Suchergebnisse

[.] Dalla descrizione qui appena abbozzata emerge il prevalere, sulla scena letteraria polacca dopo il 1989, di tendenze postmoderniste, soprattutto se si guarda alle opere di autori appartenenti alla media e giovane generazione. In generale si tratta comunque di un postmodernismo "debole" o addirittura "latente", diffidente nei confronti di un mondo in cui le categorie di identità e appartenenza geografica perdono significato; un postmodernismo che ha timore della cultura di massa, che si richiama volentieri ai classici della letteratura moderna (Schulz, Milosz, corrente dei Kresy) e che dopo un secolo riabilita . il filisteo. La sua "ywrZ-ità" si manifesta attraverso l'estetica del pastiche, con la quale si esprime l'amara consapevolezza che il rinnovamento dei modelli ammirati è ormai impossibile, che la missione rivelatrice della letteratura si è esaurita. Si manifesta anche l'accettazione, piena di rassegnazione, della condizione di periferia — della letteratura nei confronti dei nuovi mezzi di comunicazione, della enclave artistica nei confronti della cultura di massa, della Polonia e dell'intera regione nei confronti dei salotti del mondo che dettano le ultime mode artistiche e intellettuali. Si manifesta infine la segreta collaborazione coi mezzi di comunicazione elettronici, con la cultura di massa, con le mode artistiche e intellettuali. Come ho già sottolineato, fenomeni che apertamente si richiamano al posttnodernismo erano bensì presenti nel complesso dei fattori che offrivano la possibilità di ridefinire la cultura polacca, ma non hanno avuto ruolo dominante né grande sucesso. In un modo o nell'altro, il 1989 può essere quindi a buon diritto considerato l'anno d'inizio del postmodernismo nella più recente letteratura polacca. Com'è ovvio, tale interpretazione lascia non risolta la questione dei mutamenti politici: il 1989 può essere visto in quest'ottica solo come una comoda data orientativa e si può considerare che la crisi culturale avrebbe avuto luogo indipendentemente dagli avvenimenti socio-politici; nondimeno ritengo che questi ultimi siano da considerare come uno sfondo e un contesto importante per il loro svolgimento e la loro definizione. Essi hanno rafforzato gli atteggiamenti nostalgici e sentimentali, hanno deciso dell'autorità del mercato, hanno fondato il mito della "prosa srodkd' ("prosa del centro") e l'idea del ritorno al romanzo borghese; in poche parole, hanno facilitato il successo della "prospettiva neoconservatrice". ; Bauman, Zygmunt (2002). Modernità liquida. Bari: Editori Talerza. ; Czapliński, Przemysław (1997). Ślady przełomu: o prozie polskiej 1976-1989. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie. ; Czapliński, Przemysław (2007). Powrót centrali: literatura w nowej rzeczywistości. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie. ; Dziamski, Grzegorz (1991). Dwie perspektywy postmodernizmu. W: Anna Zeidler-Janiszewska (red.), Postmodernizm w perspektywie filozoficzno-kulturoznawczej (s. 43-52). Warszawa: Instytut Kultury. ; Dziamski, Grzegorz (1993). O postmodernizmie najszerzej pojętym. "Poznańskie Studia z Filozofii Nauki", t. 13: Inspiracje postmodernistyczne w humanistyce (s. 11-26), red. Anna Jamroziakowa, Warszawa-Poznań: PWN. ; Dziamski, Grzegorz (2003). Co po nowoczesności? Dwie perspektywy postmodernizmu. W: Maria Anna Potocka (red.). Postmodernizm: teksty polskich autorów (s. 21-40). Kraków: Bunkier Sztuki / "Inter Esse". ; Erjavec, Aleš (1994). Postmodernizm i kondycja postsocjalistyczna, przeł. Beata Frydryczak. W: Anna Zeidler-Janiszewska (red.). Sztuka i estetyka po awangardzie a filozofia postmodernistyczna (s. 85-105). Warszawa: Instytut Kultury. ; Erjavec, Aleš (1996). Przednia i wsteczna straż: awangarda i retrogarda, przeł. Grzegorz Dziamski. W: Grzegorz Dziamski (red.). Awangarda w perspektywie postmodernizmu (s. 39-48). Poznań: Wydawnictwo Fundacji Humaniora. ; Jameson, Fredric (1988). Postmodernizm albo kulturowa logika późnego kapitalizmu, przeł. Julian Kutyła. Pismo Literacko-Artystyczne, 4, s. 64-95. ; Nowacki, Dariusz (2000). Ładnie prze-pisane. Nowe Książki, 3, s. 56-57. ; Nycz, Ryszard (1993). Tekstowy świat: poststrukturalizm a wiedza o literaturze. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo IBL. ; Nycz, Ryszard (2002). Literatura nowoczesna: cztery dyskursy (tezy). Teksty Drugie, 4, s. 35-46. ; Orska, Joanna (2006). Liryczne narracje: nowe tendencje w poezji polskiej 1989-2006. Kraków: TAiWPN "Universitas". ; Rabizo-Birek, Magdalena (1997). Mizeria w sosie własnym. Twórczość, 3, s. 113-117.

Observatorio de Política Internacional II. AMÉRICAS (Neira Fernández, Enrique) ; RECIENTES ; Año 2008 ; Nicaragua. Un remedo revolucionario ; Bolivia. ¿Una o dislocada? ; Paraguay. El ex obispo presidente ; Perú. El rojo sangre de sendero luminoso ; Estados Unidos. Panorama tras las elecciones primarias ; RECIENTES ; Año 2007 ; Argentina. Contundente triunfo de Cristina Fernández ; Bolivia. Nuevos rumbos ¡no más embrollo! ; Ecuador. Nueva constitución, nuevo rumbo ; Guatemala. Elecciones primera vuelta ; América Latina. Un continente que gira políticamente ; América Latina. Entre Bush y Chávez ; Ecuador. Otro refundador de país asentado sobre un volcán ; Estados Unidos. Mujeres a la Presidencia (III) ; Mujeres a la Presidencia (II) ; América Latina. La mascarada del Socialismo ; América Latina. Las dos ofertas de Socialismo ; ¿Para dónde va Ecuador? ; Año 2006 ; Teilhard y la nueva izquierda latinoamericana ; Venezuela: IV y V Repúblicas ; América Latina en tiempos de Chávez ; Estados Unidos. El Imperio se reacomoda ; Bolivia. ¿Una constitución bolivariana para Bolivia? ; Ecuador. Cuatro candidatos y dos opciones ; Brasil. Lula: un presidente de teflón ; Nicaragua. De nuevo en la encrucijada ; México. Otra izquierda que se raja ; México. Presidenciales de infarto ; Ecuador. Política y fútbol ; America Latina. Del rojo vivo al rosado ; Mexico. Encrucijada electoral ; Perú. El mal menor ; AMÉRICA LATINA ; Vaivenes de la Democracia ; La OEA tiene dientes ; Nicaragua. Elecciones: El cometa Ortega ; La Gran Familia de las Américas ¿hacia el ALCA 2005? ; Haití. Un Estado de desolación ; ¿Hacia dónde va la OEA? ; La Cumbre de Brasilia ; ¿Poder duro o poder blando? ; Socialismo y socialismos ; Socialismo comunista ; Socialismo democrático ; ¿Desintegración regional? ; ARGENTINA ; Cambio de timonel ; Diez años de menemismo ; Argentina según Tomás Eloy Martínez ; Fin del sueño ; Una mujer presidenciable ; Tips de Cristina Kirchner ; BRASIL ; El Brasil de Cardoso ; La dura tarea de gobernar a Brasil ; Los Sin-Tierra de Brasil ; A la cuarta va la vencida ; Lula "light" ; BOLIVIA ; "Entre urnas y fusiles" ; "Dura realidad y esperanza " ; ¿Hacia dónde va Evo? ; CUBA ; El Che Guevara ; ¿Quién fue el Guevara? ; La vida en rojo del ; Las 4 estaciones de Fidel El Papa en Cuba (I) ; Castro y la Religión El Papa en Cuba (II) ; Dos colosos frente a frente El Papa en Cuba (III) ; Efectos del huracán El Papa en Cuba (IV) ; Cuba. De balserito a icono ; Castro, 46 años después ; Fidel Castro I: 80 años ; Fidel Castro II: 80 años ; CHILE ; El acorralado otoño de un patriarca ; Pinochet en el limbo ; Un nuevo presidente socialista ; Socialismo a la Bachelet ; ECUADOR ; Lava y ceniza política ; En cerrojo populista ; Convulsiones políticas ; ESTADOS UNIDOS ; La justicia Imperial ; Elecciones en U.S.A. ; Clinton bien sentado ; Cuando Estados Unidos se llevó el mar Caribe.Imperio y droga. La salud del imperio ; Otro round del San Jorge imperial contra el dragón ; Cuando el sexo manda ; Tregua entre Pecos Bill y Aladino ; El águila imperial y el dragón chino ; Tragicomedia del Tio Sam ; El Viejo y el Espacio ; ¿Prosigue la era Clinton? ; Macondo en U.S.A. ; Claroscuros de unas elecciones ; Un General al frente de la diplomacia norteamericana ; Un coloso sobre un pie de mene ; Estados Unidos ¡ Moñona de Bush ! ; Estados Unidos ¿Atacar o no atacar? ; El libro de cabecera de Bush ; La autobiografía de Bill Clinton ; La frágil seguridad del Imperio ; MÉXICO ; ¿Final de la dictadura perfecta? ; Cuauhtemoc Cárdenas ; Un régimen septuagenario ; La marca del Zorro (Fox) ; La cuestión indígena y su politización ; NICARAGUA ; ¿Qué pasa en la patria de Sandino? ; PERU ; Perú posible para una espada toledana ; Fin de la era Fujimori ; Perú en franca recuperación democrática ; Una mujer presidenciable ; Alan García ¿Revive el Aprismo? ; ¿En la cuerda floja? ; Alan García se perfila ganador ; REPÚBLICA DOMINICANA ; Tierra fértil en caudillos ; URUGUAY ; Triunfo de la democracia ; ¿Por qué no ganó la izquierda? ; Nueva izquierda al poder ; VENEZUELA ; Eventual papel de Venezuela ; Venezuela frente a la "Carta Democrática de las Américas" ; Relaciones Venezuela-Colombia ; América Latina. Análisis Político Latinoamericano ; 11 ; neira@intercable.net.ve ; Nivel analítico

