Suchergebnisse

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Sanganahalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 513 ha in Gubbi taluk of Tumakuru district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought- prone with an average annual rainfall of 813 mm, of which about 466 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 196 mm during north-east and the remaining 151 mm during the rest of the year. Entire area is covered by soils. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units), and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from 3rd week of June to third week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 34 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area is suitable for agriculture.  About 99 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) to very deep (>150 cm).  About 5 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface and 93 per cent loamy soils.  About 94 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils and 4 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel).  About 40 per cent has soils that are very low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 13 per cent of the soils are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur content is medium (10-20 ppm) in the entire microwatershed.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 93 per cent area and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 6 per cent area.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire microwatershed area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 77 per cent of soils in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 34 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (Class S1) and moderately suitable (Class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 186 (36) 118 (23) Guava 4(1) 185 (36) Fodder Sorghum 186 (36) 118 (23) Pomegranate 186 (36) 118 (23) Maize 4(1) 182 (35) Banana 186 (36) 118 (23) Upland paddy 186 (36) 232 (45) Jackfruit 186 (36) 321 (63) Finger millet 186 (36) 114 (22) Jamun 186 (36) 118 (23) Red gram 186 (36) 118 (23) Musambi 186 (36) 118 (23) Horse gram 186 (36) 322 (63) Lime 186 (36) 118 (23) Field bean 186 (36) 118 (23) Cashew 186(36) 322 (63) Cowpea 186 (36) 118 (23) Custard apple 186(36) 322 (63) Groundnut - 207 (40) Amla 186 (36 ) 322 (63) Sunflower 186 (36) 118 (23) Tamarind 186 (36) 118 (23) Onion 186 (36) 118 (23) Marigold 186 (36) 204 (40) Chilli 186 (36) 118 (23) Chrysanthemum 186 (36) 204 (40) Brinjal 186 (36) 118 (23) Jasmine 186 (36) 204 (40) Tomato 186 (36) 118 (23) Coconut 4(1) 182 (35) Mango 186 (36) 321 (63) Arecanut 4(1) 182 (35) Sapota 186 (36) 321 (63) Mulbery - (3906) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Sanganahalli micro-watershed (Bangihalli sub-watershed, Gubbi taluk, Tumkur district) is located in between 13026' – 13027' North latitudes and 76051'– 76053' East longitudes, covering an area of about 513.42 ha, bounded by Madhenahalli, Chelur, Harehalli and Sanganahalli villages. With an length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Sanganahalli Microwatershed (Bangihalli sub-watershed, Gubbi taluk and Tumkur district) presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 46.6 to 53.3 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 55.5 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 79.4 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 55.0 per cent.  Light petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among 70.0 per cent.  About 27.2 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (50.0 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 90.0 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 90.0 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 2.2 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 10.5 per cent of farm households.  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production among all households. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.8 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land of 61.9 % and irrigated land 38.1 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 64.5 per cent and agriculture is the main agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 33.3 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 11595 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 8398 per household, about 60.0 per cent of sample farmers having weeder and sprayer (30.0 %).  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 23339 per household; about 52.8 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 683.8 grams (1482.2 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 90.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 41297 per household. About 70.0 per cent of farm households are above poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs. 1012. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 350 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 177305 per year for the total area of 513.1 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 57854/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in coconut (Rs. 58886) followed by the mango (Rs. 56822), ragi (Rs. 8191), horse gram (Rs. 4381) and red gram (Rs. 1564).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 1893/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in ragi (Rs. 2305) and horse gram (Rs. 1482).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in coconut (Rs. 343185) followed by red gram (Rs. 67233), mango (Rs. 23323) and horse gram (Rs. 20907). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is ragi (33.2 %) followed by mango (28.2 %), coconut (19.2 %), horse gram (13.3%) and red gram (6.1 %).  In Sanganahalli Microwatershed, major soils are Bidanagere (BDG) series is having moderately deep soil depth cover around 22.2 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing coconut (20.1 %) and mango (79.9 %). Niduvalalu (NDL) is also having very deep soil depth cover 16.8 % of area, the crops are coconut (69.1 %) and horse gram (30.9 %). Ranatur (RTR) soil series having very deep soil depth cover around 35.5 % of areas, crops are coconut (50.0 %) and mango (50.0 %) and Thondigere (TDG) soil series having very deep soil depth cover around 22.9 % of area, crops are coconut (25.2 %), horse gram (18.7 %), ragi (46.7 %) and red gram (9.3 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for coconut ranges between Rs.90395/ha in NDL soil (with BCR of 1.95) and Rs.19835 /ha in RTR soil (with BCR of 4.48).  In mango the cost of cultivation range between Rs 17724/ha in BDG soil (with of 5.79) and Rs17166/ha in RTR soil (with BCR of 4.32).  In horse gram the cost of cultivation cost of cultivation ranges between Rs. 27090/ha in NDL soil (with BCR of 1.01) and Rs. 11695/ha in TDG soil (with BCR of 1.95).  In ragi cost of cultivation in TDG soil is Rs. 20625/ha (with BCR of 1.61) and in red gram the cost of cultivation in TDG soil is Rs. 47836/ha (with BCR of 1.0.3).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments. ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kallenahalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false color composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for Physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 622 ha in Chikkanayakanahalli taluk of Tumkur district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 700 mm, of which about 378 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 179 mm during north-east and the remaining 143 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 85 per cent is covered by soils, 6 per cent by rock out crops and 9 per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 15 soil series and 29 soil phases (management units) and eight land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 2nd week of July to 3rd week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 34 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area of about 85 per cent in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture and six per cent not suitable for agriculture.  About 23 per cent of the soils are deep (100-150 cm) to very deep (>150 cm), 43 per cent moderately deep (75-100cm) and 19 per cent moderately shallow to shallow (25-75%) soils.  About 14 per cent of the area has clayey soils, less than one per cent sandy soils and 77 per cent loamy soils at the surface.  About 20 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 35 per cent gravelly (15-35%) and 36 per cent very gravelly to extremely gravelly (35-80%) soils.  About 75 per cent has soils that are very low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 47 per cent of the soils are low (10 ppm) in about 30 per cent area, low (0.6 ppm) in about 79 per cent area and deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 6 per cent area.  The land suitability for 34 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Kallenahalli Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 47 (7) 316 (12) Guava 25 (4) 313 (50) Fodder Sorghum 47 (7) 316 (12) Pomegranate 25 (4) 311 (50) Maize 47 (7) 279 (45) Banana 25 (4) 311 (50) Upland paddy 47 (7) 316 (12) Jackfruit 25 (4) 274 (44) Finger millet 47 (7) 279 (45) Jamun 15 (2) 71 (11) Redgram 47 (7) 316 (12) Musambi 25 (4) 311 (50) Horse gram 73 (12) 329 (53) Lime 25 (4) 311 (50) Field bean 47 (7) 316 (12) Cashew 25 (4) 313 (50) Cowpea 47 (7) 316 (12) Custard apple 70 (13) 366 (59) Groundnut 36 (6) 306 (49) Amla 70 (13) 366 (59) Sunflower 25 (4) 311 (50) Tamarind 15 (2) 71 (11) Onion 47 (7) 316 (12) Marigold 47 (7) 316 (12) Chilli 47 (7) 316 (12) Chrysanthemum 47 (7) 316 (12) Brinjal 47 (7) 316 (12) Jasmine 47 (7) 316 (12) Tomato 47 (7) 316 (12) Coconut 25 (4) 274 (44) Mango 15 (2) 34 (5) Arecanut 25 (4) 274 (44) Sapota 25 (4) 274 (44) Mulberry 15 (2) (3201) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder, fuel and generate lot of biomass. This helps in maintaining ecological balance and contributes to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Kallenahalli micro-watershed (Anekatte sub-watershed, Chikkanayakanahalli taluk, Tumkur district) is located in between 13021' – 13023' North latitudes and 76036' – 76039' East longitudes, covering an area of about 476.20 ha, bounded by Kadenahalli, Dabbegatta, Tharabenahalli, Jayachamarajapura and Bairaganahalli villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Kallenahalli Microwatershed (Anekatte subwatershed, Chikkanayakanahalli taluk, Tumkur district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 51.1 to 48.9 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 61.7 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 93.6 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 50 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas is the source of energy for a cooking among all the households.  About 60 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Among all farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 80 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 50 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 17.02 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production is among all households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.0 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land of 72.9 % and irrigated land 27.1 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 12.2 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is a subsidiary occupation for 69.22 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 8713 per household. Mobile and television are popular media. mass communication  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 104892 per household, about 20 per cent of sample farmers having plough and sprayer.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 15043 per household; about 84.2 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 541 grams (1270.48 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 100 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average total income is around Rs. 52493 per household. Among all sample farm households are above poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs. 832. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 1028 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 544845 per year for the total area of 476.20 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 2571/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in redgram (Rs. 9120) followed by ragi (Rs. 5018), green gram (Rs. 3265) and coconut crop is negative returns.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 2140/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is ragi (Rs. 2675).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in coconut (Rs. 193554) followed by green gram (Rs. 41255), red gram (Rs. 53787) and ragi (Rs. 13638). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is ragi (41.6 %) followed by coconut (28.9 %), green gram (9.7 %), bajra (12.1 %) and redgram (7.7 %).  In Kallenahalli micro-watershed, major soil is Kaggalipura (KGP) series is having shallow soil depth cover around 2.2 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing greengram (86.8 %), ragi (13.2 %). Chikkasavanur (CSR) are also having shallow soil depth cover 1.37 % of area, the crops are coconut. Lakkur (LKR) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 7.65 % of areas, crops are ragi (50.0 %) and redgram (50.0 %). Hooradhahalli (HDH) soil series having moderately deep soil depth cover around 38.61 % of area, crops are coconut (41.6), green gram (8.8 %) and ragi (49.5 %). Thondigere (TDG) soil series are having moderately deep soil depth cover around 5.9 % of area the major crops grown are coconut.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area coconut ranges between Rs.147172/ha in TDG soil (with BCR of 1.31) and Rs.43488/ha in HDH soil (with BCR of 1.09).  In ragi cost of cultivation range between Rs 57625/ha in KGP soil (with BCR of 1.09) and Rs.21639/ha in LKR soil (with BCR of 1.35).  In greengram cost of cultivation range between Rs. 25339/ha in KGP soil (with BCR of 1.15) and Rs. 17487/ha in HDH soil (with BCR of 1.08).  