Suchergebnisse

This dissertation investigates how the political history, aesthetic practices, and critical reception of modern Viennese design sought to absorb and thereby sublimate ethnic tensions in the final decades of the Habsburg Empire. The opening chapter uncovers how Austrian political authorities and intellectuals re-interpreted visual manifestations of nationalism to advance and popularize the imperial mission beyond the establishment of schools and museums for the applied arts and into the private homes of imperial subjects. In the early writings of Alois Riegl, the influential art historian and museum curator argues that individual folk traditions ought to be industrialized for the urban market of the imperial capital. Writing a decade later, the art critic and salon hostess Berta Zuckerkandl, in her essays on "authentic" and "inauthentic" folk art, problematizes the stylized utopian visions put forth by Riegl and others at the central Viennese applied arts institutions. Chapter 2 treats Emperor Franz Joseph's Diamond Jubilee, an event which saw thousands of Austria-Hungary's denizens descend upon Vienna's famed Ringstraße to pay homage to the monarch on June 12, 1908. In orchestrating the Jubilee, imperial authorities handed the vital task of designing posters, commemorative objects, costumes, and floats to artists working with the imperial design program. This hopeful celebration of Austria's multiethnic inheritance was intended to enact publicly the convergence of imperial and national concerns, but the modern and stylized designs of Viennese artists clashed with the more traditional, folk-inspired products of those from the provinces. Two key responses to this experiment in modern imperial spectacle were loud and scathing: for the architect Adolf Loos and the satirical journalist Karl Kraus, the event threw into question Vienna's self-proclaimed status as a cosmopolitan center based on the amalgamation of pluralistic identities and modern aesthetics. Their visceral reactions to the Jubilee's lateral display of both ornament and of the more "exotic" visitors from the crown lands form the basis of chapter 3. The polemical rhetoric of Kraus and Loos finds its way into Robert Musil's The Man Without Qualities (1930-42). The fourth and final chapter demonstrates how modern design and Habsburg policy intersect in Musil's novel within the foggy parameters of the so-called Parallel Action, a fictitious event celebrating Franz Joseph's would-be Seventieth Jubilee in 1918.

In contemporary times of globalisation the manifestations of disparities of poverty and wealth and the design and implementation of policy responses become ever more complex and challenging. It is the conventional task of the (national) government to promote socio-economic security and equality by reaching out to the peripheral regions, marginalised people, and most problematic issues of disparities of poverty and wealth. This Ph.D. thesis argues that governmental policy outreach and effect(iveness) are increasingly determined by whether and how policy-making considers and integrates liberalised market forces, societal stakeholders, and national and decentralised local governments. In the Philippines disparities of poverty and wealth particularly disadvantage rural, agricultural peripheries that show a high concentration of Muslim and indigenous minorities, and at local scales, of tenants and landless workers. Governmental policy-making (re)produces these disparities through spatial and sectoral biases on market growth and global integration for the most profitable yet volatile urban coastal centres of industries and services. Moreover, endogenous institutions of "traditional Philippine political culture" render policy-making ineffective as a means for a sustainable, locally-embedded, and -empowered form of development. The political elite is more interested in (corruptive) self-enrichment practices than long-term objectives of redistribution. Socio-cultural patronage relations towards them constrain participation of and partnership with local populations and non-governmental organisations in policy-making. In lieu of cooperating, stakeholders operate mutually exclusive or compete with each other, causing an institutional overload and chaos in the most profitable policy sites, while others are entirely neglected. Altogether, the interactions between spatial, sectoral disparities, social inequalities, and policy-making biases have triggered of persistent armed conflicts over "redistributive and recognitive justice" in the developmental peripheries. The conflicts work to exacerbate the developmental gap between centres and peripheries, weaken Filipinos' national cohesion in favour of regional and local identities, and threaten the legitimacy of government. Hence, this thesis depicts how imbalanced negotiations between state and globalised market on the one hand and a persistent endogenous political culture in policy-making on the other can work to continually (re)produce manifestations of disparities of poverty and wealth to eventually undermine government and nation-state.

Worldwide, the scale and the complexities of migration - including patterns of 'globalised migration' are increasingly rising. In this research, I examine the impacts of contemporary globalisation on the migrant 'third world' and the role of women in both internal and cross-border migration systems in post-colonial locations. In particular, this study is concerned with paid domestic workers in Cairo, the capital city of Egypt. Although there is a glaring dearth in studies on domestic labour in Egypt, it is observed that domestic work in contemporary Egypt continues to be greatly associated with migrant groups; whether internal (rural-urban) or cross-border migrants arriving from other African and Asian countries, or transit migrants coming mainly from the horn of Africa, i.e. Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea and Somalia. Thus, the study highlights the unprecedented transformations within the labour market of paid domestic work and scrutinises the increasing diversities and hierarchies which have been taking place within this market. The study addresses several intersected themes such as prevailing gender politics, historical ethnic and class relations, migration streams and policies and labour market dynamics, all of which focus on and provide interpretations that help in understanding the situation of paid domestic workers in Cairo. Emphasising the interplay and relations of gender, class and nationality, the study analyses how women conceptualise their experiences, their resistance mechanisms, incorporation patterns in the labour market and their legitimate aspirations for protection and security. It also explores the ways in which these self-perceptions are shaped by the intersecting socio-economic, cultural and political surroundings of the migration site and how they can contribute to the construction of multiple identities that eventually place them in a diversity of gendered occupational hierarchies in the labour market. Given the widespread exploitation and abuses encountered by domestic workers, the study appreciably accounts for and documents the immense amount of suffering, discrimination, humiliation and social degradation experienced by Cairo's domestic workers. The research finally aims to understand how these experiences in the lives of the Sudanese women compare with and contrast to those of local domestic workers of Egyptian origins. The research is a multi-disciplinary work. It draws on a wide range of theoretical accounts as well as first hand empirical insights. I have implemented a feminist-oriented qualitative methodology based on in-depth interviews undertaken with refugee women and urban domestic women workers (maids) in Cairo who have been living in Cairo over the past two decades. It is recognised that, as such, the research's findings are of demonstrative value rather than as statistically representative of all domestic workers in Cairo. Women domestic workers who have participated in the research were identified through a snowballing technique. A number of employers, agents and NGOs representatives were also interviewed. Overall, the findings of this study challenge the western-centric conceptions that portray the 'third world' as a pool of transnational workers. The findings suggest the need for alternative approaches that de-homogenise 'third world' migrant domestic workers and consider their differentiated positions. Moreover, the study calls for the importance of the inclusion of the under-theorised internal migrants and local domestic workers within the contemporary debates and discourses on globalisation and migration.

