga, A., Boulila, N., & Jellouli, S. (2009). Banking supervision and nonperforming loans: a cross-country analysis. Journal of Financial Economic Policy, 1(4), 286-318. doi:10.1108/17576380911050043 Boudriga, A., Boulila, N., & Jellouli, S. (2010). Bank Specific, business and institutional environment determinants of banks nonperforming loans: Evidence from Mena countries. Economic Researc Forum(547), 1-28. Obtenido de http://erf.org.eg/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/547.pdf Castro, V. (2013). Macroeconomic determinants of the credit risk in the banking system: The case of the GIPSI. Economic Modelling, 31, 672-683. Obtenido de econpapers.repec.org/article/eeeecmode/v_3a31_3ay_3a2013_3ai_3ac_3ap_3a672-683.htm Chaibi, H., & Ftiti, Z. (2014). Credit risk determinants: Evidence from a cross-country study. Research in International Business and Finance, Volume 33(33), 1-16. Flórez, R. (2007). Análisis de los determinantes del riesgo de crédito en presencia de carteras de bajo incumplimiento. Una nueva propuesta de aplicación. Revista Europea de Dirección y Economía de la Empresa, 71-92. Fondo Monetario Internacional. (2016). La solidez del sistema financiero. Washington: Departamento de Comunicaciones FMI. García-Marco, T., & Robles-Fernández, M. (2007). Risk-taking behaviour and ownership in the banking industry: The Spanish evidence. García-Marco, T., & Robles-Fernández, M. D. (2008). Risk-taking behaviour and ownership in the banking industry: The Spanish evidence. Journal of Economics and Business, 60(4), 332–354. doi:10.1016/j.jeconbus.2007.04.008(60), 332-354. doi:10.1016/J.JECONBUS.2007.04.008 Hoang, T. T., Vo, K. T., & Ha, N. T. (2019). Analysis of the Factors Affecting Credit Risk of Commercial Banks in Vietnam. Springer Nature Switzerland, 522-532. Obtenido de link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-04200-4_38 Jara, M., Arias, J., & Rodríguez, A. (2011). Diversificación y determinantes del desempeño bancario: una comparación internacional. Estudios de Administración, 1-48. Jeanneau, S. (2007). Banking systems: characteristics and structural changes . Bank for International Settlements, 1-65. Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A., & Mastruzzi, M. (2010). The Worldwide Governance Indicators: Methodology and Analytical Issues. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 5430, 31. Obtenido de http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1682130 King, R., & Levine, R. (1993). Finance and growth: Schumpeter might be right. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108(3), 717-737. Labra, R., & Torrecillas, C. (2014). Guía CERO para datos de panel. Un enfoque práctico. UAM-Accenture Working Papers, 1-61. Obtenido de www.catedrauamaccenture.com/documents/Working%20papers/WP2014_16_Guia%20CERO%20para%20datos%20de%20panel_Un%20enfoque%20practico.pdf Louhichi, A., & Boujelbene, Y. (Septiembre de 2016). Credit risk, managerial behaviour and macroeconomic equilibrium within dual banking systems: Interest-free vs. interest-based banking industries. Research in International Business and Finance, Volume 38(38), 104-121. Louhichi, A., & Boujelbene, Y. (September de 2016). Credit risk, managerial behaviour and macroeconomic equilibrium within dual banking systems: Interest-free vs. interest-based banking industries. Research in International Business and Finance, Volume 38(38), 104-121. Louzis, D., Vouldis, A., & Metaxas, V. (2012). Macroeconomic and bank-specific determinants of non-performing loans in Greece: A comparative study of mortgage, business and consumer loan portfolios. Journal of Banking & Finance, 1012-1027. doi:10.1016/j.jbankfin.2011.10.012 Mayorga, M., & Muñoz, E. (Septiembre de 2000). Documento de trabajo del Banco Central de Costa Ric. Obtenido de https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/8300249/mayorga%20y%20munoz%20tecnica%20de%20datos%20de%20panel.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1552261226&Signature=UWniEpUeI3dEFEdY8Nb%2B2WIFkvY%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20 Messai, A., & Jouini, F. (2013). Micro and macro determinants of non-performing loans. