Suchergebnisse

Este artigo insere-se nas preocupações teóricas da autora sobre a recepção da "Escola de Chicago", no Brasil. Analisa a passagem de Robert Park ao final dos anos 30 na Bahia; suas motivações e os efeitos para as ciências sociais internacionais. Essa viagem é pouco conhecida e o artigo traz uma pequena colaboração para a história das ciências sociais, no Brasil e na Bahia. Baseada em dados originais de pesquisa realizada no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos, o autora considera a importância da visita de Park [e de Pierson] à Bahia. Retoma as noções clássicas de Homem Marginal, desenvolvida por Park e de melting pot, usada por Park e discípulos, ao se referirem à convivência, em Chicago, de comunidades com nacionalidades diferentes, que não se misturavam. O caso baiano, de miscigenação, intrigou Park, que acabou transformando a Bahia num "laboratório social", suscitando a vinda de outros antropólogos, e novas questões e interpretações teóricas, atualmente retomadas.

O trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a distribuição espacial das organizações sociais no Brasil e correlacionar esses resultados com dados socioeconômicos. Como indicadores das organizações sociais que exercem funções na sociedade, foram tomadas as informações do IBGE sobre as fundações privadas e associações sem fins lucrativos. Já os indicadores socioeconômicos são os seguintes: Índice dos desequilíbrios regionais de Williamson, PIB per capita, Índice de desenvolvimento humano (IDH), Índice de Gini, Taxa de mortalidade infantil, Esperança de vida ao nascer e Média de anos de estudo (20 a 24 anos). Os resultados, após o emprego de uma metodologia de análise estatística e cartográfica em diferentes escalas do território nacional, indicam uma variedade de situações, mas é possível afirmar que, para os estados com melhor relação entre habitantes por organizações sociais, existe uma correlação significativa com melhores indicadores econômico-sociais. Assim, há relevância dos resultados para o entendimento da diversidade geográfica brasileira. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: organização social, capital social, indicadores socioeconômicos, desenvolvimento, Brasil. SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AND SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC INDICATORS IN BRAZIL: an exploratory study Sylvio Bandeira de Mello e Silva Barbara-Christine Nentwig Silva Maina Pirajá Silva The purpose of this work is to analyze the spatial distribution of social capital in Brazil and correlate these results with several indicators of social economic development. Information gathered from IBGE on Private and Non-Profitable Associations that play an important role in society were used. The indicators of social-economic development are the following: Williamson index of regional unbalance, GDP per capita, Human Development Index (HDI), Gini index, rate of infant mortality, life expectancy at birth and school year mean (20-24 years). We used a methodology of statistical and cartographical analysis in different scales of Brazil's territory. The results showed a great variety of situations. However, it is possible to assert that there is a significant correlation between better indicators of social-economic development in states with a greater balance between its number of inhabitants and the presence of social organizations. Therefore, the results are relevant for understanding Brazil's geographic variety. KEYWORDS: social organization, social capital, socioeconomic indicators, development, Brazil. ORGANISATION SOCIALE ET INDICATEURS SOCIO-ECONOMIQUES AU BRESIL: une etude exploratoire Sylvio Bandeira de Mello e Silva Barbara-Christine Nentwig Silva Maina Pirajá Silva L'objectif de cette étude est d'analyser la distribution spatiale des organisations sociales au Brésil et de faire la corrélation de ces résultats avec des données socio-économiques. Les informations fournies par l'IBGE concernant les fondations privées et les associations sans buts lucratifs ont servi d'indicateurs pour les organisations sociales qui jouent un rôle dans la société. Les indicateurs socioéconomiques sont les suivants: l'indice des déséquilibres régionaux de Williamson, le PIB par habitant, l'indice de développement humain (IDH), l'indice de Gini, le taux de mortalité infantile, l'espérance de vie à la naissance et la durée moyenne d'études (de 20 à 24 ans). Après avoir utilisé une méthodologie d'analyse statistique et cartographique, à différentes échelles du territoire national, les résultats témoignent d'une variété de situations. Il est cependant possible d'affirmer qu'il y a une corrélation significative avec des indicateurs économiques et sociaux meilleurs pour les états où le rapport entre personnes et organisations sociales est meilleur aussi. Ces résultats ont donc une importance fondamentale pour comprendre la diversité géographique brésilienne. MOTS-CLÉS: organisation sociale, capital social, indices sociaux économiques, développement, Brésil. Publicação Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br

Este artigo analisa a evolução da segregação social e das desigualdades urbanas na metrópole parisiense, no decorrer das últimas décadas. Apoiando-se sobre os resultados de inúmeras pesquisas desenvolvidas pelo autor, reafirma a crítica ao modelo de dualização urbana, da "cidade partida", mostrando o caráter relativo e não-descontínuo da segregação nessa metrópole, e o fato de a tendência à bipolarização socioespacial, apesar de nela presente, não permitir caracterizar sua evolução no conjunto. Quanto aos efeitos da segregação, o artigo analisa principalmente sua significação em termos das desigualdades urbanas, vistas, sobretudo, a partir da acessibilidade residencial aos equipamentos e serviços urbanos. Desse ponto de vista, também a questão da segregação é um fenômeno bastante complexo, sendo as desigualdades urbanas apenas parcialmente cumulativas às desigualdades sociais. Concluindo, o autor questiona as supostas virtudes da "mescla social", discutindo interpretações da segregação em termos das relações entre categorias sociais, e também a mobilidade, na qual alguns enxergariam a dissolução do problema. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Segregação, polarização relativa, categorias socioprofissionais, desigualdades urbanas, equipamentos e serviços urbanos. SOCIAL SEGREGATION AND URBAN INEQUALITIES EVOLUTION: the case of the Parisian metropolis Edmond Préteceille This article analyses the evolution of social segregation and urban inequalities in the Parisian metropolis in the last decades. Based on the result of countless researches carried out by the author, it confirms the criticism concerning the urban dualization model of the "divided city". It shows the relative and non-discontinuous character of segregation in this metropolis and that whenever the social and spatial bipolarization trend is present, it does not enable the characterization of its evolution in the ensemble. As far as the segregation effects are concerned, the article focus on its meaning in terms of urban inequalities, seen above all from the inhabitants accessibility to facilities and urban services. From this standpoint, the segregation issue is also a very complex phenomenon, whereas urban inequalities are only partially cumulative to social inequalities. Summing up, the author questions the assumed virtues of the "social mixture", discussing not only the interpretations of segregation in terms of relationships between social categories but also mobility, which might be seen as a dissolution of the problem. KEY-WORDS: Segregation, relative polarization, social and professional categories, urban inequalities, facilities and urban services L'ÉVOLUTION DE LA SÉGRÉGATION SOCIALE ET DES INÉGALITÉS URBAINES: le cas de la métropole parisienne Edmond Préteceille Cet article analyse l'évolution de la ségrégation sociale et des inégalités urbaines dans la métropole parisienne au cours des dernières décennies. S'appuyant sur les résultats de plusieurs recherches menées par l'auteur, il confirme la critique du modèle de la dualisation urbaine, de la "ville éclaté", en montrant le caractère relatif et nondiscontinu de la ségrégation dans cette métropole, et le fait que la tendance à la bipolarisation socio-spatiale, si elle y est bien présente, ne permet pas de caractériser son évolution d'ensemble. Quant aux effets de la ségrégation, l'article analyse principalement leur signification en termes d'inégalités urbaines, elles-mêmes vues d'abord à partir de l'accessibilité résidentielle des équipements et services urbains. De ce point de vue aussi, la ségrégation est un phénomène assez complexe, où les inégalités urbaines ne sont que partiellement cumulatives avec les inégalités sociales. La conclusion s'interroge sur les vertus supposées de la mixité sociale, en discutant des interprétations de la ségrégation en termes de relations entre catégories sociales. Elle évoque aussi la question de la mobilité, où certains verraient la dissolution du problème. MOTS-CLÉS: Ségrégation, polarisation relative, catégories socioprofessionnelles, inégalités urbaines, équipements et services urbains. Publicação Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br