У статті на основі аналізу особливостей роману Юрія Винничука «Танґо смерті» проаналізовано авторські наративні стратегії переосмислення на прикладі Львова сюжетів міської історії у 1930–1940-х роках, реконструкції колективної і персональних пам'ятей містян. Проаналізований письменницький текст є суттєвим прикладом «вписування» Львова у пам'яттєвий дискурс сучасної української літератури, а тому має два часові зрізи – довоєнний/воєнний (міжвоєнний період, роки Другої світової війни) і сучасний. Досліджувані події вивчаються як історія містян (зокрема взаємин дітей бійців Армії УНР, розстріляних 1921-го під Базаром), які є носіями різних, часто конфліктних національних ідентичностей, виклику щодо можливостей реконструкції пам'яті про «спільний» Львів в умовах військово-політичного конфлікту і радикального загострення міжнаціональних взаємин, а також як відновлення пам'яті про Янівський концентраційний табір. Стверджується, що уявну та справжню поліфонію взаємин у передвоєнному Львові (як і в інших містах Галичини), а також дитинство-юність героїв «історичної» частини роману Ю.Винничука руйнує вересень 1939 року. Події Другої світової війни, описані на прикладі Львова, є важливим компонентом міської пам'яті, а пережиті страждання героїв роману можна назвати одним із потужних детермінантних елементів національної ідентичності. У своєму романі Ю. Винничук вдається до отілеснення музики, інсценізуючи текст роману як «танґо», створюючи тим самим партитуру поліфонічності Львова з міста-перехрестя у місто-жертву з його мешканцями. На прикладі роману Ю. Винничука показано, що «львівська» пам'ять є маркером темпорального горизонту, зокрема комунікативна пам'ять передає історичний досвід міста у межах індивідуальних біографій протагоністів роману за допомогою живих спогадів, безпосереднього досвіду й усної оповіді. Запропоновано розглядати письменника як носія мнемонічного інформаційного ресурсу, того, хто накопичує пам'ять про трагічні сторінки міської історії і ретранслює до своїх сучасників. Аналіз роману Ю. Винничука «Танґо смерті» показує, що, по-перше, Львів є прикладом не так символічного, як цілком реального місця пам'яті, і, по-друге, підтвердженням сучасної тези А.Ассман про місце пам'яті, що «освячене присутністю мертвих». ; Based on an analysis of the peculiarities of Yuriy Vynnychuk's novel Tango of Death, the author analyzes the author's narrative strategies of rethinking the examples of urban history in the 1930s and 1940s, reconstructing the collective and personal memories of citizens on the example of Lviv. The analyzed text of the writer is a significant example of Lviv's "inscription" into the discourse of memory of modern Ukrainian literature, and therefore has two time sections – the pre-war / military (interwar period, years of World War II) and the modern time. The events under study are studied as the history of the townspeople (in particular, the relationship of the children of the soldiers of the UNR Army, who were shot in 1921 near Bazar), are carriers of different, often conflicting, national identities, a call about the possibilities of reconstructing the memory of the "common" Lviv in the conditions of military-political conflict and a radical aggravation of interethnic relations, as well as the restoration of the memory of the Yanovsky concentration camp. It is argued that the imaginary and real polyphony of relations in pre-war Lviv (as in other cities of Galychyna), as well as the childhood and youth of the heroes of the "historical" part of the novel by Yu.Vynnychuk, are destroyed in September 1939. The events of World War II, described by the example of Lviv, are an important component of urban memory, and the suffering suffered by the heroes of the novel can be defined as one of the powerful determinant elements of national identity. In his novel Yu. Vynnychuk resorts to embodying the body in music, staging the text of the novel as "tango", thereby creating the score of the polyphonic character of Lviv from the crossroads to the victim city with its inhabitants. By the example of the novel by Yu. Vynnychuk, it is shown that the "Lviv" memory is a marker of the temporal horizon, in particular, the communicative memory conveys the historical experience of the city within the individual biographies of the novel's protagonists using live memories, direct experience and oral narration. The author of the article suggests considering the writer as a carrier of a mnemonic information resource, one who accumulates memory of the tragic pages of urban history and relays to his contemporaries. An analysis of Yu. Vynnychuk's novel The Tango of Death shows that, firstly, Lviv is an example of not so much a symbolic but a real place of memory and, secondly, a confirmation of A. Assman's modern thesis about a place of memory that is "sanctified by the presence of the dead".