Background: Reproductive tract infections (RTI), including sexually transmitted infections (STI) constitute an important health threat, both directly and through their potential effect in facilitating HIV transmission. Creating community awareness of RTI/STI and how to prevent them is essential in minimising their spread. Health providers play a critical role in controlling RTI/STI spread. No previous study on RTI/STI management among health providers and in the community was carried out in Laos. Objectives: (1) To describe antimicrobial use as self-medication for RTI/STI; (2) To clinically and microbiologically identify RTI/STI, and to monitor the antimicrobial susceptibility of N. gonorrhoeae; (3) To explore community members' perceptions, treatment-seeking behaviour and understanding of health information about RTI/STI; and (4) To assess health providers' reported knowledge and practice competence regarding RTI/STI management. Methods: Structured interviews were conducted with 500 community members aged 18 or above, who had used antimicrobials as self-medication for RTI/STI during the past year. They were recruited among 3056 family members in Vientiane Capital (VTC) and Champasak Province (CPS) (Paper I). In total, 1125 women aged 15-49 years attending a gynaecology out-patient department underwent a pelvic examination, and specimens were taken for laboratory testing (Paper II). Fourteen focus group discussions (FGDs) and 20 individual interviews (IDIs) were held with a total of 132 participants (76 women, 56 men) in urban and rural communities in VTC and CPS (Paper III). All 272 health providers (medical doctors/assistants, midwives/nurses and drug sellers) working with RTI/STI patients in one urban and one rural district in VTC, were invited to fill in a self-completed questionnaire including four written simulated case scenarios, and 93% participated (Paper IV). Results: Among the 500 respondents reporting antimicrobial use as self-medication for RTI/STI, 91% had bought the antimicrobials from local private pharmacies without a physician's prescription, 58% were advised to buy the drugs from drug sellers, and 79% used antimicrobials for a non-recommended duration of time. Ampicillin (not recommended as syndromic treatment for RTI/STI) was used in 83% of all cases, in 28% combined with tetracycline (Paper I). Among 1125 women, 82% clinically presented with an RTI syndrome. Only 64% had an aetiologically diagnosed RTI, including 11% with an STI. Endogenous infections were most prevalent (candidiasis 40%; bacterial vaginosis 25%), followed by STI (Chlamydia trachomatis 4.1%; N. gonorrhoeae and Trichomonas vaginalis both 3.7%). Of the 41 N. gonorrhoeae isolates, 20% showed resistance to ciprofloxacin, 98% to penicillin, and 100% to tetracycline (Paper II). Both men and women in the FGDs and IDIs exposed some misconceptions about the causes and symptoms of RTI/STI and their cure, and reluctance to seek health care. The most common treatment-seeking behaviour was self-medication through private pharmacies, following advice mostly given by friends and drug sellers. An unwillingness to use condoms was commonly expressed. The main media sources of RTI/STI information were radio and television. Access to health information was poorer in rural areas (Paper III). Of 252 responding health providers, 34% scored below 50% regarding both the case scenarios and reported knowledge, and 87% gave inadequate advice regarding health education. Only 34% gave correct advice on contact tracing, 38% on counselling, 52% regarding compliance and 59% on condom promotion. Drug sellers scored lowest in all aspects of RTI/STI management. Urban respondents were more likely to report adequate knowledge (Paper IV). Conclusions: Strengthening RTI/STI management is recommended, including health education and promotion through interventions at community level, and to health providers, including private drug sellers. Concurrent with syndromic case management, periodic evaluations of aetiological diagnosis should be available to ensure adequacy of treatment algorithms and prescribed medications. Continuous training in syndromic approach and supervision are recommended to improve quality of RTI/STI management, particularly among health providers at private pharmacies and in rural areas. Health education messages should also be improved, particularly in rural areas.

As Germany took over the rotating presidency of the EU in the first half of 2007 one of its primary tasks was to redirect and reform EU's Central Asia policy before the Council's adoption of a new Strategy Paper for Central Asia in June. As Germany's Presidency Program explicitly states: "The Presidency will pay particular attention to the strategically significant region of Central Asia. The EU plans to adopt a strategy on Central Asia defining its interests and objectives." Moreover, following a meeting with MEPs on 23 January, 2007, Germany's Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier announced that Germany would launch a new "Central Asia Initiative" which would bundle together energy and security, the two overarching interests of the EU in the region, into a single coherent strategy. It is still, as of May 2007, unclear if this initiative will complement the Regional Strategy Paper or be integrated into it. Nevertheless, the urgency of a redirection of policy could scarcely be understated considering that Europe's substantial interests in Central Asia rarely have been more evident while the absence of strategy seldom has been clearer. According to the draft Regional Strategy Paper for Central Asia 2007-2013 the EU's strategic objectives are: 1) To ensure the stability and the security of the countries of the region; 2) To help eradicate poverty and increase living standards in the context of the Millennium Development Goals; 3) To facilitate/promote closer regional cooperation both within Central Asia and between Central Asia and the EU, particularly in the energy, transport, higher education and environmental sectors. Let it be acknowledged that the EU has launched some well-received initiatives among which the Technical Assistance to the Commonwealth of Independent States (TACIS) perhaps is the primary one. Let it also be acknowledged that 366m Euro has been spent since 1991 (although this is only a fraction of the size of U.S. assistance) and that Central Asia has received an upswing in attention since 9/11. Still, there are some major shortcomings in the EU's strategy which Germany will need to correct in order to realize the strategic objectives above. These flaws generally relate to the EU's past policies being reactive in nature rather than proactive. This reactivism is seen in relation to Afghanistan's new role after Operation Enduring Freedom, failure to recognize the potentials in continental trade (including energy), and the tendency to disengage from the Central Asian leadership. In the words of the German FM: "As far as our common European past is concerned I can't see any stage where people were strongly interested in this region." In contrast to Europe's past disengagement, Germany seems to have harbored serious intentions in Central Asia as it took over the presidency. Good news is also that Germany is particularly well-positioned to undertake these reforms. Angela Merkel's Germany is currently the strong power in Europe during a time when both France and the U.K. are changing leaderships. Germany is also the largest European donor to Central Asia. In contrast to the EU's draft strategy for 2007-2013 barely mentioning Afghanistan while downplaying the threat of Islamic fundamentalism, German FM Steinmeier has recently and repeatedly stated that these two issues coupled with energy will be the essential components in Germany's proposed strategy toward Central Asia. Energy security has also profiled big during Germany's presidency, since the adoption of the EU constitution has procrastinated. Finally, Germany has also advocated a lifting of the sanctions imposed on Uzbekistan which so far has done little but strengthened the influence of China and Russia on the Uzbek regime in the vacuum left behind by the EU's and the U.S.' disengagement after the violence in Andijan in 2005. This awkward yet necessary dialog is something which is urgently needed, since a stable and accommodative Uzbekistan is one of the most important factors for a stable and prosperous Central Asia.

Das Forschungsprojekt ist ein Teilprojekt des Forschungsverbundes "Stärkung von Integrationspotenzialen einer modernen Gesellschaft" (Leitung: Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Heitmeyer, Bielefeld), der 17 Teilprojekte umfasst und vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung gefördert wird.

