Suchergebnisse

A pesar de las apariencias y proclamaciones oficiales, la tolerancia no está hoy de moda. Por ello lo primero que procede es recordar en qué consiste realmente y mostrar cómo es: asistemática, pluriforme, no estrictamente racional, e imprescindible para la vida social. Estudiaremos después la relación que tiene con el Derecho y con los derechos (que no es unívoca), así como los factores ambientales favorables o desfavorables. En cuanto al método, evitamos el razonamiento abstracto y buscamos el histórico y basado en la realidad. ; In spite of appearances and declarations to the contrary, toleration is a not altogether fashionable notion these days. We must, therefore, start by recalling what it really is. Further to that we shall show how it is: unsystematic, taking multiple forms, not strictly rational -- yet utterly essential for the smooth running of social life. We shall consider its relationship with Law as well as with rights, themselves hardly univocal, and liberties. We shall look at elements in today's environment that are both favourable and unfavourable to it. Our methodology will eschew abstraction and look to historical and concrete approaches that stick close to reality. ; SI

Using the NORC General Social Surveys from 1972 to 1984, a question wording experiment is constructed that tests whether questions concerning the rights of a threatening group reduce Rs' willingness to tolerate other, unrelated groups. Findings suggest that the introduction of a threatening stimulus causes tolerance toward unrelated groups to decline significantly, although the effect is smaller for more highly educated Rs. Some potential explanations for this interaction effect are discussed. 4 Tables, 1 Figure, 1 Appendix, 34 References. AA

Institutional (in particular, political) pluralism is a fundamental feature of modern developed societies. Its cultural basis is the tolerance of citizens. The paper proposes to distinguish between legal, evaluative and interactive tolerance. This distinction makes it possible to explain the contradictory results obtained in econometric studies of tolerance and its links with the economic growth. Legal tolerance is the basis of competitive pluralism, and interactive one is the prerequisite for the formation of consensus pluralism, based on the collaboration of various social forces. Struggle for resources, intra- and intercountry inequality, "history wars" and prejudices prevent the strengthening of tolerance. Attention is drawn to the "paradox of political correctness": dogmatic tolerance generates intolerant behavior. It is noted that interactive tolerance in developing countries is significantly correlated with technological progress and the level of well-being. The existence of this relationship, which is realized through collaboration mechanisms, gives the ground for supposition that, despite the contradictory dynamics of the tolerance level in the past 25 years, tolerance will be strengthening in the long run.

Intro -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Philosophy and the Virtue of Tolerance -- The Socratic model -- Philosophy and scepticism -- 2 Critical Moral Tolerance -- The complexity and difficulty of toleration -- Apathy and relativism -- Pluralism and relativism -- Pluralism and critical toleration -- 3 Tolerance, Modesty and the Limits of the Moral Imagination -- The promise of the imagination: David Norton and Martin Buber -- The failure of the imagination -- Tolerance and condemnation: suicide and sati -- Tolerance and action -- Tolerance and ignorance -- Conclusion: tolerance and education -- 4 Stoic Tolerance -- Stoicism: preliminary consideration -- Epictetus -- Marcus Aurelius -- Stoic tolerance -- Conclusion -- 5 Modern Philosophy and Inward Sincerity: Religion, Existentialism and Pragmatism -- Descartes, Spinoza and Rousseau -- Self-knowledge and the mystery of the person -- Emerson and James -- Royce -- Marcel -- Conclusion -- 6 Existentialism and Repressive Toleration -- Transcendence and truth -- Toleration, risk and action -- Conclusion: dogmatism, silence and toleration -- 7 Liberal Toleration -- Locke's epistemological liberalism -- Mill and the moral affirmation of diversity -- Toleration, multiculturalism and the open forum of ideas -- Conclusion -- 8 Liberalism and Pragmatism -- The fact of diversity -- Pluralism and relativism: Rawls and Walzer -- Rawls, Rorty and pragmatism -- The pragmatic pluralism of John Lachs -- Conclusion -- 9 Conclusion: Socrates Beyond Liberalism -- The problem of politics -- Pluralistic convergence and fanaticism -- Conclusion: beyond the cave -- Bibliography -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- V -- W -- Y -- Z.

Attitudes towards diversity; International large-scale assessment; International Civic and Citizenship Study; ICCS; Comparative and international education; School segregation; Intergenerational transmission of inequality; Open classroom for discussion; Measurement invariance; Multilevel Structural Equation Modelling; Tolerance

Although victims of aggression, Croats have been labelled as intolerant and aggressor as imperilled. Several independent studies of tolerance have shown a relatively high level of political tolerance in Croatia. Since such results were contrary to the expected, in an American study data pointing to the toleration paradox were interpreted as inconsistent toleration. Also, some incidents that occurred in Croatia pertaining to the toleration paradox were used as indicators of the lack of tolerance. (SOI : PM: S. 44)

Purpose. The article analyzes the role of such a phenomenon as tolerance in a partnership between a man and a woman, emphasizing its importance and necessity in their relations. The purpose of the study is to estimate the role of the tolerance phenomenon in the process of gender partnership. Theoretical basis. The works of domestic and foreign scientists contributed to estimate the function of tolerance during communication, cooperation and co-creation. In this paper the methodology of E. Fromm and N. Khamitov's metaanthropology is used. Originality. It was proved that the success of a gender partnership depends on how tolerant its participants are to each other. Besides this, it has been established that tolerance is the main criterion for gender partnership. The idea of tolerance is considered as the way to fruitful development of human relations. For the first time it has been determined that gender partnership can be manifested on the ordinary, frontier and metafrontier levels of human existence. Tolerance has its own specifics and a manifestation on each of them. Conclusions. Metaanthropology has helped to estimate the role of tolerance among men and women in the partnership process. So, it can be stated that tolerance is a basis for gender partnership that harmonizes the relationship among a man and a woman and makes them egalitarian. Only on the metafrontier level of human being tolerance can be manifestation of individual integrity. Sincere, open interaction and creative work with Other are formed on this foundation. Thus, gender partnership with inexhaustible, complementary potential is the vector of development of human relations.

