Suchergebnisse

THE STATES THAT HAVE FREED THEMSELVES FROM SOVIET RULE ARE NOW FACING AN ARRAY OF URGENT AND LIFE-THREATENING PROBLEMS. IF DEMOCRACY IS TO TAKE ROOT AND THRIVE IN EASTERN EUROPE AND THE FORMER USSR, THE NEW POST COMMUNIST REGIMES MUST REFORM BANKRUPT ECONOMIES, REDISTRIBUTE POLITICAL POWER, AND DEVISE A NEW SOCIAL CONTRACT THAT IS BASED ON SELF RELIANCE RATHER THAN STATE SUBSIDY AND CONTROL. MOREOVER, THEY MUST ACCOMPLISH THESE TASKS THROUGH INSTITUTIONS THAT ARE STILL UNTESTED. THE AUTHOR EXPLORES THE NEW NORMATIVE AND INSTITUTIONAL FOUNDATIONS FOR THE SEPARATION OF THE MILTARY FROM POLITICS THAT THE SUCCESSOR STATES MUST BEGIN TO LAY. SHE SUGGESTS THAT STABLE CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS WILL BE ACHIEVED WHEN THE ARMY BELIEVES THAT THE SEPARATION OF THE SOLDIER FROM THE AFFAIRS OF STATE IS RIGHT AND PROPER.

Although the post-materialist study of political motivation focuses upon affluent political actors in more developed countries, it has important implications for political motivation among the poor and in less developed countries. To date these have not been addressed by students of post-materialism. If the affluent who no longer face economic insecurity take political action for value-oriented and idealistic reasons, the implication is that the economically insecure will act politically mainly for economic reasons. In fact, data collected from the poor in Costa Rica and Nicaragua indicate that the poor are politically motivated for economic reasons primarily in conjunction with noneconomic and value-oriented reasons. The poor as well as the affluent act politically for nonmaterialist reasons such as moral notions of right and wrong, and the need for self-respect and dignity.

Abstract. The political consequences of post‐war migration to Western Europe of political refugees and migrant workers are examined in terms of their impact on the concept of membership of West European states and the rise of racism in some European countries. It is argued that permanent settlement has taken place and that positive political steps should be taken to suppress racism and to recognise that political refugees and migrant workers are members of their countries of residence. West European countries should thus facilitate political integration by easing naturalisation procedures, recognising dual nationality and allowing long‐term residents, who do not wish to naturalise, to participate, at least in local decision‐making. The second generation, often born in Western Europe, should have the automatic right, if they so wish, to citizenship in the country of their birth and residence.

The defense of capitalism in America is rooted in a preference for the market's justice of earned deserts over the justices of equality and need associated with the polity. These preferences have structural roots in the way governments and markets serve different values and purposes, satisfy wants, focus on fairness or justice, enlist causal attributions, distribute or redistribute income, are limited by rights, and seem to offer either harmony or conflict of interest. Some of these "structural" differences, however, are themselves perceptual, and corrected by changed perceptions of the productivity of government and of our historic predecessors, and by a community point of view involving changed accounting systems, as well as by policies of full employment rather than guaranteed incomes. With few institutional changes, these altered perceptions may partially restore political justice to favor.

The people of Turkey at the end of the War of Independence could hardly have imagined the long era of peace and national development that was to follow. They had just been through more than a decade of struggle to survive against the odds of warfare abroad and at home, epidemics, and serious interferences with the normal material means of livelihood. Loss of life and permanent disability were legacies for many families of the 1911–1922 period. Practically every community was affected in some life-threatening way by the ambitions of outside powers and their local allies or by the last Ottoman campaigns (the Balkans, North Africa, Gallipoli, the Russian front, Mesopotamia, Palestine, and the Hejaz). Only the independence struggle itself finally resolved the issues of territoriality, governance, and the right to reside in peace. The new Republic was founded in 1923.

The chiropractor must consider how the Chiropractic Oath, the chiropractic Code of Ethics, current legislation and even judicial views bear relevance to the confidentiality of patient health records. What professional and statutory duties does the chiropractor have to the patient, to the law and to moral obligation? Is the doctor-patient relationship a contractual commitment? Can a patient record be shown to a third party not involved in the care and treatment of the patient? Discussion centers on the Health Insurance Act, the Coroners Act, the Drugless Practitioners Act and the Insurance Act in Ontario. While the focus is with Ontario, the general intent is applicable to most provinces, although statutory and regulatory definitions may vary. Access to confidential records by statutory right is examined in part, and how the role of the chiropractor is affected.