Background: Nut consumption has been associated with improved nutrient adequacy and diet quality in healthy adult populations but this association has never been explored in individuals at high cardiovascular risk. Objective: to assess the associations between consumption of nuts and nutrient adequacy and diet quality in a Mediterranean population at high cardiovascular risk. Design: baseline assessment of nutritional adequacy in participants (n = 6060, men and women, with ages 55⁻75 years old, with overweight/obesity and metabolic syndrome) in the PREDIMED-PLUS primary cardiovascular prevention randomized trial. Methods: nut intake was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Participants who reported consuming zero quantity of nuts were classified as 'non-nut consumers'. 'Nut consumers' were participants who reported consuming any quantity of nuts. Nineteen micronutrients were examined (vitamins B1, B2, B3, B6, B12, A, C, D, E and folic acid; Ca, K, P, Mg, Fe, Se, Cr, Zn, and iodine). The proportion of micronutrient inadequacy was estimated using the estimated average requirements (EAR) or adequate intake (AI) cut-points. Diet quality was also assessed using a 17-item Mediterranean dietary questionnaire (Mediterranean diet score, MDS), a carbohydrate quality index (CQI) and a fat quality index (FQI). Results: eighty-two percent of participants were nut consumers (median of nut consumption 12.6 g/day; interquartile range: 6.0⁻25.2). Nut consumers were less likely to be below the EAR for vitamins A, B1, B2, B6, C, D, E, folic acid, and Ca, Mg, Se and Zn than non-nut consumers. Nut consumers were also more likely to be above the AI for K and Cr than non-nut consumers. Nut consumers had lower prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intakes, but also higher CQI, higher FQI, and better scores of adherence to the Mediterranean diet (Mediterranean diet score, MDS). Conclusions: nut consumers had better nutrient adequacy, diet quality, and adherence to the MedDiet than those non-nut consumers. ; The PREDIMED-Plus trial was supported by the official funding agency for biomedical research of the Spanish government, ISCIII through the Fondo de Investigación para la Salud (FIS), which is co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (four coordinated FIS projects led by Jordi Salas-Salvadó and Josep Vidal, including the following projects: PI13/00673, PI13/00492, PI13/00272, PI13/01123, PI13/00462, PI13/00233, PI13/02184, PI13/00728, PI13/01090, PI13/01056, PI14/01722, PI14/00636, PI14/00618, PI14/00696, PI14/01206, PI14/01919, PI14/00853, PI14/01374, PI16/00473, PI16/00662, PI16/01873, PI16/01094, PI16/00501, PI16/00533, PI16/00381, PI16/00366, PI16/01522, PI16/01120, PI17/00764, PI17/01183, PI17/00855, PI17/01347, PI17/00525, PI17/01827, PI17/00532, PI17/00215, PI17/01441, PI17/00508, PI17/01732, PI17/00926), the Especial Action Project entitled: Implementación y evaluación de una intervención intensive sobre la actividad física Cohorte PREDIMED-PLUS grant to Jordi Salas-Salvadó, the European Research Council (Advanced Research Grant 2013–2018; 340918) grant to Miguel Ángel Martínez–Gonzalez, the Recercaixa grant to Jordi Salas–Salvadó (2013ACUP00194), the grant from the Consejería de Salud de la Junta de Andalucía (PI0458/2013; PS0358/2016), the PROMETEO/2017/017 grant from the Generalitat Valenciana, the SEMERGEN grant, and CIBEROBN and FEDER funds (CB06/03), ISCIII. Josep A. Tur, Maria del Mar Bibiloni, Alicia Julibert and Cristina Bouzas are granted by Grant of support to research groups no. 35/2011 (Balearic Islands Gov.; FEDER funds) and EU-COST ACTION CA16112. None of the funding sources took part in the design, collection, analysis or interpretation of the data, or in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. The corresponding authors had full access to all the data in the study and had final responsibility to submit for publication.

Dietary guidelines emphasize the importance of a varied diet to provide an adequate nutrient intake. However, an older age is often associated with consumption of monotonous diets that can be nutritionally inadequate, increasing the risk for the development or progression of diet-related chronic diseases, such as metabolic syndrome (MetS). To assess the association between dietary diversity (DD) and nutrient intake adequacy and to identify demographic variables associated with DD, we cross-sectionally analyzed baseline data from the PREDIMED-Plus trial: 6587 Spanish adults aged 55-75 years, with overweight/obesity who also had MetS. An energy-adjusted dietary diversity score (DDS) was calculated using a 143-item validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Nutrient inadequacy was defined as an intake below 2/3 of the dietary reference intake (DRI) forat least four of 17 nutrients proposed by the Institute of Medicine (IOM). Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between DDS and the risk of nutritionally inadequate intakes. In the higher DDS quartile there were more women and less current smokers. Compared with subjects in the highest DDS quartile, those in the lowest DDS quartile had a higher risk of inadequate nutrient intake: odds ratio (OR) = 28.56 (95% confidence interval (CI) 20.80-39.21). When we estimated food varietyfor each of the food groups, participants in the lowest quartile had a higher risk of inadequate nutrient intake for the groups of vegetables, OR = 14.03 (95% CI 10.55-18.65), fruits OR = 11.62 (95% CI 6.81-19.81), dairy products OR = 6.54 (95% CI 4.64-9.22) and protein foods OR = 6.60 (95% CI 1.96-22.24). As DDS decreased, the risk of inadequate nutrients intake rose. Given the impact of nutrient intake adequacy on the prevention of non-communicable diseases, health policies should focus on the promotion of a healthy varied diet, specifically promoting the intake of vegetables and fruit among population groups with lower DDS such as men, smokers or widow(er)s. ; The PREDIMED-Plus trial was supported by the official funding agency for biomedical research of the Spanish government, ISCIII through the Fondo de Investigación para la Salud (FIS), which is co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (three coordinated FIS projects led by J.S.-S. and J.V., including the following projects: PI13/00673, PI13/00492, PI13/00272, PI13/01123, PI13/00462, PI13/00233, PI13/02184, PI13/00728, PI13/01090, PI13/01056, PI14/01722, PI14/00636, PI14/00618, PI14/00696, PI14/01206, PI14/01919, PI14/00853, PI14/01374, PI16/00473, PI16/00662, PI16/01873, PI16/01094, PI16/00501, PI16/00533, PI16/00381, PI16/00366, PI16/01522, PI16/01120, PI17/00764, PI17/01183, PI17/00855, PI17/01347, PI17/00525, PI17/01827, PI17/00532, PI17/00215, PI17/01441, PI17/00508, PI17/01732, PI17/00926), the Especial Action Project entitled: Implementación y evaluación de una intervención intensiva sobre la actividad física Cohorte PREDIMED-Plus grant to J.S.-S., the European Research Council (Advanced Research Grant 2013-2018; 340918) grant to M.A.M.-G., the Recercaixa grant to J.S.-S. (2013ACUP00194), the grant from the Consejería de Salud de la Junta de Andalucía (PI0458/2013; PS0358/2016), the PROMETEO/2017/017 grant from the Generalitat Valenciana, the SEMERGEN grant and FEDER funds (CB06/03). None of the funding sources took part in the design, collection, analysis or interpretation of the data, or in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. The corresponding author had full access to all the data in the study and had final responsibility to submit for publication.

Background: The effect of dietary fat intake on the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and in turn on cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains unclear in individuals at high CVD risk. Objective: To assess the association between fat intake and MetS components in an adult Mediterranean population at high CVD risk. Design: Baseline assessment of nutritional adequacy in participants (n = 6560, men and women, 55-75 years old, with overweight/obesity and MetS) in the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED)-Plus randomized trial. Methods: Assessment of fat intake (total fat, monounsatured fatty acids: MUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids: PUFA, saturated fatty acids: SFA, trans-fatty acids: trans-FA, linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, and ω-3 FA) using a validated food frequency questionnaire, and diet quality using 17-item Mediterranean dietary questionnaire and fat quality index (FQI). Results: Participants in the highest quintile of total dietary fat intake showed lower intake of energy, carbohydrates, protein and fiber, but higher intake of PUFA, MUFA, SFA, TFA, LA, ALA and ω-3 FA. Differences in MetS components were found according to fat intake. Odds (5th vs. 1st quintile): hyperglycemia: 1.3-1.6 times higher for total fat, MUFA, SFA and ω-3 FA intake; low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c): 1.2 higher for LA; hypertriglyceridemia: 0.7 lower for SFA and ω-3 FA intake. Conclusions: Dietary fats played different role on MetS components of high CVD risk patients. Dietary fat intake was associated with higher risk of hyperglycemia. ; The PREDIMED-Plus trial was supported by the official funding agency for biomedical research of the Spanish government, ISCIII through the Fondo de Investigación para la Salud (FIS), which is co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (four coordinated FIS projects led by Jordi Salas-Salvadó and Josep Vidal, including the following projects: PI13/00673, PI13/00492, PI13/00272, PI13/01123, PI13/00462, PI13/00233, PI13/02184, PI13/00728, PI13/01090, PI13/01056, PI14/01722, PI14/00636, PI14/00618, PI14/00696, PI14/01206, PI14/01919, PI14/00853, PI14/01374, PI16/00473, PI16/00662, PI16/01873, PI16/01094, PI16/00501, PI16/00533, PI16/00381, PI16/00366, PI16/01522, PI16/01120, PI17/00764, PI17/01183, PI17/00855, PI17/01347, PI17/00525, PI17/01827, PI17/00532, PI17/00215, PI17/01441, PI17/00508, PI17/01732, PI17/00926), the Especial Action Project entitled: Implementación y evaluación de una intervención intensive sobre la actividad física Cohorte PREDIMED-PLUS grant to Jordi Salas-Salvadó, the European Research Council (Advanced Research Grant 2013-2018; 340918) grant to Miguel Ángel Martínez-Gonzalez, the Recercaixa grant to Jordi Salas-Salvadó (2013ACUP00194), grants from the Consejería de Salud de la Junta de Andalucía (PI0458/2013; PS0358/2016; PI0137/2018), the PROMETEO/2017/017 grant from the Generalitat Valenciana, the SEMERGEN grant, and CIBEROBN and FEDER funds (CB06/03), ISCIII. International Nut & Dried Fruit Council – FESNAD No. 201302: Miguel Ángel Martínez-Gonzalez (PI). Alicia Julibert, Maria del Mar Bibiloni, Cristina Bouzas, Lucía Ugarriza and Josep A. Tur are granted by Grant of support to research groups no. 35/2011 (Balearic Islands Gov.; FEDER funds), EU-COST ACTION CA16112, and Fundació La Marató TV3 (Spain) project ref. 201630.10. None of the funding sources took part in the design, collection, analysis or interpretation of the data, or in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. The corresponding authors had full access to all the data in the study and had final responsibility to submit for publication.