In redgram the cost of cultivation in LKR soil is Rs. 32376/ha (with BCR of 1.28).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households. 4  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in coconut (46.5 to 71.1 %), ragi (42.2 to 75.7 %), red gram (19 %) and green gram (32.5 to 34.8 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kurubarahalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 645 ha in Chikkanayakanahalli taluk of Tumkuru district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 700 mm, of which about 378 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 179 mm during north-east and the remaining 143 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 81 per cent is covered by soils and five per cent by rock lands and 14 per cent by habitations and waterbodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 21 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 2nd week of August to 3rd week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 34 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 81 per cent area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 51 per cent of the soils are deep (100-150 cm) to very deep (>150 cm), 14 per cent moderately deep and 16 per cent moderately shallow.  About 35 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface and 46 per cent loamy soils.  About 26 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m).  About 59 per cent of the area has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 22 per cent gently sloping (3-5%).  An area of about 36 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1), 36 per cent moderately eroded (e2) and 9 per cent severely eroded (e4) soils.  An area of about 35 per cent has soils that are slightly acid (pH 5.0-6.5) to moderately acid, 11 per cent strongly acid (pH 5.0-5.5), 30 per cent neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 6 per cent slightly alkaline in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus content.  About 17 per cent of the soils are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is high (>10 ppm) in about 18 per cent area, medium (10-20 ppm) in about 50 per cent area and low (4.5 ppm) in available iron.  Available manganese, copper and zinc are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 34 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 37 (6) 256 (40) Guava 25 (4) 258 (40) Fodder Sorghum 37 (6) 256 (40) Pomogranate 25 (4) 240 (37) Maize 37 (6) 171 (27) Banana 25 (4) 240 (37) Upland paddy 37 (6) 356 (55) Jackfruit 25 (4) 155 (24) Finger millet 37 (6) 271 (42) Jamun 25 (4) 198 (31) Redgram 37 (6) 256 (40) Musambi 25 (4) 240 (37) Horse gram 37 (6) 385 (60) Lime 25 (4) 240 (37) Field bean 37 (6) 256 (40) Cashew 25 (4) 258 (40) Cowpea 37 (6) 256 (40) Custard apple 37 (6) 459 (71) Groundnut 37 (6) 374 (58) Amla 37 (6) 385 (60) Sunflower 25 (4) 240 (37) Tamarind 25 (4) 198 (31) Onion 37 (6) 176 (27) Marigold 37 (6) 256 (40) Chilli 37 (6) 256 (40) Chrysanthemum 37 (6) 256 (40) Brinjal 37 (6) 256 (40) Jasmine 37 (6) 176 (27) Tomato 37 (6) 256 (40) Coconut 25 (4) 155 (24) Mango 25 (4) 113 (17) Arecanut 25 (4) 155 (24) Sapota 25 (4) 155 (24) Mulberry 25 (4) (3088) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This helps in maintaining ecological balance and contribute to mitigating climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Kurubarahalli Micro-watershed (Anekatte sub-watershed, Chikkanayakanahalli taluk, Tumkur district) is located in between 13023' – 13025' North latitudes and 76035' – 76037' East longitudes, covering an area of about 645.29 ha, bounded by Kedhigehalli, Marasandra, Chikkanahalli, Chikkanayakanahalli, Dugudihalli, Dabbekatta and Jogihalli villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days.We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Kurubarahalli Microwatershed (Anekatte sub-watershed, Chikkanayakanahalli taluk, Tumkur district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 57.4 to 42.6 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 51.1 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 80.9 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 50 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among all sample households.  About 66.6 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (50 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 80 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 90 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 2.1 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 36 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.44 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal farmers. The dry land account for 90.9 % and irrigated land 9.1 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 63.8 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 30.5 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.14420 per household. Mobile and Mixer/grinder are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.1004 per household, about 70 per cent of sample farmers own plough.  The average value of livestock is around Rs.22810 per household; about 79 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 694.5 grams (1481.6 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827.7 gram. Around 90 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 25543 per household. Above 90 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1228. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 790 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 411588 per year for the total area of 445.72 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 28081/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in coconut (Rs. 74436) followed by ragi (Rs. 6316) and green gram (Rs. 3490).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 3647/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 5325) followed by ragi (Rs. 1968).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in coconut (Rs. 265476) followed by green gram (Rs. 43584) and ragi (Rs. 13608). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern ragi (50.2 %) followed by green gram (45.2 %) and coconut (4.6 %).  In Kurubarahalli Microwatershed, major soil is Kutegoudanahundi (KGH) series is having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 50 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing green gram (50 %) and ragi (4.56 %), soils of Bidanagere (BDG) are also having moderately deep soil depth cover 7.84 % of area, the crops are green gram (50 %) and ragi (50 %). Balapur (BPR) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 16.05 % of areas, crops are green gram (44.5 %) and ragi (55.5 %). Lakshmanagudda (LGD) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 12.37 % of area, crops are coconut (16.7 %), green gram (33.3 %) and ragi (50 %).  The cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) of ragi range between Rs.60787/ha in BDG soil (with BCR of 1.06) and Rs 12124/ha in LDG soil (with BCR of 1.87).  In green gram the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs.54821/ha in BDG soil (with BCR of 1.13) and Rs. 16307/ha in LGD soil (with BCR of 1.88).  In coconut the cost of cultivation in LGD soil is Rs 44124/ha (with BCR of 2.69).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in ragi (71.7 to 30.6 %), green gram (42.2 to 27.4 %), and coconut (45.8 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Marasandra Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 615 ha in Chikkanayakanahalli taluk of Tumkur district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 700 mm, of which about 378 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 179 mm during north-east and the remaining 143 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 82 per cent is covered by soils and eighteen per cent by rock outcrops and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 23 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 2nd week of July to 3rd week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 34 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 82 per cent area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 38 per cent of the soils are deep (100-150 cm), 33 per cent moderately deep and 12 per cent moderately shallow in soil depth.  About 30 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface and 55 per cent loamy soils.  About 18 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (1 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) and about 6 per cent high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 79 per cent of the area has nearly level (0-1%) to very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 3 per cent gently sloping (3-5%).  An area of about 41 per cent has soils that are nil to slightly eroded (e1) and 45 per cent moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 29 per cent has soils that are slightly acid (pH 5.0-6.5) to moderately acid, 19 per cent is strongly acid (ph 5.0-5.5), 15 per cent neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 20 per cent slightly to moderately alkaline in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 28 per cent of the soils are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is high (>10 ppm) in about 14 per cent area and medium (10- 20 ppm) in about 67 per cent and low (0.6 ppm) in 77 per cent and deficiant (1) 358 (58) Fodder Sorghum 88 (14) 166 (27) Pomogranate 1 (>1) 203 (33) Maize 49 (8) 170 (28) Banana 1 (>1) 203 (33) Upland paddy 49 (8) 222 (36) Jackfruit 1 (>1) 164 (27) Finger millet 49 (8) 183 (30) Jamun 1 (>1) 39 (6) Redgram 49 (8) 209 (34) Musambi 40 (6) 164 (27) Horse gram 138 (22) 327 (53) Lime 40 (6) 164 (27) Field bean 49 (8) 209 (34) Cashew 1 (>1) 358 (58) Cowpea 88 (14) 170 (28) Custard apple 88 (14) 395 (64) Groundnut 49 (8) 377 (61) Amla 88 (14) 395 (64) Sunflower 40 (6) 164 (27) Tamarind 1 (>1) 39 (6) Onion 49 (8) 170 (28) Marigold 88 (14) 170 (28) Chilli 88 (14) 170 (28) Chrysanthemum 88 (14) 170 (28) Brinjal 88 (14) 170 (28) Jasmine 49 (8) 209 (34) Tomato 88 (14) 170 (28) Coconut 1 (>1) 164 (27) Mango 1 (>1%) - Arecanut 1 (>1) 164 (27) Sapota 1 (>1%) 164 (27) Mulberry 1 (>1) (3710) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This helps in maintaining ecological balance and contribute to mitigating climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Marasandra micro-watershed (Anekatte sub-watershed, Chikkanayakanahalli taluk, Tumkur district) is located in between 13024' – 13026' North latitudes and 76034' – 76037' East longitudes, covering an area of about 615.06 ha, bounded by Navule, Karehalli, Shavashettyhalli and Marasandra villages. with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and eco system services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Marasandra micro-watershed (Anekatte subwatershed, Chikkanayakanahalli taluk, Tumkur district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 47.6 to 52.4 Per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is 52.3 around per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 76.2 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) 30 percent and general caste around 40 percent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among10 per cent.  About 60 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Farm households are having MGNREGA card around 60 per cent for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is about 90 percent of farm households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 80 per cent of sample households Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.23 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belonging to marginal and small farmers. The irrigated is around 82.5 per 2 cent and 17.5 per cent of rainfed land is the total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 4.76 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 66.67 per cent of the sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.11115 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 6917 per household; about 30 per cent of sample farmers having bullock cart and plough.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 26188 per household; about 66.6 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 598 grams (1382 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Among all sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 24909 per household. About 10 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1426. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.574 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 291117 per year for the total area of 459 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 21430/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in coconut (Rs. 77386) followed by ragi (Rs. 5739), green gram (Rs. 1942) and horse gram (Rs. 652).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 3444/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in horse gram (Rs. 4305) and ragi (Rs. 2582).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in bengal gram (Rs. 54585) followed by red gram (Rs. 54338), cotton (Rs. 51153) and sorghum (Rs. 40332). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is ragi (29.8%) followed by coconut (25.8 %), greengram (21.6 %), horse gram (13.0 %) and maize (9.9 %).  In Marasandra micro-watershed, major soil series are Kethanapura series having moderately shallow soil depth covered around 8.13. % of area. Major crops are green gram (26.4 %) and ragi (73.6 %), Hooradhahalli soils series are having moderately deep soil depth covers around 22.78% of area. on this soil farmers are presently growing horsegram (26.4 %) and ragi (79.4 %). Gatareddihal soils series are having deep soil depth covers around 6.27% of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing greengram (50 %) and horse gram (50 %). Nagalapur series are having deep soil depth covers around 6.27 % of area. Major crop is redgram. Balapur series are having deep soil depth covers around 6.27 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing coconut (15.1 %), greengram (39.4 %), horse gram (8.2 %) and ragi (37.4 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for greengram ranges between Rs. 67855/ha in KTP soil (with BCR of 1.10) and Rs.15223/ha in GRH soil (with BCR of 1.14).  