Severe intercommunal violence has repeatedly rocked Plateau State in the first decade of the new millennium, killing thousands of people. Observers have attributed the "crisis" to political, economic and social forces which breed pockets of exclusion and resentment. One notable model explains the violence through a paradigm of privileged "indigenes" who seek to prevent "settlers" from the political rights which would give them the access to the resources managed by the state and the economic opportunities that this entails. While not taking issue with the diagnosed causes of conflict, the Researcher argues that there is a substantial body of evidence being ignored which points to conflict cleavage having opened up along the divide of Christian-Muslim religious identity in a way that the settler-identity model does not sufficiently explain. On the basis that perceptions are as important as facts when it comes to seeking a transformational peace process, he sets out to map world-views, identities and ethics of the warring factions. The researcher, motivated to undertake this research by his direct experience of the 2008 crises and three years experience as an adviser to the EYN's rural development outreach in Adamawa and Borno States, posits that religion may indeed be part of the problem, and mosque and church must be partners to a solution. Forced to limit the scope of his research, he embarks on the initial stages of a practical theological investigation in order to review the conflict from a specifically religious perspective which might assist the Church in its efforts towards peace. Research is focussed on the perceptions of the pew faithful of two denominations in Plateau and Adamawa States and is based on an evaluation of interviews and focus groups which were held across a range of cohorts and settings in order to draw comparative conclusions. Respondents' backgrounds were both rural/urban, young/old, Muslim/Christian, and hailed from various ethnic groups (Berom, Tarok, Kamwe, Fali and HausaFulani). Evaluation methodology drew heavily on Grounded Theory and also included elements of Critical Discourse Analysis. The success of the methodology hinged on the ability of the Researcher to establish rapport and trust with respondents. The applied research methods were foremostly designed to build theory rather than statistically test any hypotheses. The thesis detects evidence not only for the salience of religion as a factor in the way conflict unfolds, but of religion displacing ethnicity as the marker of identity in some locations and age groups. It also demonstrates how ethno-religious narratives stemming from former rural strife between nomadic and sedentary populations and urban conflicts resulting from the competition for indigene rights have been conflated and then further reinforced by the emerging threat of Boko Haram, resulting in a narrative of a unified Muslim programme for conquest, domination and forced conversion. In tune with an undertaking couched in practical theology, this research also identifies a number challenges to the Church's witness and its ability to be a convincing force for reconciliation which arise from this. Eminently, there are signs that ethnocentric mores have been integrated into an emerging Christian identity, which engenders a monolatric perception of God and a penchant to reinforce boundaries rather than remove them. However, Christians also feel restricted by a Christian imperative to forego violence and beleaguered by an Islamic front which they perceive as having moral licence to perpetrate violence in pursuit of dominance. The researcher holds the conviction that it is the Nigerian Church who must embark on a theological process on her own to respond to some of these problems, and concludes with a number of propositions and recommendations to assist her on this voyage.

This article highlights a nefarious effect of elections during civil wars by demonstrating that they can facilitate the displacement of civilians. This occurs through two main mechanisms: they reveal information about civilians' loyalties directly to armed groups; and they threaten the status quo of local elites' power, motivating them to ally with outside armed groups in order to regain it. Armed groups strategically displace civilians identified as "disloyal" in order to gain control over a territory. I test implications of the argument with original, micro-level quantitative and qualitative data from northwest Colombia. Using voter censuses and disaggregated electoral returns from 1991-1998, I show that residents in urban neighborhoods that supported the insurgent-backed political party, the Patriotic Union (UP), were more likely to leave the city of Apartadó than neighbors in other districts. However, residents of the nearby rural communities that supported the UP were the least likely to leave. I trace the patterns of violence across the communities using local archival materials and interviews to assess how well the argument accounts for the variation observed, and to explore the unexpected outcome in the rural area. While I find that counterinsurgents attempted strategic displacement in both the city and the mountains, they only succeeded in the urban areas because residents of the rural hamlets were uniquely able to overcome the collective action problem that strategic displacement generates. The findings demonstrate that that political identities are relevant for patterns of violence, and that political cleansing resembles ethnic cleansing. ; Este artículo muestra un nefasto efecto de las elecciones durante las guerras civiles, ya que las contiendas por el poder local pueden generan grandes desplazamientos de civiles. Las elecciones generan desplazamiento forzoso de civiles a través de dos mecanismos. Primero, las elecciones revelan información acerca de las lealtades civiles a los grupos armados, que los permiten expulsar a los civiles señalada como "desleal" para ganar el control de territorios. Segundo, las elecciones amenazan el status que de poder de élites locales. Esto motiva a las élites de poder local a buscar alianzas con grupos armados para mantenerse en el poder, expulsando a la gente no simpatizante. El artículo presenta un análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo de las implicaciones de este argumento utilizando una base de datos novedosa de censos de votantes, y resultados electorales en Apartadó Colombia para los periodos de elecciones locales de 1991-1998. Los resultados demuestran que habitantes de barrios urbanos de Apartadó que apoyaron a la Unión Patriótica (UP) durante la elección del congreso de 1991, tenían mayor probabilidad desplazarse que sus vecinos de otras identidades políticas. De la misma manera, habitantes de las veredas rurales del corregimiento de San José de Apartadó que apoyaron a la UP tenían una menor probabilidad de ser desplazados. Utilizando datos de los archivos municipales y entrevistas con civiles, oficiales locales, y excombatientes, este artículo encuentra evidencia que puede explicar la variación dentro del municipio. Los paramilitares intentaban desplazar tanto a grupos de civiles que apoyan a la UP en la ciudad como en el campo, sin embargo, solo eran exitosos en los barrios urbanos dado que habitantes de veredas rurales pudieron superar el problema de acción colectiva de manera más exitosa. Los resultados demuestran que las identidades políticas y las elecciones están correlacionados con los patrones de violencia y el desplazamiento. De la misma manera, este artículo demuestra que los patrones y mecanismos utilizados en procesos de limpieza política se asemejan a los mecanismos utilizados en otras guerras civiles donde se realiza limpieza étnica.

