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ABSTRACT Criminal law enforcement in Indonesia may lack of the justice sense and furthermore highlight the rule of law, this is due to the influence of the philosophy of positivism developed in Europe mainland which has liberal-individualist ideology. This ideology wants everything to be rational and certainty, including legal issues must be no certainty. The purpose of this matter is to protect the rights of individuals. While the Indonesian society is a society that does not highlight the rights of individuals, but respects the balance between individual rights and collective rights. Thus, our criminal law enforcement is still sourced from Indonesian Penal Code which is a replica of the Wetboek Van Strafrech (WVS) created by the Dutch colonialists Government will not materialize justice. It is necessary to face these issues with two steps as the following i.e, first one: the law enforcement agencies in using the law needs a more progressive interpretation, therefore a sense of justice can be realized. Second one, it needs to be realized in accordance with the criminal law reform ideology of kinship based on the values of Pancasila as an ideology of the Indonesia. Such measures are expected to materialize justice in the criminal law enforcement of Indonesia.Keywords: Criminal Law, Law Enforcement, Justice.

The institutions of criminal law and their relation to human rights in the People's Republic of China are worth studying for a number of reasons. First, it is in the realm of criminal law and human rights discourse that much of the Chinese conception of law itself is worked out. Secondly, criminal law in China, like criminal law anywhere, carries with it a theory of social order and disorder that is worth looking at for its own sake. One of the challenges facing Chinese criminal law today is that of rejustifying itself in the face of the enormous social changes that have taken place since the beginning of economic reform and China's opening to the outside world in the late 1970s. Thirdly, as long as human rights remain a matter of international concern, one cannot ignore the institutions of punishment that govern one-fifth of the world's population. This article gives an overview of issues of criminal law and human rights as they affect Chinese society today.

Since David Luban's is the work on legal ethics that I admire and agree with most, there is an element of perversity in my vehement critique of his arguments on criminal defense. I am therefore especially thankful for his gracious and thoughtful response. Nevertheless, I remain convinced that Luban is mistaken in excepting criminal defense from much of the responsibility to substantive justice that we both think appropriate in every other sphere of lawyering.

The object of this study is fraud in the comparative aspect of civil and criminal law based on the relevant legislation and Kosovo legal theory. The results of this study prove that fraud in the Kosovo courts practice is relatively common, and that there are many irregularities in its handling. Irregularities mostly refer to the lack of clarity matter of differences that this harmful phenomenon contains in itself when handled in the civil legal aspect from the treatment given to it in the criminal legal aspect. These uncertainties have influenced that in each concrete case the phenomenon of fraud in Kosovo is first addressed in the criminal aspect and then eventually in the civil aspect. The study highlights the similarities, differences and existing ambiguities of fraud when handled in the civil legal aspect from the treatment given to it in the criminal legal context, as well as it addresses the appropriate ways of clarifying such situation. The contribution of this study is theoretical and practical, bearing in mind the fact that it deals with an almost unaddressed issue in Kosovo and perhaps in many other countries.

Der Band schlägt ein Konzept des transnationalen Konzerns für das Völkerstrafrecht vor. Die Analyse von Völkerrecht, EU-Kartellrecht, US- und englischem Recht sowie ökonomischer Theorien zeigt den Konzern als ökonomische Einheit, wenn Kontrollmacht und tatsächliche Kontrollausübung vorliegen. Das Buch ergänzt die strafrechtliche Debatte um einen bis jetzt vernachlässigten gesellschaftsrechtlichen Blickwinkel und schafft mehr Klarheit hinsichtlich der Konturen und notwendigen Elemente des transnationalen Konzerns. Die Kriterien entspringen einer gründlichen Analyse transnationaler, übergreifender Strukturmerkmale des Konzerns in den untersuchten Rechtsordnungen. Das Hauptaugenmerk liegt dabei auf der tatsächlichen Kontrollausübung und ihren verschiedenen Formen. Als Ergebnis der Synthese steht ein detailliertes und ökonomisch abgesichertes Konzept des transnationalen Konzerns, der als potenzieller Adressat völkerstrafrechtlicher Normen in Betracht kommt.

The nature of Islamic international law -- Principles of Islamic international law -- Islamic philosophy of law in relation to Islamic international law -- Sources of Islamic public international law -- Islamic international law within municipal law -- International status of state sovereignty -- Subjects of the law -- Human rights law -- The discipline of Islamic international criminal law -- Aggression -- War crimes -- Unlawful use of weaponss -- Crimes against humanity -- Slavery -- Genocide -- Apartheid -- Torture -- Crimes against internationally protected persons -- Taking of hostages -- Drug offences -- Trafficking in persons and pornography -- Crimes against natural environments -- Crimes against foodstuffs -- Piracy -- Limitations of hostilities in the conduct of states -- Institution of protections -- Humanitarian protections of prisoners of war -- Islamic criminal jurisdiction within the ICC -- The mechanisms of the trial -- Rights of the accused -- Basis of criminal accountability -- Punishments.