The Soviet nuclear doctrine is to prevent nuclear war. Nuclear power in the hands of the USSR is a means of defense against nuclear attack. The Soviet Union has officially renounced first use of nuclear weapons and expects other nuclear nations to follow suit. Progress in the negotiations on strategic and European nuclear weapons can be achieved only on the basis of the principles of equality and equal security. The Soviet Union will do everything to keep the present strategic parity with the United States and will not allow the United States to gain nuclear superiority. Among the most urgent tasks of today is to prevent an extension of the arms race into outer space. Given goodwill, common sense, and the right principles, the USSR and the United States can cooperate successfully in the area of arms control and disarmament.

Innumerable are the works of history and political science which treat of the relations between only two peoples. This is, after all, rather surprising, for international life is complex and multilateral, and it can readily be asked what right one has to isolate such purely bilateral relations. Isn't this a bit artificial? If we compare individual human beings with nations, we note that the former live in social groups, and each of them knows an appreciable number of persons outside those groups. Nevertheless it is sometimes useful to study the privileged relations which exist between a husband and wife, between two friends, between two adversaries, between a minister and his principal collaborator. Let us start from the principle that such studies can help us to understand better both man and the society of man.

This article deals with the electoral basis of the largest political party in Iceland, the Independence Party (IP), in its formation period. Almost all capitalists and white collar workers supported the IP, as well as a little less than half of farmers and a minority of manual workers. Women also favoured the party more than males. The article seeks to explain the IP's electoral support with reference to structural features of Icelandic society, ideology, and the heritage of Iceland's struggle for independence from Denmark.The IP is furthest to the right on the socioeconomic spectrum of Icelandic politics; in its heterogeneous voting support and ideology of nationalism and class unity, the IP resembles such political parties as the Christian Democratic Union in West Germany and the Conservative Party in Britain rather than the Liberal and Conservative parties in Scandinavia.

Writing in 1862, the testy Slavophile publicist and editor Ivan Aksakov complained:
The expressions: 'idea of the age,' 'liberal idea,' 'human thought' — act in our progressive society as some sort of scarecrow (pugalo), to frighten the most courageous critic. This is that sort of sign for which every lie is willingly concealed, a lie often not only not liberal and not humane, but forcibly disturbing and insulting to the rights of life, and the daily existence of the voiceless mass, to the advantage of the imaginarily-oppressed (mnimo-ugnetennyi), the clamerous, vocal minority …. As in the case of the Jewish Question, we only bow and scrape civilly and — it is necessary to recognize — not quite sincerely, before any new privilege for the [the Jews], not taking into account the significance and limits of such a privilege.

Hungarian Foreign Trade Relations.
Foreign trade is indispensable for a country like Hungary which is economically developed, but lacking in raw materials and sources of energy. Economic growth requires and increase in importations and therefore, in exportations.
The author presents a table of the structure of Hungarian foreign trade, listing the products exchanged and their zone or region. 62% of the exchanges are carried on within the socialist countries, 31% with the capitalist countries and 7% with the developing countries. The different types of exchanges are described: financial transactions on international markets, long-term commercial agreements, mixed firms, exchanges of licences and patent rights, industrial cooperation, etc. In conclusion certain judicial aspects of foreign trade are discussed, such as the guarantees offered to Western trade partners and the monetary system in operation in Hungary.

Book reviewed in this article:JANET MORCHAIN, Sharing a Continent: An Introduction to Canadian‐American Relations.MARYLEE STEPHENSON (ed.), Women in Canada.BRENDA E.F. BECK, Peasant Society in Koṅku: A Study of Right and Left Subcastes in South India.PIERRE MARANDA and ELLI KÖNGÄS MARANDA, Structural Analysis of Oral Tradition.SHEILAGH HODGINS MILNER and HENRY MILNER, The Decolonization of Quebec.SALLY M. WEAVER, Medicine and Politics among the Grand River Iroquois.JOEL A. LOKEN, Student Alienation and Dissent.JOHN W. ADAMS, The Gitksan Potlatch: Population Flux, Resource Ownership and Reciprocity.E.A. FATTAH, A Study of the Deterrent Effect of Capital Punishment with Special reference to the Canadian SituationRICHARD ALLEN (ed.), A Region of the Mind: Interpreting the Western Canadian Plains.RICHARD L. HENSHEL and ANNE‐MARIE HENSHEL, Perspectives On Social Problems.GILLES LANE, L'urgence du présent. Essai sur la culture et la contre‐culture.