In fast allen ökonomisch hoch entwickelten Ländern ist die Gewaltkriminalität in der zweiten Hälfte des vorigen Jahrhunderts deutlich angestiegen - in Umkehrung eines langfristigen rückläufigen Trends inividueller (außerstaatlicher) Gewaltanwendung seit Beginn der Neuzeit. Die Autoren entwickeln hierfür einen Erklärungsansatz, der vor allem von Norbert Elias´ Zivilisationstheorie und E. Durkheims Gesellschaftstheorie inspiriert worden ist. Sie präsentieren detaillierte Zeitreihen über die Entwicklung unterschiedlicher Formen der Gewaltkriminalität, die sodann in Beziehung gesetzt werden zu bestimmten Aspekten des ökonomischen und sozialen Strukturwandels in den drei Vergleichsländern, die ihrerseits auf Veränderungen des Integrationsmodus moderner Gesellschaften hinweisen. Die Analyse befasst sich insbesondere mit der Effektivität und Legitimität des staatlichen Gewaltmonopols, den wohlfahrtsstaatlichen Sicherungs- und Steuerungssystemen, Formen der Sozialkapitalbildung, ökonomischer und sozialer Ungleichheit, Prekarisierung von Arbeitsverhältnissen, verschiedenen Aspekten einer zunehmenden Ökonomisierung der Gesellschaft, dem Wandel von Familienstrukturen und der Nutzung von Massenmedien und modernen Kommunikationstechnologien.

Untergliederung der Studie in HISTAT (Online-Datenbank Historische Statistik):

A: Kriminalitätsstatistik

A.01 Häufigkeitsziffern der Verbrechensarten in verschiedenen Ländern (1953-2000)
A.02 Tatverdächtige nach Verbrechen auf 100.000 Einwohnern in Deutschland, England und Schweden (1955-1998)
A.03 Todesfälle durch Mord, Totschlag und vorsätzlichen Verletzungen durch eine andere Person nach Geschlecht laut Todesursachenstatistik auf 100.000 Personen (1953-2000)
A.04 Aufklärungsquote nach Verbrechensarten in Deutschland, England und Schweden (1953-1997)
A.05 Gefangene auf 100.000 Einwohner in Deutschland, Großbritannien und Schweden (1950-2000)


B: Basisindikatoren der ökonomischen Entwicklung in Deutschland, Großbritannien, Schweden und den USA

B1:Gesamtwirtschaftliche Rahmendaten

B1.01 Die prozentuale Veränderung des realen BIP pro Kopf in Kaufkraftparitäten (1956-1987)
B1.02 Die prozentuale Veränderung des BIP pro Kopf in Preisen von 2000 (1955-1998)
B1.03 Bruttoinlandsprodukt Deutschlands, Schwedens und des Vereinigten Königreichs in Kaufkraftparitäten in Prozent des U.S.-Bruttoinlandsprodukts (1950-1992)
B1.04 Arbeitsproduktivitätsindex verschiedener Länder, Basis: USA 1996 = 100 (1950-1999)
B1.05 Bruttoinlandsprodukt je Arbeitsstunde in verschiedenen Ländern in EKS-$ von 1999 (1950-2003)
B1.06 Außenhandel - Exporte und Importe in Prozent des BIP in verschiedenen Ländern (1949-2003)
B1.07 BIP, Beschäftigtenvergütung und Unit-Labor-Cost in verschiedenen Ländern (1960-2003)


B2: Arbeitslosigkeit

B2.01 Standardisierte Arbeitslosenquote in verschiedenen Ländern bezogen auf alle Erwerbstätigen (1960-2003)
B2.02 Langzeitarbeitslose an der Gesamtzahl der Arbeitslosen in verschiedenen Ländern in Prozent (1992-2004)
B2.03 Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in verschiedenen Ländern in Prozent (1970-2004)
B2.04 Arbeitslosenquote in Prozent nach Geschlecht in verschiedenen Ländern (1963-2000)


B3: Erwerbstätigkeit

B3.01 Beschäftigungsquote in Prozent in verschiedenen Ländern (1960-2000)
B3.02 Anteil der befristet Beschäftigte an den abhängig Beschäftigten in Prozent in verschiedenen Ländern (1983-2004)
B3.03 Anteil der Teilzeitbeschäftigten nach Geschlecht bezogen auf alle Erwerbstätigen in verschiedenen Ländern (1973-2000)
B3.04 Anteil unfreiwillig Teilzeitbeschäftigter nach Geschlecht in verschiedenen Ländern (1983-2003)
B3.05 Anteil der Leiharbeiter an den Beschäftigten in verschiedenen Ländern in Prozent (1975-2002)
B3.06 Anteil der Selbstständigen an der Beschäftigtenzahl in verschiedenen Ländern in Prozent (1970-2004)
B3.07 Schichtarbeiterquote in verschiedenen Ländern in Prozent (1992-2005)
B3.08 Jährliche Arbeitsstunden je Beschäftigten in verschiedenen Ländern (1950-2004)
B3.09 Erwerbstätigkeit nach Sektoren in verschiedenen Ländern (1950-2003)
B3.10 Anteil der Beschäftigten im zivilen öffentlichen Dienst an der Bevölkerung zwischen 15 und 64 Jahren in Prozent in verschiedenen Ländern (1960-1999)
B3.11 Weibliche Bevölkerung, weibliche Erwerbstätige und Frauenerwerbsquoten an der Bevölkerung zwischen 16 und 64 Jahren in Prozent in verschiedenen Ländern (1960-2000)
B3.12 Erwerbstätige, Selbstständige und Selbstständigenquoten an den Erwerbstätigen in Prozent in verschiedenen Ländern (1960-2000)


B4: Steuern & Abgaben

B4.01 Steuern und Sozialabgaben in Prozent des BIP (1965-2002)
B4.02 Sozialabgaben in Prozent des BIP (1965-2002)
B4.03 Sozialausgaben in Prozent des BIP (1960-2000)
B4.04 Staatsausgaben in Prozent des BIP in verschiedenen Ländern (1960-2003)
B4.05 Bildungsausgaben in Prozent des BIP (1950-2001)


B5: Verschuldung

B5.01 Insolvenzen in Deutschland und England (1960-2004)
B5.02 Insolvenzen bezogen auf die Bevölkerungszahl in verschiedenen Ländern (1950-2002)
B5.03 Konsumentenkredite in verschiedenen Ländern (1960-2002)


C: Einkommensverteilung in Deutschland, Großbritannien und Schweden

C.01 Einkommensungleicheit in verschiedenen Ländern (1949-2000)
C.02 Einkommensungleichheit nach verschiedenen Indices und Berechnungen in verschiedenen Ländern (1969-2000)
C.03 Umverteilung: Verringerung des Gini-Index durch Transfers und Steuern in Prozent in verschiedenen Ländern (1969-2000)
C.04 Umverteilung: Verringerung des Gini-Index durch Transfers und Steuern in Prozent bei einer Bevölkerungsstruktur wie der des Vereinigten Königreiches des Jahres 1969 in verschiedenen Ländern (1969-2000)
C.05 Umverteilungseffizienz: Verringerung des Gini-/ Atkinson-Index durch Transfers und dem Anteil der Sozialausgaben am BIP in verschiedenen Ländern (1969-2000)
C.06 Index für Transferkonzentration in verschiedenen Ländern (1981-2000)
C.07 Vermögensverteilung in West-Deutschland (1953-1998)
C.08 Vermögensverteilung im Vereinigten Königreich (1950-2000)
C.09 Vermögensverteilung in Schweden (1951-1999)
C.10 Relative Einkommensarmut in verschiedenen Ländern (1969-2000)
C.11 Reduktion der Armut in verschiedenen Ländern (1969-2000)
C.12 Neokorporatismus-Index in verschiedenen Ländern (1960-1994)


D: Sicherheitsempfinden

D.01 Demokratiezufriedenheit in verschiedenen Ländern (1976-2004)
D.02 Umsätze und Beschäftigte des privaten Sicherheitsgewerbes in verschiedenen Ländern (1950-2001)
D.03 Dekommodifizierung-Score in verschiedenen Ländern (1971-2002)


E: Demographie

E.01 Geburtenraten: Geburten je 1000 Frauen zwischen 15 und 49 Jahren in verschiedenen Ländern (1951-2001)
E.02 Fertilitätsrate in verschiedenen Ländern (1950-2004)
E.03 Ehescheidungen je 100.000 Einwohner in verschiedenen Ländern (1950-2003)
E.04 Ausländeranteile an der Bevölkerung in verschiedenen Ländern (1951-2002)
E.05 Binnenwanderungen in verschiedenen Ländern (1952-2001)

