Suchergebnisse

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Rampura-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 537 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 530 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 1 ha by rock outcrops and about 7 ha by others (water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 12 soil series and 24 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 42 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 56 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 43 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils, 17 per cent sandy and 39 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 69 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 15 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m), 46 per cent area is low (51-100 mm/m) and 1 per cent area is very low (9.0)  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75).  About 70 per cent area is low in available phosphorus, 24 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 4 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha).  About 88 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium and 10 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm) in 5 per cent area.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 97 per cent area and deficient in 2 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 26 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 525(98) Sapota 8(1) 17(3) Maize 8 (1) 266(49) Pomegranate 8(1) 218(41) Bajra 8(1) 467(87) Musambi 8(1) 217(41) Groundnut 8(1) 191(35) Lime 8(1) 218(41) Sunflower 8(1) 218(41) Amla 8(1) 516(96) Redgram - 226(42) Cashew 8(1) - Bengal gram - 517(96) Jackfruit 8(1) 17(3) Cotton - 516(96) Jamun 8(1) 213(40) Chilli 8(1) 467(87) Custard apple 8(1) 517(96) Tomato 8(1) 266(49) Tamarind 8(1) 213(40) Drumstick 8(1) 218(41) Mulberry 8(1) 17(3) Mango 8(1) 17(3) Marigold 8(1) 517(96) Guava 8(1) 17(3) Chrysanthemum 8(1) 517(96)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Ramapura-1 micro-watershed (Yadgir taluk and district) is located in between 16033' – 16035' North latitudes and 77016' – 77018' East longitudes, covering an area of about 537.39 ha, bounded by Ramapura and Balacheda villages with a length growing period (LGP) 60-90 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified for each watershed. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Ramapura-1 micro-watershed in Yadgir taluk and district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 57.3 to 42.7 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 group of population is around 55.3 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 50.4 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste / scheduled tribes are around 36.6 per cent  Fire wood is the main source of energy for a cooking among all sample households.  About 20.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Sample farm households (16.6 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employments.  Dependence on ration cards through public distribution system is around 93.4 per cent  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 46.6 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 93.4 per cent of households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.7 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The accounted for dry land of 95.3 per 2 cent and irrigated land of 4.7 per cent among the total cultivated land of sample households.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 28.4 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is predominant subsidiary occupation for 44.0 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 76127 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 6681 per household, about 50.0 per cent of sample farmers are owing plough.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 25722 per household; about 85.7 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 988.8 grams (2563.1 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition recommendation at 827 gram. Around 10.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 30942 per household. About 83.4 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs. 3331. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs 1427.4 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs.756541 per year for the total area of 537.4 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 4780/ ha/year. Per hectare food production services is maximum in green gram (Rs.7997) followed by maize (Rs.5141), cotton (Rs. 3892), red gram (Rs.3465) and groundnut (Rs.3401).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 1421/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 2500) followed by groundnut (Rs. 941) and paddy (Rs. 823).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in greengram (Rs. 59702) followed by red gram (Rs. 47583), cotton (Rs. 43124), maize (Rs. 22638) and groundnut (Rs. 19906). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is red gram (46.7 %) followed by cotton (27.5 %), groundnut (15.4 %), bengal gram (4.9 %), paddy (2.4 %), green gram (1.6 %) and maize (1.63 %).  In Ramapura-1 micro watershed, major soils are soil of alluvial landscape of Yalleri (YLR) series are having moderately shallow soil deep cover around 7.7 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently grow in cotton (60.0 %) and redgram (40.0 %). Soil of granite and granite gneiss landscape of Anur (ANR) are also having deep soil cover around 9.0 % of area, the crops are cotton (33.3 %), redgram (66.7 %). Bomraldoddi (BMD) soil series have very deep soil depth cover around 1.49 % of areas; crops are cotton (100%). Hegganakera (HGN) soil series are having very deep depth cover around 18.86 per cent of area, respectively. The major crops grown are cotton (15.1 %), groundnut (17.6 %) and redgram (67.3 %). Halagera (HLG) soil series are having moderately shallow soil depth covers around 24.6 % of area, the major crop grown is cotton (12.5 %), groundnut (25 %), and redgram (62.5 %). Jinkera (JNK) soil series having moderately shallow depth covers around 13.9 % of area, the major crop grown is cotton (69.2 %) and redgram (30.8 %). Mylapura (MYP) soil series having very deep and soil depth covers around 6.24 % of area; crops are cotton (12.5 %), greengram (12.5 %), maize (12.5 %) and redgram (62.5 %). Rachanalli (RHN) soil series having moderately deep and soil depth covers around 1.0 % of areas; crop are groundnut (46.2%), paddy (23.1%) and redgram (30.8%). Rampur (RMP) soil series havingg moderately shallow and soil depth covers around 9.3 % of areas crops are cotton and Sowrashtrahalli (SWR) soil series having deep and soil depth covers around 2.31 % of area crops are cotton.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit ratio (BCR) in study area for cotton ranges between Rs. 62452/ha in ANR soil (with BCR of 1.05) and Rs.22024/ha in HLG soil (with BCR of 1.5).  In redgram the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs.52871/ha in YLR soil (with BCR of 1.12) and Rs.21599/ha in HLG soil (with BCR of 1.07).  In groundnut the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs.33168/ha in HLG soil (with BCR of 1.02) and Rs. 13831/ha in RHN soil (with BCR of 1.63).  In greengram the cost of cultivation in MYP soil is Rs.33499/ha (with BCR of 1.24).  In maize the cost of cultivation is Rs.35613/ha in MYP soil (with BCR of 1.14) and paddy the cost of cultivation in RHN soil is Rs.20967/ha (with BCR of 1.06).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and 4 water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in cotton (19 to 55 %), redgram (9.1 to 58.4 %), groundnut (7.4 to 30.6 %), paddy (70%), maize (67.4 %) and greengram negative return. ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kanekal-4 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 494 ha in Kanekal-4 microwatershed in Yadgir taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as droughtprone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soils, 1 per cent by rock outcrops and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 13 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 7 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire land area of the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  Small area of less than 1 per cent are shallow (25-50 cm), 24 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 18 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100cm) and about 57 per cent soils are deep (100-150cm) to very deep (>150 cm) soils.  About 58 per cent of the area has clayey soils, 39 per cent loamy soils and 2 per cent sandy soils at the surface.  An area of about 77 per cent has non-gravelly and 22 per cent are gravelly.  About 56 per cent of the area has soils that are very high (>200mm/m) in available water capacity, 6 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m), 16 per cent low (51-100mm/m) and about 20 per cent very low (0.75%) in organic carbon.  An area of 13 per cent has soils that are low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 97 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 2 per cent high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm) in about 3 per cent area of the microwatershed.  About 15 per cent area has soils that are deficient (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Entire area of the microwatershed is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc.  The land suitability for 26 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Kanekal-4 microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 385 (78) Sapota - 50 (10) Maize - 12 (2) Guava - 50 (10) Red gram - 370 (75) Pomegranate - 370 (75) Bajra - 381 (77) Jackfruit - 47 (9) Ground nut - 62 (12) Jamun - 301(61) Sunflower - 62 (12) Musambi - 370 (75) Cotton 219 (44) 120 (24) Lime - 369 (75) Bengalgram 238 (48) 100 (20) Cashew - - Chilli - 216 (44) Custard apple - 385 (78) Tomato - 62 (12) Amla - 386 (78) Drumstick - 370 (75) Tamarind - 301 (61) Mulberry - 47 (9) Marigold - 389 (79) Mango - 53(11) Chrysanthemum - 389 (79) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges, that are edible and produce lot of biomass that helps to restore the ecological balance in the microwatershed. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Kanikal-4 micro-watershed (Yadgir taluk and district) is located in between 16035' – 16036' North latitudes and 770 15' – 76016' East longitudes, covering an area of about 494.19 ha, bounded by Kanikal, Rampura, Sydhapura, Neelahalli and Kudlura villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Kanikal-4 micro-watershed in Yadgir taluk and district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 61.2 to 38.8 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age group 18 to 50 of population is around 51.8 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 61.2 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste / scheduled tribes are around 47.1 per cent  Wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 88.2 per cent.  About 29.4 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 11.8 per cent farm households having MGNREGA card for rural employments.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 94.1 per cent  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 31.2 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 23.5 per cent of farm households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 47.1 per cent of households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.4 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The account for 80.3 per cent of dry land 2 and 19.7 per cent of irrigated land of total cultivated land among the sample households.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 17.6 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 51.8 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.184954 per household. Mobile and television are mass popular mass communication media.  The average farm assets a value is around Rs.115647 per household, about 28 per cent of sample farmers are owing plough.  The average livestock value is around Rs.32666 per household; about 64 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 1081.2 grams (2483.9 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition recommendation at 827 gram. Around 23.5 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 37155 per household. About 29.4 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly expenditure is around Rs. 2816. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs 2236.2 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs 1093504 per year for the total area of 494.2 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 8645/ ha/year. Per hector food production services is maximum in bajra (Rs. 25693) followed by maize (Rs. 5267), redgram (Rs. 5048), greengram (Rs. 5032), groundnut (Rs. 4863) and cotton (Rs. 3792).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs.1555/ ha/year. Per hector fodder production services is maximum in bajra (Rs 2717) followed by paddy (Rs 2083), groundnut (Rs.1049) and maize (Rs 370).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in bajra (Rs. 110557) followed by greengram (Rs. 51173), red gram (Rs. 33808), cotton (Rs. 31928), maize (Rs. 20751) and groundnut (Rs.18037). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is redgram (47.2 %) followed by cotton (17.6 %), groundnut (16.0 %), greengram (4.8 %), maize (4.8 %), paddy (8.0 %), and bajra (1.6 %) 3  In Kanikal-4 micro watershed, major soils are soil of alluvial landscape of Sambara (SBR) series are having moderately shallow soil deep cover around 25.57 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing cotton (56.2 %), maize (25.0 %) paddy (6.2 %), and redgram (12.5 %). Soil of granite and granite gneiss landscape of Nagalapur (NGP) are also having deep soil deep cover around 0.97 % of area, the crops are paddy (11.1 %), and redgram (88.9 %). Madhwara (MDR) soil series having very deep soil depth cover around 23.42 % of areas, crops are redgram (100 %). Hosalli (HSL) soil series are having moderately deep soil depth cover around 15.53 per cent of area, respectively. The major crops grown are paddy (16.7 %) and redgram (83.3 %). Kadechoor (KDH) soil series are having moderately deep soil depth covers around 3.31 % of area, the major crop grown is bajra (8.3 %), cotton (12.5 %), greengram (16.7 %), groundnut (45.8 %) and redgram (16.7 %). Mylapura (MYP) and Rachanalli (RHN) soil series having very deep and moderately deep soil depth cover 1.54 % and 0.41 % of areas respectively; crops are cotton, greengram, maize, redgram, groundnut and paddy.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for cotton ranges between Rs.35018/ha in MYP soil (with BCR of 1.18) and Rs.25702/ha in SBR soil (with BCR of 1.07).  In maize the cost of cultivation range between Rs 35615/ha in MYP soil (with BCR of 1.14) and Rs.16683/ha in SBR soil (with BCR of 1.48).  