This article examines the pertinent legislative and judicial developments of the past year that have effected juvenile law in Virginia. Specifically, this article discusses new laws and amendments passed by the Virginia General Assembly with respect to juvenile delinquency, non-criminal misbehavior, and termination of parental rights. Part IV discusses changes to Title 22.1 of the Virginia Code that affect school disciplinary matters. Part V examines developments in the area of juvenile mental health. Finally, Part VI discusses various miscellaneous developments affecting youth abortions, teenage driving, parental negligence in the tort context, and a significant amendment made to the Comprehensive Services Act for At-Risk Youth and Families. Discussion ofrelevant case law supplements each topical section.

In today's world the relationship between criminal law and human rights remains complex, both in doctrine and in practice, as evidenced by the various realities and theories around this matter, so it is convenient to reflect on the most viable ways and methods to humanize criminal law and criminal procedure to preserve human dignity. The purpose of the text lies in presenting the editorial of the special edition of Vol. 39, No, 70 of Political Issues. The arguments outlined allow us to conclude that, it would be illusory to suppose, as some jurists think, that the law by itself is sufficient to build a wall of contention in the face of the actions of the arbitrary powers that constitute an obstacle to fundamental rights, it is also necessary the political will of the actors of power to comply with and enforce the law in a human and rational way and, especially, the organized action of a citizenry willing to fight for the exercise of their human rights within the framework of any punitive action.

Ausgehend von einem Überblick über die chinesische Rechtsgeschichte (Zeit der Streitenden Reiche bis Ende des Kaiserreiches) mit ihren durch konfuzianische Ethik- und Moralprinzipien geprägten, stark personalisierten, aber kaum kodifizierten Rechtsvorstellungen, erläutern die Autoren die Rechtsentwicklung in der Yanan bzw. Bürgerkriegsphase (1911-1949: Rezeption europäischer Rechtsideen, "6 Gesetzbücher der Kuomintang"), um schließlich das Rechtssystem der VR China näher zu beleuchten. Untersucht werden in diesem Kontext die Organe, Funktionen und Kompetenzen der Legislative und Judikative, die ideologischen und politischen Hemmnisse einer Systematisierung und Kodifizierung des chinesischen Rechts, die Situation des Strafrechts und des Strafprozeßrechts, des Zivil- bzw. Wirtschaftsrechtsektors sowie der Rechtswissenschaft (Rechtstheorie/Rechtslehre) in der Phase der Reform (Stand: 1987). BIOst-Hml)

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Federal Crime Control Issues in the 111th Congress* -- Summary -- Introduction -- Crime Statistics2 -- Violent Crime Rate -- Property Crime Rate -- Violent Crime Control -- Hate Crimes6 -- Gangs14 -- Gun Control24 -- Combating Fraud and Theft -- Identity Theft31 -- Organized Retail Crime -- Drug Control -- Sentencing Reform50 -- Crack/Powder Cocaine Sentencing Disparities -- Early Release -- State and Local Justice Assistance -- Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS)67 -- Juvenile Justice71 -- Witness Protection Program -- Criminal Justice System Review -- End Notes -- DC Gun Laws and Proposed Amendments* -- Summary -- Introduction -- Overview of Congressional and DC Legislation -- Analysis of DC Gun Laws under the Proposed Amendments -- Authority of DC to Promulgate Rules -- DC Semiautomatic Ban -- Registration Requirements, Ammunition Sales, -- and Interstate Purchases -- Registration -- Ammunition Sales and Registration -- Interstate Transfers of Firearms -- Trigger Lock Requirement -- Criminal Penalties for Possession of Unregistered Firearms -- Regulating Inoperable Pistols and Harmonizing -- Definitions for Certain Types of Firearms -- Prohibitions of Firearms from Private -- and Sensitive Public Property -- Regulating the Carrying and Transport of Firearms -- Carrying of Firearms -- Transportation of Firearms -- Toy and Antique Pistols -- Providing Jurisdiction to Office of Administrative Hearings -- Additional District Provisions that Would Be Affected by the Congressional Proposals -- Qualifications and Duties for Dealers of Firearms -- Transfer or Sale by Non-Dealers and by Licensed Dealers -- Assault Weapons/Handgun Roster -- Large Capacity Ammunition Feeding Devices -- Waiting Period -- Microstamping and Discharge of Firearms -- End Notes