In horse gram the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 45946 ha in HDH soil (with BCR of 0.99) and Rs. 8616/ha in GRH soil (with BCR of 2.16).  In ragi the cost of cultivation range between Rs 18738 ha in BPR soil (with BCR of 1.59) and Rs.14250/ha in KTP soil (with BCR of 1.10).  In coconut the cost of cultivation range between Rs 77621 ha in HDH soil (with BCR of 2.13) and Rs.17267/ha in NGP soil (with BCR of 6.87).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments. 4  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in ragi (72 to 86.7%), horsegram gram (3.8 to 50 %), greengram (0 to 42.9 %) and coconut (35.4 to 46.4 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Nagenahalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 868 ha in Chikkanayakanahalli taluk of Tumkur district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 700 mm, of which about 378 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 179 mm during north-east and the remaining 143 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 90 per cent is covered by soils, 10 per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 4l and use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from 2ndweek of July to 3rd week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 34 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area is suitable for agriculture.  About 90 per cent of the soils are deep (100-150 cm) to very deep (>150 cm).  About 34 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface, 50 per cent loamy and 5% sandy soils.  Entire area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 90 per cent of the area has nearly level (0-1%) to very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 84 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 6 per cent moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 23 per cent has soils that are slightly acid (pH 5.0-6.5) to moderately acid, 62 per cent area has neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 5 per cent area slightly alkaline.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 57 kg/ha) and 15 per cent area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is high (>10 ppm) in about 13 per cent, medium (10-20 ppm) in about 52 per cent and low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area.  Available manganese, copper and zinc are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 34 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 672 (77) 59 (7) Guava 366 (42) 365 (42) Fodder Sorghum 672 (77) 106 (12) Pomogranate 672 (77) 106 (12) Maize 283 (33) 448 (52) Banana 672 (77) 106 (12) Upland paddy 672 (77) 106 (12) Jackfruit 672 (77) 59 (7) Finger millet 672 (77) 59 (7) Jamun 672 (77) 106 (12) Redgram 672 (77) 106 (12) Musambi 672 (77) 106 (12) Horse gram 672 (77) 106 (12) Lime 672 (77) 106 (12) Field bean 672 (77) 106 (12) Cashew 366 (42) 306 (35) Cowpea 672 (77) 106 (12) Custard apple 672 (77) 106 (12) Groundnut 42 (5) 324 (37) Amla 672 (77) 106 (12) Sunflower 672 (77) 106 (12) Tamarind 672 (77) 106 (12) Onion 589 (68) 189 (22) Marigold 672 (77) 106 (12) Chilli 672 (77) 106 (12) Chrysanthemum 672 (77) 106 (12) Brinjal 672 (77) 106 (12) Jasmine 672 (77) 106 (12) Tomato 672 (77) 106 (12) Coconut 366 (42) 365 (42) Mango 672 (77) 59 (7) Arecanut 366 (42) 365 (42) Sapota 672 (77) 59 (7) Mulberry 42 (5) (5473) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This would help in maintaining ecological balance and contribute to mitigating climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Nagenahalli micro-watershed (Kibbanahalli sub-watershed, Chikkanayaka- halli Taluk, Tumkur district) is located in between 13020' – 13021' North latitudes and 76036' – 76039' East longitudes, covering an area of about 867.82 ha, bounded by Bedarahalli, Baraganahalli, Aralikere, Godekere, Pankajanahalli and Halugona villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Nagenahalli Microwatershed (Kibbanahalli sub-watershed, Chikkanayakanahalli Taluk, Tumkur district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 50 to 50 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 57 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 99 per cent.  Social groups belong to general caste among all the sample households.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among the all sample households.  About 40 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Around 20 per cent of farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 60 per cent.  Swatch bharath program providing closed toilet facilities for among all sample households.  Institutional participation is only 15.0 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production among all the sample farms households. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.90 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land of 68.7 % and irrigated land 18.6 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 78.3 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 3.3 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 9532 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 119861 per household, about 40 per cent of sample farmers having tractor and sprayer.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 19833 per household; about 41.6 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 566.9 grams (1336.8 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Among the all sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.48989 per household. About 50 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.924. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 423 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 328783 per year for the total area of 867.8 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 43095/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in areca nut (Rs. 80030) followed by coconut (Rs. 44830) and ragi (Rs. 4427).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 3397/ ha/year is ragi.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in coconut (Rs. 331961) followed by ragi (Rs. 16258) and areca nut (Rs. 11031). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is coconut (65.5 %) followed by ragi (29.6 %) and areca nut (4.8 %).  In Nagenahalli micro-watershed, major soil series are Hallikere (HLK) soil series are having very deep soil depth cover around 27.7 % area. On this soil farmers are presently growing ragi. Jedigere (JDG) soil series are having deep soil depth cover around 4.86 % area; the crops are coconut (90.4 %) ragi (9.5 %). Ranatur (RTR) soils are having very deep soil depth covered around 35.2 % areas; crops are areca nut (7.4 %), coconut (69.8 %) and ragi (22.7 %). Thondigere (TDG) soils are also having very deep soil depth covered around 5.36 % of area, crops are coconut.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for coconut ranges between Rs.246381/ha in TDG soil (with BCR of 1.15) and Rs. 106004/ha in RTR soil (with BCR of 1.29).  In ragi the cost of cultivation ranges between 73391/ha in JDG soil (with BCR of 1.04) and Rs.33907/ha in HLK soil (with BCR of 1.14).  In areca nut the cost of cultivation Rs.147210/ha in RTR soil (with BCR of 1.54).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthens institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthens agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in coconut (32.5 to 49.8 %), ragi (37.7 to 68.2 %) and areca nut (77.8 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kalagatahundi-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 417 ha in Gundlupet taluk of Chamarajanagar district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 734 mm, of which about 254 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 268 mm during north-east and the remaining 212 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 17 per cent is covered by soils, 83 per cent by forest and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 4 soil series and 7 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 3rd week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 17 per cent area is suitable for agriculture.  About 8 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) and 10 per cent are moderately shallow (50-75 cm).  About 7 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface and 10 per cent area has loamy soils.  About 17 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils and 200 mm/m) available water capacity.  About 17 per cent of the area has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 17 per cent of the soils are low (<23 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 17 per cent of the soils are medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (<10 ppm) in about 17 per cent area.  Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in about 17 per cent area.  Available iron is sufficient in 17 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 17 per cent area.  The land suitability for 27 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable(S1 ) Moderately suitable(S2 ) Highly suitable(S1 ) Moderately suitable(S2 ) Sorghum 27 (7) 45 (40) Sapota 5(1) 9(2) Maize 14 (3) 40 (10) Guava 5(1) 9(2) Redgram 14(3) 18(4) Banana 5(1) 52(12) Horsegra m 14(3) 58(14) Jackfruit 5(1) - Field bean 5(1) 67(16) Jamun 23(6) - Groundnut - 54(13) Musambi 23(6) - Sunflower - 32(8) Lime 23(6) - Cotton 18(4) 49(12) Cashew 5(1) 9(2) Onion 5(1) 67(16) Custard apple 23(6) 49(12) Potato 5(1) 49(12) Amla 23(6) 49(12) French Beans 5(1) 67(16) Tamarind 23(6) - Beetroot 5(1) 49(12) Marigold 14(3) 58(14) Turmeric 5(1) 49(12) Chrysanthemu m 5(1) 67(16) Mango 5(1) - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Kalagatahundi 2 micro-watershed (Gopalapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) is located in between 11046' – 11048' North latitudes and 76031' – 76033' East longitudes, covering an area of about 417 ha, bounded by Channamallipur, Hongahalli, Maddur villages and Berimbadi State Forest with a length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and eco system services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Kalagatahundi 2 micro-watershed (Gopalapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 39.6 to 60.4 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 52.1 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 88.0 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) among the all sample households.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among all sample farmers.  About 90.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (50.0 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 90.0 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 90.0 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 6.3 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 20.0 per cent of households. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.0 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belonging to marginal and small farmers. The dry land of 59.9 % and irrigated land 40.1 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 78.2 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 9.4 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 10164 per household. Television and mobile are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 159343 per household, among the all sample farmers owned plough.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 25083 per household; about 85.7 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 544.6 grams (1236.5 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Among the all sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.73121 per household. About 60.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1257. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.721 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 51906 per year for the total area of 416.7 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 82372/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in banana (Rs. 212373) followed by turmeric (Rs. 135615), cotton (Rs. 18419), horse gram (Rs. 3089), marigold (Rs.1476) and sorghum (Rs. 2556).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 2363/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services in horse gram (Rs. 2284) and sorghum (Rs. 2420).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in banana (Rs. 144748) followed by cotton (Rs. 53496), turmeric (Rs. 57299), sorghum (Rs. 40244) and horse gram (Rs. 18312). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is cotton (42.6 %) followed by banana (16.4 %), sorghum (14.7 %), marigold (6.6 %), turmeric (3.1 %) and horse gram (0.4 %).  In Kalagatahundi-2 micro-watershed, major soil of Honnegaudanahalli (HGH) series is having very deep soil depth cover around 1.1 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing banana (14.8 %), cotton (12.2 %), horse gram (36.5%), marigold (12.2%), sorghum (12.2%) and turmeric (12.2 %). Soil of Beemanabeedu (BMB) series are having shallow soil depth cover 4.4 % of area, the crops are cotton (27.6 %), horse gram (63.8 %) and sorghum (8.6 %), Beemanabeedu (BMD) soil series are having deep soil depth cover around 7.8 % of areas, crops are banana (93.0 %) and cotton (7.0 %), Hullipura (HPR) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 9.6 % of area, crops are marigold (50.0%) and sorghum (50.0 %) and Kannigala (KNG) soil series are having moderately deep soil depth cover around 8.2 % of area. The major crops grown are cotton (81.8 %) and sorghum (18.2 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for sorghum ranges between Rs. 46315/ha in BMB soil (with BCR of 1.0) and Rs. 17152/ha in HGH soil (with BCR of 1.12).  In banana the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 141590/ha in HGH soil (with of 3.43) and Rs. 74953/ha in BMD soil (with BCR of 2.47).  In cotton the cost of cultivation range between of Rs.78441/ha in BMD soil (with BCR of 1.15) and Rs. 30305/ha in KNG soil (with BCR of 1.82).  