Σε αυτό το κείμενο ο όρος «ετερότητα» εξετάζεται κάτω από τέσσερις διαφορετικές οπτικές γωνίες. Η πρώτη την τοποθετεί σε μια γενεαλογία επιστημονικών και πολιτικών εννοιολογικών εργαλείων τα οποία περιγράφουν και αποτιμούν τις κοινωνίες των σύγχρονων πόλεων και επισημαίνει ότι η χρησιμοποίηση της έννοιας «ετερότητα» σηματοδοτεί ένα ακόμη βήμα απομάκρυνσης από εξισωτικούς λόγους και πολιτικές. Η δεύτερη διερευνά τη σχέση μεταξύ ετερότητας και ανισότητας, εμπνευσμένη από τις επεξεργασίες του François Dubet (2010) όσον αφορά τη σχέση μεταξύ άνισων ταξικών θέσεων και άνισων ευκαιριών. Στο πλαίσιο της τρίτης οπτικής συζητείται η σχέση μεταξύ ετερότητας και χωρικής κινητικότητας, με επικέντρωση στην εμποδιζόμενη κινητικότητα της εργασίας, την οποία νομιμοποιεί κυρίως η ουσιοκρατική αντίληψη της ατομικής ετερότητας. Η τέταρτη και τελευταία οπτική γωνία αφορά σε ένα σχόλιο για τη σχέση ετερότητας και δημοκρατίας, το οποίο επικεντρώνεται στο ότι η αυξημένη χρήση του όρου «ετερότητα» στον πολιτικό λόγο συμβαδίζει όλο και περισσότερο με τον περιορισμό της δημοκρατίας όσον αφορά τις ουσιαστικές επιλογές, αλλά και τον περιορισμό εκείνων των πολιτικών δικαιωμάτων που κυρίως ενσαρκώνουν αυτή την ετερότητα. Συνολικά, το κείμενο τονίζει την αμφίσημη σχέση μεταξύ πολιτικών και λόγων που προωθούν την ετερότητα, από τη μια πλευρά, και προγραμμάτων για περιορισμό των κοινωνικών ανισοτήτων, από την άλλη, όταν τα δικαιώματα των ομάδων στις οποίες αναφέρεται η ετερότητα βασίζονται σε παγιωμένες ταυτότητες και σε ουσιοκρατικά αντιληπτές διαφορές. ; In this paper ''diversity'' is scrutinized under four different angles. The first is to place it in a genealogy of scientific and political concepts which describe and assess urban societies, stressing that this concept denotes a further step away from egalitarian discourses and policies. The second is an examination of the relationship between diversity and inequality, inspired by François Dubet's (2010) elaboration on the relation between unequal class positions and unequal opportunities. The third discusses the relation between diversity and spatial mobility and, particularly, the constrained mobility of labour legitimated based on individuals' essentialised otherness. The fourth and last angle, is a comment on the relationship between diversity and democracy, pinpointing that the rise of diversity in political discourse has been increasingly concomitant with the limitation of democracy in terms of effective political alternatives as well as in terms of the limited political rights for many of those who constitute this diversity. Overall, the paper stresses the ambivalent relation of policies and discourses promoting diversity with the egalitarian project when the rights of diverse groups are founded on fixed identities and essentialized differences.

The StreetSpace project was devised to encourage architecture students to have a better understanding of the value of mixed streets. The project has evolved into an interdisciplinary and international venture that explores mixed streets and involves academics, students, practitioners and civil servants. The StreetSpace studio acts as a catalyst and testing ground for new approaches to the analysis of mixed streets. Local mixed streets are complex, valuable and dynamic places. They were conceived gradually, and are lived and perceived in a great variety of ways by a broad variety of people. They have a mix of uses, activities, building types and sizes, and a series of shared identities and memories. Even though this complexity has been addressed by scholars in geography, planning and urban design ((Hubbard 2017, Carmona 2015, Vaughan 2015, Griffiths et al. 2008, Gehl 2008, Appleyard 1977) the overlap between anthropology and architecture of mixed streets has been largely neglected. Therefore this project explores ways of understanding these streets through drawing to reveal their mundane and everyday qualities. It may be no surprise to anthropologists that most architects' understanding of a sense of place is rather limited compared to other disciplines who study the built environment. Architects tend to naturally focus on the physical characteristics of a place and there are many methods and techniques that are well tested and used in schools of architecture in something called 'site analysis'. This normally includes scale drawings in plan and section of immediately adjacent areas to an assigned site, and in better cases includes studies of sunlight, climate, materials, wider built environment and historic structures. This limited approach tends to avoid any discussion of the complexity of the types of people that inhabit an existing space or a new one to be designed. Moreover, it avoids any economic, social or political discussion of what defines a place. This limited approach leads to generic design proposals, with briefs that do not fully respond to the needs of a place and its people. These shortcomings in architectural education have been explored by Salama (2007), Till (2009), Teymur (2007), Salingaros (2008) and Glendinning (2010) among others, and they all agree that something needs to be done in architectural education to overcome such approaches. However, despite the limited nature of generic architectural site analysis, architects' ability to represent ideas and spaces into two dimensional surfaces is very developed and rather unique. This opens up the possibility of new interdisciplinary approaches to the analysis of a place by architects and architecture students.

Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação Interdisciplinar em Estudos Latino- Americanos da Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Mestra em Estudos Latino-Americanos. Orientador: Dr. Andrea Ciacchi ; Esta investigación busca explicar cómo con la inmigración puneña aymara a Tacna (una ciudad al extremo sur del Perú) se desarrollan cambios económicos, urbanísticos, políticos y culturales en la ciudad, ocasionando, a su vez, tensión sociocultural entre la población que se dice oriunda de Tacna —representantes de la tradición histórica oficial de la ciudad— y la población puneña aymara residente en Tacna —un grupo étnico empoderado sobre todo económicamente en la ciudad. El estudio es un aporte a la documentación social de Tacna y al campo interdisciplinario de los Estudios Culturales pues aborda el tema de la identidad, etnicidad y memoria cultural como base teórica para explicar el proceso de construcción, reproducción y afirmación identitaria de "tacneños" y "puneños". Se sostiene que la ciudad y el conflicto estimulan la resistencia de dos identidades que se perciben divergentes: una étnica subalterna, la aymara, y otra de carácter nacional hegemónica, la "patriótica"; el conflicto entre ambas lleva implícito la lucha por el poder simbólico que le otorga el empoderamiento cultural del centro de la ciudad. ; This research seeks to explain how with puneña aymara immigration to Tacna (a city in the extreme south of Peru) economic, urban, political and cultural changes in the city werw developed, producing, at the same time, socio-cultural tension among the population that is said to be native of Tacna - representatives of the official historical tradition of the city - and the aymara puneño who lives in Tacna - an ethnic group empowered above all economically in the city. The study is a contribution to the social documentation of Tacna and the interdisciplinary field of Cultural Studies because it addresses the issue of identity, ethnicity and cultural memory as a theoretical basis to explain the process of construction, reproduction and identity affirmation of "tacneños" and "puneños". It is argued that the city and the conflict stimulate the resistance of two identities that are perceived as divergent: an ethnic subaltern, the aymara, and another of a hegemonic national character, the "patriotic" one; the conflict between both implies the struggle for the symbolic power that gives the cultural empowerment of the city center