In paddy the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 74662/ha in SBR soil (with BCR of 1.51) and Rs. 20967/ha in RHN soil (with BCR of 1.06).  In redgram cost of cultivation range between is Rs. 29997/ha in SBR soil (with BCR of 1.48) and Rs 8160 in NGP soil (with BCR of 1.02).  In groundnut the cost of cultivation range between is Rs 23485/ha in KDH soil (with BCR of 1.22) and Rs.13831/ha in RHN soil (with BCR of 1.63).  In greengram the cost of cultivation in MYP soil is Rs.33499/ha (with BCR of 1.24).  In bajra the cost of cultivation in KDH soil is Rs.66931/ha (with BCR of 1.43).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soils to maximize returns. 4 Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in cotton (46 to 64.6 %), maize (67.4 % to 72 %), paddy (34% to 78 %), red gram (27.3 % to 86.4 %), groundnut (26.6 % to 30.6 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kanivaihundi Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 501 ha in Gundlupet taluk of Chamarajanagar district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought- prone with an average annual rainfall of 734 mm, of which about 254 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 268 mm during north-east and the remaining 212 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96 per cent is covered by soils, three per cent by others and less than one per cent is under forest. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 12 soil series, 28 soil phases (management units) and 9 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 1st week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 96 per cent area is suitable for agriculture, 150 cm) and 41 per cent are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 56 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface, 40 per cent loamy soils and 200 mm/m) available water capacity.  About 96 per cent of the area has nearly level (0-1%) to very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 65 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 31 per cent moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 5 per cent has soils that are moderately acidic to slightly acidic (pH 5.5- 6.5); 7 per cent neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and maximum area of about 84 per cent has soils that are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8) to strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About two per cent of the soils are low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 5 per cent of the soils are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20ppm) in about one per cent area.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 16 per cent area, medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 69 per cent and high (>1.0 ppm) in 11 per cent area.  Available iron is deficient in about 77 per cent area and sufficient in 19 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 25 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 27 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 83 (17) 244 (49) Sapota 191 (38) 59 (12) Maize 230 (46) 85 (17) Guava 203 (41) 50 (10) Redgram 230 (46) 148 (29) Banana 173 (35) 81 (16) Horsegram 230 (46) 183 (37) Jackfruit 173(35) 30 (6) Field bean 173 (35) 170 (34) Jamun 177 (36) 30 (6) Groundnut 46 (9) 277 (55) Musambi 177 (36) 30 (6) Sunflower 21 (4) 221 (44) Lime 177 (36) 30 (6) Cotton 26 (5) 149 (30) Cashew 193 (39) 106 (21) Onion 173 (35) 154 (30) Custard apple 208 (41) 205 (41) Potato 173 (35) 149 (30) Amla 208 (41) 205 (45) Beans 173 (35) 154 (30) Tamarind 177 (35) 75 (15) Beetroot 173 (35) 149 (30) Marigold 230 (46) 97 (19) Turmeric 173 (35) 149 (30) Chrysanthemum 173 (35) 170 (34) Mango 173 (35) 75 (15) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 9 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to the problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Kanivaihundi Microwatershed (Hangala sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) is located in between 11042' – 11044' North latitudes and 76038' – 76040' East longitudes, covering an area of about 501 ha, bounded by Hangala, Hangalapura, Karle, Pasainapura and Kaligaudanahalli villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Kanivaihundi Microwatershed (Hangala sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) are presented here. Social Indicators  Male and female ratio is 45.4 to 54.6 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 48.5 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 66.5 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 75.0 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas is the source of energy for a cooking among 79.0 per cent.  About 50.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 70.0 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 62.5 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 3.0 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 25 per cent of households were found. Economic Indicators  The average land holding is 1.85 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small farmers. The dry land account for 34.3 per cent and irrigated land 65.7 per cent of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 59.3 per cent and agriculture is the main and private service is subsidiary occupation for 7.4 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 10456 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 60532 per household, among all the sample farmers having owen plough.  The average livestock value is around Rs. 29000 per households; about 60 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 617.2 grams (1408 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 87.5 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 35720 per household. About 87.5 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs. 1212. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 570 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 274907 per year for the total area of 500.69 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 72273/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in lemon (Rs. 415454) followed by horse gram (Rs. 9228), sunflower (Rs. 5480), cowpea (Rs. 3575), ragi (Rs. 1356) and sorghum is negative returns.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 1407/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in sorghum (Rs. 2646) followed by cowpea (Rs. 1203) and horse gram (Rs. 1136).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum (Table 25 and Figure 12) in lemon (Rs. 57663) followed by sorghum (Rs. 37291), sunflower (Rs. 32068), horse gram (Rs. 23235), and cowpea (Rs. 8093). Economic Land Evaluation  The major cropping pattern is sorghum (25.4 %), horse gram (25.4 %) followed by sunflower (21.7 %), cowpea (17.7 %), ragi (8.9 %) and lemon (0.9 %).  In Kanivaihundi Microwatershed, major soil are soil of Honnegaudanahalli (HGH) series is having very deep 30.3 per cent area On this soil farmers are 3 presently growing horse gram (50.0 %), sorghum (25.0 %), sunflower (25.0 %) followed by Hindupur (HDR) series is having shallow 13.2 % per cent of area On this soil farmers are presently growing cowpea (33.3 %), ragi (33.3 %), horse gram (14.8 %) and sorghum (14.8 %). Magoonahalli (MGH) series is havingg moderately shallow 14.0 per cent of areas, on this soil farmer are presently growing horse gram (47.4 %), sorghum (47.4 %). Gopalapur (GPR) series is having Moderately deep 45.5 per cent of area On this soil farmers are presently growing Lemon (100 %), Devarahalli (DRH) series is having moderately shallow 7.8 per cent area On this soil farmers are presently growing horsegram (50.0 %), sorghum(50 %). Kannigala (KNG) series is having moderately deep 16.7 per cent of area, on this soil farmers are presently sunflower and Annurkeri (ARK) series is having shallow soil deep cover around 4.2 per cent of area on this soil farmers are presently growing sorghum and sunflower.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for horse gram ranges between Rs. 22995/ha in DRH soil (with BCR of 1.26) and Rs. 9018 in MGH soil (with BCR of 2.40).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 29444/ha in ARK soil (with of 0.05) and Rs. 16470/ha in MGH soil (with BCR of 1.12).  In sun flower the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 27513/ha in ARK soil (with BCR of 1.22) and Rs. 23566/ha in KNG soil (with BCR of 1.31).  In ragi the cost cultivation in HDR soil is Rs. 24418/ha (with BCR of 1.08).  In cowpea the cost of cultivation in HDR soil is Rs 14467/ha (with BCR of 1.33) and lemon cost of cultivation in GPR soil is Rs 33637/ha (with BCR of 13.35).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications are deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments. 4  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in ragi (71.8 %), lemon (63.2 %), sorghum (65.3 to 45.0 %), cowpea (47.2 %), sunflower (45.8 to 39.3) and horse gram (34.8 to 11.4 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Honavalu-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the delineated physiographic boundaries were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 446 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 98 per cent is covered by soils, two per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 13 soil series and 22 soil phases (management units) and 4 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  About 200mm/m).  An area of about 10 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) lands and 88 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 63 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 35 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 4 per cent has soils that are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8), about 20 per cent moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4), 72 per cent strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0) and 2 per cent soils are very strongly alkaline (pH>9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in 12 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 14 per cent of the soils.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 6 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 92 per cent of the soils.  Available sulphur is medium (10-20 ppm) in 8 per cent and high (>20 ppm) in 90 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 44 per cent area, medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 52 per cent and high (>1.0 ppm) in 2 per cent area.  Available iron is deficient in 1 per cent of the area and sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 97 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 29 per cent of the soils.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 27 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 60 (13 ) 241 (54) Pomegranate 19 (4 ) 272 (61) Maize - 44 (10) Guava 34 (8) Bajra 34 (8) 10 (2) Jackfruit 19 (4 ) 15 (3) Redgram - 315 (71 ) Jamun - 207 (47) Bengalgram 62 (14) 323 (72) Musambi 70 (16 ) 221 (49 ) Groundnut 15 (3) 113 (25) Lime 70 (16 ) 221 (49 ) Sunflower 51 (12) 240 (54 ) Cashew - 72 (16 ) Cotton 62 (14) 323 (72) Custard apple 197 (44) 240 (54 ) Chilli - 44 (10) Amla 19 (4). 418 (94) Tomato - 44 (10) Tamarind - 207 (47 ) Drumstick 19 (4) 357 (80 ) Marigold - 300 (67 ) Mulbery 34 (8) 335 (75 ) Chrysanthemum - 300 (67 ) Mango 34 (8) Jasmine - 44 (10) Sapota 19 (4) 30 (7) Crossandra - 209 (47) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the four identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which inturn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: The Honavalu-2 micro-watershed (Koppal taluk and district) is located in between 15019' – 15020' North latitudes and 7603' – 7605' East longitudes, covering an area of about 446.42 ha, bounded by Vadhaganala, Katrahalli and Honavalu villages. Agro Ecological Region (AER) – 3: (Deccan plateau, hot arid ecosubregion). Karnataka Plateau (Rayalseema as inclusion), hot arid ESR with deep loamy and clayey mixed red and black soil, low to medium AWC and LGP 60-90 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified for each watershed. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Honavalu-2 micro-watershed in Koppal taluk and district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 52.7 to 47.3 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 58.3 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 74.0 per cent.  Wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 100 per cent.  About 71.4 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (75.0 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employments.  Dependence on ration cards through public distribution system is around 96.4 per cent  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 89.3 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 5.45 per cent of sample households.  Women participation is decisions making are around 39.3 per cent of households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.4 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to medium and semi medium farmers. Major area under rain fed (76.4 %) and irrigated (23.6%) of area cultivation. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 25.2 per cent and Agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is predominant subsidiary occupation for 55.6 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.44842 per household. Mobile and television are mass popular mass communication media.  The average farm assets a value is around Rs.68315 per household, about 39.3 per cent of sample farmers are owing plough.  The average livestock value is around Rs.17953 per livestock; about 82.0 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 703.0 grams (1727.1kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 78.6 per cent of sample farmers are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.29672 per household. About 10.7 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly expenditure is around Rs.462 per household. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs 900.3 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs 505064 per year for the total area of 446.4 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 12084/ ha/year. Per hectare food production services is maximum in chillies (Rs.61493) followed by bengalgram (Rs.17952), cotton (Rs.8276), groundnut (Rs.5394), green gram (Rs 4691), sunflower (Rs.4607), redgram (Rs.3242), maize (Rs.3193) and bajra is negative returns.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder grain production is around Rs 1562/ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs 4725) and bajra (Rs 3794).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs.107573) followed by bengalgram (Rs.102347), cotton (Rs 74637), bajra (Rs.65782), groundnut (Rs. 45878), sunflower (Rs.36737), greengram (Rs.32410) and maize (Rs.22412). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is maize (43.0 %) followed by Sunflower (20.8 %), cotton (10.4 %), bajra (8.7 %), green gram (7.9 %), bengal gram (3.9 %), groundnut (3.7 %), chillies (0.8 %) and red gram (0.8 %). 