In marigold the cost of cultivation range between is Rs. 63562/ha in HGH soil (with BCR of 1.02) and Rs. 48846 in HPR soil (with BCR of 1.03).  In horse gram the cost of cultivation range between is Rs. 18834/ha in BMB soil (with BCR of 1.72) and Rs. 5418 in HGH soil (with BCR of 1.69).  In turmeric the cost of cultivation in HGH soil is Rs. 141025/ha (with BCR of 1.96).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications on deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. 4  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in banana (37.8 to 68.4 %), cotton (0 to 27.7 %), horse gram (21.2 to74.7 %) and sorghum (44 to 64.8 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kalagatahundi-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 306 ha in Gundlupet taluk of Chamarajanagar district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 734 mm of which about 254 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 268 mm during north-east and the remaining 212 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 84 per cent is covered by soils, sixteen per cent by forests and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 15 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 3rd week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area of the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 49 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) and 35 per cent are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 40 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface, 38 per cent loamy soils and 6 per cent area has sandy soils.  About 59 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils and 25 per cent gravelly (15-35 % gravel) soils.  About 47 per cent has soils that are very low (200 mm/m) available water capacity.  About 67 per cent of the area has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 17 per cent is under gently sloping (3-5%) lands.  An area of about 56 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1), 23 per cent moderately eroded (e2) and 5 per cent soils are severely eroded (e3).  An area of about 17 per cent has soils that are slightly acidic (pH 6.0-6.5); 12 % are moderately acid (pH 5.5-6.0), 43 per cent area has neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and maximum area of about 12 per cent has soils that are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8) to moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75 %) in organic carbon.  About 42 per cent of the soils are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (0.6 ppm) in 2 per cent area.  The land suitability for 27 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 86 (28) 124 (40) Guava 26(8) 36(12) Maize 26 (8) 98 (32) Banana 26(8) 86(28) Red gram 26 (8) 139(46) Jackfruit 26(8) - Horse gram 26(8) 220(72) Jamun 112(37) - Field bean 26(8) 184(60) Musambi 112(37) - Groundnut - 160(52) Lime 112(37) - Sunflower - 112(73) Cashew 26(8) 36(12) Cotton 86(28) 98(32) Custard apple 112(37) 134(44) Onion 26(8) 184(60) Amla 112(37) 134(44) Potato 26(8) 98(32) Tamarind 112(37) - Beans 26(8) 184(60) Marigold 26(8) 230(72) Beetroot 26(8) 98(32) Chrysanthemum 26(8) 184(60) Mango 26(8) - Turmeric 26(8) 98(32) Sapota 26(8) 36(12) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Kalagatahundi 1 micro-watershed (Gopalapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) is located in between 11046' – 11048' North latitudes and 76032' – 76035' East longitudes, covering an area of about 306 ha, bounded by Channamallipur, Hongahalli, Maddur and Berambadi villages with a length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and eco system services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Kalagatahundi 1 micro-watershed (Gopalapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 54.1 to 45.9 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 54 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 99.9 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 66.7 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 44.5 per cent.  About 66.7 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  All farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employments.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system among the all sample households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 88.9 per cent of sample households. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.8 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land of 92.4 % and irrigated land 7.6 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 2.3 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 48.6 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 15347 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 104700 per household, about 66.7 per cent of sample farmers owned plough.  The average livestock value is around Rs. 27500 per household; about 54.5 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 905.7 grams (1773.5 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 66.7 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.32952 per household. About 77.8 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1389. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 938 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 240966 per year for the total area of 305.5 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 35915/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in onion (Rs. 165481) followed by cotton (Rs. 40435), ragi (Rs. 9897), sorghum (Rs. 20602), bengal gram (Rs.7404), groundnut (Rs. 3871) and sunflower is negative return.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 698/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in ragi (Rs. 3116) followed by groundnut (Rs. 1475) and sorghum (Rs. 984).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in bengal gram (Rs. 64982) followed by cotton (Rs. 56330), sorghum (Rs. 49968), sunflower (Rs. 37413), ragi (Rs. 10462), onion (Rs. 20359) and groundnut (Rs. 18461). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is ragi (24.5 %) followed by groundnut (19.2 %) sorghum (13.0 %), cotton (12.2 %), bengalgram (12.1 %), sunflower (11.5 %) and onion (7.6 %). 3  In Kalagatahundi 1 micro-watershed, major soil is soil of Honnegaudanahalli (HGH) series is having very deep soil depth cover around 8.4 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing bengal gram (51.2 %), Soil of Beemanabeedu (BMB) are also having shallow soil depth cover 28.3 % of area, the crops are cotton (26.8 %), onion (16.7 %), ragi (2.5 %), sorghum (28.6 %) and sunflower (25.3 %). Hullipura (HPR) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 7.8 % of areas, crops are groundnut, Kannigala (KNG) soil series having moderately deep soil depth cover around 11.9 % of area, main cultivated crop are ragi.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for ragi range between Rs. 23258/ha in BMB soil (with BCR of 1.23) and Rs.18902/ha in KNG soil (with BCR of 1.95).  In groundnut the cost cultivation in HPR soil is Rs.29309/ha (with BCR of 1.18).  In sunflower the cost cultivation in BMB soil is Rs.29415/ha (with BCR of 0.98).  In onion the cost cultivation in BMB soil is Rs.59065/ha (with BCR of 3.80).  In bengal gram the cost cultivation in HGH soil is Rs.39644/ha (with BCR of 1.19) and sorghum the cost cultivation in BMB soil is Rs. 16284/ha (with BCR of 2.33).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications on deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in ragi (70 to 75.7 %), onion (69.3 %), cotton (18.2 %), sunflower (31.7 %), sorghum (41.6 %), groundnut (61.2 %) and bengal gram (35.7%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Bachanahalli-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 39 ha out of total area of 639 ha in Gundlupet Taluk, Chamarajanagar District Karnataka. The remaining area of about 600 ha is under Berambadi State Forest. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 734 mm, of which about 254 mm is received during the south –west monsoon, 26 8mm during north-east and the remaining 212 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 6 per cent is covered by soils, 94 per cent by forests and 150 cm) soils.  About 4 per cent area has loamy soils and 2 per cent area has clayey soils at the surface.  About 5 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils and 1 per cent gravelly soils (15- 35 % gravel) soils.  About 4 per cent area has low (51-100 mm/m) and 2 per cent very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area of about 6 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  About 6 per cent area is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  About 1 per cent area is slightly acidic (pH 6.0-6.5), about 5 per cent neutral (pH 6.5- 7.3) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%).  About 6 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  Major area of about 5 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium and a small area of about 1 per cent has medium (145-337 kg/ha)  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in about 6 per cent area.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in an area of about 1 per cent and sufficient in 5 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 27 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 26 (4) 11 (2) Guava 12(2) 5(1) Maize 12 (2) 11 (2) Banana - 32(5) Red gram 12(2) 19(3) Jackfruit - 17(3) Horsegram 12(2) 25 (4) Jamun 14(2) 17(3) Fieldbean - 38(6) Musambi 14(2) 17(3) Groundnut - 23(4) Lime 14(2) 17(3) Sunflower - 26(4) Cashew - 17(3) Cotton 14(2) 23(4) Custard apple 32(5) 6(1) Onion - 38(6) Amla 32(5) 6(1) Potato - 24(4) Tamarind 14(2) 17(3) Beans - 38(6) Marigold 12(2) 25(4) Beetroot - 24(4) Chrysanthemum - 38(6) Mango - 17(3) Turmeric - 24(4) Sapota 12(2) 5(1) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change E SUMMARY Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Bachanahalli-2 Microwatershed (Gopalapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk and Chamarajanagar district) is located in between 11044' – 11046' North latitudes and 76031' – 76034' East longitudes, covering an area of about 639 ha, bounded by Maddur, Berambadi villages and Berambadi State Forest with a length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Bachanahalli-2 Microwatershed (Gopalapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk and Chamarajanagar district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 56.4 to 43.5 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 56.4 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 71.8 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) and scheduled tribe (ST) were around 22.2 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among 88.9 per cent.  About 88.9 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 44.5 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 66.7 per cent.  Institutional participation is only 20.5 per cent.  Women participation in decisions making are around 22.2 per cent of sample households. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.9 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land account for 32.9 % and irrigated land is 67.1% of total cultivated land of the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 20.6 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 53.8 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 12095 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 35270 per household, about 88.9 per cent of sample farmers are owing drip/sprinkler.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 22050 per household; about 61.1 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 736.4 grams (1778.5 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 66.7 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs 77492 per household. About 66.7 per cent of farm households are above poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs 1184. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs 1856 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs 68674 per year for the total area of 638.8 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 26259/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in garlic (Rs. 101369) followed by sugarcane (Rs. 61120), banana (Rs. 44520), onion (Rs. 42386), beans (Rs. 25263), turmeric (Rs. 18906), beetroot (Rs. 1405), groundnut, ragi and maize are negative returns.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 7464/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 98198) followed by groundnut (Rs. 7348) and ragi (Rs. 4018).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in beans (Rs. 300723) followed by sugarcane (Rs. 129675), banana (Rs. 115311), turmeric (Rs. 63438), maize (Rs. 62834), groundnut, (Rs 41229), garlic (Rs 29097), ragi (Rs. 18915) and onion (Rs. 14509). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is banana (21.3 %) followed by maize (16.0 %), turmeric (14.0 %), ragi (13.4 %), groundnut (10.7 %), sorghum, sugarcane and beetroot of 5.7 per cent to each and beans is 2.6 per cent.  In Bachanahalli-2 micro watershed, major soils are Hullipura (HPR) soil series are having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 0.9 % of area, the crops are banana (52.3 %), sugarcane and turmeric was 23.9 % each. Kallipura (KLP) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 1.9 % of areas, crops are banana (18.7 %) garlic (5.2 %), groundnut (7.8 %), maize (27.7 %), onion (11.1 %), ragi (26.8 %) and turmeric (2.6 %). Maddinahundi (MDH) soil series are having deep soil depth cover around 0.8 per cent of area. The major crops grown are beans (16.7 %), cotton (37.5 %), beetroot (33.3 %), ragi (16.7%) and turmeric (33.3%).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for banana ranges between Rs. 94462/ha in KLP soil (with BCR of 1.28) and Rs. 79233/ha in HPR soil (with BCR of 1.78).  In ragi the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 36905/ha in KLP soil (with of 1.19) and Rs. 34622/ha in MDH soil (with BCR of 1.11).  