11 pages, 7 figures, 4 tables ; [EN] We present a simulation bioeconomic model based on an age-structured population biological sub-model and an economic sub-model with vessel-specific dynamics, applied to two red shrimp (Aristeus antennatus) stocks in the NW Mediterranean. The model is dynamic, the economic sub-model is disaggregated at the level of vessel and the two sub-models are linked by means of a fishing mortality vector. We analyzed the projection of selected indicators (catches, overall profits, fishing mortality and spawning stock biomass) for the target species of the deep-water trawl fishery in the NW Mediterranean, red shrimp. We built three alternative management scenarios based on input control and we examined the performance of these management strategies against the current management policies. The three alternative management strategies were: i) increase the cost of effort by eliminating the fuel tax exemption currently in place, ii) limit the nominal effort level (days at sea) to current levels, in order to offset the increasing trend observed in the last decade, and iii) change the selectivity patterns of the trawl by increasing mesh size. Our results show that for the two stocks analyzed, any of the three management measures (input controls) would be beneficial both to the stock and the fleets (over the medium and long terms) when compared with the projections over time of the status quo. Improving the selectivity of the fishing gear is more beneficial than limiting nominal effort or increasing the cost of effort. Comparing the performance of the management strategies on two stocks, one heavily fished and the other moderately so, we show that none of these management measures is able to substantially redress the situation of a heavily fished stock, implying that for the full recovery of heavily fished red shrimp stocks, we need to contemplate even stricter measures of management. © EDP Sciences, IFREMER, IRD 2006 ; [FR] Nous présentons un modèle de simulation bioéconomique, basé sur un sous-modèle d'une population structurée en âge et d'un sous-modèle économique d'une flottille spécifique, appliqué à deux stocks de crevettes rouges ou « gambas » (Aristeus antennatus) du nord-ouest de la Méditerranée. Le modèle est dynamique, le sous-modèle économique est individualisé au niveau du chalutier, et les deux sous-modèles sont liés par l'intermédiaire de la mortalité par pêche. Nous analysons la projection des indicateurs sélectionnés (captures, profits, mortalité par pêche et biomasse du stock de géniteurs) pour ces crevettes, espèces-cibles de la pêche chalutière profonde du nord-ouest de la Méditerranée. Nous avons construit 3 scénarios possibles de gestion, basés sur le contrôle des gains et nous examinons leur performance par rapport aux politiques courantes de gestion. Les trois stratégies alternatives de gestion sont : 1) augmenter le coût de l'effort de pêche, en supprimant l'exemption de la taxe de gasoil, actuellement en vigueur ; 2) limiter le niveau d'effort nominal (nombre de jours de mer) dans le but de compenser la tendance à l'augmentation, observée depuis dix ans, et 3) changer la configuration de sélectivité du chalut, en augmentant la taille des mailles. Nos résultats montrent que pour les deux stocks analysés, aucune de ces trois mesures de gestion (contrôle des gains) ne serait bénéfique, à la fois pour le stock et pour la flottille (sur le long- et le moyen terme) lorsqu'elles sont comparées aux projections dans le temps du statu quo. Améliorer la sélectivité de l'engin de pêche est plus avantageux que le fait de limiter l'effort nominal ou d'augmenter le coût de l'effort de pêche. En comparant les performances des stratégies de gestion sur deux stocks, l'un lourdement exploité, et l'autre plus modérement, nous montrons qu'aucune des ces mesures n'est capable de redresser la situation, de façon substantielle, d'un stock intensément exploité, ce qui implique que des mesures plus strictes doivent être envisagées pour la reconstitution complète de ces stocks de crevettes rouges. © EDP Sciences, IFREMER, IRD 2006 ; This study was partly funded by the European Commission through research projects COCTEL (ref. EC DG XIV Copemed-FAO C97/018) and BEMMFISH (ref. EC Q5RS-2001-01533) ; Peer Reviewed

Zornaczuk, Tomasz (Dogus Author) ; The international community plays an essential role in resolving conflict in Kosovo. Military intervention in the conflict was undertaken by the international community in the spring 1999 as a response on violence and ethnic cleanings conducted by the Serbian forces in the province. A peace agreement has been signed after dozen weeks of air operation. From this time onwards the international community have been responsible for the peace-building process in Kosovo. Recently the most essential issue is the question of the final status of the province. This is supposed to be achieved under the supervision of the international community in order to establish peace and security in this former Yugoslav province. In this study I aim to examine and analyse involvement of the entire international community as well as its components in the Kosovo conflict. In my elaboration I explain changing attitudes, objectives and tasks, which were undertaken by international actors in the course of the conflict. In order to understand better the contemporary conflict in Kosovo I start with explanation of deep roots of the conflict. I provide with the overview of history of the Serbo-Albanian relations in the province and alternate it with different factors that contributed to the conflict. In the next chapter, I present theoretical approach to the conflict management and the third party intervention. Furthermore, I illustrate the role of the international community in the conflict resolution process. Subsequently, I provide with case study on intervention of the international community in the Kosovo conflict. Moreover, I present negotiations on ending the war and present the aims of the international community in the peace-building process. In the last chapter, I explain the role of the international community in post-war Kosovo. With regard to this I examine the peace-building operation under the international supervision. I conclude with discussion on the issue of the final status of Kosovo and the attitude of the international community towards this question. ; Introduction, 1 -- 1. Analysing the origins of the Kosovo conflict, 4 -- 1.1 lntroduction, 4 -- 1.2 Who invaded whom? The deep roots of the conflict, 5 -- 1.4 Who is taking revenge on whom? Serbo-Albanian relations under the Ottoman rule, 8 -- 1.5 Kosovo or Kosova? Multinationalism within the Yugoslav state, 10 -- 1.6 How did the economic situation contribute to the conflict?, 11 -- 1.7 The usage of the myth, 12 -- 1.8 With the enemy within one state. From independence of Serbia to military intervention, 14 -- 1.9 The role of nationalism and ethnicity in the conflict, 16 -- 1.10 Does the truth lie in between?, 19 -- 1.11 Conclusions, 20 -- 2. Theoretical framework of the conflict management and third party intervention, 23 -- 2.1 lntroduction, 23 -- 2.2 Typology of conflicts, 24 -- 2.3 What are the characteristics of conflict?, 25 -- 2.4 What are the characteristics of intervention?, 28 -- 2.5 When to intervene? The timing of intervention, 30 -- 2.7 How to intervene? From preventive diplomacy to peace operations, 31 -- 2.8 What is international community and what is its role in conflict resolution?, 35 -- 2.9 Conclıısions, 38 -- 3. Intervention of the interrnational community in the Kosovo conflict-case study, 39 -- 3.1 lntroduction, 39 -- 3.2 The limits of sovereignty and the limits of intervention, 40 -- 3.3 How did the Kosovo issue make it to the top of the international agenda? Internationalisation of the conflict, 43 -- 3.4 How the decision of military intervention in Kosovo conflict has been made?, 44 -- 3.4 Why did preventive diplornacy in the Kosovo conflict fail?, 48 -- 3.6 What to do with Kosovo? The settlement of the Kosovo question, 52 -- 3.7 Conclıısions, 54 -- 4. The role of the international community in post-war Kosovo, 57 -- 4.1 Introduction, 57 -- 4.2 lnternational community and security in Kosovo, 58 -- 4.3 lnternational community and democratisation process in Kosovo, 59 -- 4.4 International community and reconstrııction of economic and social system, 62 -- 4.5 A final status of Kosovo-the essential problem to be solved, 64 -- 4.6 The international commıınity and the question of the final status for Kosovo, 66 -- 4.7 Conclusions, 68 -- Conclusions, 70 -- References, 77

Since 1995, the James Irvine Foundation has invested more than $11 million to support the growth and development of Collaborative Regional Initiatives (CRIs) throughout the state -- nonprofit organizations that engage key players from business, environmental, and a variety of other advocacy groups with players from local governments and public agencies to create improvements in their regions. CRIs work on issues ranging across transportation, land use, housing, and economic development. They work in a variety of ways from developing legislation to media campaigns to practical work on particular projects. All are directed at building civic capacity and filling in gaps where government does not or cannot act. Some CRIs have been in place for years; others are more recently formed. They represent experiments in regional governance. The Irvine Foundation tapped a team of Berkeley faculty to perform an assessment of the CRIs so the foundation can target its resources in order to make them effective and sustainable over time and assist them in producing valuable outcomes for their regions. Together the team published case studies of four major CRIs -- the Bay Area Alliance for Sustainable Communities, Joint Venture: Silicon Valley, the San Diego Dialogue and the Sierra Business Council -- as well as an analysis of regional workforce development collaboratives in California. The study of regional workforce development collaboratives in California looks at a new approach to the problem of linking economic and workforce development -- in particular, a theory of change proposed by a group of stakeholders from a variety of sectors (government, foundations, and the workforce development system) in the late 1990s. To meet the multiple goals of increasing economic opportunity, decreasing poverty, and increasing regional economic competitiveness, these experts advocated a new workforce development system that was collaborative in scope, regional in scale, career-oriented in focus, and data-intensive in strategy. This study examines five cases that broadly follow this model of regional collaboration in order to determine how effective they are at problem-solving. The California Center for Regional Leadership (CCRL), the James Irvine Foundation (JIF), and the California Employment Development Department (EDD) worked with organizations to produce proposals that developed career progressions and identified partners and funding. Four organizations -- three Collaborative Regional Initiatives (CRIs) and one community college that was formerly part of a CRI -- were selected in March 2001. Of the CRIs, Fresno Area CRI was to train in occupations related to its water technology cluster; Gateway Cities Partnership (GCP) was to train in logistics; and Orange County Business Council (OCBC) was to train in information technology. Cabrillo College -- formerly part of a CRI called the Santa Cruz Clusters Project -- created the Watsonville Digital Bridge Academy (WDBA) also to train in information technology. This study compares these four workforce demonstration projects with another regional workforce development collaborative, the San Francisco Information Technology Consortium (SFITC). SFITC, which is funded in part by the James Irvine Foundation, consists of a network of community-based organizations and community colleges offering entry-level computer training, job placement, upgrade training, and needed social support to current and prospective IT workers. Based on 40 interviews with collaborative leaders and key informants, as well as review of related documents, this study asks whether the CRIs organize problem-solving around workforce development more effectively than do other collaboratives. It finds that regional collaboration is not well suited to addressing both workforce and economic development goals; however, it can make workforce development programs more effective if partners from both inside and outside the current system are engaged in a networked structure with clear roles and responsibilities, as opposed to a collaboration on paper. The report looks first at how organization structure (origin, mission, and organization), economic development focus, program design, and collaborative style shape program and other outcomes such as adaptiveness, ability to mobilize resources, and system change. A final section addresses the potential for sustainability of these workforce development innovations and the policy implications that emerge from the comparison of collaboratives.