AbstractCatholic-Nationalism is one of the defining, and also exclusive, characteristics of the Military Junta that ruled Argentina between 1976 and 1983. Such patriotic messianic ideology strongly influenced the armed forces' weltanschauung and justified, according to them, their actions. But this messianic ideology has its origins at the beginning of the 20th century and the coming of the first military regime in 1930. In order to properly describe the catholic-nationalist aspect of the Junta's dictatorship it is imperative to explore its origins; evaluate the Junta's discourse and its ideology in power; examine the role of the Argentinean Catholic Church and finally to see how the crusade transformed into actual divine violence among the repressive methods chosen by the military. Introduction Religious fundamentalism is maybe one of the last qualities that would characterize the military dictatorship that governed Argentina between 1976 and 1983. Nevertheless, it is the catholic-nationalist ideology that gave the Junta its most distinctive feature. The armed forces were convinced that they had the holy mission to fight a crusade against the enemies of the catholic foundations of the nation. Argentina, for them, was founded with "the sword and the cross" and together both of them protected the national identity from alien ideas. In the case of the military Junta, the foreign ideology that threatened the country's traditions was communism. The latter was particularly dangerous because it was an atheist creed. God was an integral part of the history of Argentina; attacking him meant attacking the foundations of the country: the Church and the military. To understand how the messianic trope played a pivotal role in the Junta's regime it is essential to: first, explore the historical origins of the catholic-nationalist ideology in Argentina and how they defined the nation and its internal enemies; second, to describe how the Junta incorporated that ideology into its politics and how it perceived that it was fighting a holy crusade against communism; third, to portray the legitimizing role of the Argentinean Catholic Church of the Junta and its repressive methods, particularly noting how the clerics identified themselves with the armed forces' holy mission and how they saw them as the natural protector of the national religion; and fourth, to depict how the repressive mechanisms chosen by the Junta to suppress foreign ideologies and reorganize society around Christian values contained certain elements an symbols that would categorize them as forms of divine violence. The OriginsThe idea of Argentina being governed by a political regime based on "the sword and the cross" was not created on March the 24th 1976. Catholic and authoritarian Argentina was conceived in the late 1920s early 1930s; although it could also be trailed into the 1890s (1). The catholic-nationalist movement that sprung between those years was the combination of two different political currents: the clerical and the nationalistic. The former was born from the catholic struggle against liberalism and laicism. The clericals were against several State policies, which they regarded as anti-Catholic, like the establishment of a public, mandatory and secular education and the creation of civil marriage among others. Juan Manuel Estrada was one of the intellectual architects behind clericalism and the figure that would lead a catholic insurrection against the liberal government of Juarez Celman in July 1890 (2). The clericals viewed liberalism and the secular State in Argentina as a negation of the natural- ergo, Christian -order and opposing to the historical messianic mission of the Republic that dated since colonial times. Interestingly, the catholic movement opposed the nationalist and fascist factions of the 1920s because both did not, yet, recognize Argentina's Christian identity.The nationalists, on the other hand, were a product of the backlash against immigration; particularly against non-white immigrants and Europeans of anarchist, socialist and communist ideologies. Massive immigration and its social repercussions was, according to the nationalists, threatening to radically change Argentina's national identity. The latter was defined, by the nationalist intellectual Ricardo Rojas, by taking into account Argentina's anti-European colonial legacy. Argentina was conceived as a Republic, but not as a democratic one. Democracy was an alien –European- element being introduced by immigrants, just like Judaism and Communism also were. The nationalists blamed the liberal governments for the open migratory policy that was undermining the traditions and identity of the country. If nationalists were anti-liberal, antidemocratic, anticommunist and anti-Semite they still did not recognize Catholicism as the pivotal ingredient of being Argentine. It took the work of an ex-anarchist and ex-socialist to make that fusion possible.Leopoldo Lugones was Argentina's main intellectual between the 1910s and the 1920s. He was also responsible of defining argentine nationalism in fascist, dictatorial, militarist, and finally, catholic terms. Lugones considered that the fatherland (la patria) had been created by the sword (la espada). The military were the true fathers of the nation. Therefore, he viewed the armed forces as a sacred cast superior to the people. The military was in charge of assuring the order of the Republic. Such order had been challenged by democracy and, consequently, socialism. Both ideologies were not part of the national tradition and their supporters were regarded as foreign internal enemies. The armed forces, then, had the sacred duty to violently reinstall the traditional republican order. This violence -the effective use of the sword– was not only legitimate and necessary, but more importantly, it was sacred (3). This sacrosanct mission to defend the fatherland was thought to be a continuation from the Spanish imperial rule. Accordingly, the Argentine military had also the holy mission to defend the foundational Christian identity of the nation. Violence was more than sacred; it was holy.The further development of Catholic-nationalism would have to wait until the end of the first military authoritarian regime. Uriburu's dictatorship inaugurated a long term period of modern military dictatorships, with more or less democratic regimes in-between, which would last until 1983. General Uriburu was a strong nationalist that sympathized with Lugones and that had participated in the Catholic insurrection of 1890 (4). He believed in Argentina's republican origins but he regarded democracy as an alien ideology that was undermining the foundations of the nation. Torture, political prisoners and executions were the rule during the two years dictatorship (1930-32). The picana was used for the first time in those years, but it did not have the same divine symbolism that would have in the last Argentinean military regime. Uriburu's despise for democracy prompted him to fundamentally restructure the State's institutions by trying to establish a pseudo-fascist corporative regime. This nationalist revolution did not succeed and Uriburu had to eventually let civic authorities take control of the government (5).Uriburu's dictatorship embodied the prototype of a nationalist authoritarian regime with close ties to the catholic tradition (6). Nationalist clerics, like Gustavo Franceshi and Julio Meinvielle, were the main thinkers behind the maturity of the catholic-nationalist ideology, during the 1930s, by describing the pivotal role that the Argentinean Catholic Church should have in legitimizing the armed forces' divine mission to protect the religious-national foundations of the country. The nationalist clerics saw themselves as God's political representatives and it was their mission to sanctify the crusade against the liberal, and democratic, regime. From then on, Argentina, for the catholic-nationalists, was conceived to be founded in the cross (the Catholic Church) and the sword (the Armed Forces).The nationalist movement of the 1930s in Argentina has to be regarded in a broad international context and cannot be detached from Europe's experience with fascism and other extreme nationalisms of the time (7). Argentine nationalists were deeply influenced by Italian fascism and would actually see themselves as fascists but with a religious twist. The political leader of the movement was not an earthly figure. It was Christ himself. Only he could have a truly totalitarianweltanschauung. The military and the clergy were his vicars in Argentina. The Nazis had their volksgemeinschaft; the Italian fascists their civiltá; and the argentine nationalist their cristiandad. According to each case, those were their respective nation's pillars. In the two first cases, the content is sacred, but pagan. In the last one, the content is holy and religious. Finally, the Spanish Civil War played a pivotal role in the Argentina nationalists' imaginarium. They witnessed how the most Catholic nation of all, the one that for centuries had defended the cross with the sword and that had even brought Christianity to Argentina's shores, was now battling an internal crusade against an atheist, and therefore foreign, ideology. The experience of the Spanish Republic and the subsequent Civil War would last in the Argentinean nationalist military's and clergy's memories.Even if the catholic-nationalist movement was popular, from the late 30s on, among the armed forces, the clergy and some middle class and elite sectors, it would not have the expected influence in the following military regimes from 1943 until 1966 included. Everything changed with the coup of 1976. (1) See Rock, David; La Argentina autoritaria. Los nacionalistas, su historia y su influencia en la vida pública; Ariel; Buenos Aires; 1993; pp. 45-71. (2) See Ibid; pp. 52(3) See Finchelstein, Federico; La Argentina fascista. Los orígenes ideológicos de la dictadura; Sudamericana; Buenos Aires; 2010; pp. 33; and Finchelstein, Federico; Transatlantic Fascism. Ideology, Violence, and the Sacred in Argentina and Italy, 1919-1945; Duke University Press; 2010; pp.62-78.