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International audience This article, which is part of the general framework of mathematics applied to economics, is a decision-making model in total ignorance. Such an environment is characterized by the absence of a law of distribution of the states of nature allowing having good forecasts or anticipations. Based primarily on the integral of Choquet, this model allows aggregating the different states of nature in order to make a better decision. This integral of Choquet imposes itself with respect to the complexity of the environment and also by its relevance of aggregation of the interactive or conflicting criteria. The present model is a combination of the Schmeidler model and the Brice Mayag algorithm for the determination of Choquet 2-additive capacity. It fits into the framework of subjective models and provides an appropriate response to the Ellsberg paradox. ; Cet article qui s'inscrit dans le cadre général des mathématiques appliquées à l'économie est un modèle de prise de décision dans l'ignorance totale. Un tel environnement est caractérisé par l'absence d'une loi de distribution des états de la nature permettant d'avoir des bonnes prévisions ou anticipations. Se basant principalement sur l'intégrale de Choquet, ce modèle permet d'agréger les différents états de la nature afin de prendre une meilleure décision. Cette intégrale de Choquet s'impose par rapport à la complexité de l'environnement et aussi par son caractère pertinent d'agrégation des critères interactifs ou conflictuels. Le présent modèle est une combinaison du modèle de Schmeidler et de l'algorithme de Brice Mayag pour la détermination de la capacité 2-additive de Choquet. Il s'inscrit dans le cadre des modèles subjectifs et apporte une réponse appropriée au paradoxe d'Ellsberg.

SUMMARY The purpose of the article is to analyse the limits of dialogical justice implemented in recent years by the constitutional courts, including the Colombian Constitutional Court, to protect social rights, mainly in structural cases involving the systematic violation of these rights by a significant group of people, the solution of which hampers the design and implementation of public policies. To this end, the text addresses democratic experimentalism and governance as such, and uses examples of Colombia's constitutional case law to show the limits of such decisions and possible alternatives to counteract them. Finally, a judicial guarantee of hybrid and contextualised social gaps is advocated, so that dialogical orders are complemented by other measures to ensure that rights are not left unprotected. ; RESUMEN El artículo tiene el propósito de analizar los límites de la justicia dialógica que, en años recientes, han implementado los tribunales constitucionales, entre ellos, la Corte Constitucional colombiana, para proteger los derechos sociales, principalmente, en casos estructurales que implican la vulneración sistemática de estos derechos a un grupo importante de personas, y cuya solución amerita el diseño y la ejecución de políticas públicas. Para ello, el texto aborda el experimentalismo democrático y la gobernanza experimen tal, y utiliza ejemplos de la jurisprudencia constitucional de Colombia para mostrar los límites de este tipo de decisiones y las posibles alternativas para contrarrestarlos. Para finalizar, se aboga por una garantía judicial de los de rechos sociales híbrida y contextualizada, de manera que se complementen las órdenes dialógicas con otro tipo de medidas para no dejar desprotegidos los derechos.

We are interested here in the initiatives of John Henry Wigmore (1863-1943), Dean of the Northwestern University School of Law. Since the beginning of the last century, Wigmore has promoted several collections (in English) of works by renowned European jurists in the fields of criminal law, the legal history, the philosophy of law. These pages offer keys to interpreting the collections and developing the strategies adopted in a dynamic of "nationalisation" of foreign texts. ; Nous nous intéressons ici aux initiatives de John Henry Wigmore (1863-1943), doyen de la faculté de droit de la Northwestern University. Depuis le début du dernier siècle, Wigmore a promu plusieurs collections (en anglais) d'œuvres de renommés juristes européens, en matiére du droit pénal, de l'histoire du droit, bref, de la philosophie du droit. Ces pages proposent des clefs pour proceder à une interprétation des collections et pour déveler les stratégies adoptées dans une dynamique de 'nationalisation' des textes.

This study presents the scientific transformation of Russian civil law between 1861 and 1917 around three benchmarks (rationalism, romanism, comparatism) and, in particular, through the comparative method. The empirical basis is provided by the main doctrinal work on civil law and its history, including civil law courses and publications on the methodology of legal research prepared by Dmitri Meier, Constantin Pobiedonostsev, Sergei Muromtsev, Maksim Kovalevski, Yuri Gambarov, Iosif Pokrovski and other Russian lawyers at the time. ; The article examines the scientific transformation of Russian civil law between 1861 and 1917 around three points of reference (rationalism, Romanism, the comparative trend) and specifically through the comparative method. In focus are the principal academic publications on Russian civil law and its history, including the most authoritative treatises on civil law and the methodology of legal studies by such scholars as Dmitry Meyer, Konstantin Pobedonostsev, Sergey Muromtsev, Maksim Kovalevsky, Yury Gambarov, Iosif Pokrovsky. ; This study presents the scientific transformation of Russian civil law between 1861 and 1917 around three benchmarks (rationalism, romanism, comparatism) and, in particular, through the comparative method. The empirical basis is provided by the main doctrinal work on civil law and its history, including civil law courses and publications on the methodology of legal research prepared by Dmitri Meier, Constantin Pobiedonostsev, Sergei Muromtsev, Maksim Kovalevski, Yuri Gambarov, Iosif Pokrovski and other Russian lawyers at the time. ; Cette étude présente la transformation scientifique du droit civil russe entre 1861 et 1917 autour de trois points de repère (le rationalisme, le romanisme, le comparatisme) et, tout particulièrement, au travers de la méthode comparative. La base empirique est fournie par les principaux travaux doctrinaux sur le droit civil et son histoire, y compris les cours de droit civil et les publications concernant la méthodologie des ...