In turmeric the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 599885/ha in KLP soil (with BCR of 1.07) and Rs. 84176/ha in MDH soil (with BCR of 1.58).  In sugarcane the cost of cultivation in HPR soil is Rs.93255/ha (with BCR of 1.66).  In beans the cost of cultivation in MDH soil is Rs 98237/ha (with BCR of 1.26).  In groundnut the cost of cultivation in KLP soil is Rs.60015/ha (with BCR of 1.06).  In onion the cost of cultivation in KLP soil is Rs 69634/ha (with BCR of 1.61).  In garlic the cost of cultivation in KLP soil is Rs.219731/ha (with BCR of 1.46).  In maize the cost of cultivation in KLP soil is Rs 71926/ha (with BCR of 1.6) and beetroot the cost cultivation in MDH soil is Rs.41388/ha (with BCR of 1.03).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications on deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. 4  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in banana (63.9 to 78.1 %), ragi (59.5 to 61.0 %), turmeric (8.9 to 38.8%), garlic (59.2%), onion (93.0 %), beans (61.3 %), sugarcane (54%) and beetroot (36.7 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Gopalagiri Colony-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 550 ha in Gopalagiri Colony-1 microwatershed in Gundlupet taluk of Chamarajanagar district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 734 mm. Maximum of 254 mm precipitation takes place during south–west monsoon period from June to September, the north-east monsoon contributes about 268 mm and prevails from October to early December and the remaining 212 mm takes place during the rest of the year. An area of about 95 per cent is covered by soils and 5 per cent by waterbodies, settlements, forest and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 35 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 3rd week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 95 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 5 per cent is not suitable for agriculture but well suited for forestry, pasture, agroforestry, silvi-pasture, recreation, installation of wind mills and as habitat for wildlife.  About 41 per cent of the soils are very deep (>150 cm), 22 per cent deep to moderately deep (75 - 150 cm), 33 per cent are moderately shallow to shallow (25-75 cm).  About 65 per cent of the area has clayey soils, 26 per cent loamy soils and 3 per cent sandy soils at the surface.  About 47 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity and about 54 per cent low (50-100 mm/m) and very low (0.75%) in organic carbon.  An area of 34 per cent has soils that are low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 9 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 85 per cent high (>337kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  About 70 per cent area has soils that are deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 27 major crops (agricultural and horticultural) grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Gopalagiri Colony-1 Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable(S1) Moderately suitable(S2) Highly suitable(S1) Moderately suitable(S2) Sorghum 246 (1745) 150 (27) Guava 140 (25) 118 (21) Maize 205 (37) 109 (20) Mango 140 (25) 94 (17) Red gram 203(37) 210 (38) Sapota 140 (25) 118 (21) Groundnut 32 (6) 305(51) Jackfruit 140 (25) 94 (17) Sunflower 101 (18) 187 (34) Jamun 140 (25) 176 (32) Cotton 183 (33) 172 (31) Musambi 140 (25) 176 (32) Onion 140 (25) 256 (46) Lime 140 (25) 176 (32) Beans 140 (25) 256 (46) Cashew 140 (25) 118 (21) Potato 140 (25) 174(32) Custard apple 205 (37) 203 (37) Beetroot 140 (25) 174 (32) Amla 203 (37) 257(37) Turmeric 140 (25) 168 (31) Tamarind 140 (25) 176(32) Horse gram 203 (37) 257 (47) Marigold 203 (37) 216(39) Field bean 140 (25) 256 (46) Chrysanthemum 140 (25) 256(46) Banana 140 (25) 176 (32) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Gopalagiri Colony-1 micro-watershed (Basavapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) is located in between 11043' – 11044' North latitudes and 76035' – 76037' East longitudes, covering an area of about 550 ha, bounded by Kannagal, Honnegaudanahalli, Hangala and Hosalhalli villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Gopalagiri Colony-1 micro-watershed Basavapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district are presented here. Social Indicators  Male and female ratio is 59.5 to 40.5 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age groups 18 to 50 years group of population is around 54 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 78.4 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 77.8 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among 88.9 per cent.  About 44.4 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 11.1 per cent farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 88.9 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities is among all the sample households.  Institutional participation is only 24.3 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 18.9 per cent of farm households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 66.8 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators  The average land holding is 0.66 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal farmers. The dry land account for 65.1 % and irrigated land 34.9 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 90.6 per cent and agriculture is the main and non-agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 28.1 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.8070 per household. Mobile and television are mass popular mass communication media.  The average farm assets a value is around Rs.11850 per household, about 44.4 per cent of sample farmers own plough.  The average livestock value is around Rs.26600 per livestock; about 100 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 641.6 grams (1561 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 77.8 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 45088 per household. Among all farm sample households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.1242. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.773 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 402711 per year for the total area of 550.02 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 19780/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in banana (Rs. 96601), followed by turmeric (Rs. 45085), maize (Rs. 26807), red gram (Rs. 19672), horse gram (Rs. 6623), bajra (Rs. 4432), groundnut (Rs. 2961).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 2806/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in horse gram (Rs. 5472) followed by ragi (Rs. 3800), sorghum (Rs. 3529), maize (Rs. 2609), groundnut (Rs. 1051) and bajra (Rs. 374).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in banana (Rs. 185838) followed by turmeric (Rs. 54978), sorghum (Rs. 53775), bajra (Rs. 52269), red 3 gram (Rs. 51718), sunflower (Rs. 39261), maize (Rs. 37562), groundnut (Rs. 23392), horse gram (Rs. 22578) and ragi (Rs. 15479). Economic Land Evaluation  The major cropping pattern is bajra (29.8 %) followed by horse gram (12.8 %), groundnut (10.9 %), red gram (10.8 %), maize (10.4 %), sunflower (10.4 %), turmeric (6.2 %), banana (5.4%), safflower (2.3 %) and sorghum (0.9 %).  In Gopalgiri colony 1 micro-watershed, major soils are Annurkeri (ARK) soil series are having deep soil depth cover around 18.25 per cent of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing groundnut (46.8 %), turmeric (26.78 %) and bajra (26.5 %). Bheemanabeedu (BMB) soil series are having deep soil depth cover around 14.9 per cent of area; the major crops grown are sunflower (83.3 %) and sorghum (16.7 %), Devarahalli (DRH) having moderately shallow soil depth covers around 10.83 per cent of area and the major crops grown are bajra (39.4 %), red gram (39.4 %) and banana (21.2 %). Hullipura (HPR) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover 4.96 per cent of area. On this soil crops are horse gram and ragi. Kannigala (KNG) soil series having moderately deep soil depth cover around 4.29 per cent of area in this soil maize (50 %) and sunflower (50 %) are grown. Maddinahundi (MDH) soil series having deep soil cover 5.29 per cent of area. In this soil bajra and horse gram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area sunflower range between Rs. 57430/ha in BMB soil (with of 0.98) and Rs. 34393/ha in KNG soil (with BCR of 1.26).  In turmeric the cost of cultivation is Rs. 220347/ha in ARK soil (with BCR of 1.2).  In banana the cost of cultivation is in DRH soil Rs. 115113/ha (with BCR of 1.8).  In groundnut the cost of cultivation is Rs. 39081/ha in ARK soil (with BCR of 1.1).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation is Rs 42790/ha in BMB soil (with BCR of 1.07).  In horse gram the cost of cultivation range between MDH soil is Rs. 20809/ha (with BCR of 1.74) and Rs 32697/ha in HPR soil (with BCR value of 1.3).  In red gram the cost of cultivation is in DRH soil is Rs 21177/ha (with BCR of 1.9) and ragi cost of cultivation Rs in HPR soil is 54721/ha (with BCR of 1.1).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications are deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. 4  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthen agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in bajra (11.2 % to 28.8%), banana (39.8%), red gram (22.1 %), horse gram (14.6% to 35.1 %), ragi (55.8 %), maize (63.0 %), sunflower (24.1 % to 32.5 %), ground nut (50.8 %) and sorghum (37.1%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Belhatti-6 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 468 ha in Shirahatti taluk of Gadag district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 633 mm of which about 363 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 165 mm during north-east and the remaining 105 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 98 per cent is covered by soils, two per cent by rock lands, waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 13 soil series and 30 soil phases (management units) and 8 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 1rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 98 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 150 cm) to deep (100 - 150 cm), 41 per cent are moderately shallow to shallow (25-75 cm) and about 18 per cent are moderately deep (75-100 cm) soils.  About 78 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface and 20 per cent loamy soils.  About 15 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 47 per cent gravelly soils (15- 35 % gravel) and 37 per cent very gravelly (35- 60% gravel) and extremely gravelly (60-80%) soils.  About 22 per cent of the area has soils that are very high (>200mm/m) in available water capacity, 3 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) and about 72 per cent low (51- 100 mm/m) and very low (9.0) and 10 percent has soils that area neutral (pH 6.5-7.3).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 337 kg/ha) in available potassium and low in about 1 per cent area.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 98 per cent area.  Available iron is deficient in about 16 per cent area and sufficient in 82 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  Available zinc is sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 21 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suita ble (S1) Moderate ly suit abl e (S2) Highly sui tab le (S1) Moderatel y suit able (S2) Sorghum 46 (10) 246 (53) Jackfruit - 78 (17) Maize 46 (10) 220 (47) Jamun - 183 (39) Bengalgram 4 (<1) 428 (92) Musambi 11 (2) 231 (49) Groundnut 11 (2) 176 (38) Lime 11 (2) 240 (51) Sunflower 11 (2) 173 (37) Cashew 11 (2) 236 (50) Cotton 15 (3) 336 (72) Custard Apple 46 (10) 327 (70) Banana 11 (2) 301 (64) Amla 46 (10) 266 (57) Pomegranat 11 (2) 301 (64) Tamarind - 183 (39) e Mango - 11 (2) Marigold 42 (9) 272 (58) Sapota 11 (2) 135(29) Chrysanthemu m 42 (9) 272 (58) Guava 11 (2) 131 (28) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Belhatti-6 micro-watershed (Belhatti sub-watershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) is located in between 1503' – 1505' North latitudes and 75036' – 75039' East longitudes, covering an area of about 468 ha, bounded by Nilogal, Kurubgatta, Devihal and Bijjur villages with length of growing period (LGP) 150-180 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Belhatti-6 micro-watershed (Belhatti subwatershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 55.6 to 44.4 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 52.8 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 97.2 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) is around 9.1 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among 63.6 cent.  About 45.5 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (36.4 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 63.6 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 90.9 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 6.4 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 90.9 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.4 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land of 46.7 % and irrigated land 13.7 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 56.9 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 29.2 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 92494 per household. Mobile and television are popular mass media communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 121609 per household, about 72.7 per cent of sample farmers having plough and sprayer (45.5 %).  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 29198 per household; about 81 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capital food consumption is around 853.9 grams (1798.6 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 36.4 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 20120 per household. Among the entire farm households in these study area comes under the below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.1365. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 635 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 296230 per year for the total area of 468.28 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 9324/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in onion (Rs. 22221) followed by chilli (Rs. 20671), cotton (Rs. 13608), bengal gram (Rs. 7344), maize (Rs. 4623), sorghum (Rs. 1311) and groundnut is negative returns.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 1573/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 1806) followed by sorghum (Rs. 1339).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in bengal gram (Rs. 39669) followed by cotton (Rs. 34831), sorghum (Rs. 23705), maize (Rs. 23676), groundnut (Rs. 18488), onion (Rs. 16598) and chilli (Rs. 3833). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is maize (48.7 %) followed by sorghum (16.7 %), onion (11.2 %), bengalgram (9.7%), groundnut (7.8 %) and cotton (6.0 %).  In Belhatti-6 micro-watershed major soil of Muttal (MTL) soils series are having shallow soil depth cover around 10.5 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing bengalgram (9.1%), chilli (17.9 %), cotton (16.9 %), maize (16.9 %), onion (18.0 %) and sorghum (21.2%). Ravanki (RNK) soils are having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 12.81 % of area; the major crops are maize. Chikkamegheri (CKM) series having moderately deep soil depth cover around 6.66 % of areas; crops are maize (80 %) and onion (20 %). Balapur (BPR) series are having deep soil depth cover around 14.32 % of area; crops are groundnut (25 %), sorghum (75 %) and Lakshmangudda (LGD) series having deep soil depth cover around 14.84 % of area, the major crops grown are groundnut (37.1%), maize (35.3 %) and sorghum (27.6 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for maize ranges between Rs.25791/ha in RNK soil (with BCR of 1.13) and Rs.21143/ha in LGD soil (with BCR of 1.31).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation range between Rs 20790/ha in BPR soil (with BCR of 1.00) and Rs.13082/ha in MTL soil (with BCR of 1.01).  In onion the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs.54232/ha in CKM soil (with BCR of 1.35) and Rs. 20322/ha in MTL soil (with BCR of 1.14).  In groundnut cost of cultivation range between is Rs.45590/ha in BPR soil (with BCR of 1.00) and Rs. 31872 in LGD soil (with BCR of 1.02).  In chilli the cost of cultivation in MTL soil is Rs 21836/ha (with BCR of 1.65).  In bengal gram the cost of cultivation in MTL soil is Rs.22526/ha (with BCR of 1.33) and cotton the cost of cultivation in MTL soil is Rs.21836/ha (with BCR of 1.62).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. 4  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in maize (74 to 79.7%), sorghum (64.8 to 85.9%), onion (59.5 to 90.5%), groundnut (56.6 to65.6%), chilli (96.3 %), cotton (49.4%) and bengalgram (60.8 %) ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Honnegaudanahalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 584 ha in Gundlupet taluk of Chamarajanagar district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 734 mm, of which about 254 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 268 mm during north-east and the remaining 212 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 95 per cent is covered by soils, five per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 27 soil phases (management units) and 8 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 1st week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 93 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 3 per cent is not suitable for agriculture.  About 46 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) and 50 per cent are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 19 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface, 64 per cent loamy soils and 13 per cent sandy soils.  About 38 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 41 per cent gravelly soils (15- 35 % gravel) and 16 per cent very gravelly (35- 60% gravel) soils.  About 76 per cent has soils that are very low (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 85 per cent of the area has nearly level (0-1%) to very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 10 per cent is under gently sloping (3-5%) to very strongly sloping (15-25%) lands.  An area of about 73 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1), 20 per cent moderately eroded (e2) and 3 per cent soils are severely eroded (e3).  An area of about 19 per cent has soils that are extremely acid (pH 3.5-4.5) to slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5) ; 22 per cent neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and maximum area of about 54 per cent has soils that are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8) to strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 38 per cent of the soils are low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 3 per cent of the soils are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm) in 9 per cent area.  Available iron is deficient in about 8 per cent area and sufficient in 88 per cent area.  Available manganese is deficient (1 ppm) in 94 per cent area.  Available copper is sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 18 per cent area and sufficient in 78 per cent area.  The land suitability for 27 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 187 (32) 80 (14) Sapota 26 (4) 153 (26) Maize 125 (21) 54 (9) Guava 125 (21) 55 (9) Redgram 125 (21) 290 (50) Banana 26 (4) 187 (32) Horsegram 125 (21) 293 (50) Jackfruit 89 (15) 152 (26) Field bean 26 (4) 241 (41) Jamun 115 (20) 98 (17) Groundnut - 234 (40) Musambi 115 (20 ) 98 (17) Sunflower - 231 (37) Lime 115 (20) 98 (17) Cotton 89 (15) 152 (26) Cashew 26 (5) 153 (26) Onion 26 (4) 241 (41) Custard apple 213 (37) 225 (39) Potato 26 (4) 152 (26) Amla 213 (37) 225 (39) Beans 26 (4) 241 (41) Tamarind 115 (20) 98 (17) Beetroot 26 (4) 152 (26) Marigold 125 (21) 198 (34) Turmeric 26 (4) 1525 (26) Chrysanthemum 26 (5) 241 (26) Mango 26 (4) 98 (17)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 9 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Honnegaudanahalli micro-watershed (Basavapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) is located in between 11044' – 11047' North latitudes and 76035' – 76038' East longitudes, covering an area of about 584 ha, bounded by Kannagal, Puttanapur and Bhimanabid villages with length of growing period (LGP) 150-180 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Honnegaudanahalli micro-watershed (Basavapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk and Chamarajanagar district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 52.0 to 48.0 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 54 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 72 per cent.  Social groups belong to general caste is around 70 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas is the source of energy for a cooking among all sample households.  About 60 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (30 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 80 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 70 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 17.0 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making of agriculture production among all sample households was found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average landholding is 0.8 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land account for 32.7 % and irrigated land is 67.3 % of total cultivable land among the sample households.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 20.0 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 68.0 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.14057 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.10921 per household, among the all sample farmers having plough and sprayer (20 %).  The average value of livestock is around Rs.17170 per household; about 60 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 471.5 grams (1195.3 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Among the all sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.168282 per household. About 50 per cent on of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.814. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.711 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs.396566 per year for the total area of 122.6 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 75847/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in garlic (Rs. 558310) followed by onion (Rs. 120939) horse gram (Rs. 11625), sunflower (Rs. 7550), maize (Rs .7447) and sorghum (Rs. 1857).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 2924/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in gram (Rs. 3203) followed by maize (Rs. 1482) and sorghum (Rs. 1671).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in turmeric (Rs. 77136) followed by sorghum (Rs. 41633), garlic (Rs. 40288), onion (Rs. 29291), sunflower (Rs. 28602), horse gram (Rs. 25170) and maize (Rs. 21128). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is by onion (26.8 %), followed by horse gram (16.2 %), sorghum (15.1 %), turmeric (14.2 %) sunflower (10.6 %), garlic (10.6 %), beetroot (3.3 %) and maize (3.3 %).  In Honnegaudanahalli micro-watershed, major soil are Hindupur (HDR) soil are having shallow soil depth cover around 10.4 % of area; crops are beet root (15.9 %), maize (31.9 %), sunflower (20.3 %), turmeric (31.9 %). Magoonahalli (MGH) soil series are having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 20 % of area; crops are onion (50 %) and turmeric (50 %). Kannigala (KNG) soil are having moderately deep soil depth cover around 9.4% of area; crops area horsegram (25.4 %) and sunflower (74.6 %), Beemanabeedu (BMB) soil are having very deep moderately soils depth cover around 15.2 % of area; crops are horse gram (22.5 %), sorghum (22.8 %), onion (22.9 %), sunflower (8.4 %) and turmeric (2.4 %) and Kallipura (KLP) soil series are very deep soil depth cover around (16.9 %) of area; crops are horse gram (50%) and sorghum (50%).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for sunflower ranges between Rs.40164/ha in HDR soil (With BCR of 1.02) and Rs. 27618/ha in KNG soil (with BCR of 1.07).  In turmeric the cost of cultivation range between is Rs. 818442/ha in BMB soil (with of 1.16) and Rs 93334 in HDR soil (with BCR of 2.12).  In onion the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 198935/ha in BMB soil (with BCR of 2.25) and Rs. 63126/ha in MGH soil (with BCR of 3.01).  In horse gram the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs.33643/ha in KNG soil (with BCR of 1.12) and Rs.13169/ha in BMB soil (with BCR of 1.21).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 26791/ha in BMB soil (with BCR of 1.15) and Rs. 25532/ha in KLP soil (with BCR of 1.16).  In garlic the cost of cultivation in BMB soil is Rs. 57290/ha (with BCR of 10.75).  In beetroot the cost of cultivation in HDR soil is Rs. 43823/ha (with BCR of 1.13) and maize the cost of cultivation in Rs. 24539/ha (with BCR of 1.36).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications are deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. 4  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in beetroot(91.6 %), maize(79.2 %), sunflower (28.3 to 73.4 %), turmeric (0 to 39.3 %), onion (70.6 %), horse gram (9.6 to 25.6% %), sorghum(53.6% to 52.9 %), garlic (12.4 %) and onion (48.5 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chilkadabetta-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 476 ha in Chilkadabetta-1 microwatershed in Gundlupet taluk of Chamarajanagar district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 734 mm. Maximum of 254 mm precipitation takes place during south–west monsoon period from June to September, the north-east monsoon contributes about 268 mm and prevails from October to early December and the remaining 212 mm takes place during the rest of the year. An area of about 97 per cent is covered by soils and 3 per cent by waterbodies, settlements, forest and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 28 soil phases (management units) and 8 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 3rd week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 77 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 23 per cent is not suitable for agriculture but well suited for forestry, pasture, agroforestry, silvi-pasture, recreation, installation of wind mills and as habitat for wildlife.  About 24 per cent of the soils are very deep (>150 cm), 12 per cent moderately deep (75 - 100 cm), 61 per cent moderately shallow to shallow (25-75 cm).  About 32 per cent of the area has clayey soils, 52 per cent loamy soils and 13 per cent sandy soils at the surface.  About 9 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity and about 73 per cent low (50-100 mm/m) and very low (337kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  Available zinc is deficient in all the soils  The land suitability for 27 major crops (agricultural and horticultural) grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Chilkadabetta-1 Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 82 (17) 186 (39) Guava 78 (16) 57 (12) Maize 101 (21) 155 (33) Mango 78 (16) 23 (5) Red gram 78(16) 83 (18) Sapota 78 (16) 57 (12) Groundnut 35 (7) 221(47) Jackfruit 78 (16) 23 (5) Sunflower 70 (15) 77 (16) Jamun 78 (16) 35 (7) Cotton 82 (17) 155 (33) Musambi 78 (16) 35 (5) Onion 78 (16) 190 (40) Lime 78 (16) 35 (5) Beans 78 (16) 190 (40) Cashew 78 (16) 57 (12) Potato 78 (16) 178 (37) Custard apple 78 (16) 193 (40) Beetroot 78 (16) 178 (37) Amla 78 (16) 193(40) Turmeric 78 (16) 178 (37) Tamarind 78 (16) 35(5) Horse gram 78 (16) 180 (38) Marigold 78 (16) 190(40) Field bean 78 (16) 190 (40) Chrysanthamum 78 (16) 190(40) Banana 78 (16) 69 (50) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that are edible, ecological and produce lot of biomass which helps in restoring the ecological balance in the micro watershed. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Chilakadabetta-1 Microwatershed (Shivapura sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) is located in between 11041' – 11042' North latitudes and 76040' – 76042' East longitudes, covering an area of about 476 ha, bounded by Hullipura, Belavadihundi, Mangala and Shivapura villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Chilakadabetta-1 micro-watershed (Shivapura sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk and Chamarajanagar district) are presented here. Social Indicators  Male and female ratio is 61.2 to 38.8 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 55.1 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 71.4 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) is around 30 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among 90 per cent.  About 60.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Around 30.0 percent of farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 70 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 80 per cent.  Institutional participation is only 8.2 per cent.  Rural migration to urban centre for employment is prevalent among 10 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 30 per cent of sample households. 2 Economic Indicators  The average land holding is 0.8 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal farmers. The dry land account for 72.1 % and irrigated land is 27.9 % of total cultivated land of the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 79.6 per cent and agriculture is the main agriculture labour is the subsidiary occupation around 10.2 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs 93314 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs 74219 per household, about 50.0 per cent of sample farmers are having sprayer.  The average value of livestock is around Rs 25750 per household; about 58.3 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 588.3 grams (1253.5 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 80.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 36529 per household. All sample farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1401. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 900 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 505064 per year for the total area of 475.8 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 16231/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in tomato (Rs. 43260) followed by beans (Rs. 18914), maize (Rs. 16914), sorghum (Rs. 16401), horse gram (Rs. 7824), sunflower (Rs. 5818) and groundnut (Rs. 4485).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 449/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in groundnut (Rs. 675) followed by horse gram (Rs. 472), sunflower (Rs. 329) and sorghum (Rs. 318).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in beans (Rs. 538092) followed by tomato (Rs. 49965), sorghum (Rs. 48561), maize (Rs. 36220), sunflower (Rs. 30947), horse gram (Rs. 20349) and groundnut (Rs. 20287). 3 Economic Land Evaluation  The major cropping pattern is horse gram (29.9 %) followed by sorghum (19.4 %) groundnut (18.1 %), sunflower (16.7 %), maize (8.7 %) and beans (3.6 %).  Chilakadabetta-1 Micro watershed, major soils are soil Hindupur (HDR) series is having shallow soil depth cover around 6.5 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing sunflower (50.0 %) and sorghum (50.0%). Hullipura (HPR) are also having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 16.6 % of area, the crops are beans (5.5 %), horse gram(44.5%), sorghum(44.5%) and tomato was 5.5 % each. Shivapura (SPR) soil series having shallow soil depth cover around 14.6 % of areas, crops are groundnut (50.0 %) and horse gram (50.0 %). Kannigala (KNG) soil series are having moderately deep soil depth cover around 11.7 % per cent of area. The major crops grown are groundnut (31.7%) and horse gram (68.3%). Annurkeri (ARK) soil series are having very deep soil depth covers around 7.4 % of area, the major crop grown is beans (13.1%), groundnut (36.9%), sorghum (36.9%) and tomato (13.1%). Kalligaudanahalli (KDH) and Beemanabeedu (BMB) soil series having very deep soil depth cover 7.3 % and 2.5 % of areas respectively; crops are maize, sunflower and horse gram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for groundnut ranges between Rs.18746/ha in SPR soil (with BCR of 1.0) and Rs.30525/ha in KNG soil (with BCR of 1.04).  In horse gram the cost of cultivation range between Rs 6371/ha in SPR soil (with of 2.62) and Rs. 28728/ha in BMB soil (with BCR of 1.57).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 11171/ha in ARK soil (with BCR of 2.53) and Rs. 18249/ha in HDR soil (with BCR of 1.71).  In tomato the cost of cultivation range between is Rs.118609 /ha in ARK soil (with BCR of 1.25) and Rs331873 in HPR soil (with BCR of 1.28).  In sunflower the cost of cultivation range between is Rs 17602/ha in HDR soil (with BCR of 1.94) and Rs. 33353/ha in BMB soil (with BCR of 1.03).  In beans the cost of cultivation range between is Rs 112311/ha in ARK soil (with BCR of 1.23) and Rs. 126088/ha in HPR soil (with BCR of 1.02).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications on deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. 4  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in groundnut (56.6 to 58.7 %), horse gram (24.1 to 45.8 %), sorghum (38.2 to 53.1 %), sunflower (31.7 to 39.3 %) and tomato (44.9 to 64 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Devihal-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 435 ha in Shirahatti taluk of Gadag district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 633 mm of which about 363 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 165 mm during north-east and the remaining 105 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 97 per cent is covered by soils, three per cent by rock lands and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 23 soil phases (management units) and 7 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 1st week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 97 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 3 per cent is not suitable for agriculture.  About 64 per cent of the soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm) to very shallow (150 cm) soils.  About 73 per cent of the area has loamy soils at the surface, 4 per sandy and 20 per cent of the area has clayey soils.  About 9 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 80 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel) and 9 per cent very gravelly (35- 60% gravel) soils.  About 16 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m), 81 per cent low (51-100 mm/m) to very low (0.75%) and low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 54 per cent and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 43 per cent area.  Available iron is deficient in about 59 per cent area and sufficient in 38 per cent area.  Available zinc is deficient in about 84 per cent area and sufficient in 13 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 23 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, prevailing market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 118 (27) 125(29) Sapota 43 (10) 102 (23) Maize 118 (27) 125(29) Jackfruit 35 (8) 27 (6) Cotton 71 (16) 192(44) Jamun 35 (8) 35 (8) Sunflower 71 (16) 192(44) Musambi 35 (8) 35 (8) Onion 137 (32) 125(29) Lime 35(8) 35 (8) Groundnut 137 (32) 200(46) Cashew 35 (8) 110 (25) Chilli 145 (33) 117(27) Custard apple 71 (16) 285(66) Sugarcane 71 (16) 75(17) Amla 71(16) 285 (66) Pomegranate 71 (16) 75 (17) Tamarind 35 (8) 35 (8) Tomato 145 (33) 116(27) Marigold 145 (33) 116 (27) Guava 63 (14) 8 (2) Chrysanthemum 145(33) 116 (27) Mango 35 (8) 35 (8) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LCUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to the problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also help in mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Devihal-3 micro-watershed (Nilogal sub-watershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) is located in between 1507' – 1509' North latitudes and 75036' – 75038' East longitudes, covering an area of about 435 ha, bounded by Chabbi village on north, Nadigatti village on the west, Majjur and Devihal villages on the east with an length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Devihal-3 micro-watershed (Nilogal subwatershed, Shirahatti taluk and Gadag district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 51.8 to 48.2 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 48.2 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 69.7 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 90.0 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for cooking among 60.0 per cent.  About 50.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Farm households (90.0 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 90.0 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 50.0 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 1.8 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 50.0 per cent of households. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.6 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land of 83.3 % and irrigated land 16.1% of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 20.4 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 74.3 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 14145 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 141683 per household, about 60 per cent of sample farmers having plough and bullock cart.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 26080 per household; about 83.3 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 878.7 grams (1898.5 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 50.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 40187 per household. About 80.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1306. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 1084 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 4458572 per year for the total area of 435.54 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 12856/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in onion (Rs. 21418) followed by sorghum (Rs. 12501), groundnut (Rs. 10847), sunflower (Rs. 9116), maize (Rs. 8305) and green gram (Rs. 4950).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs 1496/ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs 2379) followed by groundnut (Rs 1337) and sorghum (Rs 771).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in sunflower (Rs.32384), followed by green gram (Rs 32286), sorghum (Rs.27823), maize (Rs.23085), groundnut (Rs.16454), and onion (Rs.15504). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is groundnut (25.5 %) followed by maize (21.0 %), onion (16.1), sunflower (10.9 %), sorghum (10.7 %) and green gram (7.9 %).  In Devihal 3 Microwatershed, major soil is soil of Devihal (DVH) series is having very shallow soil depth cover around 6.32 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing onion. Kaggalipura (KGP) soil is also having very shallow soil depth cover (3.92 %) of area; the crops are sunflower. Chikkamegheri (CKM) soil series having moderately deep soil depth cover around 17.23 per cent of areas, crops are groundnut (28 %), maize (28 %), green gram (22 %) and sorghum (22 %). Lakkipura (LKR) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 21.65 per cent of area; crops are sorghum (66 %) and sunflower (34 %), Ranatur (RTR) soil series having very deep soil depth cover 5.79 ha of area; crop are groundnut (47 %) and maize (53 %) and Thammadahalli soils are moderately shallow soil depth cover 26.81 per cent of area; crops are groundnut.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for sunflower ranges between Rs. 35405 /ha in KGP soil (with BCR of 1.45) and Rs. 23330/ha in LKR soil (with BCR of 11.18).  In groundnut the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 23720/ha in RTR soil (with BCR of 1.35) and Rs. 22644/ha in TDH soil (with BCR of 1.74).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation range between is Rs. 13952/ha in LKR soil (with BCR of 2.54) and Rs. 10338/ha in CKM soil (with BCR of 1.19).  In maize the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs. 25385/ha in RTR soil (with BCR of 1.52) and Rs. 21308/ha in CKM soil (with BCR of 1.10).  In onion the cost of cultivation in DVH soil is Rs. 14182/ha (with BCR of 3.22) and green gram the cost cultivation in CKM soil is Rs.18425/ha (with BCR of 1.30).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. 4  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in groundnut (63.9 to 68.4 %), maize (79 to 82.1 %), sorghum (86.1 to 48.1 %), sunflower (51 to 30 %), onion (76.6 %) and green gram (45.3 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Shivapura-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 596 ha in Gundlupet taluk of Chamarajanagar district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 734 mm of which about 254 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 268 mm during north-east and the remaining 212 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96 per cent is covered by soils, four per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 24 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 1st week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 96 per cent area is suitable for agriculture.  About 8 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) and 87 per cent are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 34 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface, 40 per cent loamy soils and 22 per cent area has sandy soils.  About 7 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 39 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel) and 49 per cent has very gravelly (35- 60% gravel) soils.  About 88 per cent has soils that are very low (200 mm/m) available water capacity.  About 86 per cent of the area has nearly level (0-1%) to very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 10 per cent is under gently sloping (3-5%) to moderately sloping (5- 10%) lands.  