(4) See Rock, David; La Argentina autoritaria. Los nacionalistas, su historia y su influencia en la vida pública; Ariel; Buenos Aires; 1993; pp. 104.(5) Uriburu was not able to change the State's structure; however he sponsored the creation of fascist paramilitary groups like la Legión Cívica. See Finchelstein, Federico; La Argentina fascista. Los orígenes ideológicos de la dictadura; Sudamericana; Buenos Aires; 2010; pp. 41; Rock, David; La Argentina autoritaria. Los nacionalistas, su historia y su influencia en la vida pública; Ariel; Buenos Aires; 1993; pp. 109-115.(6) Uriburu's farewell speech clearly shows the catholic-nationalist ideology to which his regime belonged to. See Rock, David; La Argentina autoritaria. Los nacionalistas, su historia y su influencia en la vida pública; Ariel; Buenos Aires; 1993; pp. 109.(7) See Finchelstein, Federico; Transatlantic Fascism. Ideology, Violence, and the Sacred in Argentina and Italy, 1919-1945; Duke University Press; 2010. *Estudiante de Doctorado, New School for Social Research, New YorkMaestría en Estudios Internacionales, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Buenos AiresÁrea de Especialización: Procesos de formación del Estado moderno, sociología de la guerra, terrorismo, genocidio, conflictos étnicos, nacionalismos y minorías.E-mail: guere469@newschool.edu

In this work the management effectiveness of a Cuban MPA is assessed using an interdisciplinary approach. A series of three hypotheses are tested to determine how effective the Punta Frances Marine Protected Area (PFMPA) has been in meeting the multiple objectives of conserving biological diversity and ecological integrity, while allowing for the development of economic opportunities for tourism, and satisfying the needs of local and distant human populations. A new typology of benefits derived from MPAs was produced to provide managers with a practical tool that enable them to: 1) identify the benefits at the early stages of MPA creation, 2) state MPA objectives in a clear and measurable way, 3) assess the effectiveness of their MPA in meeting their management objectives. A new methodology was also developed to assess MPA effectiveness. This methodology constitutes an advancement from previous work, and it is based on qualitative and quantitative measurements of benefits depicted in the proposed typology. It has several advantages over previous methods. One of the main advantages is that it can be applied to assess one single MPA or a group of MPAs in a comparative fashion. The case study analyzed showed that to date, the PFMPA shows little signs of being negatively affected by the recreational SCUBA diving activities for which it was intended, given that no significant differences were found between intensively used diving areas and unused diving areas in terms of fish abundance, coral cover and macroalgae cover. Despite this, the PFMPA is not currently providing the full set of benefits to humans and the rest of nature, due mainly to administrative issues. If the PFMPA eventually becomes a National Marine Park (i.e. is fully protected from extractive activities), and management is correctly implemented, an annual economic value of almost USD $127,164,116.37 is forecast. At present the PFMPA does not provide any social or economic benefit to the nearby coastal community of Cocodrilo, thereby maintaining a divorce between local people and the users and managers of the MPA. Conversely, foreigners are receiving most of the benefits associated with recreation in a pristine tropical coastal ecosystem situated on the edge of the Caribbean Sea basin. The interdisciplinary methodologies for assessing effectiveness of MPAs developed in this study provided quantitative and qualitative evidence of a poor level of success in meeting the multiple management objectives of the PFMPA. This situation is apparently the result of several factors, both objective and subjective, especially the restrictive nature of the PFMPA relative to local inhabitants. 268 Aronson RB, Precht WF (2000) Herbivory and algal dynamics on the coral reef at Discovery Bay, Jamaica. Limnol. Oceanogr. 45(1): 251-255. Azzoni CR, Isai JY (1994) Estimating the cost of environmental protection in Brazil. Ecological Economics 11: 127-133. Babbie E, Benaquisto L (2002) The basics of social research. Thomson Canada Limited. Canadian Edition. Badalamenti F, Ramos A, Voultsiadou E, Sanchez-Lizaso J, D'Anna G, Pipitone C, Mas J, Ruiz-Fernandez J, Whitmarsh D, Rigió S (2000) Cultural and socio-economic impacts of Mediterranean marine protected areas. Environmental Conservation 27(2): 110-125. Baisre J (2004) La pesca marítima en Cuba. Editorial Científico Técnica, La Habana, Cuba. Ballantine WJ (1995) Networks of "No-take" marine reserves are practical and necessary. In Shackell NL and Willison JHM. Marine Protected Areas and Sustainable Fisheries. SAMPAA, Wolfwille, Canada, pp. 13-20. Beekhuis JV (1981) Tourism in the Caribbean: impacts on the economic, social and natural environments. AMBIO 10, 325-331. Boersma PD, Parrish JK (1999) Limiting abuse: marine protected areas, a limited solution. Ecological Economics 31: 287-304. Bohnsack JA (1993) Marine Reserves: they enhance fisheries, reduce conflicts, and protect resources. Oceanus 36: 63-71. Bohnsack JA (1998) Application of marine reserves to reef fisheries management. Australian Journal of Ecology 23: 298-304. Bohnsack JA, Ault JS (1996) Management strategies to conserve marine biodiversity. Oceanography 9(1): 73-82. Bohnsack JA, Bannerot SP (1986) A stationary visual census technique for quantitatively assessing community structure of coral reef fishes, NOAA tech. Rep. NMFS-41: 15. 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Wolters-Noordhoff, Groningen. de Groot RS (1994) Functions and values of protected areas: a comprehensive framework for assessing the benefits of protected areas to human society. In: Munasinghe M, McNeely J (Eds). Protected areas economics and policy: linking conservation and sustainable development. World Conservation Union and the World Bank, Washington, DC, pp. 159-169. de Groot R, Wilson M, Boumans R (2002) A typology for the classification, description and valuation of ecosystem functions, goods and services. Ecological Economics 41: 393-408. de la Guardia E, Angulo J, González-Sansón G, Aguilar C, González-Díaz P (2004ª) Biodiversidad en la zona de buceo del Parque Nacional de Punta Francés, Isla de la Juventud, Cuba. Revista de Investigaciones Marinas 25(2):91-102. de la Guardia E, González-Díaz P, Castellanos S (2004b) Estructura de la comunidad de grupos bentónicos sésiles en la zona de buceo de Punta Francés, Cuba. Revista de Investigaciones Marinas 25(2): 81-90. Delegación Territorial CITMA Isla de la Juventud (2004ª) Plan Operativo de Manejo Parque Nacional Marino Punta Francés. Delegación Territorial Isla de la Juventud. Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología y Medio Ambiente, Cuba. Delegación Territorial CITMA Isla de la Juventud (2004b) Políticas, Directrices y Regulaciones para el manejo del Área Protegida de Recursos Manejados "El Sur" en la Isla de la Juventud. Delegación Territorial Isla de la Juventud. Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología y Medio Ambiente, Cuba. DeMartini E (1993) Modeling the potential of fishery reserves for managing Pacific coral reef fishes. Fisheries Bulletin 91: 414-427. 272 de Silva ME, Gately EM, Desilvestre I (1986) A bibliographic listing of coastal and marine protected areas: a global survey. Woods Hole Oceanog. Inst. Tech. Rept. WHOI-86-11. (cited by Kelleher and Kenchington, 1991). Dignam D (1990) SCUBA gaining among mainstream travelers. Tour and Travel News 26: 44-45. Dirección de Medio Ambiente (2003) Las Costas Cubanas: Información para una Gestión Integrada. Reporte Preliminar. Dirección de Medio Ambiente, CITMA, La Habana, Cuba. Dixon JA (1993) Economic benefits of marine protected areas. Oceanus 36: 35-40. Dixon JA, Scura LF, Vant-Hof T (1993) Meeting ecological and economic goals: marine parks in the Caribbean. AMBIO 22(2-3): 117-125. Dixon JA, Scura LF, Vant-Hof T (2000) An economic and ecological analysis of the Bonaire Marine Park. In Cesar HSJ Collected Essays on the economics of coral reefs. CORDIO, Kalamar, Sweden, pp. 158-165. Dixon JA, Sherman PB (1990) Economics of protected areas: a new look at benefits and costs. Earthscan Publications Ltd, London. Dunlap RE, Gallup Jr GH, Gallup AM (1993) Of global concern: Results of the health of the planet survey. Environment 35(9): 7-15. Edinger EN, Risk MJ (2000) Reef classification by coral morphology predicts coral reef conservation value. Biological Conservation 92: 1-13. 