An attractive phenomenon of Indonesian Islam in 1990s era up to the recent time is an emergence of thought battle within Muslim scholars concerning religon and science. From the struggle, various terms have arisen such as: Islamization of knowledge/science, scientification of Islam, objectification of Islam, compatibility, ayatization or ayatisasi (from Arabic āya [verse, sign] i.e. to find the Qur'ānic āya for every single knowledge/science finding), integration, integration-interconnection, and so forth. According to the typology of Ian Barbour, instead of conflict and independence, religion-science relations in Indonesian Islam are always in the position of integration and dialogue. However, this article focuses on how the discourse of religion-science relations is conducted to express Islamic identity and political become more salient and stronger, particularly within Indonesian urban Muslims. Since the pioneers in 1970s to1980s such as Rasjidi, Moenawar Chalil, Buya Hamka and Syekh Kadirun Yahya, then more academic discourse such as the figures of Hidajat Nataatmaja, Kuntowijoyo, Mulyadhi Kartanegara and Amin Abdullah, to very popular writers of ayatisasi, Islamization of science has--at least three main agendas: the politics to strengthening Muslim identities, the spirit against secularist-Western, and apologetic attitudes as part of the theological campaign. This popular phenomenon shows that Islam is not merely regarded as 'a perfect religion' in terms of ethics, ritual as well as spiritual, but also it is kind of 'Islamic revival', i.e. a politically meaningful term, 'revival of the ummah in all its aspects'.[Salah satu fenomena menarik islam Indonesia tahun 1990an hingga sekarang adalah perdebatan pendapat diantara ilmuwan muslim terkait hubungan agama dan sains. Dari perdebatan tersebut setidaknya memunculkan istilah seperti islamisasi pengetahuan atau ilmu, ilmuisasi islam, obyektifikasi islam, keserasian, ayatisasi, integrasi, integrasi – interkoneksi, dan lainnya. Berdasarkan tipologi dari Ian Barbour, alih-alih konflik dan independensi, hubungan agama dan sains di muslim Indonesia lebih tepat berada diposisi integrasi dan dialog. Dalam artikel ini fokus tertuju pada bagaimana wacana hubungan agama dan sains sebagai ekspresi identitas politik dan keislaman, khususnya pada muslim perkotaan. Sejak 1970-1980an mulai dikenal nama-nama seperti Rasjidi, Moenawar Chalil, Buya Hamka dan Kadirun Yahya hingga nama – nama yang lebih akademis seperti Hidajat Nataatmaja, Kuntowijoyo, Mulyadhi Kartanegara dan Amin Abdullah. Setidaknya ada tiga agenda dari gerakan ini yaitu politik penguatan identitas keislaman, semangat melawan sekulerisasi barat dan sikap defensif yang merupakan bagian dari dakwah. Singkatnya, fenomena ini menunjukkan bahwa islam tidak hanya sebagai agama yang sempurna secara etis, tapi juga ini bagian dari kebangkitan islam seperti dalam istilah politiknya, kebangkitan islam di segala aspeknya.]

In the past decades religion has entered the political debate and is evoked in relation to a variety of events taking place around the world. Religion and religious differences, not political, economic or social, are claimed to be the cause rather than an expression of – or even a reaction to – ongoing problems. Islam and Christianity (or also Islam and Hinduism) are, in most cases, represented not only as opposed, but also as incommensurable worldviews, value systems and identities, where the one is threatening the existence of the other. Among the Swahili on the East-African Coast, this trend provokes questions related to whether we should approach what appear to be expressions of religious positioning in terms of renewal of previous understandings and relationships, or as a rephrasing of complex and conflictual matters that were always part of Swahili society. The papers in this book reveal that the Swahili are experiencing worsening economic, political and social conditions. Within these circumstances, Islam is invoked as a source of knowledge that not only explains the current state of life and living, but also gives directions on how to cope with and to change the situation for the better. Islam is both what reinforces Swahili identity and a particular way of life, and at the same time, given the current international climate, further marginalizes Swahili society and culture. ; CONTENTS -- Introduction/Kjersti Larsen -- Kilwa and the Swahili Towns: Reflections from an Archaeological Perspective/Felix Chami -- Towards a Paradigm of Swahili Religious Knowledge: Some Observations/Farouk Topan -- Royal Ancestors and Social Change in the Majunga Area: Northwest Madagascar 19th–20th Centuries/Marie Pierre Ballarin -- Societal Change and Swahili Spirit Possession/Linda L. Giles -- Contested Interpretations of Muslim Poetries, Legitimacy and Daily Life Polictics/Francesca Declich -- Siku ya Arafa and the Idd el-Hajj: Knowledge, Ritual and Renewal in Tanzania/Gerard C. van de Bruinhorst -- Narratives of Democracy and Dominance in Zanzibar/Greg Cameron -- Baraza as Markers of Time in Zanzibar/Roman Loimeier -- The Impact of Religious Knowledge and the Concept of Dini Wal Duniya in Urban Zanzibari Life-Style/Mohamed Ahmed Saleh -- Understanding Modernity/ies: The Idea of a Moral Community on Mafia Island, Tanzania/Pat Caplan -- The Role of Islam in the Political and Social Perceptions of the Waswahili of Lamu/Assibi A. Amidu -- "In the Olden Days We Kept Slaves": Layers of Memory and Present Practices/Ulla Vuorela -- Wonders of the Exotic: Chinese Formula Medicines on the East African Coast/Elisabeth Hsu