GENERAL KNOWLEDGEName and Surname : Mehmet KaradayıField: İnternational RelationProgramme: DoctorateSupervisor: Professor Cengiz OkmanDegree Awarded and Date: Doctorate- March 2005Keywords: Power Diplomacy, Military ForceABSTRACTIMPLEMENTATION OF POWER DIPLOMACY UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND TURKEYSeptember 11, 2001 terrorist attacks changed America's political strategies implemented during Cold War and 1990s deeply and made military force the most important element of foreign policy. Undoubtedly, power diplomacy implemented by the USA affects all states. Without any legal basis, USA thinks to have military intervention right, in the framework of 'preemptive strike' doctrine, against states and terrorist organizations seen as threat by the USA. Especially 2001 Afghanistan and March 2003 Iraq military interventions are clear instances.In the 21st century, the concept of the enemy completely changed and the possibility of big powers' fighting with each other by way of alliances fairly decreased. In the 21st century, instead of arsenal wars, there emerged a kind of war against enemy using asymmetric methods. By this thesis, it was mentioned the last position of American power diplomacy in 21st century and the place of military force in its power diplomacy. The national security policy planned by the USA aimed at future, the national security strategy, Joint Vision 2020 and The Army in 2020 established by the USA with direction of military national strategy were researched as bases of military power being basic argument of power diplomacy. It is examined where the USA deploys its forces and gives them which missions by using as an element of foreign policy. Turkey located in the most complicated region of the world is closely influenced by any developments in its region. Therefore, Turkey needs to implement effective power diplomacy in order to manipulate the regional politics and become effective in its region. In this thesis, it is mentioned the practice of power diplomacy of Turkey by taking USA power diplomacy implementation into consideration. It is tried to explain the elements owned by Turkey in order to manage effective implementation of power diplomacy. When taking into consideration of available Turkish military force, in the near future, with effective power diplomacy in accordance with its traditional foreign policy which has new approach, it is reached the result that Turkey would have more words to say in its region.GENEL BİLGİLERİsim ve Soyadı: Mehmet KaradayıAnabilim Dalı: Uluslararası İlişkilerProgramı: DoktoraTez Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Cengiz OkmanTez Türü ve Tarihi: Doktora - Mart 2005Anahtar Kelimeler: Güç Diplomasisi, Askeri Güç, ÖZET GÜÇ DİPLOMASİSİ UYGULAMALARI ABD VE TÜRKİYE11 Eylül 2001 terörist saldırıları, Amerika'nın soğuk savaş sırasında ve özellikle 1990'lı yıllarda uyguladığı dış politika stratejilerini büyük ölçüde değiştirmiş ve askeri gücü dış politikanın en önemli unsuru haline getirmiştir. ABD'nin uyguladığı güç diplomasisi şüphesiz bütün devletleri etkilemektedir. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri kendine tehdit gördüğü devletlere ve terörist örgütlere karşı herhangi bir meşru zemin aramadan askeri müdahale yapma hakkını 'önleyici saldırı' doktrini çerçevesinde kendinde görmektedir. Özellikle 2001 Afganistan ve Mart 2003 Irak'a müdahaleleri bunun örnekleridir.21.yüzyılda düşman kavramı tamamen değişmiş ve büyük devletlerin ittifaklar yolu ile birbirleri ile savaşma ihtimalleri oldukça azalmıştır. 21. yüzyılda topyekün savaş yerine asimetrik yöntemler kullanan düşmana karşı savaş başlamıştır. Bu çalışma ile ABD güç diplomasisinin 21. yüzyıldaki aldığı son şekil ve askeri gücün bunun içindeki yerine değinilmiştir. ABD'nin geleceğe yönelik tasarladığı ulusal güvenlik politikası, ulusal güvenlik stratejisi, milli askeri stratejisi doğrultusunda oluşturduğu Müşterek Vizyon 2020 ve 2020'de Ordusu, güç diplomasisinde temel aracı olan askeri gücün esasları olarak incelenmiştir. ABD'nin milli çıkarlarını korumak için dünyada askeri kuvvetlerini nerede konuşlandırarak ve bunlara ne gibi görevler vererek dış politikanın bir unsuru olarak kullandığı ele alınmıştır.Dünyanın en karışık bölgelerinden birinde olan Türkiye, bölgesindeki her gelişmede çok yakından etkilenmektedir. Dolayısıyla Türkiye'nin bölgesinde etkin olabilmesi ve bölge politikalarını yönlendirebilmesi için çok etkili bir güç diplomasisi uygulaması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada Türkiye'nin kendisine ABD modelini göz önünde bulundurarak güç diplomasisi uygulaması üzerinde durulmuştur. Mevcut askeri potansiyeli dikkate alındığında, Türkiye'nin geleneksel dış politikasıyla uyumlu yeni yönelimlerle, uygulayacağı etkin bir güç diplomasisi ile yakın gelecekte, bölgesinde çok daha fazla söz sahibi olacağı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

[spa] En el presente trabajo se diseña y aplica un instrumento específico para la evaluación de la calidad de la información sobre Diabetes Mellitus (DM) contenida en sitios web de Internet identificados con una estrategia de búsqueda específica y se estudia la variabilidad de los sitios web en el tiempo y los factores que influyen. METODOLOGÍA: Se ha seleccionado información de un total de 9 buscadores (altavista, google, excite, hotbot, go, lycos, yahoo, medexplorer, y metacrawler) con una periodicidad mensual entre julio de 2001 a junio de 2002. Se evaluó una muestra de las 30 primeras referencias obtenidas por cada buscador. Se diseñó un instrumento de 19 preguntas para la evaluación de la información recuperada valorando aspectos generales de la información, la estructura y el contenido. El contenido se comparó con dos guías de práctica clínica sobre DM seleccionadas según la metodología agree. RESULTADOS: Se ha encontrado una asociación positiva significativa entre la posición del sitio web según el criterio del buscador y la posición obtenida según el criterio de evaluación de la calidad. Los sitios web con información de diagnóstico (p=0,003), tratamiento (p=0,021) y complicaciones (p=0,012) ocuparían posiciones más altas si se adoptase el criterio de calidad. No se han encontrado diferencias por buscador, audiencia y procedencia del sitio web. De los 11 meses en que puede cambiar la evolución de un sitio web, en promedio los sitios están 7 meses sin variar de posición. CONCLUSIONES: La calidad de los sitios web es desigual y ha de ser evaluada. Los instrumentos de evaluación han de ser específicos por enfermedad. Existe una asociación entre la buena calidad del sitio web y la posición alta en la jerarquía del buscador. La selección de un sitio web es dependiente del buscador de Internet seleccionado. La investigación en calidad de los contenidos de salud en Internet se debería hacer desde la perspectiva del usuario y no del profesional. La estabilidad de los sitios web varía según el buscador seleccionado. Se han de realizar estudios de calidad con seguimiento longitudinal. ; [eng] The aim of this study is to analyze the advances in the nursing practice by means of task analysis and the vision of professionals and elites, and ultimately through the analysis of future strategies adequate to new trends, that will allow the development of a new approach of the profession. New trends are framed by changes in social structure, population ageing, economic crisis, migration flows, ecologic concerns, social inequalities, etc.; systems and policies of health organizations, changes in health systems, with the concurrent shortage in healthcare expenses; scientific and technologic advances and their impact in professions and, finally, the building of the nursing profession and its co-existence with other professionals' tasks. It is in this background where Nursing practice faces its biggest challenge: to grow as a profession or fade away as such. According to bibliography review, politicians, social agents, professional elites preview a bright future, while that is not the case of professionals self defined as "baseline", who give a pessimistic description of its training, practice and future. The building of a professional culture can be made by using several perspectives, like import of advanced theoretical and technological models from other experiences, as USA and Canadian nursing models. Buxó I Rey (1994) points out that emulating new ideas is not enough; it is necessary to elaborate new approaches. The new approach is based in the combination of logic and intuition, knowledge and action, reason and passion, ethics and esthetics, that is, in a better knowledge of our thoughts and actions. Following Torra I Bou (1995), the analysis of research suggests Nursing is a discipline that is building its own body of knowledge by interpreting the surrounding reality. Its task analysis and evolution will guide us on existing competencies and capacities to face the challenges of 21st century. Outcomes of this work aim to contribute to task definition and development, leaders' ideas about training, and strategies to be included in professional systems