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Les politiques de sécurité énergétique et les politiques climatiques sont souvent considérées comme les deux faces d'une même pièce, leurs objectifs étant identiques, ou tout au moins complémentaires. Pourtant, si ces politiques partagent indéniablement une cause commune, la demande croissante d'énergie de l'humanité, les solutions pour améliorer la sécurité énergétique et réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre ne sont pas nécessairement les mêmes et peuvent même s'avérer contradictoires. L'objectif du projet ELIPSE est de mieux comprendre les conséquences de politiques climatiques mondiales ambitieuses sur la sécurité énergétique de l'Europe. Dans cet objectif, nous définissons un jeu d'indicateurs permettant d'apprécier la nature polysémique du concept de sécurité énergétique et pouvant être renseignés par le modèle énergie-économie-environnement du CIRED, IMACLIM-R. Nous caractérisons le concept de sécurité énergétique selon quatre dimensions : 1. Disponibilité et diversification : Cette dimension rend compte à la fois des ressources existantes d'un combustible et de la diversification des producteurs de ce combustible. Les indicateurs retenus pour caractériser cette dimension sont : l'indicateur production de pétrole sur ressources et l'indice de concentration des importations de pétrole. 2. Dépendance et efficacité énergétiques : Cette dimension rend compte de l'efficacité avec laquelle l'énergie est consommée et la nature des combustibles utilisés dans une économie. Les indicateurs retenus pour caractériser cette dimension sont : l'intensité énergétique du produit intérieur brut et le taux de dépendance énergétique. 3. Coût de l'énergie pour la société : Deux indicateurs agrégeant l'information sur l'évolution du prix des énergies et l'évolution de la consommation ont été retenus pour caractériser cette dimension : le ratio entre les importations d'énergie (en valeur) et le PIB et la part du budget des ménages consacrée à l'achat d'énergie. 4. Acceptabilité : Cette dimension rend compte des problèmes d'acceptabilité sociale que pourraient poser certaines politiques ou le recours à certaines technologies. Nous avons retenu deux indicateurs qui renvoient à des choix technologiques qui pourraient être contestés et qui pourraient s'avérer difficiles à mettre en œuvre : les capacités nucléaires installées en Europe et les capacités éoliennes installées en Europe. Nous analysons la façon dont ces indicateurs évoluent pour l'Europe une fois qu'une politique climatique mondiale ambitieuse est mise en œuvre, en tenant compte de l'incertitude sur les déterminants des évolutions des systèmes énergétiques futurs. Ces déterminants sont à la fois nombreux et variés : évolution future de la population et de la croissance économique, coûts et potentiel des technologies sobres en carbone (véhicules électriques, énergies renouvelables,.), prix futur du charbon, comportements de consommation d'énergie, vitesse d'amélioration de l'efficacité énergétique,. L'évolution de ces déterminants peut faciliter, ou au contraire rendre plus difficile le respect de la contrainte imposée sur les émissions mondiales, et avoir des implications complexes sur la sécurité énergétique d'une région. En se concentrant sur l'Europe, les résultats mettent en évidence deux principaux messages. En premier lieu, il apparaît que la mise en œuvre d'une politique climatique peut dégrader certains indicateurs et en améliorer d'autres. C'est vrai à tous les horizons de temps, mais pas pour les mêmes indicateurs. Cela illustre parfaitement la nature multidimensionnelle de la sécurité énergétique et la difficulté d'avoir une conclusion tranchée sur son évolution. Par exemple, à court terme (2023-2028), le ratio production sur ressources est amélioré par la mise en œuvre de politiques climatiques, alors que la part du budget que les ménages consacrent à l'énergie augmente en raison des prix élevés de l'énergie. En second lieu, les effets de la politique climatique sur les indicateurs de sécurité énergétique diffèrent fortement en fonction de la période considérée. Par exemple, la diversité des importations de pétrole et le taux de dépendance énergétique sont dégradés par la politique climatique dans tous les cas sur les courts (2023-2028) et moyens (2048-2052) termes, mais s'améliorent, en moyenne, sur le long terme (2073-2077). La comparaison des scénarios selon les différentes hypothèses faites sur les déterminants des systèmes énergétiques permet également de tirer plusieurs conclusions importantes. Tout d'abord, des hypothèses alternatives sur un ensemble de paramètres n'ont pas forcément un effet similaire sur tous les indicateurs de sécurité énergétique à un horizon donné. Par exemple, l'abondance de charbon et l'accès à la technologie pour le liquéfier imposent aux politiques climatiques d'améliorer davantage l'intensité énergétique du PIB. Mais, en limitant l'utilisation de charbon, y compris produit en Europe, les politiques climatiques augmentent la facture des importations d'énergie. Ensuite, des hypothèses alternatives sur un ensemble de paramètres n'ont pas forcément un effet similaire sur les indicateurs de sécurité énergétique à travers le temps. Par exemple, l'hypothèse sur la disponibilité des technologies sobres en carbone a des effets contradictoires sur le ratio entre la production et les ressources de pétrole entre le court terme et les moyens et long termes. Enfin, les scénarios dans lesquels l'amélioration de l'efficacité énergétique se fait rapidement se caractérisent par une dégradation, en moyenne, de plusieurs indicateurs, comparativement aux cas où l'efficacité énergétique progresse moins rapidement. C'est le cas notamment pour le ratio entre la production et les ressources de pétrole, le taux de dépendance énergétique, ainsi que la facture des importations d'énergie à moyen et long termes. Au final, les résultats montrent clairement que les politiques climatiques peuvent aggravées certains indicateurs de la sécurité énergétique. Il est néanmoins possible d'identifier les contradictions entre l'objectif des politiques climatiques et celui des politiques de sécurité énergétique, et indiquer quand des politiques complémentaires peuvent être nécessaires pour concilier les deux objectifs. En particulier, nos résultats mettent en évidence le risque de détérioration de la dimension " coût de l'énergie pour la société " de la sécurité énergétique sur le court terme. Des mesures ciblées pour les ménages modestes, par exemple pourraient alors être envisagées.

Les politiques de sécurité énergétique et les politiques climatiques sont souvent considérées comme les deux faces d'une même pièce, leurs objectifs étant identiques, ou tout au moins complémentaires. Pourtant, si ces politiques partagent indéniablement une cause commune, la demande croissante d'énergie de l'humanité, les solutions pour améliorer la sécurité énergétique et réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre ne sont pas nécessairement les mêmes et peuvent même s'avérer contradictoires. L'objectif du projet ELIPSE est de mieux comprendre les conséquences de politiques climatiques mondiales ambitieuses sur la sécurité énergétique de l'Europe. Dans cet objectif, nous définissons un jeu d'indicateurs permettant d'apprécier la nature polysémique du concept de sécurité énergétique et pouvant être renseignés par le modèle énergie-économie-environnement du CIRED, IMACLIM-R. Nous caractérisons le concept de sécurité énergétique selon quatre dimensions : 1. Disponibilité et diversification : Cette dimension rend compte à la fois des ressources existantes d'un combustible et de la diversification des producteurs de ce combustible. Les indicateurs retenus pour caractériser cette dimension sont : l'indicateur production de pétrole sur ressources et l'indice de concentration des importations de pétrole. 2. Dépendance et efficacité énergétiques : Cette dimension rend compte de l'efficacité avec laquelle l'énergie est consommée et la nature des combustibles utilisés dans une économie. Les indicateurs retenus pour caractériser cette dimension sont : l'intensité énergétique du produit intérieur brut et le taux de dépendance énergétique. 3. Coût de l'énergie pour la société : Deux indicateurs agrégeant l'information sur l'évolution du prix des énergies et l'évolution de la consommation ont été retenus pour caractériser cette dimension : le ratio entre les importations d'énergie (en valeur) et le PIB et la part du budget des ménages consacrée à l'achat d'énergie. 4. Acceptabilité : Cette dimension rend compte des problèmes d'acceptabilité sociale que pourraient poser certaines politiques ou le recours à certaines technologies. Nous avons retenu deux indicateurs qui renvoient à des choix technologiques qui pourraient être contestés et qui pourraient s'avérer difficiles à mettre en œuvre : les capacités nucléaires installées en Europe et les capacités éoliennes installées en Europe. Nous analysons la façon dont ces indicateurs évoluent pour l'Europe une fois qu'une politique climatique mondiale ambitieuse est mise en œuvre, en tenant compte de l'incertitude sur les déterminants des évolutions des systèmes énergétiques futurs. Ces déterminants sont à la fois nombreux et variés : évolution future de la population et de la croissance économique, coûts et potentiel des technologies sobres en carbone (véhicules électriques, énergies renouvelables,.), prix futur du charbon, comportements de consommation d'énergie, vitesse d'amélioration de l'efficacité énergétique,. L'évolution de ces déterminants peut faciliter, ou au contraire rendre plus difficile le respect de la contrainte imposée sur les émissions mondiales, et avoir des implications complexes sur la sécurité énergétique d'une région. En se concentrant sur l'Europe, les résultats mettent en évidence deux principaux messages. En premier lieu, il apparaît que la mise en œuvre d'une politique climatique peut dégrader certains indicateurs et en