The proceedings of the Weizenbaum Conference 2021 "Democracy in Flux: Order, Dynamics and Voices in Digital Public Spheres" have been funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research of Germany (BMBF) (grant no.: 16DII121, 16DII122, 16DII123, 16DII124, 16DII125, 16DII126, 16DII127,16DII128 – "Deutsches Internet-Institut").

Peacocks are increasing processes for the convex order. To any peacock, one can associate martingales with the same martinal laws. We are interested in finding the diffusion associated to the uniform peacock, i.e., to the peacock with uniform law at all times on a time-varying support [a(t),b(t)]. Following an idea from Dupire, Madan and Yor propose a construction to find a diffusion martingale associated to a peacock, under the assumption of existence of a solution to a particular stochastic differential equation (SDE). In this paper we derive the SDE associated to the uniform peacock and give sufficient conditions on the (conic) boundary to have a unique strong or weak solution and analyse the local time at the boundary. Eventually, we focus on the constant support case. Given that the only uniform martingale with time-independent support proves to be a constant, we consider more general (mean reverting) diffusions. We prove existence of a solution to the related SDE and derive the moments of transition densities. Limit-laws and ergodic results show that the transition law tends to a uniform distribution.

A study of the European Union financing structure shows a disjunction between the EU taxing powers and the rules determining the resources funding the EU budget. Such a disconnection has deep historical roots, however, currently constitutes an obstacle towards the achievement of a sustainable Economic and Monetary Union. At the same time, the emergence of the solidarity principle in EU law is tangible proof that, in certain circumstances, the European Union also has as one of its objectives to grant financial assistance to Member States in distress. However, from a legal perspective, the current institutional framework needs reform in order to effectively serve this purpose, considering the magnitude of the economic consequences of the current pandemic. In this context, the debate on the adoption of truly European taxes must be relaunched.

International audience The aim of this work was to highlight feasibility of a new approach to synthesize Activated-Carbon (AC)/TiO2 composite materials. The main interest of these materials is for pollutants removal applications thanks to their multi-functionality. AC/TiO2 composites were prepared by one-step mechanosynthesis route. Morphological and structural properties were investigated through SEM, EDS, XRD, and BET techniques. It was found that the preparation process leads to the formation of an aggregate shape homogenously composed AC/TiO2 powder with a narrow particles size distribution, which mean diameter was 3.75 μm. Initial component structural properties were found to be strongly affected by the process, resulting in significant changes of TiO2 crystallinity and AC microtexture. The introduction of 5 min pauses during the process was enough to totally preserve TiO2 phases, crystallinity, and AC microporous network. Composites multi-functional properties were investigated using batch adsorption and photodegradation experiments. Adsorption studies revealed that AC/TiO2 aggregates exhibit good adsorption capacity with caffeine and a maximum adsorbed amount of 353 mg.g−1. Photocatalytic experiments highlighted that AC/TiO2 presents a photo-oxidation ability. Photodegradation apparent kinetic rate fitted with a first-order law gave a value of 1.04 10-5 s-1 for the composite and ten times higher for pure TiO2. These results allowed to conclude that mechanosynthesis is an effective route to produce bi-functional AC/TiO2 composites with efficient adsorption capacity for water treatment applications. It also suggests the need of further radiative transfer studies to understand light scattering and absorption inside these materials, which could lead to some improvement of these promising materials.

On 30 July 2018, Mohammed VI chose the city of Alhucemas to pronounce his annual Feast of the Throne speech. The choice of location for the event had great political significance: the King was turn-ing the page on the protest movement that for months had shaken the city, the force of the law was still being brought against the rebels and he appealed to patriotic unity to garner support for the development projects aimed at resolving the ¿so-cial question.¿ Looking beyond royal speeches, Moroccan political life has continued its course, marked by the following events: 1) the controver-sies caused by statements made by the former President and Islamist leader of the Justice and De-velopment Party (PJD), Abdelilah Benkirane, who the King sacked in March 2017 for refusing to lead a government coalition formed, at the request of the Palace, by his staunchest opponents; 2) the debates surrounding a series of pledged legal re-forms, some of which have been pending since the ratification of the Constitution in 2011; and 3) last-ly, protest movements of varying natures, such as the consumer boycott, which, having a large de-gree of anonymity, reduces the risk of participants being subjected to repression at the hands of se-curity forces.