3  In Honavalu-2 micro-watershed, major soil is soil of alluvial landscape of Hatti (HTI) series is having moderately shallow soil deep cover around 2.1 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing maize (50.0 %) and sunflower (50.0 %), Soil of granite and granite gneiss landscape of Bidanagere (BDG) are also having moderately deep soil deep cover around 11.8 % of area, the crops are bajra (62.5 %), cotton was 37.5 % each. Dambarahalli (DRL) soil series having moderately deep soil depth cover around 13.24 % of areas, crops are bajra (11.2 %), cotton (11.2 %), groundnut (3.8 %) maize (53.5 %), redgram (2.8 %) and sunflower (17.4 %), Balapur (BRP) soil series are having deep soil depth cover around 18.8 % of area, respectively. The major crops grown are maize (57.3 %) and sunflower (42.7 %). Gatareddihal (GRH) soil series are having deep soil depth covers around 33.1 % of area, the major crop grown is bajra (13.5 %), bengalgram (16.9 %), chillies (3.4 %), cotton (20.2 %), maize (25.0 %) and sunflower (21.0 %). Mornal (MNL) soil series having deep soil depth cover 3.47 % of area, crops are cotton, groundnut and maize .and Kadagathur (KDT) soil series having deep soil depth cover 4.58 % of areas respectively; crops are bajra (4.9 %), greengram (49.1 %), groundnut (11.6 %) and maize (34.4 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for groundnut range between Rs. 63566/ha in DLR soil (with BCR of 1.04) and Rs.56316/ha in MNL soil (with BCR of 1.16).  In cotton the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs.57633/ha in BDG soil (with BCR of 1.03) and Rs.51870/ha in DRL soil (with BCR of 1.10).  In maize the cost of cultivation range between Rs 46807/ha in KDT soil (with of 2.00) and Rs.17643/ha in HTI soil (With BCR of 1.03).  In sunflower the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs.33757/ha in DRL soil (with BCR of 1.15) and Rs. 26253/ha in HTI soil (with BCR of 1.58).  In bajra cost of cultivation range between is Rs.41990/ha in KDT soil (with BCR of 1.18) and Rs.33654/ha in GRH soil (with BCR of 1.06).  In redgram the cost of cultivation in DRL soil is Rs.79040/ha (with BCR of 1.04).  In chillies the cost of cultivation in GRH soil is Rs 117386/ha (with BCR of 2.1) and green gram cost of cultivation in KDT soil is Rs 19711/ha (with BCR of 1.31).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of Farm Yard Manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. Fertilizer applications are deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. 4  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in chillies (90 %), maize (51.3 to 85.1 %), bajra (0 to 29.7 %), greengram (24.0 %), sunflower (0 to 23.8 %), cotton (0 to 10 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Harve-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 436 ha in Harve-2 microwatershed in Chamarajnagar taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought- prone with an average annual rainfall of 769 mm, of which about 316 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 252 mm during north-east and the remaining 201 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 87 per cent area is covered by soils, 10 per cent area is covered by mining/industrial and 2 per cent is by others (Habitation and Water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series, 26 soil phases (mapping units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the last week of July to 4th week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire cultivated area of about 86 per cent is suitable for agriculture.  An area of about 6 per cent has deep (100-150 cm) soils, an area of 16 per cent has moderately deep (75-100 cm) soils. Maximum area of about 34 per cent is under moderately shallow (50-75 cm) soils and shallow (25-50 cm) soils occupy 30 per cent area in the microwatershed.  An area of about 40 per cent has loamy soils at the surface and an area of about 47 per cent has sandy at the surface.  An area of about 21 per cent has gravelly (15-35%) soils and an area of about 65 per cent has very gravelly (35-60%) soils in the microwatershed.  About 44 per cent of the area has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and about 43 per cent area is nearly level (0-1% slope) lands.  An area of about 51 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1), 35 per cent has soils that are moderately eroded (e2) and 1 per cent area under gullied lands.  An area of about 6 per cent soils are slightly acid to moderately acid (pH 5.5- 6.5), 21 per cent area has neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) soils and 60 per cent has slightly alkaline to moderately alkaline (pH 7.3-8.4) soils in the microwatershed.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 57 kg/ha) in 62 per cent area in available phosphorus.  An area of about 2 per cent has soils that are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (4.5ppm) in the available iron.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  An area of about 32 per cent has soils that are deficient (<0.6 ppm) and 55 per cent has soils are sufficient in available zinc.  The land suitability for 9 major crops (agricultural and horticultural) grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crops Suitability area in ha (%) Highly Suitable (S1) Moderately Suitable (S2) Sorghum 16(4) 231(53) Maize 16(4) 231(53) Finger millet 16(4) 231(53) Red gram 10(2) 87(19) Groundnut 16(4) 231(53) Cotton 10(2) 236(54) Chilli 16(4) 231(53) Mango - 14(3) Sapota - 97(22)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass, which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Harve 2 Microwatershed (Chamarajanagar taluk and district) is located in between 15018' – 15020' North latitudes and 7603' – 7605' East longitudes, covering an area of about 435.66 ha, bounded by Harve, Tammadahalli, Kethahalli and Kaggalipura villages with a length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Harve 2 Microwatershed in Chamarajanagar taluk and district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 48.8 to 51.1 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 64 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 66.6 per cent.  Social groups belong to around other backward caste (OBC) is 50.0 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among all sample households.  About 66.6 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (50.0 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 80.0 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 90.0 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 20.6 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 80.0 per cent of households. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.7 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry irrigated land of 56.4 % and rain fed land 43.6 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 15.4 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 51.3 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 15487 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 4280 per household, about 90 per cent of sample farmers weeder and drip/sprinkler (20.0 %).  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 34444 per household; about 54.5 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 552.3 grams (1502.4 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 90.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.145229. per household. About 70 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1198. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 617 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 232650 per year for the total area of 435.7 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 91737/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in banana (Rs. 200516) followed by turmeric (Rs. 94392), beans (Rs. 33933), groundnut (Rs. 9452), sorghum (Rs. 4237), horse gram (Rs. 3181) sorghum and mulberry (Rs. 1561).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs 1046/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in groundnut (Rs. 1425) followed by sorghum (Rs. 1022) and horse gram (Rs. 690).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in beans (Rs. 294826) followed by coconut (Rs. 239888), mulberry (Rs. 211913), banana (Rs. 3 146348), turmeric (Rs. 48512), sorghum (Rs. 38916), horse gram (Rs. 21416) and groundnut (Rs. 19822). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is horse gram (50.4%) followed by sorghum (15.4 %), coconut (13.4 %), turmeric (9.8 %), banana (6.5 %), groundnut (3.4 %) and mulberry (1.3 %).  In Harve 2 Microwatershed, major soils are soil of Harve (HRV) series is having shallow soil depth cover around 11.0 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing coconut. Kaggalipura (KGP) are also having shallow soil depth cover 17.7 % of area, the crops are banana (50 %) and turmeric (50 %). Mukahalli (MUK) soil series having shallow soil depth cover around 1.3 % of areas, crops are horsegram (50.0 %) and sorghum (50.0 %). Lakkipur (LKR) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 63.8 % of area, crops are groundnut (83.9 %) and sorghum (16.1 %). Mukhadahalli (MKH) soil series are having moderately deep soil depth cover around 2.9 % of area; the major crops grown are horse gram (28.2 %) and sunflower (71.8 %). Kumachahalli (KMH) soil series are having deep soil depth covers around 2.9 % of area, the major crop grown is beans (33.6 %), turmeric (33.6 %) and horse gram (32.6 %). Balapur (BPR) soil series having deep soil depth cover 2.5 % of areas; crops are mulberry.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for horse gram ranges between Rs.27090 ha in KMH soil (with BCR of 1.54) and Rs. 13481/ha in MKH soil (with BCR of 1.69).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation ranges between 23827/ha in MUK soil (with BCR of 1.59) and Rs.220271 /ha in LKR soil (with BCR of 0.91).  In turmeric the cost of cultivation range between Rs 87150 /ha in KMH soil (with BCR of 1.54) and Rs.105782/ha in KGP soil (with BCR of 1.79).  In banana the cost of cultivation in KGP soil is Rs.86621/ha (with BCR of 3.31).  In mulberry the cost of cultivation in BPR soil is Rs.68106/ha (with BCR of 1.02).  In groundnut the cost of cultivation in LKR soil is Rs.36861/ha (with BCR of 1.30) and beans the cost of cultivation in KMH soil is Rs.23579/ha (with BCR of 2.44).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM. 4  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in horse gram (20.9 to 41.2%), sorghum (45.0 to 73.6 %), groundnut (58.3 %), banana (52.6 %), coconut (51.0 %), mulberry (24.6 %) and turmeric (8.9%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Anekatte Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and behavior, use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 544 ha in Chikkanayakanahalli taluk of Tumkur district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 700 mm, of which about 378 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 179 mm during north-east and the remaining 143 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 97 per cent is covered by soils and 3 per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 19 soil phases (management units) and six land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 2nd week of July to 3rd week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 34 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area of about 97 per cent in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture and three per cent not suitable for agriculture.  About 60 per cent of the soils are deep (100-150 cm) to very deep (>150 cm), 32 per cent moderately deep (75-100cm) and 5 per cent moderately shallow (50-75%) soils.  About 25 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface, 65 per cent loamy soils and 7 per cent sandy soils.  About 38 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 12 per cent gravelly (15-35%) and 48 per cent very gravelly to extremely gravelly (35-80%) soils.  About 59 per cent has soils that are very low (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 92 per cent of the area has nearly level (0-1%) to very gently sloping (1-3% slope) and 5 per cent gently sloping (3-5%) lands.  An area of about 52 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 45 per cent moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 21 per cent has soils that are slightly acid (pH 5.0-6.5) to moderately acid, 36 per cent neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 40 per cent slightly to moderately alkaline (pH 7.3-8.4).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 9 per cent of the soils are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is high (>10 ppm) in about 28 per cent area, low (4.5 ppm) in about 93 per cent area and deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 60 per cent area and deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 37 per cent area.  The land suitability for 34 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 71 (13) 158 (29) Guava 46 (9) 221 (41) Fodder Sorghum 71 (13) 158 (29) Pomegranate 71 (13) 172 (32) Maize - 133 (24) Banana 71 (13) 172 (32) Upland paddy 71 (13) 195 (36) Jackfruit 71 (13) 84 (15) Finger millet 71 (13) 138 (25) Jamun 71 (13) 135 (25) Redgram 71 (13) 197 (36) Musambi 71 (13) 172 (32) Horse gram 96 (18) 331 (61) Lime 71 (13) 172 (32) Field bean 71 (13) 197 (36) Cashew 46 (9) 100 (18) Cowpea 71 (13) 197 (36) Custard apple 71 (13) 356 (65) Groundnut - 305 (56) Amla 71 (13) 356 (65) Sunflower 71 (13) 133 (24) Tamarind 71 (13) 135 (25) Onion 24 (4) 147 (27) Marigold 71 (13) 197 (36) Chilli 71 (13) 197 (36) Chrysanthemum 71 (13) 197 (36) Brinjal 71 (13) 197 (36) Jasmine 71 (13) 197 (36) Tomato 71 (13) 197 (36) Coconut 46 (9) 100 (18) Mango 71 (13) 135 (25) Arecanut 46 (9) 100 (18) Sapota 71 (13) 76 (14) Mulberry - (2200) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food,fodder, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder fuel and generate lot of biomass. This helps in maintaining ecological balance and contributes to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Anekatte micro-watershed (Anekatte sub watershed, Chikkanayakanahalli taluk, Tumkur district) is located in between 13024' – 13026' North latitudes and 76031' – 76035' East longitudes, covering an area of about 544.32 ha, bounded by Aralikere, Kallenahalli, Navule, Gowdanahalli, Kurubarahalli and Bevinahalli villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Anekatte Microwatershed (Anekatte sub watershed, Chikkanayakanahalli taluk, Tumkur district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 52 to 48 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 48 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 89 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) and other backward caste (OBC) is around 10 and 40 per cent, respectively.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 60 per cent.  