Defence date: 06/09/2010 ; Examining Board: Prof. Brigitte Marin (Université Aix-Marseille I - M.M.S.H.) Prof. Anthony Molho (EUI) - supervisor Prof. Antonella Romano (EUI) Prof. Francesca Trivellato (Yale University) ; The point of departure for this dissertation is a historical, epistemological and methodological discussion of the notion of "community". Based on a comparative approach to the three cases of the Greeks in Venice, Livorno and Marseilles from the age of the "Greek Enlightenment" (c. 1770) up until the birth of an independent Neohellenic state (1830), this study aims to challenge the conventional image of early modern foreign communities as homogeneous and inclusive groups, by rendering the complex, diverse, and often contradictory trajectories of groups and individuals that formed what we know as "the Greek Diaspora". Paying special attention to issues such as the administrative control of the migrants, the collective uses of urban space, and the sharing of socio-cultural practices, it reconstructs the multi-layered background that supported the expression of communal identities among the Greeks in Venice, Livorno and Marseilles. By recasting the three cases under scrutiny within the wider context of the many connections and relations that existed among them, the dissertation stresses the ways in which the entanglement of mercantile, migratory and family networks came to "shape" the Greek Diaspora as a space both physical and socio-symbolical. Conversely, and in a micro-historical perspective, it also analyses the role played by the "communal institutions" (namely the Greek-Orthodox churches and brotherhoods) in shaping collective identities and governing plural and heterogeneous social groups, as well as the many types of reaction and resistance to this progressive "institutionalisation" of community life. Lastly, a case-study on the ambiguous involvement of the Greeks in Venice, Livorno and Marseilles in the Greek war of independence (1821-1830), sheds light on the complex issue of the "patriotism of the expatriates", and argues for an essential distinction between the making of communal identity, and that of national (or even "proto-national") consciousness. ; Ce travail se présente comme une enquête sur la « communauté », entendue à la fois comme construction socioculturelle et comme catégorie d'analyse. L'armature théorique et méthodologique de l'étude repose sur l'articulation dialectique entre ces deux grilles de lectures. D'une part, une analyse historique et contextualisée d'un « fait communautaire » entendu à la fois comme groupe social, comme corps juridico-politique, comme ensemble de pratiques sociales et culturelles, et comme construction politique et symbolique. D'autre part, une discussion critique des outils et méthodes de la recherche autour de la question de la communauté, qui apparaît comme indissociable d'une réflexion plus large – et transdisciplinaire – sur la nature du lien social. L'observatoire choisi est celui des colonies grecques de Venise, Livourne et Marseille, depuis les années 1770 (marquées par l'émergence d'une « bourgeoisie commerciale grecque » particulièrement active dans le contexte de la diaspora), jusqu'à l'indépendance de l'Etat néohellénique en 1830. Reprenant une périodisation classique de l'historiographie grecque moderne, ce découpage chronologique propose d'en discuter de l'intérieur la pertinence et la cohérence. Il s'agit ainsi de saisir les continuités du phénomène communautaire grec par-delà les ruptures politiques classiques de l'histoire grecque moderne (par exemple en incluant dans la période étudiée la guerre d'indépendance grecque et l'émergence consécutive d'un Etat-nation hellénique), et ce pour mieux débusquer et interroger les impensés des constructions historiographiques non seulement antérieures, mais aussi actuelles, des objets étudiés (ainsi de la diaspora grecque comme « laboratoire » de l'indépendance hellénique à venir). Le régime de la comparaison constitue ici une proposition méthodologique face à l'alternative classique entre l'étude d'une diaspora dans son ensemble, et celle d'une communauté en particulier. La multiplication des points d'observation sur le phénomène diasporique permet en effet de contourner l'obstacle d'une irréductibilité des approches macro et micro, tout en saisissant une partie des flux et des mouvements qui structurent l'espace diasporique et lie les communautés les unes aux autres. Elle permet aussi de poser au centre du questionnement le problème des frontières des groupes étudiés, en pointant la labilité des catégories comme des définitions, et donc de révoquer les modèles logiques abstraits et totalisants, pour interroger les relations et les identités sous un angle praxéologique.

This investigation is based on a study of the recently emerging problems in certain Mediterranean cities due to the widening gap between their physical and historical context and their natural boundaries. The first approach has arisen with the transformation of the city's dimensional scale throughout the 20th century, giving rise to new urban models. The second approach is based on the city's morphological alterations which are reflected in the visible changes in the images and identities. The morphological study of the contemporary Mediterranean city has thus given rise to various questions, namely does a Mediterranean city systematically transform in less than one century? In the last decades, the ancient city of Jaffa possessed all the characteristics of a Middle Eastern Mediterranean city (port, direct contact with the sea, different types of markets, socio-cultural diversity, intermediate scale, etc.) but recently due to different religious, political and economic developments, the region underwent significant changes that entailed a turnaround in the way to perceive, plan and inhabit the city. Therefore, there is a substantial spatial difference between the East and the West. particularly in the urban planning of the new city (Tel Aviv). From then on, the most ancient part of Jaffa began coexisting with the more modern 20th century city, the Garden City of Tel Aviv. How did such a boundary between two visibly antagonistic cities form? Did the destruction of a large part of Jaffa entail this paradigm shift? Can a Mediterranean city become a global city? Is the image of a city a direct reflection of its socio-cultural identity? This study is divided according to three historical periods that directly reflect the city's typologies that emerged in the last century. The first part of this thesis analyzes the last period of the Mediterranean city at the fall of the Ottoman Empire in 1917, describing the socio-cultural context in the region, in which we will examine the type of human scale in Mediterranean public spaces, the socio-cultural diversity between its different neighborhoods, as well as the direct relationship between the city and the sea following the destruction of the fortified wall of ancient Jaffa. The second part of the research describes the city's typology at the creation of the new urban plan of the Garden City (Geddes Plan) in the 1920s under the British Mandate of Palestine, which attempts to compare the disciplinary content of contemporary city plans in the 20th century -Brasilia, Chandigarh and Canberra- in relation to Tel Aviv. Finally, the third section examines the current typology of the city, with its Mediterranean-Garden past, through an urban project analysis describing the type of urban model that has seemingly consolidated in the 21 st century the "Linear City'', with transportation infrastructures as the predominating element, more solidly established by the 1960s due to the political alliance with the United States, and following which its reflection of widespread globalization consolidated in the 1980s. ; Esta investigación basa su estudio en los problemas que se estarían desarrollando actualmente en ciertas ciudades mediterráneas en relación al alejamiento de sus características físicas históricas con su contexto y con sus límites naturales. La primera aproximación está planteada mediante la transformación en la escala dimensional de la ciudad durante el siglo XX, y como los sucesivos cambios escalares generaron los nue-.us modelos urbanos. La segunda aproximación se basa en las alteraciones morfológicas que derivaron en los visibles cambios sobre las imágenes e identidades. A través del estudio morfológico de la ciudad mediterránea contemporánea fueron surgiendo diferentes interrogantes, como: ¿Puede una ciudad de origen mediterráneo transformarse casi sistemáticamente en un periodo menor a cien años? Hasta hace pocas décadas, la ciudad antigua de Yafo poseía las características de una ciudad netamente mediterránea de Oriente Medio (ciudad puerto. contacto directo con el mar. diferentes tipos de mercados. multi-diversidad sociocultural, escala intermedia, etc.) pero por diferentes cuestiones de índole religiosa, política y económica, la región padeció cambios sustanciales que produjeron un giro en el modo de entender. planificar y habitar la ciudad. Es por ello que se produjo una marcada diferencia espacial entre Oriente y Occidente justamente en el modo de planificar la nueva parte de la ciudad (Tel Aviv). De allí que la parte más antigua de la ciudad comenzaba a convivir con la parte más moderna de las ciudades del siglo XX, la ciudad jardín de Tel Aviv. ¿Cómo fue la configuración espacial en un área fronteriza conformada por dos ciudades tan antagónicas?, ¿la destrucción de una gran parte de la ciudad histórica de Yafo pudo haber producido un cambio de paradigma?, ¿una ciudad mediterránea se puede convertir en una ciudad global? ¿Es la imagen de la ciudad el reflejo directo de su identidad sociocultural? Este estudio se encuentra dividido en tres períodos históricos que reflejarían directamente las tipologías de ciudad que se identificaron en el último siglo: La primera parte analiza la última etapa de la ciudad mediterránea tras la calda del Imperio Otomano en 1917, describiendo el contexto socio-cultural en la región, y examinando el tipo de escala que se identificaba en el espacio público mediterráneo, la multi-diversidad sociocultural que se impartía entre los diferentes barrios, como a su vez, la relación directa que se producía entre la ciudad y el mar mediterráneo posterior al derribo de las murallas defensivas de la ciudad antigua de Yafo. La segunda parte de la investigación describe la tipología de ciudad conformada bajo la nueva planificación de la ciudad jardín (Plan Geddes) y desarrollada a mediados de la década de 1920 bajo el control y consolidación del Mandato Británico en Palestina, en donde se efectúa una comparación sobre el contenido disciplinar de los planes de las ciudades contemporáneas -Brasilia, Chandigarh y Canberra- en relación a Tel Aviv. Por último, la tercera parte examina la tipología actual de ciudad, con su pasado mediterráneo-jardín, a través de un análisis proyectual que describe un nuevo modelo que se estaría consolidando en el siglo XXI bajo el concepto de la "ciudad lineal", con las infraestructuras de movilidad como el elemento predominante. La misma se fue conformando a principios de la década de 1960 a través de la alineación política con los Estados Unidos. y su reflejo directo en la consolidación de la globalización a partir de la década de 1980. ; Postprint (published version)