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 3(4), 852-860. Montero, M. (2011). Efectos fijos o aleatorios: test de especificación. Documentos de Trabajo en Economía Aplicada, 1-5. Obtenido de https://www.ugr.es/~montero/matematicas/especificacion.pdf Mpofu, T., & Nikolaidou, E. (2018). Determinants of credit risk in the banking system in Sub-Saharan Africa. Review of Development Finance, 1-13. Nkusu, M. (2011). Nonperforming Loans and Macrofinancial Vulnerabilities in Advanced Economies. IFM working paper, 1-28. Red de Instituciones Financieras de Desarrollo. (04 de Octubre de 2019). RFD. Obtenido de http://rfd.org.ec/docs/estadisticas/capcolo.pdf Reinhart, C., & Rogoff, K. (2010). From finantial to crash to debt crisis. National Bureau of economic research, 1-46. Sagner, A. (2012). El influjo de cartera vencida como medida de riesgo de crédito: Análisis y aplicación al caso de Chile. Revista de Análisis Económico, 27-54. Salas, V., & Saurima, J. (2002). Credit risk in two institutional regimes: Spanish commercial and savings banks. Journal of Finantial Services Research, III(22), 203-224. Sánchez, C., Mogro, S., & Cruz, J. (2017). Estructura de mercado del sistema bancario ecuatoriano: concentración y poder de mercado. Revista Cumbres, 09-16. Subgerencia de Programación y Regulación Dirección Nacional de Riesgo Sistémico. (Mayo de 2017). Monitoreo de los principales indicadores monetarios y financieros de la economía ecuatoriana. Obtenido de Banco Central del Ecuador: contenido.bce.fin.ec/documentos/PublicacionesNotas/Datos.xlsx Superintendencia de Bancos . (Abril de 2018). Superintendencia de Bancos Portal Estadístico. Obtenido de http://estadisticas.superbancos.gob.ec/portalestadistico/portalestudios/?page_id=415 Superintendencia de Bancos. (4 de Octubre de 2017). Estadísticas.superbancos. Obtenido de http://estadisticas.superbancos.gob.ec/portalestadistico/portalestudios/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/downloads/2019/01/Memoria_2017.pdf The World Bank Group. (28 de Agosto de 2018). Global Finantial Development. Obtenido de http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=global-financial-development# Titelman, D. (2003). La banca de desarrollo y el financiamiento productivo. Serie Financiamiento del Desarrollo, 1- 35. Uquillas, A., & Gozáles, C. (2017). Determinantes macro y microeconómicos para pruebas de tensión de riesgo de crédiro: un estudio comparativo entre Ecuador y Colombia basado en la tasa de morosidad. Ensayos sobre Política Económica, 35, 245-259. Urbina, M. (Julio de 2017). Tesis Uchile. Obtenido de http://repositorio.uchile.cl/bitstream/handle/2250/149796/Urbina%20Poveda%20Myriam.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Vallcorba, M., & Delgado, J. (2007). Determinantes de la morosidad bancaria en una economía dolarizada. El caso uruguayo. Documentos de trabajo. Banco de España, 1-45. Vera, C., & Titelman, D. (2013). El sistema financiero en América Latina y el Caribe. Financiamiento para el Desarrollo, 1-40. Obtenido de https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/35880/1/LCL3746_es.pdf Vuslat, U. (2016). A dynamic approach to analysing the effect of the global crisis on nonperforming loans: evidence from the Turkish banking sector. Applied Economics Letters, 186-192. Waemustafa, W., & Sukri, S. (2015). Bank Specific and Macroeconomics Dynamic Determinants of Credit Risk in Islamic Banks and Conventional Banks. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 476-481. Obtenido de econjournals.com/index.php/ijefi/article/view/1105/pdf

The 1992 Helsinki Document, "The Challenges of Change" provided the then CSCE with the political mandate to deploy peacekeeping operations (PKO), but no OSCE PKO has been mandated since the Organization adopted its norms in 1992. … On the other hand facing pressure to respond adequately to concrete crises, participating States of the CSCE/OSCE had been quite willing to establish field operations [OSCE missions] which, due to their nature as well as their functions, can be defined as PKOs. Following this line of reasoning, it could, thus, be argued that the OSCE is already playing a role in peacekeeping, albeit without officially declaring its activities as peacekeeping. (CORE WP/Pll)