About 60 per cent of households have Yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (70 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 80 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 70 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 10 per cent of households. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.92 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land of 45.8 % and irrigated land 54.2 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 9 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 85.0 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 85481 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 10623 per household, about 50 per cent of sample farmers having plough and weeder (74 %).  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 28125 per household; about 82.3 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 681.5 grams (1600.9 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 80 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.25693 per household. About 20 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1272 per household. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 584 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 309005 per year for the total area of 544.32 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 11804/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in red gram (Rs. 40596) followed by horse gram (Rs. 15989), sorghum (Rs. 11528), ragi (Rs. 5593), green gram (Rs. 4778), maize (Rs. 2562) and sesamum (Rs. 1579).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 2413/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 5273) followed by ragi (Rs. 2489), horse gram (Rs. 1466), and sorghum (Rs. 423).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs. 3 67233) followed by sorghum (Rs 53775), green gram (Rs. 35719), maize (Rs. 33063), horse gram (Rs. 23761) and ragi (Rs. 11418). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is horse gram (24.7 %) followed by maize (14.4 %), green gram (11.8 %), ragi (31.0 %), red gram (3.3 %), sesamum (3.3%) and sorghum (11.5 %).  In Anekatte micro-watershed, major soil is alluvial landscape of Bidanagere (BDG) series is having moderately deep soil depth cover around 14.11 of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing ragi (50 %) red gram (50 %).Hooradhahalli (HDH) are also having moderately deep soil depth cover around 16.9 % of area, the crops are green gram (14.2 %), ragi (65.3 %) and sesamum (20.4 %). Mukhadahalli (BPR) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 22.25 % of areas, crops are green gram (11.1 %), horse gram (38.8 %), ragi (11.1 %) and sorghum (38.8 %). Ravanaki (LGD) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 17.62 % of area, crops are green gram (12 %), horse gram (38 %), and ragi (5.0 %). Kadagathur (KDT) soil series are having very deep soil depth cover around 8.5 % of area; the major crops are horse gram (33.3 %), maize (33.3%) and ragi (33.3 %). Ranatur (RTR) soil series are having very deep soil depth covers around 4.4 % of area, the major crop grown is green gram (50 %) and maize (50 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for green gram ranges between Rs.107918/ha in LGD soil (with BCR of 1.53) and Rs.22068/ha in BPR soil (with BCR of 1.34).  In ragi the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 98303/ha in LGD soil (with of 1.05) and Rs.10268/ha in KDT soil (with BCR of 1.73).  In horse gram the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 22616/ha in BPR soil (with BCR of 1.53) and Rs. 16591/ha in KDT soil (with BCR of 2.38).  In maize the cost of cultivation range between is Rs 51788/ha in KDT soil (with BCR of 1.28) and Rs. 49867/ha in RTR soil (with BCR of 1.17).  In sesamum the cost of cultivation in HDH soil is Rs.39168 /ha (with BCR of 1.51)  In red gram the cost of cultivation in BDG soil is Rs. 47969/ha (with BCR of 1.80) and sorghum the cost of cultivation in BPR soil is Rs.20230/ha (with BCR of 2.27).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM. 4  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in ragi (83.3 to 59.5 %), green gram (58.7 to 42.2 %), maize (60.8 to 70.4 %), horse gram (13.2 %), sorghum (28.4 %) and sesamum (11.4 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Karahalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 434 ha in Chikkanayakanahalli taluk of Tumkur district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 700 mm, of which about 378 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 179 mm during north-east and the remaining 143 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 97 per cent is covered by soils and 3 per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 12 soil series and 24 soil phases (management units), and six land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 2nd week of July to 3rd week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 34 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area of about 95 per cent in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture and two per cent not suitable for agriculture.  About 45 per cent of the soils are deep (100-150 cm) to very deep (>150 cm), 43 per cent moderately deep (75-100cm) and 7 per cent shallow to moderately shallow (25- 75%) soils.  About 5 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface and 89 per cent loamy soils.  About 3 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 22 per cent gravelly (15-35%) and 70 per cent very gravelly to extremely gravelly (35-80%) soils.  About 61 per cent has soils that are very low (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 70 per cent of the area has nearly level (0-1%) to very gently sloping (1-3% slope) and 25 per cent gently sloping (3-5%) lands.  An area of about 28 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 67 per cent moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 79 per cent has soils that are slightly acid (pH 5.0-6.5) to moderately acid and 16 per cent neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 18 per cent of the soils are low (0.6 ppm) in about 7 per cent area and deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 87 per cent area.  The land suitability for 34 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 211 (48) Guava - 167 (38) Fodder Sorghum - 211 (48) Pomegranate - 220 (50) Maize - 114 (26) Banana - 220 (50) Upland paddy - 307 (71) Jackfruit - 139 (32) Finger millet - 255 (59) Jamun - 151 (35) Redgram - 228 (52) Musambi - 228 (52) Horse gram - 368 (85) Lime - 228 (52) Field bean - 228 (52) Cashew - 167 (38) Cowpea - 228 (52) Custard apple 31 (7) 337 (77) Groundnut - 271 (62) Amla - 368 (84) Sunflower - 211 (48) Tamarind - 151 (35) Onion - 193 (44) Marigold - 235 (54) Chilli - 228 (52) Chrysanthemum - 235 (54) Brinjal - 228 (52) Jasmine - 235 (54) Tomato - 228 (52) Coconut - 131 (30) Mango - 81 (19) Arecanut - 131 (30) Sapota - 131 (30) Mulberry 39 (9) (2282) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder, fuel and generate lot of biomass. This helps in maintaining ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Karahalli micro-watershed (Anekatte sub-watershed, Chikkanayakanahalli taluk and Tumkur district) is located in between 13023' – 13025' North latitudes and 76033' – 76035' East longitudes, covering an area of about 434.02 ha, bounded by Navule, Anekatte Varedahalli, Siddaramanagara and Marasandra villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days.We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Karahalli Microwatershed (Anekatte subwatershed, Chikkanayakanahalli taluk and Tumkur district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 52.6 to 47.3 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 52.6 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 89.5 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 90.0 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among all the sample households.  About 70.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (50%) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 60.0 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities of all the sample households.  Institutional participation is only 2.6 per cent.  Women participation in local organisation is around 30 % of the sample households. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.5 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land account for 34.4 % and irrigated land is 65.6 % of total cultivated land of the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 81.6 per cent and agriculture labour is predominant subsidiary occupation for 13.2 per cent of the sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs 13478 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs 6110 per household, about 80 per cent of sample farmers are owing plough.  The average value of livestock is around Rs 20476 per household; about 27.7 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 726.1 grams (1576.6 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 70 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 35342 per household. About 80.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs 1069. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 800 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 328649 per year for the total area of 434.02 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 30921/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in coconut (Rs. 80945) followed by beans (Rs. 55109), green gram (Rs. 7575), sorghum (Rs. 7046) and ragi (Rs. 3929).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 3597/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in sorghum (Rs. 5191) followed by ragi (Rs. 4975) and greengram (Rs. 625).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in coconut (Rs. 390405) followed by beans (Rs. 224539), sorghum (Rs. 38850), green gram (Rs. 32747) and ragi (Rs. 13592). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is green gram (33.6 %) followed by ragi (25.0 %) sorghum (22.6 %), horse gram (14.0 %) and coconut (4.8 %).  In Karahalli Microwatershed, major soils are Hooradhahalli (HDH) series are having moderately deep soil depth cover around 14.1 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing greengram (40.3 %), ragi (40.3 %) and sorghum (19.4 %). Huliyapura (HLP) is also having moderately deep soil depth cover around 6.1 % of area; the crops are coconut (23.6 %) and sorghum (76.4 %). Bidanagere (BDG) soil series having moderately deep soil depth cover around 22.2 % of areas, crops are beans (50 %) and greengram (50 %). Nagalapur (NGP) soil series are having deep soil depth cover around 7.7 % of area; the major crops grown are greengram (55.4 %) and ragi (44.6 %). Chikka Tanda (CKT) soil series are having very deep soil depth covers around 3.8 % of area, the major crop grown is ragi (50 %) and sorghum (50 %). Thondigere (TDG) soil series having very deep soil depth cover 14.4 %; crops are greengram (70.2 %) and ragi (29.8 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for greengram ranges between Rs.19147/ha in NGP soil (with BCR of 1.15) and Rs. 15135/ha in HDH soil (with BCR of 1.76).  In ragi the cost of cultivation range between Rs.36323/ha in TDG soil (with BCR of 1.23) and Rs 12152/ha in HDH soil (with BCR of 1.55).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation a range between Rs.26682/ha in CKT soil (with BCR of 1.32) and Rs. 17739/ha in HLP soil (with BCR of 2.19).  In beans the cost of cultivation in BDG soil is Rs.14051/ha (with BCR of 4.92) and coconut the cost of cultivation in HLP soil is Rs 93408/ha (with BCR of 1.87).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices. 4  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in greengram (42.4 to 53.4 %), ragi (54.7 to 76.6 %), sorghum (46.4 to 70.7 %) and coconut (20.3 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Bisarahalli-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 571 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 105 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 97 per cent is covered by soils, three per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 14 soil series and 21soil phases (management units) and 9 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 200mm/m) available water capacity.  About 84 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands and 12 per cent area has nearly level (0-1%) lands.  An area of about 85 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 12 per cent moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 41 per cent has soils that are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4), 26 per cent strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0) and 8 per cent has very strongly alkaline (pH>9.0). A very small area of about 2 per cent is neutral (2%) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  An area of about 50 per cent low (57 kg/ha) available phosphorus.  About 54 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha), low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10-20 ppm) in about 71 per cent area and about 26 per cent area is high (>10 ppm).  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 79 per cent area and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 18 per cent area.  Available iron is deficient in about 47 per cent area and sufficient in 50 per cent area.  Available zinc is deficient in about 76 per cent area and sufficient in 21 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 27 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 20 (3) 287 (50) Jackfruit 44 (8) 56 (10) Maize 17(3) 163(28) Jamun - 174(30) Cotton 3(<1) 373(65) Musambi 47 (8) 179(31) Redgram 17(3) 225(39) Lime 47 (8) 179(31) Bengal gram 3(<1) 381 (67) Cashew 44 (8) 85(15) Bajra 92 (16) 96(17) Custard apple 166(29) 248 (43) Groundnut 11 (2) 229(40) Amla 92 (16) 321(56) Chilli 54 (9) 127 (22) Tamarind - 126(22) Drumstick 44 (8) 251(34) Marigold 17(3) 290(51) Mulbery 92 (16) 239 (42) Chrysanthemum 17(3) 290(51) Pomegranate 44 (8) 182(32) Jasmine 17(3) 164(28) Tomato 54 (9) 127(22) Crossandra 17(3) 285(50) Guava 44 (8) 56(10) Mango - 52(9) Sapota 44 (8) 56(10) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 9 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: The Bisarahalli-1 micro-watershed (Koppal taluk, and district) is located in between 15015' – 15016' North latitudes and 7603' – 7605' East longitudes, covering an area of about 571.40 ha, bounded by Bisarahalli and Bikanahalli villages. Agro Ecological Region (AER) – 3: (Deccan plateau, hot arid ecosubregion) Karnataka Plateau (Rayalseema as inclusion), hot arid ESR with deep loamy and clayey mixed Red and Black soils, low to medium AWC and LGP 60-90 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified for each watershed. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Bisarahalli-1 Microwatershed in Koppal taluk and district are presented here Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 52.8 to 47.2 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 52 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 61 per cent.  