This investigation is based on a study of the recently emerging problems in certain Mediterranean cities due to the widening gap between their physical and historical context and their natural boundaries. The first approach has arisen with the transformation of the city's dimensional scale throughout the 20th century, giving rise to new urban models. The second approach is based on the city's morphological alterations which are reflected in the visible changes in the images and identities. The morphological study of the contemporary Mediterranean city has thus given rise to various questions, namely does a Mediterranean city systematically transform in less than one century? In the last decades, the ancient city of Jaffa possessed all the characteristics of a Middle Eastern Mediterranean city (port, direct contact with the sea, different types of markets, socio-cultural diversity, intermediate scale, etc.) but recently due to different religious, political and economic developments, the region underwent significant changes that entailed a turnaround in the way to perceive, plan and inhabit the city. Therefore, there is a substantial spatial difference between the East and the West. particularly in the urban planning of the new city (Tel Aviv). From then on, the most ancient part of Jaffa began coexisting with the more modern 20th century city, the Garden City of Tel Aviv. How did such a boundary between two visibly antagonistic cities form? Did the destruction of a large part of Jaffa entail this paradigm shift? Can a Mediterranean city become a global city? Is the image of a city a direct reflection of its socio-cultural identity? This study is divided according to three historical periods that directly reflect the city's typologies that emerged in the last century. The first part of this thesis analyzes the last period of the Mediterranean city at the fall of the Ottoman Empire in 1917, describing the socio-cultural context in the region, in which we will examine the type of human scale in Mediterranean public spaces, the socio-cultural diversity between its different neighborhoods, as well as the direct relationship between the city and the sea following the destruction of the fortified wall of ancient Jaffa. The second part of the research describes the city's typology at the creation of the new urban plan of the Garden City (Geddes Plan) in the 1920s under the British Mandate of Palestine, which attempts to compare the disciplinary content of contemporary city plans in the 20th century -Brasilia, Chandigarh and Canberra- in relation to Tel Aviv. Finally, the third section examines the current typology of the city, with its Mediterranean-Garden past, through an urban project analysis describing the type of urban model that has seemingly consolidated in the 21 st century the "Linear City'', with transportation infrastructures as the predominating element, more solidly established by the 1960s due to the political alliance with the United States, and following which its reflection of widespread globalization consolidated in the 1980s. ; Esta investigación basa su estudio en los problemas que se estarían desarrollando actualmente en ciertas ciudades mediterráneas en relación al alejamiento de sus características físicas históricas con su contexto y con sus límites naturales. La primera aproximación está planteada mediante la transformación en la escala dimensional de la ciudad durante el siglo XX, y como los sucesivos cambios escalares generaron los nue-.us modelos urbanos. La segunda aproximación se basa en las alteraciones morfológicas que derivaron en los visibles cambios sobre las imágenes e identidades. A través del estudio morfológico de la ciudad mediterránea contemporánea fueron surgiendo diferentes interrogantes, como: ¿Puede una ciudad de origen mediterráneo transformarse casi sistemáticamente en un periodo menor a cien años? Hasta hace pocas décadas, la ciudad antigua de Yafo poseía las características de una ciudad netamente mediterránea de Oriente Medio (ciudad puerto. contacto directo con el mar. diferentes tipos de mercados. multi-diversidad sociocultural, escala intermedia, etc.) pero por diferentes cuestiones de índole religiosa, política y económica, la región padeció cambios sustanciales que produjeron un giro en el modo de entender. planificar y habitar la ciudad. Es por ello que se produjo una marcada diferencia espacial entre Oriente y Occidente justamente en el modo de planificar la nueva parte de la ciudad (Tel Aviv). De allí que la parte más antigua de la ciudad comenzaba a convivir con la parte más moderna de las ciudades del siglo XX, la ciudad jardín de Tel Aviv. ¿Cómo fue la configuración espacial en un área fronteriza conformada por dos ciudades tan antagónicas?, ¿la destrucción de una gran parte de la ciudad histórica de Yafo pudo haber producido un cambio de paradigma?, ¿una ciudad mediterránea se puede convertir en una ciudad global? ¿Es la imagen de la ciudad el reflejo directo de su identidad sociocultural? Este estudio se encuentra dividido en tres períodos históricos que reflejarían directamente las tipologías de ciudad que se identificaron en el último siglo: La primera parte analiza la última etapa de la ciudad mediterránea tras la calda del Imperio Otomano en 1917, describiendo el contexto socio-cultural en la región, y examinando el tipo de escala que se identificaba en el espacio público mediterráneo, la multi-diversidad sociocultural que se impartía entre los diferentes barrios, como a su vez, la relación directa que se producía entre la ciudad y el mar mediterráneo posterior al derribo de las murallas defensivas de la ciudad antigua de Yafo. La segunda parte de la investigación describe la tipología de ciudad conformada bajo la nueva planificación de la ciudad jardín (Plan Geddes) y desarrollada a mediados de la década de 1920 bajo el control y consolidación del Mandato Británico en Palestina, en donde se efectúa una comparación sobre el contenido disciplinar de los planes de las ciudades contemporáneas -Brasilia, Chandigarh y Canberra- en relación a Tel Aviv. Por último, la tercera parte examina la tipología actual de ciudad, con su pasado mediterráneo-jardín, a través de un análisis proyectual que describe un nuevo modelo que se estaría consolidando en el siglo XXI bajo el concepto de la "ciudad lineal", con las infraestructuras de movilidad como el elemento predominante. La misma se fue conformando a principios de la década de 1960 a través de la alineación política con los Estados Unidos. y su reflejo directo en la consolidación de la globalización a partir de la década de 1980. ; Postprint (published version)