Seit den frühen 1970er Jahren beobachten die Standard & Spezial Eurobarometer der Europäischen Kommission regelmäßig die öffentliche Meinung in den Mitgliedsländern der Europäischen Union. Primärforscher sind die Generaldirektion Kommunikation und bei Spezialthemen weitere Direktionen sowie das Europäische Parlament. Im Laufe der Zeit wurden Kandidaten- und Beitrittsländer in die Standard Eurobarometer-Reihe aufgenommen. Ausgewählte Fragen oder Module können in einigen Samples nicht erhoben worden sein. Bitte ziehen Sie für weitere Informationen bezüglich Länderfilter oder anderer Filterführungen den Basisfragebogen heran. In dieser Studie beziehen sich alle Fragemodule auf den Standard Eurobarometer Kontext: 1. Standard EU- und Trendfragen, 2. Prioritäten der Europäer, 3. Die EU und die COVID-19-Pandemie, 4. Unionsbürgerschaft, 5. Antwort der EU auf den Krieg in der Ukraine, 6. Mediennutzung und politische Information.

Mit dem Schwerpunkt des Jahrbuchs wird die Auseinandersetzung mit der zeitgeschichtlichen Phase der Achtzigerjahre gesucht. Im Unterschied zu den Abhandlungen etwa über die "1968er" und später den 1970er Jahren haben die Achtzigerjahre in historischen Studien und populären Schriften bisher wenig Aufmerksamkeit gefunden – dies gilt nicht nur für die Historiographie im Allgemein, sondern auch für die pädagogische Historiographie im Besonderen. [.] Die Beiträge nähern sich den Achtzigerjahren aus unterschiedlichen Perspektiven an. Sie fokussieren einen Zeitraum, der bislang (noch) nicht im Mittelpunkt der pädagogischen Historiografie stand. Sie sollen erste Impulse für jüngere Forschende, die nicht einfach als Zeitzeugen oder sogar als Akteure gelten können, geben. Grundsätzlich stellt der Schwerpunkt aber auch einen Versuch dar, durch zeitgeschichtliche Erkundungen mit dem Fokus Achtzigerjahre der Antwort auf die Frage näher zu kommen, ob die Periodenoptik dazu geeignet ist, neue Sichtweisen auf bildungshistorisch relevante Gegenstände entstehen zu lassen. (DIPF/Orig.)

Since November, the Houthis in Yemen have launched scores of missile and drone attacks on vessels in the Gulf of Aden and the southern Red Sea in reaction to the U.S.-backed Israeli war on Gaza. Ansarallah, the dominant Houthi militia, also hijacked the Japanese-operated and partly Israeli-owned Galaxy Leader on November 19.On December 19, the Pentagon responded by establishing Operation Prosperity Guardian, a mostly Western security initiative aimed at deterring the Houthis from disrupting shipping near the Bab el-Mandeb, the narrow straight separating Yemen from the Horn of Africa. About 30 percent of all global containers and approximately 12 percent of world trade transit the Bab el-Mandeb.Yet Operation Prosperity Guardian failed to deter Ansarallah from continuing its missile and drone strikes. The group has said consistently that these attacks on vessels off Yemen's coast will end if and only when Israel ceases its attacks on Gaza. Rather than using U.S. leverage to persuade the Israeli government to agree to a ceasefire in Gaza, the Biden administration, along with the UK, has carried out over the past week a series of airstrikes against Houthi targets across Yemen while continuing to supply Israel with bombs and other weaponry to continue its Gaza campaign. The Pentagon was keen to emphasize that this month's U.S.-UK strikes against Ansarallah targets in Yemen took place outside Operation Prosperity Guardian's framework.These strikes, the first direct U.S. military intervention against the Houthis since October 2016, are escalating regional tensions in ways that are unsettling Washington's closest Arab allies and partners in the Persian Gulf.Apart from Bahrain, which joined Australia, Canada, and the Netherlands in playing nonoperational roles in these American-British strikes, the other members of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) have refused to participate. And most of them have expressed concern about Washington and London's escalation. Even before January 11, when the first wave of strikes took place, some Gulf Arab officials warned explicitly against such military action.During a joint press conference with U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken on January 7, Qatari Foreign Minister Mohammed bin Abdulrahman Al Thani made clear his concerns. "We never see a military action as a resolution," he asserted, adding that protecting shipping lanes through "diplomatic means" would be the "best way possible." Nine days later, while addressing the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, Sheikh Mohammed warned that military strikes against the Houthis would fail to contain Ansarallah's operations. "We need to address the central issue, which is Gaza, in order to get everything else defused... If we are just focusing on the symptoms and not treating the real issues, [solutions] will be temporary," he said.Shortly after the U.S.