Social groups belong to SC/ST is around 32.3 per cent.  Wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 94.8 per cent.  About 75 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (75 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employments.  Dependence on ration cards through public distribution system is around 92.7 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 87.5 per cent.  Institutional participation is only 3.9 per cent.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 4.7 per cent.  Women participation is decisions making are around 35.3 per cent of households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.8 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land account for 70.4 % and irrigated land 9.8 % of total cultivated land among the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 16.1 per cent and Agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is predominant subsidiary occupation for 61.7 per cent.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs 43462 per household. Mobile and television are mass popular mass communication media.  The average farm assets a value is around Rs 147511 per household, about 9.4 per cent of sample farmers are owing plough.  The average livestock value is around Rs 19645 per livestock; about 43.7 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 754.4 grams (1799.1 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 17.7 per cent of sample farmers are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs 30895 per household. About 15.5 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly expenditure is around Rs 485 per household. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs 9574.8 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs 66276 per year for the total area of 571.4 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food production is around Rs.10363/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in chillies (Rs.60584) followed by onion (Rs.16554), green gram (Rs.13308), red gram (Rs.9023), cotton (Rs.6411), groundnut (Rs.5170), sunflower (Rs.5069), black gram (Rs.4409), sorghum (Rs.2120), bengal gram (Rs.1445), bajra (Rs.696) and maize is negative returns.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs 3978/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs 5641) followed by bajra (Rs 5468), groundnut (Rs 3188) and sorghum (Rs 1616).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in green gram (Rs 85289) followed by cotton (Rs.61368), bajra (Rs.56254), black gram (Rs.51173), bengal gram (Rs.51173), red gram (Rs.44643), sunflower (Rs.31952), sorghum (Rs.31723), groundnut (Rs.27684), maize (Rs.20862), onion (Rs.11197), ragi (Rs.10564) and chillies (Rs.8126). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is maize (32.2 %) followed by red gram (17 %), groundnut (16.4 %), bajra (13.8 %), sunflower (8.8 %), cotton (4.8 %), sorghum (3 %), onion (1.1 %), bengal gram (0.6 %), black gram (0.6 %), chillies (0.6 %), green gram (0.6 %) and ragi (0.6 %).  The distribution of major soil series are Muttal (MTL) and Chikkasavanur (CSR) soil series having shallow soil depth covering an area around 21.36 per cent and 2.94 per cent of area respectively. The moderately shallow soil depth of soil series were Hatti (HTI) of share of area 10.56 %, Kethanapura (KTP) is 0.64 % and Mukhadahalli (MKH) is 4.28 %. The soil series having moderately deep soil depth are Dambarahalli (DRL) of 9.3 %, Bisarahalli (BSR) of 6.4 %, Bidanagere (BDG) of 5.14 % and Gollarahatti (GHT) of 1.98 %. Gatareddihal (GRH) of 12.82 %, Balapur (BPR) of 12.07 %, Kumchahalli (KMH) of 7.78 %, this soil series having deep soil depth and Niduvalalu (NDL) soil series very deep soil depth which area is 1.36 per cent.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for bajra is Rs.22148/ha (with BCR of 1.27).  In bengal gram the cost of cultivation is Rs 21526/ha (with BCR of 1.07).  In black gram the cost of cultivation is Rs 21526/ha and benefit cost ratio is 1.20.  The cost of cultivation of chillies is Rs.53036/ha (with BCR of 1.30).  In cotton the cost of cultivation is Rs 34715/ha (with BCR of 1.17).  In green gram the cost of cultivation is Rs.43502/ha (With BCR of 1.30).  In groundnut the cost of cultivation is Rs. 31317/ha (with BCR of 1.31).  The total cost of cultivation for maize is Rs. 28054/ha (with BCR of 1.30).  In onion the cost of cultivation is Rs.24942/ha (with BCR of 1.25).  In ragi the cost of cultivation is Rs.14965/ha (with BCR of 1.44).  In red gram the cost of cultivation is Rs 20950/ha (with BCR of 1.58).  In sorghum cost of cultivation is Rs. 15920/ha (with BCR of 1.21) and sunflower cultivation is Rs 25139/ha (with BCR of 1.19).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of Farm Yard Manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. Fertilizer applications are deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. 4  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in chillies (92.4 %), onion (81.5 %), maize (71.2 %), red gram (44.4 %), ragi (43.5 %), sorghum (37.8 %), black gram (34.8 %), bengal gram (16.7 %), cotton (14.2 %), sun flower (13.1 %) and bajra (10.7 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Gopalapur Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 571 ha in Gopalapur microwatershed in Gundlupet taluk of Chamarajanagar district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 734 mm. Maximum of 254 mm precipitation takes place during south–west monsoon period from June to September, the north-east monsoon contributes about 268 mm and prevails from October to early December and the remaining 212 mm takes place during the rest of the year. An area of about 74 per cent is covered by soils and 26 per cent by waterbodies, settlements, forest and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 22 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 3rd week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval by using kriging method.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 74 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 18 per cent is not suitable for agriculture but well suited for forestry, pasture, agroforestry, silvi-pasture, recreation, installation of wind mills and as habitat for wildlife.  About 41 per cent of the soils are very deep (>150 cm) to deep (100 - 150 cm), 9 per cent moderately deep (75 - 100 cm), 30 per cent are moderately shallow to shallow (25-75 cm).  About 54 per cent of the area has clayey soils and 25 per cent loamy soils at the surface.  About 45 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity and about 53 per cent low (50-100 mm/m) and very low (0.75%) in organic carbon.  An area of 28 per cent has soils that are low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus  About 39 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 40 per cent high (>337kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in available sulphur.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  About 72 per cent area has soils that are deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 27 major crops (agricultural and horticultural) grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Gopalapur microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 246 (43) 83 (15) Guava 211 (37) 71 (12) Maize 272 (48) 57 (10) Mango 149 (26) 82 (23) Red gram 272(48) 57 (10) Sapota 211 (37) 71 (12) Groundnut 123 (22) 206(36) Jackfruit 211 (37) 71 (12) Sunflower 123 (22) 149 (26) Jamun 149 (26) 82 (14) Cotton 123 (22) 180 (31) Musambi 211 (37) 71 (12) Onion 149 (26) 180 (31) Lime 221 (39) 61 (11) Beans 149 (26) 180 (31) Cashew 211 (37) 71 (12) Potato 149 (26) 180 (31) Custard apple 272 (48) 114 (20) Beetroot 149 (26) 180 (31) Amla 262(46) 67(12) Turmeric 149 (26) 180 (31) Tamarind 149 (26) 82(14) Horse gram 272 (48) 57 (10) Marigold 272 (48) 57(10) Field bean 149 (26) 180 (31) Chrysanthemum 149 (46) 180 (31) Banana 149 (26) 133 (26) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Gopalapur micro-watershed (Gopalapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) is located in between 11043' – 11045' North latitudes and 76034' – 76036' East longitudes, covering an area of about 584 ha, bounded by Kannagal, Lakkipur and Kallipura villages With length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Gopalapur micro-watershed (Gopalapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) are presented here. Social Indicators  Male and female ratio is 56.7 to 43.3 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 59.4 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 81.0 per cent.  Social groups belong to schedule caste (SC) is around 30.0 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) gas is the source of a cooking among sample households.  About 40.0 per cent of households have a Yashaswini health card.  Only 10 per cent of the sample farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 40 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 90 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 13.4 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 10.0 per cent of farm households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 55 per cent of households. 2 Economic Indicators  The average land holding is 0.98 ha that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land account for 81.9 % and irrigated land 18.1 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation and agriculture is the main agriculture labour is the subsidiary occupation of 45.9 per cent and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 35.2 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.17498 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average farm assets value is around Rs.44759 per household, about 100 per cent of sample farmers owen plough and sprayer (20 %).  The average livestock value is around Rs.18687 per household; about 66.7 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 536.44 grams (1357.4 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Among all sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 91083 per household. About 60 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs. 834. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.1080 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 487243 per year for the total area of 570.84 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 83589/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in turmeric (Rs. 343218) followed by horse gram (Rs. 22618), tomato (Rs. 194638), maize (Rs. 8734), sunflower (Rs. 7053), sorghum (Rs. 4952) and ragi (Rs. 3913).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 1381/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production service is maximum in sorghum (Rs. 2806) horse gram (Rs. 1853) and maize (Rs. 617) and ragi (Rs. 247).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in tomato (Rs. 100314) followed by turmeric (Rs. 81856), sorghum (Rs. 43655), sunflower (Rs. 34682), maize (Rs. 30183), horse gram (Rs. 22808) and ragi (Rs. 12073). 3 Economic Land Evaluation  The major cropping pattern is sorghum (34.6 %) sunflower (27.9 %), followed by sunflower (27.9 %), turmeric (11.8 %), horse gram (7.8 %), ragi (7.8 %) and maize (4.7 %).  In Gopalapur micro-watershed, major soil series are soil of alluvial landscape of Hundipur (HDR) series is having shallow soil depth cover around 33.2 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing maize. Devarahalli (DRH) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 8 % of area, crops are sorghum (27 %) and turmeric (73 %). Kallipura (KLP) soil series are having deep soil cover around 13 % of area, respectively. The major crops grown are sorghum (43 %), sunflower (46 %) and tomato (12 %). Annurkeri (ARK), Honnegaudanahalli (HGH) and Kalligaudanahalli (KDH) series is having very deep soil depth cover around 13%, 4% and 9 % of area, respectively. On this soil farmers are presently growing horse gram, ragi, sorghum and sunflower.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for maize ranges between Rs. 33256/ha in HDR soil (with BCR of 1.28).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs.49825/ha in KDH soil (with BCR of 1.15) and Rs.28702/ha in KLP soil (with BCR of 2.13).  In tomato the cost of cultivation Rs 86618/ha in KLP soil (with of 3.25).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 49825/ha in KDH soil (with of 1.15) and Rs.28702/ha in KLP soil (with BCR of 2.13).  In sunflower the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs.59730/ha in KDH soil (with BCR of 1.14) and Rs.35323/ha in HGH soil (with BCR of 1.64).  In horse gram the cost of cultivation is Rs.11364/ha in ARK soil (with BCR of 3.15) and ragi the cost of cultivation is Rs. 32970/ha in ARK soil (with BCR of 1.19).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications are deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments. 4  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in maize (70.2 %), sorghum (54.9 to 44.3%), ragi (67.6), tomato (8.5%), sunflower (47.2 to 32.3%) and horse gram (24.1%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Channamallipura Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 622 ha in Gundlupet taluk of Chamarajanagara district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 734 mm, of which about 254 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 268 mm during north-east and the remaining 212 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 539 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 84 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 27 soil phases (management units) and 7 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from 3rdweek of June to 3rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 27 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 80 percent of area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture and 3 per cent not suitable for agriculture, but, well suited for other alternate use.  About 52 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 32 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 33 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 51 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 54 per cent area is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 9 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 30 per cent area very low (0.75).  