Since 1995, the James Irvine Foundation has invested more than $11 million to support the growth and development of Collaborative Regional Initiatives (CRIs) throughout the state—nonprofit organizations that engage key players from business, environmental, and a variety of other advocacy groups with players from local governments and public agencies to create improvements in their regions. CRIs work on issues ranging across transportation, land use, housing, and economic development. They work in a variety of ways from developing legislation to media campaigns to practical work on particular projects. All are directed at building civic capacity and filling in gaps where government does not or cannot act. Some CRIs have been in place for years; others are more recently formed. They represent experiments in regional governance. Recently, the Irvine Foundation tapped a team of Berkeley faculty to perform an assessment of the CRIs so the foundation can target its resources in order to make them effective and sustainable over time and assist them in producing valuable outcomes for their regions. City planning professor Judith Innes, who led the complex evaluation, teamed with city planning professors AnnaLee Saxenian, Karen Christensen, Karen Chapple and political science professor Judith Gruber to focus on the projects and programs that a sample of CRIs engage in, asking which are most successful and why. In particular, the researchers examined how variables like leadership, resources, diversity of participation, processes of dialogue and collaboration, and the ways problems have been framed contribute to the degree of success in each program. The work is designed to assist the CRIs with strategies to select and build the successes of their programs and to help them overcome obstacles and identify opportunities for effective work. Together the researchers published case studies of four major CRIs -- the Bay Area Alliance for Sustainable Communities, Joint Venture: Silicon Valley, the San Diego Dialogue and the Sierra Business Council -- as well as an analysis of regional workforce development collaboratives in California. The Bay Area Alliance for Sustainable Communities was formed to change the patterns and practices of land use in the San Francisco Bay Area to achieve a more compact, transit-friendly form of growth. The diverse group has worked toward this goal by creating a regional Compact or vision outlining the actions needed for a sustainable Bay Area, a Smart Growth Strategy/Regional Livability Footprint used to influence the regional population projections, and a regional indicators report. The group's one action project has been to bring investment into disadvantaged neighborhoods through their Community Capital Investment Initiative. The idea is that disadvantaged neighborhoods offer an untapped business opportunity if investors and developers can be assisted by knowledgeable community players; at the same time, such investments can be designed to provide community benefit. However, business's need for speed and secrecy in making investments and the community's need for transparency and thorough dialogue have created conflict. Both business and community players are learning to work together and are committed to making the effort productive and sustainable, but it remains a work in progress. Overall the Alliance's main outcomes, in addition to some building projects, have been to advance a regional discourse about smart growth and to help regional civic leaders representing the three E's (environment, economy and equity) to understand how each other's interests can be jointly met. According to Professor Innes, the primary reason the Bay Area Alliance has not achieved more lies in its choice of a large scale and complex problem—changing the region's institutions and land use patterns and ultimately making it sustainable. "This is what planners call a 'wicked' problem—where parameters are poorly defined, features are contradictory and changing, there are many players with differing goals and there exists no simple generic solution," she says. "The scope and complexity of BAASC's mission makes achieving their ambitions difficult."

1.-planteamiento del problema los sistemas nacionales de salud, al modo como los concebimos en al actualidad se inician en una época de expansión económica, que alcanza a España a principios de los años 60. en la primera década de la moderna democracia española, la ley general de sanidad de 1986 tiene como objetivo establecer un sistema nacional de salud con dos premisas fundamentales: la financiación pública y la cobertura universal. Prematuramente se hace inevitable abordar una tercera premisa: su sostenibilidad. Y un sistema de salud de origen igualitarista, encuentra en los sistemas de gestión de calidad varias posibilidades de progresar: - hacia el aumento del rendimiento y la competitividad -hacia la sostenibilidad en el camino hacia la excelencia -hacia la satisfacción del usuario. Dentro de los sistemas de gestión de calidad aplicables al ámbito sanitario, destacamos los de: -la european foundation for quality management (efqm) -la joint comisión on acreditación of health care organizations (jcahco)- la international standardization organization (iso) -la acreditacióna del hospital universitario y del hospital docente y los estándares del university hospital consortium (usa) -la acreditación europea de profesionales. el european board of oro-maxillofacial surgery (ebomfs) - otros 2.- material y método: análisis retrospectivo y observacional de los registros de actividad asistencial de los años 1987-2001 (ambos inclusive) en 8 aspectos: 1.-demanda asistencial 2.-hospitalización3.-consultas externas4.-urgencias5.-interconsultas6.-recursos humanos y materiales7.-rendimiento 8.-demora asistencial 2.1.-conclusiones parciales en términos de calidad: 2.1.1.-estructura: -servicio universitario y servicio docente -recursos humanos y materiales estables. 2.1.2.-procesos: -protocolización de actividades -adecuación de ingresos -progresivo aumento de rendimientos de consulta y quirófanos -índice de ocupación cercano al 100%. Disminución de la estancia media total.-consulta por acto único para cirugía oral. 2.1.3.-resultados: -escasa mortalidad -escaso número de intervenciones suspendidas -reclamaciones por demora de cirugía con anestesia local principalmente. 2.2.-conclusiones en términos de rendimiento asistencia: número estable de recursos-elevada ocupación -incremento de demanda quirúrgica-intervenciones con anestesia general: .cáncer. Malformaciones. Glándulas salivales intervenciones con anestesia local: cirugía oral-disminución de demanda quirúrgica: trauma facial 3.-conclusiones finales 1.-la calidad es la clave de la sostenibilidad de los sistemas nacionales de salud 2. la asistencia óptima debe considerar los aspectos económicos, los científico-técnicos y los relacionales 3.-los pacientes demandan: capacidad de elección, inmediatez de atención, alta resolución, continuidad asistencial y trato personalizado. 4.-los resultados de las encuestas sobre satisfacción del usuario, no pueden interpretarse sin más. triunfalistamente. 5.-la calidad técnica de la asistencia no se mide con encuestas, sino con indicadores como la supervivencia y la calidad de vida. 6.-las sociedades científicas son los organismos más adecuados para elaborar indicadores y estándares de calidad. 7.-los criterios de acreditación de los hospitales universitarios, han contribuido al incremento de la calidad asistencial. en este sentido contribuyen en nuestro ámbito la potenciación de la docencia y el cumplimiento de los programas de especialistas en formación. 8.-la exigencia al profesional de implicación en la gestión debe tener como contrapartida la ponderación de su necesidades e inquietudes. 9.-los sistemas de información sanitaria basados en el cmbd, la cie-9-mc y los grds son imprescindibles para la toma de decisiones. Los grd actuales son poco adaptados al ámbito de la cirugía oral y máxilofacial. 10.-la planificación de la asistencia profesional está sometida a las normas gubernamentales y a las de la administración regional. 11.-la protocolización de calidad en el nivel de ejecución. 12.-la c.o.m.f. no ha abordado suficientemente la sustitución de técnicas quirúrgicas tradicionales por c.m.a. 13.-hay en la bibliografía un déficit de estudios sobre salud pública y planificación asistencial en c.o.m.f. 14.-existe un progresivo alejamiento entre la c.o.m.e. y la odontología que pensamos se debe corregir. Nuestra propuesta es la facilitación de la doble titulación.