An area of about 64 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1), 22 per cent moderately eroded (e2) and 10 per cent soils are severely eroded (e3).  An area of about 2 per cent has soils that are slightly acidic (pH 6.0-6.5); 14 per cent area has neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and maximum area of about 80 per cent has soils that are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8) to strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 40 per cent of the soils are low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 12 per cent of the soils are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm) in 5 per cent area.  Available iron is deficient in about 51 per cent area and sufficient in 44 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in all the soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 27 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 8 (1) 183 (31) Sapota 36 (6) 6 (1) Maize 36 (6) 147 (25) Guava 36 (6) 6 (1) Redgram 36 (6) 16 (3) Banana 36 (6) 8 ( 1 ) Horsegram 36 (6) 163 (27) Jackfruit 36 (6) - Field bean 36 (6) 163 (27) Jamun 36 (6) 8 (1) Groundnut - 189 (32) Musambi 36 (6) 8 (1) Sunflower - 44 (7) Lime 36 (6) 8 (1) Cotton 8 (1) 147 (25) Cashew - 16 (3) Onion 36 (6) 155 (26) Custard apple - 108 (18) Potato 36 (6) 147 (25) Amla - 108 (18) Beans 36 (6) 155 (26) Tamarind 36 (6) 8 (1) Beetroot 36 (6) 147 (25) Marigold 36 (6) 161 (27) Turmeric 36 (6) 147 (25) Chrysanthemum 36 (6) 155 (26) Mango 36 (6) - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Shivapura-1 micro-watershed (Shivapura sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) is located in between 11041' – 11043' North latitudes and 76040' – 76042' East longitudes, covering an area of about 596 ha, bounded by Hullepura, Siddapura and Hundipura villages with an length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Shivapura-1 micro-watershed (Shivapura sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) are presented here Social Indicators  Male and female ratio is 54.8 to 45.1 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 64.5 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 80.6 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) is around 44.4 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among 90.0 per cent.  About 66.6 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Farm households (44.4 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employments.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 88.8 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 55.5 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 9.6 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 12.9 per cent of farm households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 82.1 per cent of households. 2 Economic Indicators  The average land holding is 1.1 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land of 66.3 % and irrigated land 33.7% of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 12.9 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 38.7 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 101589 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average farm assets value is around Rs.71651 per household, about 55.5 per cent of sample farmers owen of Irrigation pump and sprayer (44.4 %).  The average value livestock is around Rs.36667 per household; about 77.7 per cent of households are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 651.5 grams (1638.6 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 88.9 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.65433 per household. About 55.5 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.1142. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 765 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 436466 per year for the total area of 595.6 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food production is around Rs. 30601/ ha/year. Per hectare food production services is maximum in banana (Rs. 45422) followed by sunflower (Rs. 12945), cotton (Rs. 9384), horse gram (Rs. 6715), sorghum (Rs. 5915) and maize (Rs. 5902).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 904/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in sorghum (Rs. 1091) followed by and horse gram (Rs. 717).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in banana (Rs. 117195) followed by cotton (Rs. 58112), sorghum (Rs. 41407), sunflower (Rs. 35645), maize (Rs. 23218) and horse gram (Rs. 21933). 3 Economic Land Evaluation  The major cropping pattern is sunflower (33.1 %) followed by sorghum (25.4 %), horse gram (15 %), banana (11.9 %), cotton (4.9 %), maize (4.7 %) and safflower (4.7 %).  In Shivapura 1 micro-watershed, major soil is soil of Shivapura (SPR) series is having shallow soil deep cover around 5.65 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing maize (50.0%) and sunflower (50 %), Hindupur (HDR) soil are also having shallow soil depth cover (45.0 %) of area, the crops are horse gram (24 %), sorghum (45 %) and sunflower (31.0 %). Devarhalli (DRH) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 31.66 per cent of areas, crops are sorghum (50 %) and sunflower (50.0 %). Hullipura (HPR) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 19 % of area; crops are banana (38), cotton (16 %), sorghum (23 %) and sunflower (11.0 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for sorghum range between Rs. 24166/ha in HPR soil (with BCR of 1.30) and Rs. 20250/ha in HDR soil (with BCR of 1.34).  In horse gram the cost of cultivation range between Rs 18606/ha in HPR soil (with of 1.26) and Rs.16253/ha in HDR soil (with BCR of 1.52).  In sunflower the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 40912/ha in HPR soil (with BCR of 1.03) and Rs. 16518/ha in DRH soil (with BCR of 2.22).  In maize the cost of cultivation is Rs. 24498/ha in SPR soil (with BCR of 1.24).  In banana the cost of cultivation is Rs. 62539/ha in HPR soil (with BCR of 1.69) and cotton cultivation in HPR soil is Rs.74271/ha (with BCR of 1.13).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications on deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments. 4  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in horse gram (28.5 to 24.1 %), sorghum (53.8 to 47.2%), sunflower (41.4 to 24.1 %), banana (62 %), cotton (15.6 %) and maize (77.1 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The land resource inventory of Hullur-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 448 ha in Shirahatti taluk of Gadag district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 633 mm, of which about 363 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 165 mm during north-east and the remaining 105 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96 per cent is covered by soils, four per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 15 soil phases (management units) and 8 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 1st week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 96 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 4% is not suitable for agriculture.  About 13 per cent of the soils are shallow (25-50 cm) to moderately shallow (50-75 cm) and about 83 per cent are moderately deep (75-100 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) soils.  About 93 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface and 3 per cent of the area has loamy soils.  About 32 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 56 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel) and 2 per cent very gravelly (35- 60% gravel) soils.  About 22 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m), 62% is very high (>200mm/m) and 11 per cent low (51-100 mm/m) to very low (9.0).  About 95 per centhas soils are non saline ( 337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is high (>20 ppm) in about 30 per cent, medium (10-20 ppm) in about 46 per cent area and about 20 per cent area is low (1.0 ppm) in 2 per cent area.  Available iron is deficient in about 92 per cent area and sufficient in 4 per cent area.  Available zinc is deficient in about 95 per cent area and sufficient in <1 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 23 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 200 (45) 193 (43) Sapota - 50 (11) Maize 13 (3) 37 (8) Jackfruit - 4 (1) Cotton 181 (40) 213(47) Jamun - 4(1) Sunflower 181 (40) 192(44) Musambi 37 (8) 195 (44) Onion 46 (10) 4(1) Lime 37(8) 195 (44) Groundnut 13 (3) 37(8) Cashew - 17(4) Chilli 13 (3) 401(89) Custard apple 320 (71) 73(16) Sugarcane - 50 (11) Amla 320(71) 73 (16) Pomegranate - 394 (88) Tamarind - 4 (1) Tomato 46 (10) 368(82) Marigold 50 (11) 344 (77) Guava - 150 (33) Chrysanthemum 50(11) 344 (77) Mango - 4(1) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LCUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This also helps in maintaining an ecological balance and contributes to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Hullur 2 Microwatershed (Hullur sub-watershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) is located in between 1503' – 1505' North latitudes and 75034' – 75036' East longitudes, covering an area of about 448 ha, bounded by Fatagoan Badani village on north, Amarapur village on the west, Jirmahadapur on the south, Nilogal village on the east with an length of growing period (LGP) 150-180 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Hullur 2 micro-watershed (Hullur subwatershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 65 to 35 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 60 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 79 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) is around 9 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 55 per cent.  About 18 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (80 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 73 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 55 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 9 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production among all households was found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.32 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to medium and semi-medium farmers. The dry land of 69.7 % and irrigated land 30.3 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 30 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 51 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 11127 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 111040 per household, about 82 per cent of sample farmers owen plough and sprayer.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 24750 per household; about 90 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 731.4 grams (1589 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 64 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 16407 per household. Among all sample farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs. 1125. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 1033 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 441031 per year for the total area of 571.40 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 4718/ha/year. Per hectare food production services is maximum in onion (Rs. 17422) followed by maize (Rs. 5715), horse gram (Rs. 5424), cotton (Rs. 2723) sorghum (Rs. 653), groundnut (Rs. 429) and sunflower (Rs. 653).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 2239/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in groundnut (Rs. 4803) followed by sorghum (Rs. 1647), horse gram (Rs. 1214) and maize (Rs. 1290).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in cotton (Rs. 49758) followed by sorghum (Rs. 37643), groundnut (Rs. 25959), maize (Rs. 23066), horse gram (Rs. 22416), sunflower (Rs. 12227) and onion (Rs. 10628). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is maize (68.7 %) followed by sunflower (6.2 %), onion (6.2 %), horse gram (6.2 %), sorghum (4.7 %), groundnut (4.9 %) and cotton (3.0 %).  In Hullur 2 Microwatershed, major soil series is soil of Yelisirunj (YSJ) series is having shallow soil depth cover around 4.4 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing maize (50 %) and horse gram (50 %). Attikatti (ATT) are having moderately shallow soil depth cover 4.7 % of area, the crops are groundnut (42.9 %) and maize (57.1 %). Jelligeri (JLG) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 1.4 % of areas, crops are onion. Mahalingapur Tanda (MPT) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 37.1 % of area, crops are maize. Hullur (HLR) soil series are having very deep soil depth cover around 8.2 % of area; the major crops grown are maize. Narasapura (KPR) soil series are having deep soil depth covers around 0.81 % of area, the major crop grown is cotton (6.6 %), maize (59.8 %), groundnut (3.3 %), onion (6.6 %), sorghum (10 %) and sunflower (13.6 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for maize the range between Rs. 24782/ha in ATT soil (with BCR of 1.18) and Rs.18845/ha in KPR soil (with BCR of 1.07).  In horse gram the cost of cultivation Rs. 20065/ha in YSJ soil (with BCR of 1.33).  In groundnut the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs. 51669/ha in KPR soil (with BCR of 1.20) and Rs. 36120/ha in ATT soil (with BCR of 1.03).  In onion cost of cultivation range between is Rs.39707/ha in JLG soil (with BCR of 1.79) and Rs 30948 in KPR soil (with BCR of 1.20).  In cotton the cost of cultivation is Rs 40502/ha in KPR soil (with BCR of 1.07).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation is Rs.24042/ha in KPR soil (with BCR of 1.10) and sunflower the cost of cultivation is Rs.17509/ha in KPR soil (with BCR of 1.04).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. 4  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in horse gram (25.4 %), maize (82.1 to 70.7 %), groundnut (48.6 to 42.2 %), onion (87.3 to 80.6 %), cotton (27.7 %), sorghum (56.0 %) and sunflower (77.7 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project