About 38 per cent of the area is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 56 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 27 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 2 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in an area of about 37per cent, medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 44 per cent and high (>1.0 ppm) in 4 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 83 per cent area and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 43 per cent of the soils in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 27 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 215(35) 120(19) Guava 122(20) 39(6) Maize 131 (21) 44(7) Mango 25(4) 98(16) Redgram 131(21) 193(31) Sapota 122(20) 39(6) Horsegram 131(21) 237(38) Jackfruit 122(20) - Sunflower 47(7) 244(39) Jamun 282(45) - Cotton 206(33) 53(9) Musambi 282(45) 34(6) Beans 122(20) 212(34) Lime 282(45) 34(6) Field beans 122(20) 212(34) Cashew 239(38) 30(5) Onion 122(20) 212(34) Custard apple 282(45) 87(14) Beetroot 122(20) 53(9) Amla 282(45) 87(14) Groundnut 9(1) 196(32) Tamarind 282(45) 30(5) Banana 122(20) 168(27) Marigold 131(21) 233(38) Potato 122(20) 53(9) Chrysanthemum 122(20) 212(34) Turmeric 122(20) 53(9) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Channamallipur Microwatershed (Gopalapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) is located in between 11045' – 11047' North latitudes and 76032' – 76035' East longitudes, covering an area of about 622 ha, bounded by Masahalli, Hongahalli, Maddur, Kannigala and Lakkipur villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and eco system services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Channamallipur micro-watershed (Gopalapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk and Chamarajanagar district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 54.9 to 45.1 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 56.8 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 64.7 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 40 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among 90 per cent.  About 90 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 70 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 70 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 9.8 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 50 per cent of households. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.30 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land of 39.3 per cent and 2 irrigated land 60.7 per cent of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 52.9 per cent and agriculture is the main agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 45.1 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.10246 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.71959 per household, about 70 per cent of sample farmers having plough.  The average value of livestock is around Rs.21993 per household; among all sample households are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 642.9 grams (1478.5 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 90 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.54887 per household. About 60 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1024. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.573 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 298568 per year for the total area of 622.25 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 25359/ha/year. Per hectare food production services is maximum in turmeric (Rs.45068) followed by onion (Rs. 41159), beans (Rs. 40766), maize (Rs. 37913), bengal gram (Rs. 22624), ginger (Rs. 14589), groundnut (Rs. 1967) and marigold is negative return.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 376/ ha/year in groundnut.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in beans (Rs. 319783) followed by maize (Rs. 219516), bengal gram (Rs.62255), ginger (Rs. 53384), turmeric (Rs. 41108), groundnut (Rs. 19596) and onion (Rs. 16796). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is turmeric (31.1 %) followed by marigold (15.5 %), horse gram (15.4 %), groundnut (14.8 %), onion (7.9 %), sunflower (5.7 %), bengal gram (3.6 %), ginger (3.0 %) and beans (2.6 %).  In Channamallipur Microwatershed, major soil is Annurkeri (ARK) series is having very deep soil depth cover around 3.9 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing beans (50 %) and marigold (50 %), soil of very dark greyish brown to dark grey and very dark brown clayey soils of Beemanabeedu (BMB) are also having very deep soil depth cover 25.6 % of area, the crops are turmeric (56.8 %), onion (15.1%), beans (10.1 %), marigold (10.1 %), ginger (5.8 %) and maize (2.1 %). Hullipura (HPR) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 7.1 % of areas, crops are groundnut (67.6 %), beans (16.2 %) and marigold (16.2 %). Shivapura (SPR) soil series having shallow soil depth cover around 11.6 % of area, crops are bengal gram (25.2 %), marigold (25.2 %), turmeric (24.8 %) and beans (24.8 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for beans ranges between Rs.26324/ha in HPR soil (with BCR of 1.92) and Rs.16994/ha in BMB soil (with BCR of 3.45).  In marigold the cost of cultivation range between Rs 76119/ha in HPR soil (with of 1.1) and Rs.35758/ha in BMB soil (with BCR of 1.64).  In turmeric the cost of cultivation range between Rs.145477 /ha in SPR soil (with BCR of 1.51) and Rs. 99630/ha in BMB soil (with BCR of 1.46).  In groundnut the cost of cultivation in SPR soil is Rs.29730/ha (with BCR of 1.08).  In ginger the cost of cultivation in BMB soil is Rs.85285/ha (with BCR of 1.17).  In maize the cost of cultivation in BMB soil is Rs.82575/ha (with BCR of 1.17) and onion cultivation in BMB soil is Rs 51466/ha (with BCR of 1.8).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications on deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthen institutional participation. 4  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthen agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in marigold (24.1 to 29.7 %), onion (74.7 %), bengal gram (38.4 %), ginger (34 %) and maize (27.4 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Devihal-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 473 ha in Shirahatti taluk of Gadag district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought- prone with an average annual rainfall of 633 mm, of which about 363 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 165 mm during north-east and the remaining 105 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 91 per cent is covered by soils and nine per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 16 soil series and 37 soil phases (mapping units) and 10 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 1st week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 89 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 11% is not suitable for agriculture.  About 61 per cent of the soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm) to shallow (25-50 cm) and about 29 per cent are moderately deep to very deep (75->150 cm) soils.  About 62 per cent of the area has loamy soils at the surface, 16 per cent of the soils are sandy at the surface and 10 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface.  About 14 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 65 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel), 10 per cent very gravelly (35- 60% gravel) and one per cent extremely gravelly (60-80%) soils.  About 18 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m), 72 per cent low (51-100 mm/m) to very low (0.75%) and 18 per cent low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10-20 ppm) in about 45 per cent, about 41 per cent area is low (20 ppm) in available sulphur.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 47 per cent area, medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 42 per cent area and high (>1.0 ppm) in 1 per cent area.  Available iron is deficient in about 26 per cent area and sufficient in 64 per cent area.  Available manganese is sufficient in the entire microwatershed area.  Available zinc and copper are sufficient in entire microwatershed area.  The land suitability for 23 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 79 (17) 139 (30) Sapota 34 (7) 79 (17) Maize 79 (17) 139(30) Jackfruit 27 (6) 20(4) Cotton 40 (8) 179(38) Jamun 27 (6) 20 (4) Sunflower 40 (8) 158(33) Musambi 27 (6) 20 (4) Onion 97 (21) 121(25) Lime 27(6) 20 (4) Groundnut 53 (11) 180(59) Cashew 27 (6) 64 (13) Chilli 59 (12) 160(34) Custard apple 40 (8) 293(62) Sugarcane 40 (8) 95(20) Amla 40 (8) 293 (62) Pomegranate 40 (8) 74 (16) Tamarind 27 (6) 20(4) Tomato 104 (22) 114(24) Marigold 104 (22) 137 (28) Guava 33 (7) 81 (17) Chrysanthemum 104(22) 137 (28) Mango 27 (6) 20 (4) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 10 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the income, provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass, of which would help in maintaining ecological balance and help in mitigating climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Devihal-1 micro-watershed (Nilogal sub-watershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) is located in between 1506' – 1508' North latitudes and 75036' – 75038' East longitudes, covering an area of about 473 ha, bounded by Chabbi, Majjur, Rantur, Devihal and Belhatti villages with length of growing period (LGP) 150-180 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Devihal-1 Microwatershed (Nilogal subwatershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 49.0 to 51.0 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 59 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 82 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 80 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 80.0 per cent.  About 40 per cent of households have a Yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (80 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employments.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 90 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 70 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 4 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 90 per cent of households. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.07 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land of 67 % and irrigated land 32 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 20 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 70.0 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.18485 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 165730 per household, about 70 per cent of sample farmers own plough and sprayer (30 %).  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 33876 per household; about 86 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 895.7 grams (1920 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 30 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.56756 per cent household. About 90 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1338. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.1033 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 441031 per year for the total area of 471.44 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 52205/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in onion (Rs. 205703) followed by maize (Rs. 3228), horse gram (Rs. 2516) and sorghum is negative returns.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 2288 ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 2470) followed by horse gram (Rs. 2253) and sorghum (Rs. 2141).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in bengal gram (Rs. 62545) followed by green gram (Rs. 33122), sunflower (Rs. 27713), maize (Rs. 23651), groundnut (Rs. 22905) and sorghum (Rs. 18626). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is sorghum maize (71 %) followed by onion (12%), horse gram (9.0 %) and sorghum (8.0%)  In Devihal 1 micro-watershed, major soil are soil of alluvial landscape of Vaddarahalli (VDH) series is having deep soil depth cover around 1.5 % of 3 area; on this soil farmers are presently growing maize followed by Hooradhahalli (HDH) series is having moderately deep soil depth cover around 4.8 % of area, presently crop growing horse gram (18.8 %), maize (53.7 %) and sorghum (27.6 %), Kanchikere (KKR) series are having moderately deep soil depth cover around 9.6 % of area; crop is horse gram. Thammadahalli (TDH) series is having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 12.2 % of area; on this soil farmers are presently growing onion. Kumchahalli (KMH) series is having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 1.14 per cent area crops is maize, Honnenahalli (HNH) series is having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 5.4 % of area the crops is maize and Harve (HRV) series is having shallow soil depth cover around 3.6 % of area of presently growing crops is maize.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for maize ranges between Rs. 49607/ha in VDH soil (with BCR of 1.03) and Rs. 20866/ha in HRV soil (with BCR of 1.41).  In onion the cost of cultivation Rs. 49814/ha in TDH soil (with BCR of 5.13).  In horse gram the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 26315/ha in KKR soil (with BCR of 1.08) and Rs. 13344/ha in HDH soil (with BCR of 1.56).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation is Rs.14976/ha in HDH soil (with BCR of 0.97).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications on deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in onion (30.2 %), maize (77.4 to 58.3%), horse gram (44.7 to 12.7 %), and sorghum (70.7 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kanikal-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 622 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 592 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 30 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 12 soil series and 18 soil phases (management units) and 7 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 39 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 23 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 32 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils, 55 per cent clayey soils and 9 per cent are sandy at the surface.  About 94 per cent area of the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  Entire area of about 95 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded.  An area of about 39 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction, 46 per cent soils are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) and 10 per cent soils are moderately alkaline (7.8 - 8.4).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75) in organic carbon.  About 29 per cent area is low in available phosphorus and 66 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha).  About 1 per cent is low (337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm) in 27 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is deficient (4.5 ppm) in an area of 72 per cent.