Stadt-, Standort- oder auch City-Marketing wird immer wichtiger, um eine Stadt oder Region für Besucher interessanter zu machen. Ausgehend aus den Vereinigten Staaten fand diese Formen des Marketings vor 15 Jahren auch in Deutschland und Ende der 90er Jahre schließlich auch in Cottbus seinen Einzug. Die Städte, die ein Stadtmarketing eingeführt haben, litten unter einem schlechten Zustand des Gewerbes, die Besucherströme ließen nach, es gab wenige oder keine Anziehungspunkte. Einige wenige Städte benutzten dieses Instrument, um die schon vorhandene Attraktivität ihrer Stadt zu erhöhen bzw. zu optimieren. Ein Beispiel dafür ist Baden-Baden, eine Stadt, die seit vielen Jahr-zehnten eine international beliebte und anerkannte Kur- und Bäderstadt ist. Das Angebot wurde durch Aktiv- und Wellness-Urlaub auch auf das junge Publikum ausgeweitet. Es wurde internationale Promotion gemacht, Kliniken und Hotels ausgebaut und die Attraktivität verbessert, die Stadt als Kongresszentrum integriert und die Golfregion Baden – Elsass gegründet, die mehrere Golfclubs und -hotels bietet. Im Gegensatz zu Baden-Baden war die Arbeit des City – Managements in Cottbus nicht von erkennbarem Erfolg gekrönt. Es wurde zwar die Stelle eines City – Managers eingerichtet, doch innerhalb von fast sechs Jahren machten sich drei Männer an die Arbeit. Schließlich wurde für das Haushaltsjahr 2003 aufgrund fehlender finanzieller Mittel die Stelle des City – Managers gestrichen. Er war bei der Congress, Messe und Touristik GmbH ( kurz: CMT ) angestellt, wurde aber auch von der Stadt Cottbus mitfinanziert. Anfang Juni 2003 bat die IHK Cottbus zu einer Veranstaltung, in der Vertreter der Marketinggesellschaft der schwedischen Stadt Malmö ihr Erfolgskonzept vorstellten. Durch kontinuierliche Umgestaltung der Stadt, Zusammenarbeit von Stadt, Gewerbe und Immobilieneigentümern und überregionale Werbung und Anwerbung von Unternehmen stieg die Einwohnerzahl Malmös immer weiter an und wurde zum Publikumsmagneten auch für dänische Tagestouristen. Dieses Beispiel zeigt, wie wichtig die Zusammenarbeit aller Hauptakteure einer Stadt ist. Daher ist auch nicht verwunderlich, dass die Meinungen der Anwesenden bei dieser Veranstaltung stets die gleiche waren: "Die Abschaffung der Stelle des City – Managers war ein Fehler. Die Stadt Cottbus gab zu früh auf." Die Verständigung fehlt zwischen den Akteuren, da ein kompetenter und starker Mittler fehlt. Nur wenige sehen das Potenzial, dass in der Stadt Cottbus steckt. Zu diesen Einzelkämpfern zählt unter anderem der Manager der City – Werbegemeinschaft, Joachim Reinke. Unter anderem sein Team veranstaltete im Juli 2003 das größte mehrtägige Stadtfest der Region. Es gibt viele Stadt- und Dorffeste in der Gegend, wie zum Beispiel das Stadtfest in Spremberg im August oder das Rosengartenfest in Forst mit abwechslungsreichen Programmen. Aber das in Cottbus war besonders wertvoll und hat mich als Besucherin angenehm überrascht. Für jeden Geschmack war eine Bühne in der City zu finden. So bot unter anderem die Bühne von BB Radio auf dem Altmarkt am Wochenende ein abwechslungsreiches Programm besonders für das junge Publikum mit Auftritten von Boygroups und Stuntshow. Am Neumarkt gab es Konzerte mit Künstlern der Region. Auf dem Heronplatz konnten sich Liebhaber karibischer Klänge erfreuen und bei einer kleinen Einführung die wichtigsten Schritte des Salsas erlernen. Neben dem Sorathotel fand unter anderem ein Karaokewettbewerb statt. Der Samstag klang mit einem riesigen Feuerwerk auf dem Holiday Inn und einer Lasershow am Altmarkt aus. Abgerundet wurde das Ganze durch viele Händler, einem Vergnügungspark und viele bemühte Leute, die sich um das leibliche Wohl der Besucher kümmerten. Der Erfolg dieses Festes lässt auf eine Wiederholung im kommenden Jahr hoffen. Denn dadurch haben Besucher aus nah und fern gemerkt, dass Cottbus einen Besuch wert ist und die fast komplett sanierte Innenstadt durchaus ihren Charme hat. Doch um Besucher regelmäßig in die Stadt zu locken, zählen nicht nur einzelne große Veranstaltungen wie das Stadtfest im Sommer oder der gut besuchte Bauernmarkt zum Herbstanfang. Auch wenn diese Events viele tausend Menschen in die Innenstadt bringen, zum stetigen Wiederkommen laden sie nicht ein. Daher muss beleuchtet werden, was Menschen dazu bringt, eine Stadt immer wieder zu besuchen und dort ihr Geld auszugeben. Denn darin liegt das eigentliche Problem. In den warmen Monaten kommen noch Besucher des Branitzer Parks oder Naturliebhaber in die Innenstadt. Wo auch schon im Sommer für auswärtige Gäste die großen Anziehungspunkte fehlen, gibt es sie im Winter erst recht nicht. Das Angebot an attraktiven Cafés, Restaurants und Bars nimmt stetig zu und sind besonders am Wochenende stark besucht, wovon ich mich selbst einige Male bei Besuchen in der City überzeugen konnte. Jedoch liegen die Defizite im, für eine Stadt überlebenswichtigen, Einzelhandel, der nicht zum Flanieren einlädt. Welche Probleme es dabei gibt, werden im Folgenden behandelt. Weiterhin werden folgende Fragen beantwortet. Welche positiven Ansätze besitzt Cottbus bereits; Also, wo liegt die Einzigartigkeit der Stadt? Was fehlt in Cottbus und wie kann man sie attraktiver machen? Welche Fehler werden gemacht? Welche Vorbilder gibt es, ohne dabei abzukupfern? Und letztendlich wie sieht die Zukunft aus; welche Chancen hat Cottbus? Inhaltsverzeichnis: Teil 1Stadt – und City – Marketing allgemein1 1.Einleitung1 2.Die "City" und die "idealen" Funktionen einer Innenstadt2 3.Stadtmarketing4 3.1Definition "Stadtmarketing"4 3.2"Stadt – Marketing" "City – Marketing"6 3.3Entwicklungsschritte eines Stadtmarketing - Prozesses7 3.4Die Institutionalisierung von Stadtmarketing12 3.5Finanzierung und Institutionalisierung14 3.6Evaluation15 3.7Probleme des Stadtmarketings16 3.8Der City – Manager16 Teil 2Beispiele für Stadt- bzw. City – Marketing20 1.City – Marketing Pforzheim20 1.1Organisationsstruktur und Zusammenarbeit20 1.2Geschäftsfelder20 1.3Finanzierung21 1.4Ziele21 1.5Erfolge/Probleme21 2.Passau22 2.1Einkaufen in der Innenstadt23 2.2City - Marketing Passau ( CMP )23 2.3Fragebogen, Georg Hiltner, 11. November 200328 3.Stadtmarketing am Beispiel der schwedischen Stadt Malmö30 3.1Daten und Fakten30 3.2Erfolgsfaktoren33 3.3City – Marketing Malmö33 3.4Fuhrpark- und Verkehrskonzept41 4.Ein Beipiel für Stadtmarketing aus den USA – das Konzept der "Business Improvement Districts ( BID )"42 4.1Was ist ein Business Improvement District?43 4.2Historische Entwicklung44 4.3Aufbau und Struktur von BIDs45 4.4Finanzierung46 4.5Funktionen des BIDs46 4.6Nutzen der BIDs48 4.7Beispiel für einen erfolgreichen Business Improvement District – Die Stadt Madison48 4.8Ist ein Business Improvement District für Deutschland vorstellbar?54 4.9Zusammenfassung57 Teil 3Charakterisierung von Cottbus und das City – Marketing58 1.Geschichte der Stadt Cottbus58 2.Demographische Daten59 3.Ist – Analysen59 3.1Bevölkerung59 3.2Stadtverwaltung62 3.3Stadtplanung/Innenstadt/Stadtbild/allgemeine Aufenthaltsqualität62 3.4Umwelt/Energie66 3.5Verkehr und Parken68 3.6Gewerbe/Industrie/Einzelhandel/Dienstleistung70 3.7Öffentlichkeitsarbeit/Public Relation72 3.8Tourismus, Freizeit, Kultur, Gastronomie, Jugend73 3.9Wirtschaft, Bildung, Arbeitsmarkt84 3.10Sport88 4.Interessengemeinschaften der Stadt Cottbus89 4.1Betroffene Ämter der Stadt Cottbus89 4.2Andere Interessengruppen89 4.3Wichtigste Interessengemeinschaften90 5.Innenstadtmarketing Cottbus93 5.1Leitbild93 5.2Slogan und Logo – Citydesign95 5.3Zielgruppendefinition97 5.4Ziele100 5.5Unique Selling Proposition ( USP )101 5.6Erlebnis Tourismus102 5.7Marketing105 5.8Weitere Maßnahmen112 6.Zusammenfassung134

