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This research paper covers the specifics of political, organizational, legal, economic and social relations between Turkey and Central Asia. Linguistically, culturally and ethnically close, Turkey's diplomacy in Central Asia has sought to build on friendship and brotherhood. Despite the problems in the relationship for some reason, the relationship is not completely broken. Turkey is involved in major economic projects in Central Asia. In particular, Turkey cooperates with Central Asian countries in the fields of education, culture and economy, light industry, chemistry, construction and energy. Turkey is showing more initiative in cooperation. Therefore, we can say that Turkey has a long-term strategy in Central Asia.

There has been much discussion in the British general and specialised media over the last year on the adverse consequences of the economic and financial crisis on the British pension system. It should come as no surprise that the crisis has also adversely affected pension systems in most other countries too. This paper contributes to the current debate on pensions in the UK by discussing how pension systems outside the UK have been affected by the economic and financial crisis, and what governments have done to deal with the emerging issues. The paper starts by discussing what theory tells us about the likely impact of this type of crisis on different types of pension systems. While the impact should be more long term in the case of pay-as-you-go state pensions and defined-benefit occupational pensions, theory would suggest that the effects will be felt more immediately in the case of defined-contribution pension schemes or private savings. The paper then goes on to present a number of key developments and policy actions (if any) that have taken place in a select number of countries in the realm of pensions since the onset of the crisis in the second half of 2007. These countries have been chosen as they are representative for a large number of countries, from Chile with its very high dependency on private pensions to Germany, where unfunded social security pensions remain by far the most important source of retirement income. The paper finds that the real world experiences are in line with what could be expected theoretically and argues that regardless of whether a country relies more heavily on an unfunded pay-as-you-go state pension system or funded private pensions (whether defined benefit or defined contribution) the crisis has had an adverse effect everywhere. Existing systems will have to be refined or restructured more fundamentally, with the exact response likely to vary from country to country reflecting society's interpretation of "inter-generational fairness". Annex A provides information on the respective ageing trends in these countries, while Annex B discusses the respective arrangements set up to protect current and future pensioners' entitlements if and when a pension scheme's corporate sponsor becomes insolvent.

This work offers a summary of the book "GLOBAL PARADOX: The Bigger The World Economy, The More Powerful Its Smallest Players" by John Naisbitt. What is the "global paradox"? As the world economy expands, the smallest elements (right down to the individual) will become ever more important and significant. The global paradox is a framework for developing an insight into the world as it is today and how it is moving towards tomorrow. In this brilliant book, John Naisbitt analyzes the consequences of this paradox: 1. New political and business standards are evolving which are based on the expe

China and the EU in Context brings together the research of world-class commentators on China from across Europe to explore the economic, political, investment, and trade relations between China and the EU. Brown provides a comprehensive overview to explain the key challenges currently facing those who are seeking to work with the Chinese or in China. Written for senior executives and investors, this accessible book shows how to relate to China practically and understand the internal dynamics for business purposes, exploring themes including investment, social unrest, and China's five-year program.

Since the 1980s, International Relations (IR) scholars have emphasised the 'geoepistemological' dynamics underpinning the global structuration of discipline diversity. By focusing mainly on the study of 'American' and 'non-Western' IR, this debate has given little attention to the voices, perspectives, and practices of those scholars who study IR in Europe. This article aims reflexively to question the identity dynamics of the marginalisation of European cases in the debate about diversity and hegemony in International Relations. Using anthropological and sociological tools, such as the idea of 'misery of position' developed by Pierre Bourdieu, it explores the postcolonial and eurocentric narratives that can explain this situation, while also putting forward why assuming a balanced ethnocentric stance would provide a more appropriate relational model to promote pluralism.

International organizations, it is sometimes said, are always designed to prevent the last war. An analogous problem besets economic institutions. The inability of some existing international economic organizations to deal with the current problems in their domains is all too apparent. Two of the institutional pillars of the postwar Bretton Woods system, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. (GATT), were shaken in 1971 and are still suffering from severe malaise. The political and economic conditions that led to their formation at the end of the Second World War have changed, calling into question the political and intellectual foundation upon which they were constructed. In the aftermath of the 1973 energy crisis, meetings of the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) and a special session of the General Assembly have been the scene of demands by poor countries for a new economic order, but the meaning of the phrase has been ambiguous and the formula has impeded rather than promoted agreement.