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 26 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable(S1) Moderately suitable(S2) Highly suitable(S1) Moderately suitable(S2) Sorghum 31(5) 290(47) Sapota - 90(15) Maize 31(5) 104(17) Pomegranate - 246(40) Bajra 31(5) 319(51) Musambi - 246(40) Groundnut - 168(27) Lime - 246(40) Sunflower - 217(35) Amla 31(5) 290(47) Redgram - 246(40) Cashew - 31(5) Bengal gram 144(23) 147(24) Jackfruit - 61(10) Cotton 144(23) 148(24) Jamun - 185(30) Chilli - 284(46) Custard apple 31(5) 290(47) Tomato 31(5) 163(26) Tamarind - 185(30) Drumstick - 246(40) Mulberry - 61(10) Mango - 31(5) Marigold - 350(56) Guava - 90(15) Chrysanthemum - 350(56)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: The Kanikal-1 micro-watershed (Yadgir taluk and district) is located in between 16035' – 16037' North latitudes and 770 17'– 76019' East longitudes, covering an area of about 621.91 ha, bounded by Kanikal, Gudalagunta and Neelahalli villages. Agro Ecological Sub Region (AESR) 6.2: Central and Western Maharashtra Plateau and North Karnataka Plateau and North Western Telangana Plateau, hot moist semi-arid ESR with shallow and medium loamy to clayey black soil (medium and deep clayey black soil as inclusion), medium to high AWC and LGP 120-150 days We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified for each watershed. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Kanikal-1 micro-watershed in Yadgir taluk and district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 56.5 to 43.5 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 56.5 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 48.5 per cent.  Social groups belong to SC/ST is around 12.5 per cent.  Wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 93.7 per cent.  About 46.88 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (21.8 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employments.  Dependence on ration cards through public distribution system is around 96.8 per cent  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 15.6 per cent.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 3.0 per cent.  Women participation is decisions making are around 38.7 per cent were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 3.8 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to medium and semi medium farmers. The dry land account for 76.3 % and irrigate land is 34.4 % of total cultivated land among the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 0.8 per cent and Agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is predominant subsidiary occupation for 93.5 per cent.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 28593 per household. Mobile and television are mass popular mass communication media.  The average farm assets a value is around Rs.110824 per household, about 74.2 per cent of sample farmers are owing plough.  The average livestock value is around Rs.18667 per livestock; about 68 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 860 grams (1891.2 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 9.3 per cent of sample farmers are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.41815 per household. About 17.6 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly expenditure is around Rs.2272 per household. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.1587.7 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs 939961 per year for the total area of 621.9 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around 14124/ ha/year. Per hectare food production services is maximum in chillies (Rs.29465), ground nut (Rs.7631), sorghum (Rs.7408), redgram (Rs.7015) wheat (Rs.4678), cotton (Rs.7490) and maize (Rs.2186).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs 3359/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs.6112) followed by sorghum (Rs.2964), wheat (Rs.2964), paddy (Rs.2669), groundnut (Rs.1743) and redgram (Rs.112).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in wheat (Rs.82646), sorghum (Rs.56464), red gram (Rs.51478), cotton (rs.47228), groundnut (Rs.32067) and maize (Rs.30686). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is red gram (51.9 %) followed by groundnut (11.8 %), cotton (11.5 %), maize (7.24 %), paddy (5.9 %), onion (4.5 %), green gram (2.7 %), sorghum (1.8 %), chillies (0.5 %) and wheat (2.6 %). 3  In kanikal-1 micro-watershed, major soil is soil of alluvial landscape of Badiyala (BDL) series is having shallow soil deep cover around 20.41 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing cotton (5.9 %), groundnut (14.7 %), maize (17.6 %) paddy (14.7%) and red gram (47.1 %). Soil of moderately shallow depth of Sambara (SBR) are also having cover around 14.86 % of area, the crops are cotton (22.2 %), red gram (55.6 %), groundnut (11.1%) chillies and wheat was 5.6 % each. Yalleri (YLR) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 12.46 % of areas, crops are red gram (100 %). Nagalapur (NGP) soil series are having deep soil depth cover around (10.7 %) of area, they major crops grown are cotton (42.9%), groundnut (42.9%) and rice (14.3%). Poglapur (PGP) soil series are having moderately deep soil depth cover around (5.04 %) of area, they major crops grown are cotton (42.9%), groundnut (42.9%) and rice (14.3%). Mundargi (MDG) and are soil depth cover around 4.9 % cent of area. Yadgir (YDR) soil series are having deep soil depth covers around 4.6 % of area, the major crop grown is cotton (10.8%), paddy (18.9%) and red gram (60.2 %). Baddeppalli (BDP) and Jinkera (JNK) soil series having very shallow and moderately shallow soil depth cover 3.5 % and 4.3 % of areas respectively; crops are cotton, groundnut, maize and red gram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for cotton ranges between Rs.54510/ha in SBR soil (with BCR of 1.18) and Rs.26627/ha in YDR soil (with BCR of 1.04).  In groundnut the cost of cultivation range between Rs 63430/ha in MDG soil (with of 1.07) and Rs.25460/ha in BDP soil (With BCR of 1.52).  In maize the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 46555/ha in JNK soil (with BCR of 1.1) and Rs.20504/ha in BDP and BDL soil (with BCR of 1.28).  In paddy cost of cultivation range between is Rs.88537/ha in PGP soil (with BCR of 1.27) and Rs 37212in BDL soil (with BCR of 1.38).  In red gram the cost of cultivation range between is Rs 46298/ha in BMN soil (with BCR of 1.25) and Rs.17950/ha in MDG soil (with BCR of 1.18).  In wheat the cost of cultivation in SBR soil is Rs.54602/ha (with BCR of 1.14).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation in BMN soil is Rs.23158/ha (with BCR of 1.45) and chillies the cost of cultivation in SBR soil is Rs.66865/ha (with BCR of 1.44).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of Farm Yard Manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. Fertilizer applications are deeper soil to maximize returns. 4 Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in cotton (24.3 to 66.3%), red gram (10.6 to 67.2 %), paddy (0 to 65.8 %), maize (45.7 to 71.0 %), sorghum (0 %), chillies (86.8 %) and groundnut (0 to 7.4 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kanekal-5 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 641 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 579 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 62 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 15 soil series and 24 soil phases (management units) and 9 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 52 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 39 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 11 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 38 per cent of loamy soils and 42 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 75 per cent area is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 21 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m), 13 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 32 per cent area very low (9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75).  About 41 per cent area is low in available phosphorus, 25 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 24 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha).  About 6 per cent is low (145 kg/ha) is low in available potassium, 84 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 1 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm) in 6 per cent.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 76 per cent area and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in 15 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 26 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 322(50) Sapota 79(12) 94(15) Maize 69(11) 68(11) Pomegranate 79(12) 253(39) Bajra 79(12) 270(42) Musambi 79(12) 252(39) Groundnut 79(12) 111(17) Lime 79(12) 252(39) Sunflower 69(11) 210(33) Amla 79(12) 244(38) Redgram - 332(52) Cashew 79(12) 13(2) Bengal gram 3(1) 250(39) Jackfruit 79(12) 41(6) Cotton 3 (1) 251(40) Jamun 79(12) 240(37) Chilli 69(11) 277(43) Custard apple 79(12) 244(38) Tomato 69(11) 121(19) Tamarind 79(12) 240(37) Drumstick 79(12) 253(39) Mulberry 79(12) 41(6) Mango 79(12) 28(4) Marigold 69(11) 306(48) Guava 79(12) 94(15) Chrysanthemum 69(11) 306(48)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Kanikal-5 micro-watershed (Yadgir taluk and district) is located in between 16034' – 16036' North latitudes and 770 16' – 76019' East longitudes, covering an area of about 641.16 ha, bounded by Kanikal, Rampura and Balacheda with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Kanikal-5 micro-watershed in Yadgir taluk and district are presented here Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 61.7 to 38.3 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 group of population is around 60.2 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 47.4 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste/ scheduled tribes are around 37.5 per cent  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 95.8 per cent.  About 29.2 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Sample farm households (16.7 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 87.5 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 33.3 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 20.8 per cent of farm households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 79 per cent of households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.4 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The accounted for dry land of 58.7 per cent 2 and irrigated land of 39.2 per cent of the total cultivated land among the sample households.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 18 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 56.4 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 91964 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average farm assets a value is around Rs. 118243 per household, about 62.5 per cent of sample farmers are owing plough.  The average livestock value is around Rs. 28996 per households; about 86.8 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 989.1 grams (2336.4 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition recommendation at 827 gram. Around 41.7 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 34792 per household. About 67 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs. 2670. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs 1452.0 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 840733 per year for the total area of 641.2 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 6969/ ha/year. Per hectare food production services is maximum in paddy (Rs. 16565) followed by red gram (Rs. 7427), bajra (Rs. 7007), groundnut (Rs. 6579), cotton (Rs. 4130) and green gram (Rs. 104).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 2818/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in bajra (Rs. 3705) followed by paddy (Rs. 3276) and groundnut (Rs. 1472).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in bajra (Rs. 55278) followed by redgram (Rs. 45918), paddy (Rs. 45849), greengram (Rs. 39802), cotton (Rs. 39096) and groundnut (Rs. 32640). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is red gram (39.8 %) followed by cotton (22.9 %), groundnut (11.1 %), paddy (6.2 %), bengal gram (4.4 %), green gram (4.4 %), onion (4.4 %), maize (3.7 %) and bajra (3 %).  In Kanikal-5 micro watershed, major soils are soil of alluvial landscape of Badiyala (BDL) series are having shallow soil deep cover around 11.3% of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing bajra (13.3%) cotton (20.0%), groundnut (13.3%) and redgram (40.0 %). Soil of granite and granite gneiss landscape of Sambara (SBR) are also having moderately shallow soil deep cover around 20.3 % of area, the crops are cotton (12.0 %), groundnut (20.0 %), paddy (52.0 %) and redgram. Yalleri (YLR) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 1.46 % of areas, crops are paddy (11.1 %) and redgram (88.9%). Yadgir (YDR) soil series are having deep soil depth cover around 8.23 per cent of area. The major crops grown are bajra (8.7 %), cotton (39.1 %), groundnut (8.7 %), paddy (4.3 %) and redgram (100 %). Bomraldoddi (BMD) soil series are having very deep soil depth covers around 12.3 % of area, the major crop grown is cotton and greengram. Gandedagi (GDG) and Halagera (HLG) soil series having deep and moderately shallow soil depth cover 4.37 % and 1.39 % of areas respectively; crops are greengram, paddy and redgram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for cotton ranges between Rs 68002/ha in HGN soil (with BCR of 1.02) and Rs. 26627/ha in YDR soil (with BCR of 1.16).  In groundnut the cost of cultivation range between Rs 55336/ha in BDL soil (with BCR of 1.14) and Rs. 26958/ha in SBR soil (with BCR of 1.31).  In redgram the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 33582/ha in HGN soil (with BCR of 1.18) and Rs. 8160/ha in YLR soil (with BCR of 1.02).  In paddy the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs.118798/ha in GDG soil (with BCR of 1.22) and Rs.20681/ha in YLR soil (with BCR of 1.28).  In bajra the cost of cultivation in BDL soils Rs.44863/ha (with BCR of 1.24) and greengram cultivation in BMD soil is Rs 22949/ha (with BCR of 1.0).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. 4  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in paddy (46.3 to 78 %), redgram (26.6 to 86.4 %), cotton (5.5 to 66.3 %), groundnut (0 to16.7 %), bajra (6.2 %) and greengram (6.7 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hongahalli-4 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 624 ha in Gundlupet taluk of Chamarajanagara district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 734 mm, of which about 254 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 268 mm during north-east and the remaining 212 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 611 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 6 ha area under reserve forest and about 14 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 33 soil phases (management units) and 8 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from 3rdweek of June to 3rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 27 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 55 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 41 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 7 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 46 per cent of loamy soils and 44 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 17 per cent area is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 22 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 34 per cent area very low (0.75).  