At first selected women's organisations of the Kaiserreich are introduced, which document the participation of women in the process of "fundamental politicalization" and show at the same time the heterogeneity of right women's clubs. Organisations taken into account are: the Vaterländische Frauenverein, Protestant women's organisations (Evangelische Frauenhilfe, Deutsch-Evangelischer Frauenbund, Neulandbewegung), nationalistic associations (Frauenverein für die Ostmarken, Flottenbund Deutscher Frauen, Frauenbund der Deutschen Kolonialgesellschaft) as well as urban and rural housewife organisations (I). The engagement of women in the Deutschnationale Volkspartei will be focussed in the second part. The topics which will be discussed are: First party political women's groups, revolution and suffrage, electoral campaigns for women, female parliamentarians, party organisations of women, ideological basic positions and workscopes (II). The right women's clubs of the Kaiserreich lasted over the break of 1918/19. The organisations were able to mobilize masses of supporters also in the Weimar republic. There were some new foundations (Ring nationaler Frauen, Bund Königin Luise, Deutscher Frauenkampfbund gegen die Entartung im Volksleben) which enlarged the spectrum of the women's organisations towards the radical right with her affinity with the national movement and the NSDAP (III). Since most studies concentrate on the leading functionaries and executive board women in organisations and parties at the national level, the importance of right women at the base shall be discussed in the last section (IV). Concluding, basic data of the women's organisations chosen here are assorted: Dates of foundation and annulment, number of members, media of publication, names of the chairwomen and sometimes the associated men's organisations or the duration of membership in Bund Deutscher Frauenvereine (V). ; Sammelbesprechung zu: 1. Bösch, Frank: Das konservative Milieu. Vereinskultur und lokale Sammlungspolitik (1900-1960). Veröffentlichungen des Zeitgeschichtlichen Arbeitskreises Niedersachsen, 19. Göttingen: Wallstein Verl. 2002. ISBN 3-89244-501-X; 266 S.; 2. Busch, Christine (Hrsg.): 100 Jahre Evangelische Frauenhilfe in Deutschland. Einblicke in ihre Geschichte. Evangelische Kirche im Rheinland: Düsseldorf 1999. ISBN 3-930250-32-2; 316 S.; 3. Hagemann, Karen; Schüler-Springorum, Stefanie (Hrsg.): Heimat-Front. Militär und Geschlechterverhältnisse im Zeitalter der Weltkriege. Geschichte und Geschlechter, 35. Frankfurt am Main: Campus Verlag 2002. ISBN 3-593-36837-4; 399 S.; 4. Lange, Silvia: Protestantische Frauen auf dem Weg in den Nationalsozialismus. Guida Diehls Neulandbewegung 1916-1935. Stuttgart: Verlag J.B. Metzler 1998. ISBN 3-476-01596-3; 237 S.; 5. Lauterer, Heide-Marie: Parlamentarierinnen in Deutschland 1918/19 - 1949. Königstein: Ulrike Helmer Verlag 2002. ISBN 3-89741-090-7; 458 S.; 6. Mergel, Thomas: Parlamentarische Kultur in der Weimarer Republik. Politische Kommunikation, symbolische Politik und Öffentlichkeit im Reichstag. Beiträge zur Geschichte des Parlamentarismus und der politischen Partein, 135. Düsseldorf: Droste Verlag 2002. ISBN 3-7700-5249-8; 530 S.; 7. Planert, Ute (Hrsg.): Nation, Politik und Geschlecht. Frauenbewegungen und Nationalismus in der Moderne. Geschichte und Geschlechter, 31. Frankfurt am Main: Campus Verlag 2000. ISBN 3-593-36578-2; 357 S.; 8. Pyta, Wolfram: Dorfgemeinschaft und Parteipolitik 1918-1933. Die Verschränkung von Milieu und Parteien in den protestantischen Landgebieten Deutschlands in der Weimarer Republik. Düsseldorf: Droste Verlag 1996. ISBN 3-7700-5191-2; 514 S. ;9. Scheck, Raffael: Mothers of the Nation. Right-Wing Women in Weimar Germany. Oxford: Berg Publishers 2004. ISBN 1-85973-712-9; 288 S.; 10. Schneider-Ludorff, Gury: Magdalene von Tiling. Ordnungstheologie und Geschlechterbeziehungen. Ein Beitrag zum Gesellschaftsverständis des Protestantismus in der Weimarer Republik. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht 2001. ISBN 3-525-55735-3; 370 S.; 11. Schwarz, Christina: Die Landfrauenbewegung in Deutschland. Zur Geschichte einer Frauenorganisation unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Jahre 1898 bis 1933. Mainz: Gesellschaft für Volkskunde in Rheinland-Pfalz 1990. ISBN 3-926052-08-2; 430 S.; 12. Sneeringer, Julia: Winning Women's Votes: Propaganda and Politics in Weimar Germany. Chapel Hill: University of California Press 2002. ISBN 0-8078-5341-0; 384 S.; 13. Süchting-Hänger, Andrea: Das "Gewissen der Nation". Nationales Engagement und politisches Handeln konservativer Frauenorganisationen 1900 bis 1937. Düsseldorf: Droste Verlag 2002. ISBN 3-7700-1613-0; 440 S.; 14. Wischermann, Ulla: Frauenbewegungen und Öffentlichkeit um 1900. Netzwerke - Gegenöffentlichkeiten - Protestinszenierungen. Frankfurter Feministische Texte, Sozialwissenschaften, Bd. 4. Königstein: Ulrike Helmer Verlag 2003. ISBN 3-89741-121-0; 294 S.; 15. Wildenthal, Lora: German Women for Empire, 1884–1945. Durham: Duke University Press 2001. ISBN 0-8223-2819-4; xi, 336 S.; 16. Ziege, Eva M.: Mythische Kohärenz. Diskursanalyse des völkischen Antisemitismus. Konstanz: UKV Verlag 2002. ISBN 3-89669-767-6; 302 S.

This paper studies the recent evolution of international trade logistic costs. Domestic logistic costs as a whole have declined as a share of U.S. GDP since the 80s : they now stand at slightly less than 10 % — but transport costs have not. The paper uses two families of sources to measure international transport costs. International trade statistics provide information about the transport cost of imports in a limited number of countries (including the U.S.) from the 70s. The choice of a deflator determines the interpretation of price index series. Available information point to a very small decline — if any — of transport costs relative to the value of exchanged goods since the 50s, except in land and air transport. This is in part because of changes both in the composition of trade and the quality of transport services. ; La géographie humaine et physique est une variable aussi importante pour la détermination des flux du commerce international que les politiques des États. Pourtant, l'évolution des coûts du commerce liés à la géographie est bien moins connue que celle des coûts du commerce liés aux politiques commerciales. Cet article étudie l'évolution de certains coûts du commerce ne dépendant pas des États.L'existence de coûts du commerce liés à la géographie est suggérée par le succès des modèles de gravité. Ces coûts sont de deux types : coûts logistiques — de stockage et de transport — et coûts de transaction — d'établissement et d'entretien d'une relation d'échange. L'évolution du secteur de la logistique dans son ensemble aux États-Unis est connue : si les coûts de stockage relatifs au PIB américain ont bien diminué ces vingt dernières années, ce n'est pas le cas des coûts de transport. Les coûts logistiques représentent actuellement à peu près 10 % du PIB mondial. Les coûts logistiques du commerce international ne forment qu'une partie de cet ensemble.Les sources qui permettent d'étudier spécifiquement le commerce international sont de deux familles : d'une part les bases de données du commerce international, d'autre part les études de prix microéconomiques. Aucune ne permet d'étudier de manière satisfaisante l'évolution des coûts de transport à service rendu constant.En théorie, la comparaison de la valeur des exportations mondiales et de la valeur des importations mondiales devrait permettre de calculer les coûts de transport payés par l'économie mondiale pour l'ensemble de son commerce. Ces données présentent toutefois trop d'imperfections pour être utilisables. Quelques bases de données cherchent à améliorer les statistiques brutes en utilisant des sources nationales, notamment américaines. Les États-Unis collectent en effet les coûts de transport associés aux biens qu'ils importent. Il apparaît que les coûts de transport supportés par les importations américaines n'ont pas baissé en termes relatifs depuis 1973. Ce résultat ne prend en compte ni les effets de composition, ni les effets de qualité. Si l'on prend en compte la modification de la composition du commerce, on observe une hausse des coûts du transport supportés par les importations américaines entre 1973 et 1985, puis une baisse jusqu'à la fin des années 1990.Les études microéconomiques présentent des résultats similaires. L'étude des indices de prix du transport maritime montre que le coût du transport des biens n'a pas diminué en termes réels, ni pour les navires loués au voyage ou au temps, ni pour les lignes régulières — malgré l'introduction des conteneurs. Cela est dû à la baisse des prix relatifs des biens échangeables et aux pratiques anti-concurrentielles qui sévissent probablement sur le marché du transport maritime. Les coûts portuaires n'ont que faiblement baissé depuis les années 1950. Par contre, les coûts du transport aérien et du transport terrestre ont diminué.Malgré les progrès techniques, il n'y a pas eu de baisse globale massive des coûts de transport en proportion de la valeur des biens échangés depuis la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Cela s'explique bien sûr par l'amélioration de la qualité des services de transport, délais et sécurité, mais peut-être aussi par l'existence de pratiques anti-concurrentielles dans le secteur maritime. La lutte contre celles-ci devrait conduire à des améliorations qui seront peut-être mitigées par l'existence de pratiques similaires dans le secteur du transport aérien et les exigences nouvelles de sécurité qui ont fait suite au 11 septembre 2001.