améliorer d'autres. C'est vrai à tous les horizons de temps, mais pas pour les mêmes indicateurs. Cela illustre parfaitement la nature multidimensionnelle de la sécurité énergétique et la difficulté d'avoir une conclusion tranchée sur son évolution. Par exemple, à court terme (2023-2028), le ratio production sur ressources est amélioré par la mise en œuvre de politiques climatiques, alors que la part du budget que les ménages consacrent à l'énergie augmente en raison des prix élevés de l'énergie. En second lieu, les effets de la politique climatique sur les indicateurs de sécurité énergétique diffèrent fortement en fonction de la période considérée. Par exemple, la diversité des importations de pétrole et le taux de dépendance énergétique sont dégradés par la politique climatique dans tous les cas sur les courts (2023-2028) et moyens (2048-2052) termes, mais s'améliorent, en moyenne, sur le long terme (2073-2077). La comparaison des scénarios selon les différentes hypothèses faites sur les déterminants des systèmes énergétiques permet également de tirer plusieurs conclusions importantes. Tout d'abord, des hypothèses alternatives sur un ensemble de paramètres n'ont pas forcément un effet similaire sur tous les indicateurs de sécurité énergétique à un horizon donné. Par exemple, l'abondance de charbon et l'accès à la technologie pour le liquéfier imposent aux politiques climatiques d'améliorer davantage l'intensité énergétique du PIB. Mais, en limitant l'utilisation de charbon, y compris produit en Europe, les politiques climatiques augmentent la facture des importations d'énergie. Ensuite, des hypothèses alternatives sur un ensemble de paramètres n'ont pas forcément un effet similaire sur les indicateurs de sécurité énergétique à travers le temps. Par exemple, l'hypothèse sur la disponibilité des technologies sobres en carbone a des effets contradictoires sur le ratio entre la production et les ressources de pétrole entre le court terme et les moyens et long termes. Enfin, les scénarios dans lesquels l'amélioration de l'efficacité énergétique se fait rapidement se caractérisent par une dégradation, en moyenne, de plusieurs indicateurs, comparativement aux cas où l'efficacité énergétique progresse moins rapidement. C'est le cas notamment pour le ratio entre la production et les ressources de pétrole, le taux de dépendance énergétique, ainsi que la facture des importations d'énergie à moyen et long termes. Au final, les résultats montrent clairement que les politiques climatiques peuvent aggravées certains indicateurs de la sécurité énergétique. Il est néanmoins possible d'identifier les contradictions entre l'objectif des politiques climatiques et celui des politiques de sécurité énergétique, et indiquer quand des politiques complémentaires peuvent être nécessaires pour concilier les deux objectifs. En particulier, nos résultats mettent en évidence le risque de détérioration de la dimension " coût de l'énergie pour la société " de la sécurité énergétique sur le court terme. Des mesures ciblées pour les ménages modestes, par exemple pourraient alors être envisagées.

Les politiques de sécurité énergétique et les politiques climatiques sont souvent considérées comme les deux faces d'une même pièce, leurs objectifs étant identiques, ou tout au moins complémentaires. Pourtant, si ces politiques partagent indéniablement une cause commune, la demande croissante d'énergie de l'humanité, les solutions pour améliorer la sécurité énergétique et réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre ne sont pas nécessairement les mêmes et peuvent même s'avérer contradictoires. L'objectif du projet ELIPSE est de mieux comprendre les conséquences de politiques climatiques mondiales ambitieuses sur la sécurité énergétique de l'Europe. Dans cet objectif, nous définissons un jeu d'indicateurs permettant d'apprécier la nature polysémique du concept de sécurité énergétique et pouvant être renseignés par le modèle énergie-économie-environnement du CIRED, IMACLIM-R. Nous caractérisons le concept de sécurité énergétique selon quatre dimensions : 1. Disponibilité et diversification : Cette dimension rend compte à la fois des ressources existantes d'un combustible et de la diversification des producteurs de ce combustible. Les indicateurs retenus pour caractériser cette dimension sont : l'indicateur production de pétrole sur ressources et l'indice de concentration des importations de pétrole. 2. Dépendance et efficacité énergétiques : Cette dimension rend compte de l'efficacité avec laquelle l'énergie est consommée et la nature des combustibles utilisés dans une économie. Les indicateurs retenus pour caractériser cette dimension sont : l'intensité énergétique du produit intérieur brut et le taux de dépendance énergétique. 3. Coût de l'énergie pour la société : Deux indicateurs agrégeant l'information sur l'évolution du prix des énergies et l'évolution de la consommation ont été retenus pour caractériser cette dimension : le ratio entre les importations d'énergie (en valeur) et le PIB et la part du budget des ménages consacrée à l'achat d'énergie. 4. Acceptabilité : Cette dimension rend compte des problèmes d'acceptabilité sociale que pourraient poser certaines politiques ou le recours à certaines technologies. Nous avons retenu deux indicateurs qui renvoient à des choix technologiques qui pourraient être contestés et qui pourraient s'avérer difficiles à mettre en œuvre : les capacités nucléaires installées en Europe et les capacités éoliennes installées en Europe. Nous analysons la façon dont ces indicateurs évoluent pour l'Europe une fois qu'une politique climatique mondiale ambitieuse est mise en œuvre, en tenant compte de l'incertitude sur les déterminants des évolutions des systèmes énergétiques futurs. Ces déterminants sont à la fois nombreux et variés : évolution future de la population et de la croissance économique, coûts et potentiel des technologies sobres en carbone (véhicules électriques, énergies renouvelables,.), prix futur du charbon, comportements de consommation d'énergie, vitesse d'amélioration de l'efficacité énergétique,. L'évolution de ces déterminants peut faciliter, ou au contraire rendre plus difficile le respect de la contrainte imposée sur les émissions mondiales, et avoir des implications complexes sur la sécurité énergétique d'une région. En se concentrant sur l'Europe, les résultats mettent en évidence deux principaux messages. En premier lieu, il apparaît que la mise en œuvre d'une politique climatique peut dégrader certains indicateurs et en améliorer d'autres. C'est vrai à tous les horizons de temps, mais pas pour les mêmes indicateurs. Cela illustre parfaitement la nature multidimensionnelle de la sécurité énergétique et la difficulté d'avoir une conclusion tranchée sur son évolution. Par exemple, à court terme (2023-2028), le ratio production sur ressources est amélioré par la mise en œuvre de politiques climatiques, alors que la part du budget que les ménages consacrent à l'énergie augmente en raison des prix élevés de l'énergie. En second lieu, les effets de la politique climatique sur les indicateurs de sécurité énergétique diffèrent fortement en fonction de la période considérée. Par exemple, la diversité des importations de pétrole et le taux de dépendance énergétique sont dégradés par la politique climatique dans tous les cas sur les courts (2023-2028) et moyens (2048-2052) termes, mais s'améliorent, en moyenne, sur le long terme (2073-2077). La comparaison des scénarios selon les différentes hypothèses faites sur les déterminants des systèmes énergétiques permet également de tirer plusieurs conclusions importantes. Tout d'abord, des hypothèses alternatives sur un ensemble de paramètres n'ont pas forcément un effet similaire sur tous les indicateurs de sécurité énergétique à un horizon donné. Par exemple, l'abondance de charbon et l'accès à la technologie pour le liquéfier imposent aux politiques climatiques d'améliorer davantage l'intensité énergétique du PIB. Mais, en limitant l'utilisation de charbon, y compris produit en Europe, les politiques climatiques augmentent la facture des importations d'énergie. Ensuite, des hypothèses alternatives sur un ensemble de paramètres n'ont pas forcément un effet similaire sur les indicateurs de sécurité énergétique à travers le temps. Par exemple, l'hypothèse sur la disponibilité des technologies sobres en carbone a des effets contradictoires sur le ratio entre la production et les ressources de pétrole entre le court terme et les moyens et long termes. Enfin, les scénarios dans lesquels l'amélioration de l'efficacité énergétique se fait rapidement se caractérisent par une dégradation, en moyenne, de plusieurs indicateurs, comparativement aux cas où l'efficacité énergétique progresse moins rapidement. C'est le cas notamment pour le ratio entre la production et les ressources de pétrole, le taux de dépendance énergétique, ainsi que la facture des importations d'énergie à moyen et long termes. Au final, les résultats montrent clairement que les politiques climatiques peuvent aggravées certains indicateurs de la sécurité énergétique. Il est néanmoins possible d'identifier les contradictions entre l'objectif des politiques climatiques et celui des politiques de sécurité énergétique, et indiquer quand des politiques complémentaires peuvent être nécessaires pour concilier les deux objectifs. En particulier, nos résultats mettent en évidence le risque de détérioration de la dimension " coût de l'énergie pour la société " de la sécurité énergétique sur le court terme. Des mesures ciblées pour les ménages modestes, par exemple pourraient alors être envisagées.