-UK strikes, Kuwait also expressed "grave concern and keen interest in the developments in the Red Sea region following the attacks that targeted sites in Yemen."As for Oman, which has often served as a key mediator and geopolitical balancer in the region, its foreign ministry declared that Muscat "can only condemn the use of military action by friendly countries" and warned that the U.S.-UK strikes risk worsening the Middle East's perilous situation. "We denounce the resort to military action by [Western] allies while Israel persists in its brutal war without accountability," read a statement from the ministry.Saudi Arabia's high stakesBut the GCC member most concerned about the escalating tensions in the Gulf of Aden, southern Red Sea, and Yemen is likely Saudi Arabia. Late last year, Riyadh asked the Biden administration to show restraint when responding to Ansarallah's attacks on vessels off Yemen's coast. After the U.S. and UK strikes began, the Saudi Ministry of Foreign Affairs called for "avoiding escalation" while noting that Riyadh was monitoring events with "great concern."In an interview with RS, Mehran Kamrava, a professor of government at Georgetown University in Qatar, explained that "[t]his statement indicates Saudi efforts to encourage de-escalation and at the same time to ensure its short- and medium-term diplomatic interests by signaling its concern to all the parties involved, including the U.S. and Britain.""The Saudis are concerned and for good reason," according to Aziz Alghashian, a fellow at Lancaster University in Britain. "The Saudi ruling elite want to avoid being caught in the middle of regional and international conflicts," he told RS.Among other things, the Saudis want their nearly two-year-old truce with the Houthis to be preserved. The kingdom is also determined to ensure that the Saudi-Iranian détente, that was mediated by Oman, Iraq, and China last March, remains on track. The view from Riyadh is that the U.S.-UK military intervention in Yemen threatens to undermine both interests."The Saudi concern is that attacks on shipping in the Red Sea, and U.S. and UK attacks on Yemen bring Iran and the Houthis closer together and that Iran [will] become more directly involved in Houthi [operations]," according to Kamrava. "By attacking Yemen, the U.S. and UK have already escalated the Gaza war beyond Palestine. Saudi Arabia would want to do whatever it can to contain a further escalation as it may spill over into its own borders and to result in a radicalization of domestic political sensibilities."The Saudi leadership recognizes that the kingdom would be in a much more vulnerable position if the ongoing regional crisis were unfolding during the 2016-20 period, when tensions between Riyadh and Tehran were sky high. Due to their recent détente, the kingdom perceives the Iranian threat to the kingdom as far more manageable. "The escalation of regional tension due to the war on Gaza and the subsequent escalation of tensions in the Red Sea are examples of why the Saudi-Iranian normalization deal struck last March is strategically [valuable to Riyadh]," said Alghashian.Ultimately, with Crown Prince and Prime Minister Mohammed bin Salman, better known as MbS, at the helm, the Saudi leadership wants to prioritize its Vision 2030 — the kingdom's ambitious economic diversification agenda. A successful Vision 2030 requires stability in Saudi Arabia and its neighborhood. It's within this context that the Saudi government renormalized diplomatic relations with Iran last year, embraced opportunities for rapprochement with Qatar and Turkey in 2021/22, and engaged the Houthis in talks about a permanent truce.With NEOM, a futuristic metropolis, and other Vision 2030 projects based along Saudi Arabia's Red Sea coast, officials in Riyadh are gravely concerned about how the Gaza war, the related Houthi attacks on shipping in the Red Sea, and U.S.