Abstract: In agreement with Bryan Garsten's notion of liberalism as "refuge," liberal societies are distinct in their toleration of badness. They give people the permission and even the right to do wrong. Tolerance, however, does not apply to that to which we are indifferent or to that which we approve of. True tolerance involves the refusal to police bad or defective behaviors, and it therefore makes liberal political movements inherently fragile. Even so, tolerance and "refuge" are essential because people, especially the powerful, cannot be trusted to police the right people, on the right occasions, with the right force.

Peter Lüchau: Christianity and tolerance in Denmark

During the past two decades, Danish politicians have formed a consensus that refugees/immigrants are synonymous with Muslims. Some politicians have used this consensus to argue that Denmark is a Christian nation excluding the possibility of Muslims becoming Danes because of their religion. If these political claims have taken root in the general public, there should be a negative correlation between being Christian and tolerance towards immigrants. This article analyses the Danish data from the European Value Survey from 1999 with particular reference to several measures for Christianity and ethnic tolerance. There is a negative correlation between individual Christian faith and tolerance towards immigrants at the national level. When subjected to a multivariate analysis, however, this correlation disappears, because people with a lower level of education tend to be materialists, tend to be rightwing, and tend to hold a Christian faith. The lack of correlation between Christian faith and tolerance towards immigrants in a religiously homogenous country with a strong state sponsored national church is best explained by the special characteristics of the Nordic "civic religious" model that neutralises the ability of any one group to seize national and religious symbols in the minds of the general public.

The significance of formal criteria which could help to sort out the problem of tolerance paradox has emerged in the background of cultural egalitarianism. Alas, such criteria have not been established so far. The conviction that the problem of tolerance is significant just in the context of social and political discourse might be questioned due to the fact that this attitude did not help to tackle this problem throughout the last centuries. The paper aims to show that the problem of tolerance can be solved taking into account systemic attitude and synergetic insights. The current study into the literature on tolerance concludes that the formal criterion, which defines the tolerance boundaries in the most general sense, is considered to be such deviations from the standard (as ideal parameters of social system) when tolerance can function normally (stably). Cultural egalitarianism, which requires equalizing the rights of the majority and the minorities facing discrimination, impinges on the ratio of necessary diversity, and thus has to be questioned.


Tolerancijos ribos ir kultūrinis egalitarizmas


Santrauka


Formaliu kriteriju, kurie leistu spresti tolerancijos paradokso problema, svarba išryškejo kulturinio egalitarizmo akivaizdoje. Tokiu kriteriju nera iki šiol. Isitikinimas, kad tolerancijos problema prasminga tik socialinio ir politinio diskurso kontekste, gali buti kvestionuojamas vien todel, kad per kelis šimtmecius ši nuostata problemos išspresti nepadejo. Straipsnyje parodoma, kad tolerancijos problema galima spresti sisteminiu požiuriu ir sociosinergetikos ižvalgomis. Tolerancijai skirtos literaturos analize leidžia daryti išvada, kad bendriausiu atveju tolerancijos ribas nustatanciu formaliu kriterijumi galima laikyti tokius nukrypimus nuo normos (kaip idealiu visuomenines sistemos parametru), kuriems esant ji dar gali normaliai (stabiliai) funkcionuoti. Kulturinis egalitarizmas, reikalaujantis sulyginti daugumos ir diskriminuojamu mažumu teises, pažeidžia butinos ivairoves proporcijas ir todel yra kvestionuotinas.

Since its democratic revolution was set in motion, Poland has enjoyed tremendous progress in its degree of democratic consolidation. For example, significant institutional changes have taken place in the status of Poland's ethnic, national, and religious minorities. Yet, institutional protections alone do not fully capture the extent of openness to diversity. More comprehensive depictions of the quality of democracy need to encompass investigations of the democratic citizens' "hearts and minds." In this article, using data from a recent nationally representative survey, the author examines the extent and sources of Poles' tolerance of ethnic and religious difference. She focuses on social tolerance of difference, using questions about acceptance of interethnic and interreligious marriage as the dependent variables. As part of the inquiry, the author compares and contrasts the levels and sources of tolerance of interreligious marriage over time and discusses the political implications of the findings and future research directions.

The problem of orthostatic tolerance is discussed with respect to the factors affecting it, methods of assessment, and the analysis of orthostatic data. Orthostatic heart rate and blood pressure and responses of fainters and nonfainters measured by different methods are illustrated. It is shown that different tilt tables result in similar orthostatic responses, that results obtained in standing are not necessarily related to tilt-table responses, that qualitative and quantitative orthostatic responses are closely related, and that reclining heart rate alone can indicate tilt tolerance.

SummaryTolerance has the potential to affect both economic growth and wellbeing. It is therefore important to discern its determinants. We contribute to the literature by investigating whether the degree to which economic institutions and policies are market‐oriented is related to different measures of tolerance. Cross‐sectional and first‐difference regression analysis of up to 69 countries reveals that economic freedom is positively related to tolerance towards homosexuals, especially in the longer run, while tolerance towards people of a different race and a willingness to teach kids tolerance are not strongly affected by how free markets are. Stable monetary policy and outcomes is the area of economic freedom most consistently associated with greater tolerance, but the quality of the legal system seems to matter as well. Through instrumental variables and first‐difference results we find indications of a causal relationship.