Books reviewed in this article:García Canclini, Nestor (trans. Christopher L. Chiappari and Silvina L. López (1995), Hybrid Cultures: Strategies for Entering and Leaving ModernityBeverley, John, Oviedo, José and Aronna, Michael (eds) (1995), The Postmodernism Debate in Latin AmericaStuempfle, Stephen (1996), The Steelband Movement: the Forging of a National Art in Trinidad and TobagoBrowning, Barbara (1995) Samba: Resistance in MotionVargas, Lucila (1995), Social Uses and Radio Practices: the Use of Participatory Radio by Ethnic Minorities in MexicoParanagua, Paulo Anntonio (ed.) 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Aboriginal and Colonial Mining and Metallurgy in Spanish AmericaVelázquez, Primo Feliciano (1995, 3rd edition), Codex ChimalpopocaBierhorst, John (1992) History and Mythology of the Aztecs: the Codex ChimalpopocaNickson, R. Andrew (1995), Local Government in Latin AmericaSmith, Hazel (1995), European Union Foreign Policy and Central AmericaBresser Pereira, Luiz C. (1996), Economic Crisis and State Reform in Brazil: Toward a New Interpretation of Latin AmericaCamp, Roderic Ai (1993), Political Recruitment Across Two Centuries: Mexico, 1884–1991Mainwaring, Scott and Scully, Timothy R. (eds) (1995), Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin AmericaHaggard, Stephan and Kaufman, Robert R. (1995), The Political Economy of Democratic TransitionsRyan, David (1995), US‐Sandinista Diplomatic Relations: Voice of IntoleranceHall, Linda B. (1995), Oil, Banks and Politics: the United States and Postrevolutionary Mexico, 1917–1924Philip, George (1994), Political Economy of International OilJones, Richard C. (1995), Ambivalent Journey: US Migration and Economic Mobility in North Central MexicoDosal, Paul J. (1993), Doing Business with the Dictators: a Political History of United Fruit in Guatemala, 1899–1944Jenkins, Rhys (1995), Trade Liberaiisation and Manufacturing in BoliviaFrenkel, Roberto (ed.) (1994), Strengthening the Financial Sector in the Adjustment ProcessMorley, Samuel A. (1995) Poverty and Inequality in Latin America: the Impact of Adjustment and RecoveryLustig, Nora (ed.) (1995) Coping with Austerity: Poverty and Inequality in Latin AmericaPattullo, Polly (1996) Last Resorts: the Cost of Tourism in the CaribbeanMurray, Douglas L. (1995) Cultivating Crisis: the Human Cost of Pesticides in Latin AmericaChevalier, Jacques M. and Buckles, Daniel (1995) A Land Without Gods: Process Theory, Maldevelopment and the Mexican NahuasPeritore, N. Patrick and Galve‐Peritore, Ana Karina (eds) (1995), Biotechnology in Latin America: Politics, Impacts and RisksStewart, Douglas I. (1994), After the Trees: Living on the Transamazon HighwaySimonian, Lane (1995), Defending the Land of the Jaguar: a History of Conservation in MexicoBose, Christine E. and Acosta‐Belén, B. Edna (eds) (1995), Women in the Latin American Development ProcessAlatorre, Javier, Careaga Gloria, Jusidman, Clara, Salles, Vania, Talamante, Cecilia and Townsend, John (1994), Las mujeres en la pobreza, El Colegio de Mexico and Grupo Interdisciplinario sobre MujerJohnston, Francis E. and Low, Setha M. (1995), Children of the Urban Poor: the Sociocultural Environment of Growth, Development, and Malnutrition in GuatemalaSchneider, Cathy Lisa (1995), Shantytown Protest in Pinochet's ChileFiddian, Robin (ed.) (1995), Garcia MárquezMarzan, Julio (1995), The Numinous Site: the Poetry of Luis Palés MatosO'Connell, Joanna (1995), Prospero's Daughter: the Prose of Rosario CastellanosBergman, Emilie L. and Smith, Paul Julian (eds) (1995), ¿Entiendes?: Queer Readings, Hispanic WritingsAgosín, Marjorie (ed.) (1995) A Dream of Light and Shadow: Portraits of Latin American Women WritersHalperin Donghi, Tulio, Jaksié, Iván, Kirkpatrick, Gwen, and Masiello, Francine (eds) (1994), Sarmiento, Author of a Nation