-UK retaliation could destabilize this body of water and the surrounding territory. Further escalation by any of the parties is a scenario that the Saudi government wants to avoid at all costs.To ensure that Ansarallah does not resume its attacks against Saudi Arabia, Riyadh has tried to distance itself from this month's U.S.-UK military strikes in Yemen. However, given Manama's participation, however nominal, in Washington and London's attacks on Houthi targets, as well as its normalized relationship with Israel, the possibility that the Houthis may retaliate by targeting the U.S. Navy's Fifth Fleet, which is based in Bahrain, can't be dismissed. Given the extent to which protecting Bahrain's national security has been a high priority for Saudi Arabia and the other GCC states, such a scenario risks serious damage to Riyadh's interests.As Kamrava observed, targeting U.S. interests on the Arabian Peninsula by the Houthis, or "some of the loose grouplets within them," could constitute an "extremely dangerous development and a conflagration that would be difficult to contain."

Publisher Copyright: © 2021 International Society of Nephrology The authors would like to thank the patients and staff of all the dialysis and transplant units who have contributed data via their national and regional renal registries to the European Renal Association–European Dialysis and Transplant Association (ERA-EDTA) Registry. In addition, we would like to thank the persons and organizations listed in the paragraph "AFFILIATED REGISTRIES" for their contribution to the work of the ERA-EDTA Registry. The authors are grateful to all nephrologists and kidney transplant surgeons who completed "The Effect of Differing Kidney Disease Treatment Modalities and Organ Donation and Transplantation Practices on Health Expenditure and Patient Outcomes" Nephrologist survey. In addition, we would like to thank all colleagues who pretested the survey, provided advice about the ethical approval in their country, or helped to distribute the survey in their country or personal network. This study was funded by the European Union (grant PP-01-2016) and ERA-EDTA. Among others, we are grateful for support from Austria (R. Kramar and R. Oberbauer), Belarus, Belgium (F. Collart), Croatia (I. Bubic, M. Bušić, M. Dragović, and S. Živčić Ćosić), Cyprus, Czech Republic (I. Rychlik and V. Tesař), Denmark (J. Heaf and S. Schwartz Sørensen), Estonia, Finland (P. Finne and V. Rauta), Germany (M. Lingemann and C. Wanner), Greece (T. Apostolou, E. Dounousi, and G. Moustakas), Hungary (O. Deme, S. Mihaly, and G. Reúsz), Ireland (W. Plant), Italy (G. Brunori, C. Carella, P. di Ciaccio, and M. Postorino), Latvia (A. Petersons), Malta (J. Buttigieg), Moldova (A. Tanase), the Netherlands (F. van Ittersum and S. Logtenberg), North Macedonia (G. Spasovski), Norway (A. Åsberg, M. Dahl Solbu, and A. Varberg Reisæter), Poland (S. Dudzicz and M. Nowicki), Romania (L. Gârneaţă and L. Tuta), Russia (H. Zakharova), Serbia (R. Naumovic), Slovakia (V. Spustova), Slovenia (J. Buturovic Ponikvar and D. Kovac), Spain (C. Alberich, J. Comas, M. del Pino y Pino, M. Ferrer Alamar, and B. Mahillo), Sweden (M. Evans), Switzerland (P. Ambühl and U. Huynh-Do), Turkey (M. Arici), Ukraine (M. Kolesnyk), and United Kingdom (S. Fraser and G. Lipkin); and from the following organizations: EKITA (I. Bellini and R. Langer), ERA-EDTA (F. Trebelli), EuroPD (S. Davies), and Eurotransplant (P. Branger, M. van Meel, and U. Samuel). Affiliated registries. Albanian Renal Registry (M. Barbullushi, A. Idrizi, and E. Bolleku Likaj); Austrian Dialysis and Transplant Registry (OEDTR) (R. Kramar); Belarus Renal Registry (K.S. Komissarov, K.S. Kamisarau, and A.V. Kalachyk); Dutch-speaking Belgian Society of Nephrology (NBVN) (M. Couttenye, F. Schroven, and J. De Meester); French-speaking Belgian Society of Nephrology (GNFB) (J.M. des Grottes and F. Collart); Renal Registry Bosnia and Herzegovina (H. Resić, Z. Stipancic, and N. Petkovic); Bulgaria (E.S. Vazelov and I. Velinova); Croatian Registry of renal replacement therapy (CRRRT) (I. Bubić and M. Knotek); Cyprus Renal Registry (K. Ioannou and all of the renal units providing data); Czech Republic: Registry of Dialysis Patients (RDP) (I. Rychlík, J. Potucek, and F. Lopot); Danish Nephrology Registry (DNS) (J.G. Heaf); Estonian Society of Nephrology (Ü. Pechter, K. Lilienthal, and M. Rosenberg); Finnish Registry for Kidney Diseases (P. Finne, A. Pylsy, and P.H. Groop); France: The Epidemiology and Information Network in Nephrology (REIN) (M. Lassalle and C. Couchoud); Georgian Renal Registry (N. Kantaria and Dialysis Nephrology and Transplantation Union of Georgia); Hellenic Renal Registry (N. Afentakis); Icelandic ESRD Registry (R. Palsson); Israel National Registry of Renal Replacement Therapy (R. Dichtiar, T. Shohat, and E. Golan); Italian Registry of Dialysis and Transplantation (RIDT) (A. Limido, M. Nordio, and M. Postorino); Latvian Renal Registry (H. Cernevskis, V. Kuzema, and A. Silda); Lithuanian Renal Registry (I.A. Bumblyte, V. Vainauskas, and E. Žiginskienė); Macedonian Renal Registry (M. Nedelkovska, N. Dimitriova, and O. Stojceva-Taneva); Norwegian Renal Registry (T. Leivestad, A.V. Reisæter, and A. Åsberg); Polish Renal Registry (G. Korejwo, A. Dębska-Ślizień, and R. Gellert); Portuguese Renal Registry (F. Macário and A. Ferreira); Romanian Renal Registry (RRR) (G. Mircescu, L. Garneata, and E. Podgoreanu); Russian Renal Registry (N. Tomilina, A. Andrusev, and H. Zakharova); Renal Registry in Serbia (N. Maksimovic, R. Naumovic, all of the Serbian renal units, and the Serbian Society of Nephrology); Slovakian Renal Registry (V. Spustová, I. Lajdová, and M. Karolyova); Spanish RRT National Registry at Organización Nacional de Trasplantes (ONT), Spanish Regional Registries, Spanish Society of Nephrology (SEN), and the regional registries of Andalusia Sistema de Información de la Coordinación Autonómica de Trasplantes de Andalucia (SICATA) (P. Castro de la Nuez [on behalf of all users of SICATA]), Aragon (F. Arribas Monzón, J.M. Abad Diez, and J.I. Sanchez Miret), Asturias (R. Alonso de la Torre, J.R. Quirós, and Registro de Enfermos Renales Crónicos de Asturias [RERCA] Working Group), Basque country (UNIPAR) (Á. Magaz, J. Aranzabal, M. Rodrigo, and I. Moina), Cantabria (J.C. Ruiz San Millán, O. Garcia Ruiz, and C. Piñera Haces), Castile and León (M.A. Palencia García), Castile–La Mancha (G. Gutiérrez Ávila and I. Moreno Alía), Catalonia (RMRC) (E. Arcos, J. Comas, and J. Tort), Extremadura (J.M. Ramos Aceitero and M.A. García Bazaga), Galicia (E. Bouzas-Caamaño), Community of Madrid (M.I. Aparicio de Madre), Renal Registry of the Region of Murcia (C. Santiuste de Pablos and I. Marín Sánchez), Navarre (M.F. Slon Roblero, J. Manrique Escola, and J. Arteaga Coloma), and the Valencian region (REMRENAL) (M. Ferrer Alamar, N. Fuster Camarena, and J. Pérez Penadés); Swedish Renal Registry (SNR) (K.G. Prütz, M. Stendahl, M. Evans, S. Schön, T. Lundgren, and M. Segelmark); Swiss Dialysis Registry (P. Ambühl and R. Winzeler); Dutch Renal Registry (RENINE) (L. Heuveling, S. Vogelaar, and M. Hemmelder); Tunisia, Sfax region (F. Jarraya and D. Zalila); Registry of the Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation in Turkey (TSNNR) (G. Süleymanlar, N. Seyahi, and K. Ateş); Ukrainian Renal Data System (URDS) (M. Kolesnyk, S. Nikolaenko, and O. Razvazhaieva); UK Renal Registry (UKRR) (all the staff of the UKRR and of the renal units submitting data); and Scottish Renal Registry (SRR) (all of the Scottish renal units). ERA-EDTA Registry committee members. C. Zoccali, Italy (ERA-EDTA President); Z.A. Massy, France (Chairman); F.J. Caskey, United Kingdom; C. Couchoud, France; M. Evans, Sweden; P. Finne, Finland; J.W. Groothoff, the Netherlands; J. Harambat, France; J.G. Heaf, Denmark; F. Jarraya, Tunisia; M. Nordio, Italy; and I. Rychlik, Czech Republic. ; The aims of this study were to determine the frequency of dialysis and kidney transplantation and to estimate the regularity of comprehensive conservative management (CCM) for patients with kidney failure in Europe. This study uses data from the ERA-EDTA Registry. Additionally, our study included supplemental data from Armenia, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Kosovo, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Montenegro, Slovenia and additional data from Israel, Italy, Slovakia using other information sources. Through an online survey, responding nephrologists estimated the frequency of CCM (i.e. planned holistic care instead of kidney replacement therapy) in 33 countries. In 2016, the overall incidence of replacement therapy for kidney failure was 132 per million population (pmp), varying from 29 (Ukraine) to 251 pmp (Greece). On 31 December 2016, the overall prevalence of kidney replacement therapy was 985 pmp, ranging from 188 (Ukraine) to 1906 pmp (Portugal). The prevalence of peritoneal dialysis (114 pmp) and home hemodialysis (28 pmp) was highest in Cyprus and Denmark respectively. The kidney transplantation rate was nearly zero in some countries and highest in Spain (64 pmp). In 28 countries with five or more responding nephrologists, the median percentage of candidates for kidney replacement therapy who were offered CCM in 2018 varied between none (Slovakia and Slovenia) and 20% (Finland) whereas the median prevalence of CCM varied between none (Slovenia) and 15% (Hungary). Thus, the substantial differences across Europe in the frequency of kidney replacement therapy and CCM indicate the need for improvement in access to various treatment options for patients with kidney failure. ; Peer reviewed

WOS:000474491700001 ; PubMed:31397444 ; A search is presented for a heavy pseudoscalar boson A decaying to a Z boson and a Higgs boson with mass of 125 GeV. In the final state considered, the Higgs boson decays to a bottom quark and antiquark, and the Z boson decays either into a pair of electrons, muons, or neutrinos. The analysis is performed using a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb-1 collected in 2016 by the CMS experiment at the LHC from proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 Te. The data are found to be consistent with the background expectations. Exclusion limits are set in the context of two-Higgs-doublet models in the A boson mass range between 225 and 1000. ; BMWFW (Austria); FWF (Austria)Austrian Science Fund (FWF); FNRS (Belgium)Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; FWO (Belgium)FWO; CNPq (Brazil)National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); CAPES (Brazil)CAPES; FAPERJ (Brazil)Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ); FAPESP (Brazil)Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS (China)Chinese Academy of Sciences; MoST (China)Ministry of Science and Technology, China; NSFC (China)National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia)Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias; MSES (Croatia); CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER (Estonia); ERC IUT (Estonia)Estonian Research Council; HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece)Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT; NKFIA (Hungary); DAE (India)Department of Atomic Energy (DAE); DST (India)Department of Science & Technology (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland)Science Foundation Ireland; INFN (Italy)Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); MSIP (Republic of Korea); NRF (Republic of Korea); LAS (Lithuania); MOE (Malaysia); UM (Malaysia); BUAP (Mexico); CINVESTAV (Mexico); CONACYT (Mexico)Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT); LNS (Mexico); SEP (Mexico); UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE (Poland); NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal)Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology; JINR (Dubna); MON (Russia); RosAtom (Russia); RAS (Russia)Russian Academy of Sciences; RFBR (Russia)Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI (Spain); CPAN (Spain); PCTI (Spain); FEDER (Spain)European Union (EU); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter (Thailand); IPST (Thailand); STAR (Thailand); NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK (Turkey)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK); TAEK (Turkey)Ministry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey; NASU (Ukraine); SFFR (Ukraine)State Fund for Fundamental Research (SFFR); STFC (United Kingdom)Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); DOE (USA)United States Department of Energy (DOE); NSF (USA)National Science Foundation (NSF); Marie-Curie program (European Union)European Union (EU); European Research Council (European Union)European Union (EU)European Research Council (ERC); Horizon 2020 Grant (European Union)European Union (EU) [675440]; Leventis Foundation; A. P. Sloan FoundationAlfred P. Sloan Foundation; Alexander von Humboldt FoundationAlexander von Humboldt Foundation; Belgian Federal Science Policy OfficeBelgian Federal Science Policy Office; Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium)Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium)Institute for the Promotion of Innovation by Science and Technology in Flanders (IWT); F.R.S.