Torture is a relevant issue in human interactions for its pervasiveness, gravity and tremendous consequences. Unfortunately is still remains a reality in many countries of the world. This presentation aims approach to the concept of torture and the situation of torture in Portugal and worldwide; analyze international laws and ethical principles on documentation and investigation of torture; and address the contribution and importance of clinical forensic medical examination in these situations, how it best can be carried out and what kind of results may provide. There is no consensus about how to define torture but the most cited definitions in literature are those put forward by the World Medical Association and the United Nations. Both of these definitions include severe physical and psychological forms of suffering and require coercive intent by perpetrators with the consent or acquiescence of state authorities. The prohibition of Torture is absolute and applies to all times and in all circumstances. This prohibition is present in several international treaties and agreements. In 1984 the United Nations adopted the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment highlighting the particular attention given to this absolute prohibition, creating a legally-binding document and providing additional rules to assist in prevention and investigation of allege cases of torture. Nevertheless, between January 2009 and May 2013, Amnesty International received reports of torture and other ill-treatment committed by state officials in 141 countries, and from every world region. This only indicates cases reported to or known by the organization and does not necessarily reflect the full extent of torture worldwide. Besides forbidding it, International law also obliges states to investigate allegations of torture and to punish those responsible. It also requires that victims are able to obtain reparation. One of the major challenges in accomplishing this is to obtain sufficient evidence in cases against perpetrators. If there is no proof that torture took place, a climate of impunity can come to exist and the practice will endure. Medico-legal reports are a way of gathering evidence of torture. Even in countries where a fair trial is rare, medico-legal documentation strengthens the victims' position since it becomes more difficult to disregard the complaint. The area of application of the medico-legal reports is not restricted to medico-legal investigation. It can be broadened to the investigation and documentation of other violations of human rights in national and international legal proceedings, and monitoring such as cases of asylum seekers, cases of forced confessions through torture, identification of therapeutic needs of victims and the need for reparation and redress by the state. There are also a role for it in activities like research, advocacy and lobbying. Therefore, participation and support of health professionals are of crucial importance for the abolition of torture and other forms of ill-treatment. Ensuring that doctors are aware of how to perform a medico-legal report and how to use it in legal proceedings is a needed step forward in the prevention of torture. Because a large of the large number and the severe suffering of many survivors, the question of torture should become a part of health care curricula. ; A tortura é uma questão relevante nas interações humanas pela sua perversidade, gravidade e consequências tremendas. Infelizmente ainda continua a ser uma realidade em muitos países do mundo. O objectivo principal deste trabalho é o de proceder à elaboração de um texto que permita aos profissionais de saúde, adquirirem com a sua leitura uma rápida percepção do que é tortura e os maus tratos, do enquadramento legal destas situações e do potencial que uma adequada abordagem do ponto de vista médico pode proporcionar para uma correta identificação de tais práticas. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho procede inicialmente a uma revisão do conceito de tortura e da situação da tortura a nível mundial e ao nível de Portugal. Seguidamente, efetua uma breve análise das leis internacionais relativas à investigação e documentação de tortura e aborda as questões éticas levantadas por esta temática. Por último analisa o contributo do exame médico-legal nestas situações, como pode ser realizado e quais as mais valias que pode proporcionar. Não há consenso sobre como definir a tortura mas as definições mais citadas na literatura são as fornecidas pela Associação Médica Mundial e pela Organização das Nações Unidas. Ambas incluem formas físicas e psicológicas graves de sofrimento e exigem uma intenção coerciva por parte dos agressores, com o consentimento ou aquiescência das autoridades do Estado. A definição da Organização das Nações Unidas exige ainda que a agressão seja perpetuada especificamente por membros do, ou ao serviço do, Governo ou por forças militares ou policiais pertencentes ao Estado. Há também outras práticas que, apesar de não estarem incluídas nas definições de tortura, são um ataque à vida humana em toda a sua dignidade. Este outro tratamento cruel, desumano e degradante, que será referido neste trabalho como "maus-tratos", também tem a intenção de expor os indivíduos a condições que causam sofrimento físico ou mental significativo, mas sem um propósito específico. As pessoas vítimas desta prática, serão neste trabalho equiparadas a vítimas de tortura. A proibição da tortura e maus-tratos é absoluta e aplica-se a todos os momentos e em todas as circunstâncias. Esta proibição está presente em diversos tratados, acordos internacionais e o direito a estar livre de tortura é contemplado na Declaração Universal dos Direitos do Homem. Em 1984, as Nações Unidas adoptaram a Convenção Contra a Tortura e Outros Tratamentos Cruéis, Desumanos, Degradantes ou de Punição (CAT) destacando a particular atenção dada a esta proibição absoluta. Este é um documento juridicamente vinculativo que prevê regras adicionais para auxiliar na prevenção e investigação de alegados casos de tortura. Apesar de todas as normas e tratados que contemplam a proibição de tortura, esta continua a ser ainda uma prática comum e mundialmente disseminada. Entre Janeiro de 2009 e Maio de 2013, a Amnistia Internacional recebeu relatos de tortura e outros maus-tratos cometidos por funcionários do Estado em 141 países, e de todas as regiões do mundo. Isso só indica casos notificados ou conhecidos pela organização, e não reflecte necessariamente a extensão total da tortura em todo o mundo. Portugal não é excepção a isto. Além de proibir a prática de tortura, a lei Internacional obriga também os Estados a investigar alegações de tortura e a punir os responsáveis. Requer ainda que as vítimas possam ser ressarcidas da forma mais completa possível. Um dos principais desafios na realização disto é a obtenção de elementos de prova suficientes em casos contra os agressores. Se não há nenhuma prova de que a tortura ocorreu, um clima de impunidade pode vir a existir e a prática será perpetuada. Relatórios médico-legais são uma forma de apresentar provas de tortura. Mesmo em países onde um julgamento justo é raro, a documentação médico-legal fortalece a posição das vítimas tornando mais difícil ignorar a acusação Para mais, médicos da área dos cuidados de saúde primários são importantes detectores na identificação das vítimas. Eles podem encontrar sobreviventes de tortura em contextos de cuidados primários ou nos serviços de urgência e emergência médica, e serem quem inicia o encaminhamento para o tratamento destas vítimas e acciona os mecanismos legais necessários. A área de aplicação dos relatórios médico-legais não se restringe à investigação médico-legal. Estes podem ser utilizados na investigação e documentação de outras violações dos direitos humanos, em processos judiciais nacionais e internacionais. Podem ter ainda um papel importante em casos de requerentes de asilo, na identificação das necessidades terapêuticas das vítimas e da necessidade de reparação e reparação por parte do Estado. Há também um papel para ele em atividades como pesquisa, advocacia e lobby. Portanto, a participação e apoio de profissionais de saúde é de importância crucial para a abolição da tortura e outras formas de maus-tratos. Garantir que os médicos estão cientes de como executar um relatório médico-legal e como usá-lo em processos judiciais é um passo necessário na prevenção da tortura. Dado a grande quantidade de pessoas vítimas desta prática e o papel preponderante dos médicos na sua prevenção, a abordagem da tortura e o exame médico-legal deveriam tornar-se parte dos currículos das escolas médicas.

Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Granada/CBUA. This work is part of a PhD thesis conducted in the Official Doctoral Programme in Biomedicine of the University of Granada, Spain. Preliminary data from this manuscript has been presented previously in The International Society of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity (ISBNPA) Xchange 2021 Annual Meeting. The ActiveBrains project was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and the "Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER)" (DEP201347540, DEP2016-79512-R, DEP2017-91544-EXP and RYC-201109011). L.V.T.-L. is supported by a Grant from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (FPU17/04802). J.H.M. is supported by a Grant from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport (FPU15/02645). C.C.-S. is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (FJC2018-037925-I). IEC is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (RYC2019-027287-I). Additional support was obtained from the University of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigacion 2016, Excellence actions: Units of Excellence, Scientific Excellence Unit on Exercise and Health (UCEES), by the Junta de Andalucia, Consejeria de Conocimiento, Investigacion y Universidades, and European Regional Development Funds (ref. SOMM17/6107/UGR). In addition, funding was provided by the SAMID III network, RETICS, funded by the PNI + D + I 2017-2021 (Spain), ISCIII-Sub-Directorate General for Research Assessment and Promotion, the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) (Ref. RD16/0022), the EXERNET Research Network on Exercise and Health (DEP2005-00046/ACTI; 09/UPB/19; 45/UPB/20; 27/UPB/21), the European Union's 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No.667302, and the HL-PIVOT network-Healthy Living for Pandemic Event Protection. Additional funding was obtained from the Andalusian Operational Programme supported with European Regional Development Funds (ERDF in English, FEDER in Spanish, project ref: B-CTS-355-UGR18). ; Approximately 4–11% of children suffer from sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), and children with obesity are at increased risk. Both obesity and SDB have been separately associated with poorer brain health, yet whether SDB severity affects brain health in children with obesity remains unanswered. This study aimed to examine associations of SDB severity with academic performance and brain structure (i.e., total brain and gray and white matter volumes and gray matter volume in the hippocampus) in children with overweight/obesity. One hundred nine children aged 8–12 years with overweight/obesity were included. SDB severity and its subscales (i.e., snoring, daytime sleepiness, and inattention/hyperactivity) were evaluated via the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ), and academic performance was evaluated with the Woodcock-Muñoz standardized test and school grades. Brain structure was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. SDB severity was not associated with academic performance measured by the standardized test (all |β|> 0.160, P > 0.076), yet it was associated with the school grade point average (β = -0.226, P = 0.007) and natural and social science grades (β = -0.269, P = 0.024). Intention/hyperactivity seemed to drive these associations. No associations were found between SDB severity and the remaining school grades (all β 0.065) or brain volumes (all P > 0.05). Conclusion: Our study shows that SDB severity was associated with lower school grades, yet it was not associated with the standardized measurement of academic performance or with brain volumes in children with overweight/obesity. SDB severity may add to academic problems in children beyond the effects contributed by overweight/obesity status alone. ; Universidad de Granada/CBUA ; Spanish Government European Commission ; Spanish Government DEP201347540 DEP2016-79512-R DEP2017-91544-EXP RYC-201109011 ; Spanish Government FPU17/04802 FPU15/02645 FJC2018-037925-I RYC2019-027287-I ; University of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigacion 2016, Excellence actions: Units of Excellence, Scientific Excellence Unit on Exercise and Health (UCEES) ; Junta de Andalucia European Commission SOMM17/6107/UGR ; SAMID III network, RETICS - PNI + D + I 2017-2021 (Spain) ; ISCIII-Sub-Directorate General for Research Assessment and Promotion ; European Commission RD16/0022 ; EXERNET Research Network on Exercise and Health DEP2005-00046/ACTI 09/UPB/19 45/UPB/20 27/UPB/21 ; European Commission 667302 ; HL-PIVOT network-Healthy Living for Pandemic Event Protection ; Andalusian Operational Programme ; European Regional Development Funds (ERDF in English, FEDER in Spanish) B-CTS-355-UGR18

Open Access article, published by EDP Sciences, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ; Aims: We aim at detecting water vapor in the atmosphere of the hot Jupiter HD 209458 b and perform a multi-band study in the near infrared with CARMENES. Methods: The water vapor absorption lines from the atmosphere of the planet are Doppler-shifted due to the large change in its radial velocity during transit. This shift is of the order of tens of km s-1, whilst the Earth's telluric and the stellar lines can be considered quasi-static. We took advantage of this shift to remove the telluric and stellar lines using SYSREM, which performs a principal component analysis including proper error propagation. The residual spectra contain the signal from thousands of planetary molecular lines well below the noise level. We retrieve the information from those lines by cross-correlating the residual spectra with models of the atmospheric absorption of the planet. Results: We find a cross-correlation signal with a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of 6.4, revealing H2O in HD 209458 b. We obtain a net blueshift of the signal of -5.2 -1.3+2.6 km s-1 that, despite the large error bars, is a firm indication of day- to night-side winds at the terminator of this hot Jupiter. Additionally, we performed a multi-band study for the detection of H2O individually from the three near infrared bands covered by CARMENES. We detect H2O from its 0.96-1.06 ¿m band with a S/N of 5.8, and also find hints of a detection from the 1.06-1.26 ¿m band, with a low S/N of 2.8. No clear planetary signal is found from the 1.26-1.62 ¿m band. Conclusions: Our significant H2O signal at 0.96-1.06 ¿m in HD 209458 b represents the first detection of H2O from this band individually, the bluest one to date. The unfavorable observational conditions might be the reason for the inconclusive detection from the stronger 1.15 and 1.4 ¿m bands. H2O is detected from the 0.96-1.06 ¿m band in HD 209458 b, but hardly in HD 189733 b, which supports a stronger aerosol extinction in the latter, in line with previous studies. Future data gathered at more stable conditions and with larger S/N at both optical and near-infrared wavelengths could help to characterize the presence of aerosols in HD 209458 b and other planets.© A. Sánchez-López et al. 2019 ; CARMENES is funded by the German Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG), the Spanish Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), the European Union through European Regional Fund (FEDER/ERF), the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, the state of Baden-Wurttemberg, the German Science Foundation (DFG), and the Junta de Andalucia, with additional contributions by the members of the CARMENES Consortium (Max-Planck-Institut fur Astronomie, Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia, Landessternwarte Konigstuhl, Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai, Institut fur Astrophysik Gottingen, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Thuringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, Hamburger Sternwarte, Centro de Astrobiologia, and the Observatorio de Calar Alto). Financial support was also provided by the Universidad Complutense de Madrid, the Comunidad Autonoma de Madrid, the Spanish Ministerios de Ciencia e Innovacion and of Economia y Competitividad, the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER/ERF), the Agencia estatal de investigacion, and the Fondo Social Europeo under grants AYA2011-30 147-C03-01, -02, and -03, AYA2012-39612-C03-01, ESP2013-48391-C4-1-R, ESP2014-54062-R, ESP 2016-76076-R, ESP2016-80435-C2-2-R, ESP2017-87143-R, BES-2015-073500, and BES-2015-074542. IAA authors acknowledge financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the >Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa> award SEV-2017-0709. L.T.-O. acknowledges support from the Israel Science Foundation (grant No. 848/16). Based on observations collected at the Observatorio de Calar Alto. We thank the anonymous referee for their insightful comments, which contributed to improve the quality of the manuscript.

Artículo escrito por un elevado número de autores, solo se referencian el que aparece en primer lugar, el nombre del grupo de colaboración, si le hubiere, y los autores pertenecientes a la UAM ; In this paper, a search for supersymmetry (SUSY) is presented in events with two opposite-sign isolated leptons in the final state, accompanied by hadronic jets and missing transverse energy. An artificial neural network is employed to discriminate possible SUSY signals from a standard model background. The analysis uses a data sample collected with the CMS detector during the 2011 LHC run, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4.98 fb-1 of proton-proton collisions at the center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV. Compared to other CMS analyses, this one uses relaxed criteria on missing transverse energy (E̸ > 40 GeV) and total hadronic transverse energy (HT > 120 GeV), thus probing different regions of parameter space. Agreement is found between standard model expectation and observations, yielding limits in the context of the constrained minimal supersymmetric standard model and on a set of simplified models ; We acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: the Austrian Federal Ministry of Science and Research; the Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique, and Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; the Brazilian Funding Agencies (CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, and FAPESP); the Bulgarian Ministry of Education, Youth and Science; CERN; the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, and National Natural Science Foundation of China; the Colombian Funding Agency (COLCIENCIAS); the Croatian Ministry of Science, Education and Sport; the Research Promotion Foundation, Cyprus; the Ministry of Education and Research, Recurrent financing Contract No. SF0690030s09 and European Regional Development Fund, Estonia; the Academy of Finland, Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture, and Helsinki Institute of Physics; the Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules/CNRS, and Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/CEA, France; the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, and Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren, Germany; the General Secretariat for Research and Technology, Greece; the National Scientific Research Foundation, and National Office for Research and Technology, Hungary; the Department of Atomic Energy and the Department of Science and Technology, India; the Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics, Iran; the Science Foundation, Ireland; the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Italy; the Korean Ministry of Education, Science and Technology and the World Class University program of NRF, Republic of Korea; the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences; the Mexican Funding Agencies (CINVESTAV, CONACYT, SEP, and UASLP-FAI); the Ministry of Science and Innovation, New Zealand; the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission; the Ministry of Science and Higher Education and the National Science Centre, Poland; the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Portugal; JINR (Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan); the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, the Federal Agency of Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation, Russian Academy of Sciences, and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research; the Ministry of Science and Technological Development of Serbia; the Secretaría de Estado de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación and Programa Consolider-Ingenio 2010, Spain; the Swiss Funding Agencies (ETH Board, ETH Zurich, PSI, SNF, UniZH, Canton Zurich, and SER); the National Science Council, Taipei; the Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics, the Institute for the Promotion of Teaching Science and Technology of Thailand and the National Science and Technology Development Agency of Thailand; the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey, and Turkish Atomic Energy Authority; the Science and Technology Facilities Council, UK; the U.S. Department of Energy, and the U.S. National Science Foundation. Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie program and the European Research Council (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A. P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation a` la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of Czech Republic; the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the Compagnia di San Paolo (Torino); and the HOMING PLUS program of Foundation for Polish Science, co-financed from European Union, Regional Development Fund