About 73 per cent of the area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus and 24 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha).  About 7 per cent is low (145 kg/ha) is low in available potassium, 72 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 18 per cent is high (>337 kcg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 90 per cent area and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 15 per cent of the soils in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 27 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 85(14) 287(46) Guava 97(16) 18(3) Maize 116 (19) 218(35) Mango 97(16) 27(4) Redgram 97(16) 320(51) Sapota 97(16) 27(4) Horsegram 97(16) 341(55) Jackfruit 86(14) 38(6) Sunflower 47(8) 209(33) Jamun 76(12) 131(21) Cotton 85(14) 218(35) Musambi 97(16) 158(25) Beans 97 (16) 227(36) Lime 97(16) 158(25) Field beans 97(16) 273(44) Cashew 97(16) 68(11) Onion 97(16) 295(47) Custard apple 97(16) 386(62) Beetroot 97(16) 258(41) Amla 97(16) 364(59) Groundnut - 401(64) Tamarind 97(16) 158(25) Banana 97(16) 248(40) Marigold 97(16) 341(55) Potato 97(16) 258(41) Chrysanthemum 97(16) 273(44) Turmeric 97(16) 258(41) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Hongahalli-4 micro-watershed (Hongahalli sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) is located in between 11047' – 11049' North latitudes and 76034' – 76037' East longitudes, covering an area of about 624 ha, bounded by Baragi, Mukahalli, Hongahalli, Bhimanabid and Kannagal villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and eco system services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Hongahalli-4 micro-watershed (Hongahalli sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 54.3 to 45.7 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 54.3 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 80 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) is around 10 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among 90 per cent.  About 60 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (10%) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 90 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 70 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 5.7 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 70 per cent of households. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.35 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land account for 83.7 per cent and irrigated land 16.3 per cent of total cultivated area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 71.5 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 25.7 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 11091 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average farm assets value is around Rs. 129881 per household, about 60.0 per cent of sample farmers having plough and sprayer (38.1%).  The average livestock value is around Rs. 17800 per household; about 61.5 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 644.2 grams (1600.3 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 80.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 39063 per household. About 70.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.911. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 900 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 505064 per year for the total area of 623.97 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 17634/ ha/year. per hectare food grain production services is maximum in onion (Rs. 120823) followed by beans (Rs. 18414), tomato (Rs. 18090), ragi (Rs. 16396), groundnut (Rs. 7604), beetroot (Rs. 4803), sunflower (Rs. 3973), cotton (Rs. 16407), horse gram (Rs. 457), maize and sorghum is negative return.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 10209/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 20150), followed by sorghum (Rs. 17290), ragi (Rs. 5200), horse gram (Rs. 4940) and groundnut (Rs. 3467).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum beans (Rs. 601445) followed by maize (Rs. 69501), cotton (Rs. 54585), sorghum (Rs. 43020), sunflower (Rs 3 33256), horse gram (Rs. 25342), groundnut (Rs. 24111), tomato (Rs 21143), onion (Rs. 20155) and ragi (Rs. 18534). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern are maize (23.5 %) followed by cotton (21.3 %), sorghum (7.0 %), horse gram (15.1 %) groundnut (6.6 %), sunflower (5.8 %), onion (5.8 %), ragi (6.6 %), tomato (5.8 %), beans (1.4 %) and beetroot (1.0 %).  In Honganahalli-4 micro-watershed, major soil are soil of alluvial landscape of Berambadi (BMD) soil are shallow soil depth well drained covered around 8.4 per cent of areas; crops are groundnut (23.3 %), horse gram (4.1 %), onion (20.4 %), ragi (23.3 %), sorghum (8.6 %) and tomato (20.4 %). Magoonahalli (MGH) soil is moderately shallow soil depth cover around 3.9 per cent of areas, crops is cotton (50%) and horse gram (50 %). Kannigala (KNG) soil is moderately deep soil depth cover around 10.9 per cent of areas; the major crops are beans (16.2 %), maize (16.2 %) and sunflower (67.6 %). Beemanabeedu (BMB) soil is very deep soil depth cover around 6.0 % of areas; the crops are horse gram (50 %) and sorghum (50 %). Honnegaudanahalli (HGH) soil series are very deep soil depth cover around 11 per cent of area; crops are cotton (86.6 %) and maize (13.4 %). Bargi (BRG) soil is very deep soil depth cover around 15.1 % of area crops is beetroot.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for groundnut cultivation in BDM soil Rs.44396/ha (with BCR of 1.25).  In maize the cost of cultivation range between in HGH soil Rs. 75392/ha (with BCR of 0.95) and Rs.11452/ha in KNG soil (with BCR of 1.01).  In horse gram the cost of cultivation range between is Rs. 43608/ha in BMD soil (with of 1.67) and Rs. 13237/ha in BMB soil (with BCR of 2.1.46).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation in between Rs. 40260/ha in BMB soil (with BCR of 1.10) and Rs. 38385/ha in BMD soil (with BCR of 1.15).  In cotton the cost of cultivation between Rs. 54700/ha in HGH soil (with BCR of 1.43) and Rs. 44599/ha in MGH soil (with BCR of 1.38).  In sunflower the cost of cultivation in KNG soil is Rs.35547/ha (with BCR of 1.11).  In ragi the cost of cultivation in BMD soil Rs. 22604/ha (with BCR of 1.80).  In tomato the cost of cultivation in BDM soil Rs. 70830/ha (with BCR of 1.26).  In onion the cost of cultivation in BMD soil is Rs. 108887/ha (with BCR of 2.11).  In beetroot the cost of cultivation in BRG soil is Rs.73414/ha (with BCR of 1.07).  In beans the cost of cultivation in KNG soil is Rs. 123611/ha (with BCR of 1.15) and sunflower cultivation in KNG soil is Rs. 40260/ha (with BCR of 1.11).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM. 4  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications are deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in groundnut (49.3%), horse gram(15.7 to 57.8%), onion (69.6 %) ragi (57.4 %) sorghum (41.3 to 58.1 %) tomato(80.7%), cotton (17.5 to 27.7 %), maize (25.6 to 37.6 % ), sunflower (39.3 %) and beetroot (90.6 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Maddur-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 396 ha in Gundlupet taluk of Chamarajanagar district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 734 mm, of which about 254 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 268 mm during the north-east and the remaining 212 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 33 per cent is covered by soils, 67 per cent by forest and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 13 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 3rd week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 33 per cent area is suitable for agriculture.  About 3 per cent of soils are shallow (25-50 cm), 19 per cent are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 9 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) to deep (100-150 cm) and 3 per cent are very deep (>150 cm).  About 12 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface, 19 per cent area has loamy soil and 2 per cent area sandy soils.  About 26 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils and 7 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel) soils.  About 4 per cent has soils that are very low (200 mm/m) available water capacity.  Entire area of about 33 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 12 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 22 per cent soils are moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 2 per cent has soils that are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), an area of about 10 per cent has soils that are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8) and 21 per cent has soils that are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 12 per cent of the soils are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (0.6 ppm) in 17 per cent.  The land suitability for 27 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable(S1) Moderately suitable(S2) Highly suitable(S1) Moderately suitable(S2) Sorghum 11 (3) 103 (26) Sapota 6 (1) 35 (9) Maize 6 (1) 103 (26) Guava 34 (9) 7 (2) Redgram 6 (1) 40 (10) Banana 6 (1) 33 (8) Horsegram 6 (1) 115 (29) Jackfruit 6 (1) 28 (7) Field bean 6 (1) 108 (27) Jamun 11 (3) 28 (7) Groundnut - 116 (29) Musambi 11 (3) 28 (7) Sunflower 6 (1) 5 (1) Lime 11 (3) 28 (7) Cotton 11 (3) 103 (26) Cashew 6 (1) 35 (9) Onion 6 (1) 108 (27) Custard apple 23 (10) 82 (21) Potato 6 (1) 103 (26) Amla 39 (10) 80 (21) Field Beans 6 (1) 108 (27) Tamarind 11 (3) 28 (7) Beetroot 6 (1) 103 (26) Marigold 6 (1) 115 (29) Turmeric 6 (1) 103 (26) Chrysanthemum 6 (1) 108 (27) Mango 6 (1) 28 (7) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Maddur-1 micro-watershed (Gopalapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) is located in between 11045' – 11047' North latitudes and 76031' – 76033' East longitudes, covering an area of about 396 ha, bounded by Channamallipur, Bachanahalli villages and Berambadi State Forest with a length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and eco system services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Maddur 1 micro-watershed in (Gopalapur sub-watershed) Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 58.5 to 41.5 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 60.9 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 72.9 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) is around 10 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the main source of energy for a cooking among the all sample households.  About 90 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 70 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 60.0 per cent.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 7.3 per cent.  Women participation in decisions making are around 23.3 per cent were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.0 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land account for 92.4 % and irrigate land is 7.6 % of total cultivated land among the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 70.7 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 7.3 per cent of the sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 53685 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 2260 per household, among all of sample farmers are owing plough.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 24285 per household; about 50.0 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 648.0 grams (1414.4 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Majority of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 76242 per household. Around 40 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs. 1254. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 1406 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 184249 per year for the total area of 396.37 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 32001/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in garlic (Rs. 107469), coconut (Rs. 76392), cotton (Rs. 21891), groundnut (Rs. 16116), horse gram (Rs. 12142) and maize (Rs. 11625), marigold (Rs. 6101) and sorghum (Rs. 4274).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 812/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 1270), followed by sorghum (Rs. 741), horse gram (Rs. 618) and groundnut (Rs. 618).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in coconut (Rs. 127878), cotton (Rs. 54734), sorghum (Rs. 41407), maize (Rs. 36004), groundnut (Rs. 27486), horse gram (Rs. 22808) and garlic (Rs. 18185). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is maize (20.8 %) followed by marigold (20.8 %), horse gram (15.7 %), coconut (13.9 %), sorghum (10.9 %), cotton (7.9 %), garlic (5.0 %) and groundnut (5.0 %). 3  In Maddur 1 micro-watershed, major soil of Annurkeri (ARK) series is having very deep soil depth covered around 1.4 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing cotton (16.7 %), horse gram (50 %) and sorghum (33.3 %). Soil of moderately shallow soil depth of Hullipura (HPR) are having moderately shallow soil depth covered around 18.9 % of area, the crops are groundnut (9.9 %), horse gram (5.0 %) and maize (44.7%). Kannigala (KNG) soils are moderately deep soil depth covered around 1.7 % of areas crops are coconut. Maddinahundi (MDH) soil series are having deep soil depth cover around 7.1 % of area, they major crops grown are cotton, garlic and maize.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for cotton ranges between Rs. 41361/ha in ARK soil (with BCR of 1.19) and Rs. 28477/ha in MDH soil (with BCR of 2.26).  In horse gram the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 17522/ha in HPR soil (with of 1.4) and Rs.7841/ha in ARK soil (with BCR of 3.37).  In maize the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 32741/ha in HPR soil (with BCR of 1.44) and Rs. 28596/ha in MDH soil (with BCR of 1.85).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation in ARK soil is Rs. 20179/ha (with BCR of 1.25).  In marigold the cost of cultivation in HPR soil is Rs. 37626/ha (with BCR of 1.25).  In coconut the cost of cultivation in KNG soil is Rs. 18791/ha (with BCR of 5.07).  In garlic the cost of cultivation in MDH soil is Rs.77781/ha (with BCR of 2.38) and groundnut the cost of cultivation in HPR soil series is Rs. 21057/ha (with BCR of 1.79).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications on deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income. 4  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in cotton (27.9 %), horse gram (24.1 %), maize (61.8 %), sorghum (51.6 %), groundnut (49.4 %) and garlic (60.5 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project