-FNRS (Belgium)Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; FWO (Belgium)FWO [30820817]; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech RepublicMinistry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech Republic; Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Hungary)Hungarian Academy of Sciences; New National Excellence Program UNKP (Hungary); NKFIA (Hungary) [123842, 123959, 124845, 124850, 125105]; Council of Science and Industrial Research, IndiaCouncil of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) - India; HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science; European Union, Regional Development FundEuropean Union (EU); Mobility Plus program of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education; National Science Center (Poland)National Science Centre, PolandNational Science Center, Poland [Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406]; National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu [MDM-2015-0509]; Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; Thalis program; EU-ESFEuropean Union (EU); Greek NSRFGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University (Thailand); Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); Welch FoundationThe Welch Foundation [C-1845]; Weston Havens Foundation (USA); Aristeia program; ERDF (Estonia)European Union (EU); Academy of Finland (Finland)Academy of Finland; MEC (Finland); HIP (Finland); CEA (France)French Atomic Energy Commission; CNRS/IN2P3 (France)Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); BMBF (Germany)Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF); DFG (Germany)German Research Foundation (DFG); Science and Technology Facilities CouncilScience & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) [ST/N000242/1] Funding Source: researchfish ; We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centers and personnel of theWorldwide LHC Computing Grid for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: BMWFW and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC IUT, and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); NKFIA (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, RosAtom, RAS and RFBR (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI, CPAN, PCTI and FEDER (Spain); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR, and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU and SFFR (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA). Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie program and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, contract No. 675440 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A. P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the F.R.S.-FNRS and FWO (Belgium) under the "Excellence of Science -EOS" -be.h project n. 30820817; the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Lendulet ("Momentum") Program and the Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the New National Excellence Program UNKP, the NKFIA research Grants 123842, 123959, 124845, 124850, and 125105 (Hungary); the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced from European Union, Regional Development Fund, the Mobility Plus program of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the National Science Center (Poland), contracts Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, and 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406; the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu, Grant MDM-2015-0509 and the Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; the Thalis and Aristeia programs cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University and the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); the Welch Foundation, contract C-1845; and the Weston Havens Foundation (USA).