RESUMEN Este artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación realizada en Venezuela, entre 2012 y 2013, bajo el paradigma cualitativo, con la forma de un estudio de caso y anclado teóricamente en el enfoque de las capacidades de Amartya Sen. A partir de una serie de entrevistas, se buscó descubrir los sentidos y significados que los ciudadanos organizados elaboran sobre el derecho a la salud. Los resultados muestran información de sus valoraciones sobre el sistema de derechos y los mecanismos que los respaldan; se evidencian cuestionamientos a la efectividad de las garantías previstas en la Constitución de 1999: la atención en salud no llega a todos los ciudadanos, la provisión de los bienes y servicios en salud es limitada y de baja calidad, con notorias dificultades para el acceso a tratamientos y medicamentos. En términos senianos, esto se traduce en restricciones a las oportunidades reales de llevar la vida que quieren y tienen razones para valorar, y, por ende, en una disminución de su libertad.

Proportionality refers to an appropriate relationship between two comparators and there is disproportion each time when this relationship becomes inadequate. This can take two different forms, namely quantitative disproportion, on the one hand, and qualitative disproportion, on the other. The former reflects an economic imbalance between the comparators, while the latter indicates an unsatisfactory quality of the relationship between the comparators. It must be stated that, under Mauritius law, the principle of proportionality applies to the contract. However, the proportionality thus defined only covers situations where the comparators are clearly pre-established, thus avoiding bad surprises for the parties. This article examines two types of disproportion mentioned above, as well as penalties which serve as a technical tool to combat the disproportion of the contract. ; International audience Proportionality designates an adequate relationship between two elements of comparison and there is disproportion each time when this relationship becomes inadequate. Disproportion can take two different forms, namely quantitative disproportion, on the one hand, and qualitative disproportion, on the other. The first one shows an economic imbalance between the elements of comparison, while the second one reveals an unsatisfactory quality of the relationship between the elements of comparison. It is clear that under Mauritian law the principle of proportionality applies to the contract. However, the proportionality thus defined includes only situations where the elements of comparison are pre-established with certainty. In this article, two types of disproportion mentioned above are analyzed, as well as sanctions which are the technical tool to combat the disproportion of contract. ; Proportionality refers to an appropriate relationship between two comparators and there is disproportion each time when this relationship becomes inadequate. This can take two different forms, namely quantitative disproportion, on the one hand, ...

Stemming from Max Weber (1946 [1919]), many sociologists understand legitimate violence as monopolized by the state. The literature has established that for the state to maintain legitimacy it must either demonstrate sustained efficacy or have its legitimacy based on the values of its citizens (Lipset 1963). The statistics on gun control in the United States (Giffords Law Center 2020) and sociological literature (e.g. Hill et al. 2020a, 2020b) demonstrate the sustained inefficacies of gun rights. Thus, this article investigates the legitimacy of these rights in terms of voters' political values. I use a case set (Small 2009) of 120 voters interviewed in Arizona from 2013-2015. My analysis is an example of qualitative secondary analysis (Duchesne 2017; Belot and Van Ingelgom 2017; Davidson et al. 2019). My findings confirm and extend the literature on the bases of legitimate violence in the United States (e.g. Shapira and Simon 2018; Carlson 2019). Furthermore, my findings provide evidence of voter socialization into a political culture that combines public, declarative, and nondeclarative forms of culture (e.g. Lizardo 2017). These findings also bridge the sociological literature on values (Wuthnow 2008), political sociology (Lipset 1963), the sociology of culture (Miles 2015), and moral psychology (Haidt 2012).

Summary Climate change caused by anthropic activities since the pre-industrial period is a latent reality threatening the planet's natural balance. Temperature increases due to greenhouse gas emissions are having irreversible effects, damaging all forms of life. Against this background, there is a need to consider new alternatives that are resilient to the effects of global warming. The bioeconomy can be a strategy to reduce the carbon footprint and move towards a sustainable production model based on the use of biodiversity. This term, which has developed very strongly over the last decade, is theoretically based on the principle of the biological origin of economic processes governed by a borderline law. In a world where resources are finite and under constant pressure due to population growth and growing food demand, mechanisms need to be put in place to cushion anthropogenic activities. In this process, agroecology plays an important role in improving access to healthy products and improving the preservation of biodiversity. The approach and implementation of the bioeconomy depends on the vision and interests pursued by each country or region. Ecuador must look for its own model, away from the expansionist approaches to energy crops, and focus on development and innovation, taking advantage of the richness of its biodiversity. ; Resumen El cambio climático provocado por las actividades antrópicas desde el periodo preindustrial es una realidad latente que amenaza el equilibrio natural del planeta. El incremento de la temperatura a causa de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero está teniendo efectos irreversibles, que perjudican a todas las formas de vida. Ante ese panorama, es necesario plantear nuevas alternativas que sean resilientes ante los efectos del calentamiento global. La bioeconomía puede ser una estrategia para disminuir la huella de carbono y transitar hacia un modelo de producción sostenible basado en el aprovechamiento de la biodiversidad. Este término, que ha venido desarrollándose con ...